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1454:, who seized his bridle and said, "Would you go upon your death, Sire?" Seeing the King swerve away from the enemy, his lifeguard also retreated in disorder for several hundred yards. Meanwhile, Rupert's cavalry had reached Naseby and the Parliamentarian baggage, whose escort refused to surrender and drove them off. Although Rupert rallied his men and returned to the battlefield, it was now too late to save the remnants of their infantry, and he could not induce his cavalry to make another charge. Fairfax halted and reorganised his lines, and when he resumed his advance, the Royalist cavalry withdrew.
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39:
1416:'s own regiment repulsed their Royalist opposite numbers, but Ireton then led at least part of them to the aid of the beleaguered Parliamentarian infantry. His troopers were driven off by Royalist pikemen, and Ireton himself was unhorsed, wounded in the leg and face and taken prisoner. At the same time, the second line of Royalist cavalry broke most of the Parliamentarian horsemen. Some of Ireton's regiments, on the far left, were saved from destruction by the fire from Okey's dragoons, but the others broke and fled, some of them not stopping until they reached
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1446:] Eventually, Fairfax led his own regiment of foot and horse against them, breaking their resistance, with Fairfax reportedly capturing their standard himself. Archaeological evidence, chiefly recovered musket balls, suggests this episode took place in the vicinity of Long Hold Spinney, about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) behind the original Royalist positions.
1435:
Unlike Rupert, Cromwell had roughly half of his wing uncommitted, as only the front line of
Cromwell's wing had taken part in the defeat of Langdale. He sent only four divisions (roughly two regiments) after Langdale, and turned his reserves against the left flank and rear of the Royalist centre. At
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Fairfax initially considered occupying the northern slopes of Naseby ridge. Cromwell believed that this position was too strong, and that the
Royalists would refuse battle rather than attack it. He is said to have sent a message to Fairfax, saying, "I beseech you, withdraw to yonder hill, which may
1423:
Meanwhile, the
Parliamentarian right wing of horse under Cromwell and the Royalist Northern Horse faced each other, neither willing to charge to the aid of their infantry while the other could threaten their flank. Eventually, after half an hour, the Royalist cavalry began to charge and Cromwell's
1533:
The main
Royalist military force had been shattered at Naseby. The King had lost his veteran infantry (including 500 officers), all his artillery, and many arms. He lacked the resources to create an army of such quality again, and after Naseby, it simply remained for the Parliamentarian armies to
1394:
The
Royalist centre attacked first, with Rupert keeping his own wing of cavalry in hand so that the horse and foot could hit the enemy simultaneously. Skippon's infantry moved forward over the crest of the ridge to meet the Royalist foot. There was time for only one volley of musketry before both
1439:
Some of the trapped
Royalist infantry began to throw down their arms and call for quarter; others tried to conduct a fighting retreat. One regiment, apparently Rupert's "Bluecoats", stood their ground and repulsed all attacks. One eyewitness said "The Blue regiment of the Kings stood to it very
910:
and
Fairfax was instructed to abandon the siege and engage them. Although heavily outnumbered, Charles decided to stand and fight and after several hours of combat, his force was effectively destroyed. The Royalists suffered over 1,000 casualties, with over 4,500 of their infantry captured and
1232:
on 31 May, allegedly killing over 700 soldiers and civilians. Alarmed by this, Parliament instructed
Fairfax to abandon the siege and on 5 June he marched north to engage the Royalist army. Unlike Prince Rupert who had been beaten by Fairfax and Cromwell the previous summer, Digby and Charles
1278:
about 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Market
Harborough. The Royalist scoutmaster, Sir Francis Ruce, was sent out to find the Parliamentarian army and rode south for 2 or 3 miles (3.2 or 4.8 km) but saw no sign of it, perhaps through negligence. Rupert himself moved forward and saw some
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Fairfax's forces pursued survivors fleeing north towards
Leicester. Archaeological evidence suggests fugitives and Royalist baggage guards tried to rally on the slopes of Castle Yard (also known as Wadborough Hill), a wooded hill with the ruins of a motte and bailey castle, about 1.5 miles
1376:
The Parliamentarian army occupied a front about 2 miles (3.2 km) long. They outflanked the Royalist left, but their own left flank rested, like the Royalists' right flank, on the Sulby Hedges. At the last minute, as the Royalists began to advance, Cromwell sent a regiment of
1420:, 15 miles (24 km) away. The entire Royalist right wing had been committed to defeating Ireton, and none were left in reserve. Rupert either neglected or was unable to rally the cavalier horsemen, who galloped off the battlefield in pursuit of the fleeing Parliamentarians.
1385:
into the Sulby Hedges, where they could fire into the flank of Rupert's cavalry. The number of dragoons has generally been reported as their official strength of 1,000 but an analysis of pay warrants shows it was no more than 676 in total.
1303:
The Royalists occupied a front of about a mile and a half, between the Clipston-Naseby track on the left and the Sulby Hedges on the right. Their right wing consisted of between 2,000 and 3,000 cavalry under Prince Rupert and his brother
1332:
were 1,500 "Northern Horse", the remnants of cavalry regiments which had escaped from Marston Moor. Charles commanded a small reserve, consisting of his own and Rupert's regiments of foot (800 in total) and his lifeguard of horse.
1409:] Skippon was wounded by a bullet which splintered his armour and struck him under the ribs, although he stayed on the field to prevent panic from spreading. Even so, the Parliamentarians were hard-pressed and forced back.
1233:
dismissed the fighting capabilities of the New Model. Despite being seriously outnumbered, they were eager for battle; messages were sent ordering Goring to rejoin them, but he refused to leave the West Country.
1424:
troops moved to meet them. Langdale's men were not only outflanked and outnumbered two to one, but forced to charge up a slope broken up by bushes and a rabbit warren. After a brief contest, they were routed.
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At some stage, the King attempted to lead his lifeguard of horse to the rescue of his centre or in a counter-attack against Cromwell's troopers, but was prevented from doing so by a Scottish nobleman, the
1436:
about the same time, Okey's dragoons mounted their horses and charged from the Sulby Hedges against the right wing of the Royalist infantry, as did some of Ireton's regiments which had partly rallied.
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went high, and the Royalist and Parliamentarian infantry were subsequently too closely engaged for the guns to be used. Cromwell's wing, with six and a half regiments of cavalry, was on the right.
1001:
were appointed Commander-in-Chief and head of the infantry, respectively; Cromwell remained an MP but was given command of the cavalry on a 'temporary' three-month commission, constantly renewed.
1403:
Shot, and so made only one Volley; our falling in with Sword and butt end of the Musquet did notable Execution, so much as I saw their Colours fall and their Foot in great Disorder." [
1270:
The morning of 14 June was foggy, preventing the opposing armies from sighting each other across the battlefield. The Royalists occupied a strong position on a ridge between the villages of
1248:, bringing his numbers up to 14,000. Although Prince Rupert favoured withdrawing, Digby convinced Charles that retreat would be bad for morale and they decided to stand and fight.
1228:. Although he made little progress, by the end of May the town was running short of provisions and to relieve the pressure, the Royalists stormed the Parliamentarian-held town of
1369:. A Parliamentarian engraving of the battle shows 11 pieces of artillery, in the intervals between the infantry regiments. They played little part in the battle; their first
215:
1458:(2.4 km) behind the original battle line. Many Royalists were slaughtered when they mistakenly followed what they thought was the main road to Leicester into the
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Fairfax had drawn up his army on the ridge a mile north of Naseby, although some of it was behind the crest on the reverse slope. Ireton's wing of five and a half
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of 300 musketeers was deployed to the front, with a reserve provided by two companies of Colonel Edward Harley's regiment, commanded by its Lieutenant Colonel
1576:, Parliament gained much support in favour of fighting the war to a finish. Within a year, the first civil war ended in a Parliamentarian military victory.
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They also lost all their artillery and stores, along with Charles' personal baggage and private papers, which revealed his attempts to bring the
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Parliamentarian cavalry, apparently retiring. He was determined to secure the commanding Naseby ridge and ordered the Royalist army to advance.
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The Parliamentarians had also captured the King's personal baggage, with correspondence which showed he intended to seek support from the
1466:, and were unable to escape their pursuers. In the aftermath of the battle, Parliamentarian troops reportedly killed at least 100 female
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2171:
Ede-Borrett, Stephen (2009). "Some Notes on the Raising and Origins of Colonel John Okey's Regiment of Dragoons, March to June, 1645".
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On 12 June, the Royalists were alerted to the presence of the New Model when Parliamentarian patrols clashed with their outposts near
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they could not resign their titles, although they could be re-appointed, 'if Parliament approved.' It also led to the creation of the
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sides were fighting hand-to-hand, the veteran Royalist infantry using their swords and the butt ends of their muskets. Sir
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2141:"Description of the Armies of Horse and Foot of His Majesties, and Sir Thomas Fairefax; the Fowerteenth day of June 1645"
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wipe out the last pockets of Royalist resistance. Charles hoped to rebuild his army with new recruits from Wales and the
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On the Parliamentarian left, the opposing wings of horse paused briefly to dress ranks before charging into each other.
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Description of the Armies of Horse and Foot of His Majesties, and Sir Thomas Fairefax; the Fowerteenth day of June 1645
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Battle of Naseby, hand-coloured copper engraving by Dupuis after Parrocel, 1727 (for Rapins History, v.2, p. 527)
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895:. The defeat ended any real hope of royalist victory, although Charles did not finally surrender until May 1646.
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and Astley's son, Sir Bernard Astley, with a regiment of horse under Colonel Howard in support. On the left under
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1399:, Charles's secretary of war, stated "The Foot on either side hardly saw each other until they were within
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through the Cessation Treaty, and Catholic nations in Europe. By publishing this correspondence, entitled
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and headed in that direction. He also had expectations that reinforcements might arrive from Ireland. The
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paraded through the streets of London; they would never again field an army of comparable quality.
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by Covenanter forces ended in failure, but in December of the same year, Hereford was seized by
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The 1645 campaign began in April when the newly formed New Model Army marched west to relieve
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Fairfax recovered Leicester on 18 June. He immediately led his army southwest to relieve
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provoke the enemy to charge us". Fairfax agreed, and moved his army back slightly.
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1240:. The next day, Fairfax was reinforced by Cromwell's cavalry and troops from the
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1201:. On 30 April, Fairfax marched west to relieve the Parliamentarian stronghold of
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and retake the north, a key source of recruits and supplies. A faction headed by
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was in the centre with five regiments on the front line and three in support. A
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and foreign mercenaries into the war. These were published in a pamphlet titled
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and capture the Royalist-held West Country. The Royalist forces surrendered at
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The Royalists did not see Fairfax's position until they reached the village of
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998:
994:
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985:, requiring any military officers to resign from Parliament. As members of the
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The English Civil War: A Military History of the Three Civil Wars, 1642–1651
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and mutilated many others. This was supposedly done in the belief they were
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of cavalry was on the left. The infantry under Sergeant-Major General Sir
1181:, recently appointed senior commander, wanted to link up with his brother
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At the outset of 1645, the Royalist high command was divided on strategy.
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Turncoats and Renegadoes: Changing Sides During the English Civil Wars
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Soldiers and Strangers: An Ethnic History of the English Civil War
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922:, whose appearance was a great boost to the cause of Parliament.
906:, the Royalist wartime capital. On 31 May, the Royalists stormed
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of lacking commitment, a group that included moderates like Sir
2091:
Cotton, ANB (1975). "Cromwell and the Self-Denying Ordinance".
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989:, Manchester and Essex were automatically removed since unlike
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2123:. The Naseby Battlefield Project Limited. 2007. Archived from
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stoutly, and stirred not, like a wall of brasse...". [
1197:, while a third group preferred to consolidate control of the
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1952:
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2121:"The Battle of Naseby, the Formal Phase, 10am to about Noon"
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Young, Peter (1939). "King Charles I's army of 1643–1645".
997:, a centralised, professional force. Moderates Fairfax and
2002:
The Battle of Naseby, the Formal Phase, 10am to about Noon
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in Cornwall, while leading Royalist commanders, including
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1213:, while the main Royalist field army of 8,600 men under
2165:(England's Recovery), published by John Partridge, 1647
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considered the New Model a threat to their capital at
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Cromwell's War Machine: The New Model Army 1645–1660
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Pamphlets and Pamphleteering in Early Modern Britain
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Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research
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Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660
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Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research
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1209:was despatched with 3,000 cavalry to support the
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1553:to move to strike at the Royalist stronghold of
2553:Massacres during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1266:Disposition of the two armies, Royalists at top
954:in September, then lack of decisiveness at the
2195:Naseby 1645: The triumph of the New Model Army
950:. However, this was offset first by defeat at
1490:Royalist horse after the battle, painting by
209:
2402:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions.
902:, before being ordered back to lay siege to
2558:Registered historic battlefields in England
2455:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
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2475:Naseby 1645: The Campaign and the Battle
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1224:ordered Fairfax to change his plans and
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1478:whose language was mistaken for Irish.
1220:Concerned by this threat, Parliament's
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2344:Battles and Generals of the Civil Wars
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856:took place on 14 June 1645 during the
43:Battle memorial, and beyond the fields
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2275:A Topographical Dictionary of England
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172:6,000 horse, 7,000 foot, 676 dragoons
45:of Broad Moor, the site of the battle
2538:Military history of Northamptonshire
1028:
974:as well as radicals like Cromwell.
1336:
1112:
16:Part of the First English Civil War
13:
2505:Battlefields Trust Resource Centre
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2105:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1977.tb02337.x
1975:The Kingdomes Weekly Intelligencer
14:
2574:
2543:Battles of the English Civil Wars
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2278:. London: British History Online.
2255:Gender and the English Revolution
1542:responded on 28 June by ordering
1474:, though the women were probably
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2533:17th century in Northamptonshire
2477:. London: Century Publications.
1312:and organised as three infantry
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1217:and Prince Rupert moved north.
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2500:The Naseby Battlefield Project
2305:. Cambridge University Press.
2294:. Cambridge: University Press.
1308:. The centre was commanded by
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1:
2215:Naseby: The Decisive Campaign
1604:
1595:, was named after the battle.
925:
2217:. Pen & Sword Military.
2192:Evans, Martin Marix (2007).
2157:Engraving by Streeter, from
1609:
1587:Commonwealth of England Navy
1570:Irish Catholic Confederation
1481:
1298:
916:Irish Catholic Confederation
7:
2290:. In Frank Sidgwick (ed.).
1579:
1349:, Parliamentarian commander
10:
2579:
2424:(2001 ed.). Penguin.
2394:; Holmes, Richard (2000).
2346:. Seeley Service & Co.
2284:Macaulay, Thomas Babington
2083:
1599:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1540:Committee of Both Kingdoms
1255:
1222:Committee of Both Kingdoms
1179:Prince Rupert of the Rhine
1172:Key locations 1644 to 1645
966:, were accused by many in
2422:The King's War, 1641–1647
2342:Rogers, H. C. B. (1968).
2327:. Pen & Sword Books.
1574:The King's Cabinet Opened
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920:The King's Cabinet Opened
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956:Second Battle of Newbury
2510:British Civil Wars site
1987:Young & Holmes 2000
1959:Young & Holmes 2000
1893:Young & Holmes 2000
1881:Young & Holmes 2000
1785:Young & Holmes 2000
1638:Young & Holmes 2000
858:First English Civil War
227:First English Civil War
175:4,100 horse, 3,300 foot
82:Parliamentarian victory
31:First English Civil War
2351:Royle, Trevor (2004).
2299:Raymond, Joad (2006).
2288:"The Battle of Naseby"
1565:in a surprise attack.
1495:
1432:
1350:
1330:Sir Marmaduke Langdale
1267:
1258:Naseby order of battle
983:Self-denying Ordinance
860:, near the village of
185:400 killed and wounded
108:Commanders and leaders
2213:Foard, Glenn (1995).
1489:
1430:
1344:
1265:
1256:Further information:
883:, destroyed the main
618:Gunnislake New Bridge
180:Casualties and losses
2253:Hughes, Ann (2011).
2145:National Army Museum
1973:, p. 271: From
1169:class=notpageimage|
2232:Hopper, A. (2012).
2052:, pp. 395–398.
1871:, pp. 233–234.
1676:, pp. 398–399.
1242:Eastern Association
942:secured control of
2418:Wedgwood, Veronica
2272:Lewis, S. (1848).
2198:. Bloomsbury USA.
2127:on 24 January 2009
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1462:in the village of
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877:Sir Thomas Fairfax
692:Scarborough Castle
494:2nd Wardour Castle
394:1st Wardour Castle
158:Marmaduke Langdale
117:Sir Thomas Fairfax
2563:Massacres in 1645
2548:Conflicts in 1645
2431:978-0-14-139072-7
2362:978-0-349-11564-1
2312:978-0-521-02877-6
2292:Ballads and Poems
2245:978-0-19-957585-5
2205:978-1-84603-078-9
1559:Siege of Hereford
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553:Stourbridge Heath
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1452:Earl of Carnwath
1337:Parliamentarians
1322:Sir George Lisle
1211:Siege of Taunton
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944:Northern England
934:force under Sir
930:In July 1644, a
866:Northamptonshire
854:Battle of Naseby
821:Stow-on-the-Wold
777:3rd Basing House
732:2nd Lathom House
682:High Ercall Hall
593:2nd Basing House
538:1st Lathom House
484:1st Basing House
230:
228:
218:
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204:
195:
194:
97:Parliamentarians
71:Northamptonshire
51:
50:
41:
24:Battle of Naseby
21:
20:
2578:
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2528:1645 in England
2518:
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2443:
2441:Further reading
2438:
2432:
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2163:Anglia Rediviva
2150:
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1981:
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1935:
1927:
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1915:
1911:
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1632:
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1607:
1582:
1536:border counties
1516:Sir Edward Hyde
1512:Prince of Wales
1484:
1392:
1339:
1301:
1296:
1260:
1254:
1246:Edward Rossiter
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1038:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1018:
981:introduced the
940:Oliver Cromwell
932:Parliamentarian
928:
881:Oliver Cromwell
875:, commanded by
870:Parliamentarian
850:
845:
608:Cropredy Bridge
464:Aldbourne Chase
414:Chalgrove Field
231:
226:
224:
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136:
122:Oliver Cromwell
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2495:
2494:External links
2492:
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2321:Roberts, Keith
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2264:978-0415214919
2263:
2250:
2244:
2238:. OUP Oxford.
2229:
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2210:
2204:
2189:
2168:
2159:Joshua Sprigge
2137:
2117:
2087:
2085:
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2066:
2064:, p. 186.
2054:
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2040:, p. 428.
2030:
2018:
2016:, p. 239.
2006:
1991:
1989:, p. 248.
1979:
1963:
1961:, p. 247.
1948:
1946:, p. 209.
1933:
1931:, p. 238.
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1919:, p. 237.
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1614:
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1601:
1596:
1581:
1578:
1557:. The ensuing
1483:
1480:
1468:camp followers
1391:
1388:
1381:under Colonel
1359:Philip Skippon
1347:Thomas Fairfax
1338:
1335:
1306:Prince Maurice
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1272:Little Oxendon
1253:
1250:
1226:besiege Oxford
1183:Prince Maurice
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1003:
999:Philip Skippon
995:New Model Army
987:House of Lords
979:Sir Henry Vane
972:William Waller
946:by victory at
936:Thomas Fairfax
927:
924:
873:New Model Army
847:
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2378:(69): 27–37.
2377:
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2257:. Routledge.
2256:
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2039:
2038:Wedgwood 1958
2034:
2028:, p. 41.
2027:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1972:
1967:
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1953:
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1907:, p. 90.
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439:Roundway Down
437:
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430:
429:Burton Bridge
427:
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419:Adwalton Moor
417:
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412:
410:
409:1st Worcester
407:
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364:Seacroft Moor
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344:Braddock Down
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295:Turnham Green
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270:Powick Bridge
268:
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149:
148:Prince Rupert
146:
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133:
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60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2514:
2474:
2471:Young, Peter
2452:
2449:Stoyle, Mark
2421:
2397:
2392:Young, Peter
2375:
2371:
2352:
2343:
2324:
2301:
2291:
2274:
2254:
2234:
2214:
2194:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2156:
2149:. Retrieved
2144:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:the original
2096:
2092:
2074:Raymond 2006
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1982:
1977:, 10–17 June
1974:
1966:
1944:Roberts 2005
1924:
1912:
1905:Roberts 2005
1900:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1669:
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1645:
1633:
1590:
1573:
1567:
1532:
1497:
1456:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1422:
1414:Henry Ireton
1411:
1404:
1393:
1375:
1367:Thomas Pride
1363:forlorn hope
1352:
1317:
1302:
1285:
1281:
1276:East Farndon
1269:
1235:
1219:
1199:West Country
1176:
1035:Marston Moor
976:
948:Marston Moor
929:
919:
913:
897:
853:
851:
831:2nd Aberdeen
803:
801:
767:Rowton Heath
721:
669:
667:
638:1st Aberdeen
613:Marston Moor
598:Tipton Green
520:
518:
479:Olney Bridge
449:Gainsborough
424:2nd Bradford
389:Sourton Down
379:Ripple Field
359:Hopton Heath
336:
334:
325:1st Bradford
320:Muster Green
305:Piercebridge
275:Kings Norton
265:Babylon Hill
238:
127:Henry Ireton
91:Belligerents
57:14 June 1645
18:
2062:Hopper 2012
2026:Hughes 2011
2014:Rogers 1968
1929:Rogers 1968
1917:Rogers 1968
1869:Rogers 1968
1845:Rogers 1968
1821:Rogers 1968
1809:Rogers 1968
1773:Rogers 1968
1749:Rogers 1968
1710:Rogers 1968
1662:Cotton 1975
1551:Covenanters
1520:Lord Capell
1508:Lord Hopton
1418:Northampton
1310:Lord Astley
1294:Deployments
1207:Lord Goring
1119:Lostwithiel
952:Lostwithiel
887:army under
811:Bovey Heath
762:2nd Chester
757:Philiphaugh
752:2nd Bristol
707:3rd Taunton
697:2nd Taunton
663:2nd Newbury
653:1st Taunton
648:1st Chester
628:Lostwithiel
548:Boldon Hill
489:Heptonstall
469:1st Newbury
444:1st Bristol
153:Lord Astley
2522:Categories
2355:. Abacus.
2131:22 January
2050:Lewis 1848
1971:Foard 1995
1833:Young 1939
1797:Evans 2007
1761:Royle 2004
1737:Royle 2004
1722:Royle 2004
1698:Royle 2004
1686:Royle 2004
1650:Royle 2004
1605:References
1563:John Birch
1522:, fled to
1460:churchyard
1326:Henry Bard
1191:Lord Digby
968:Parliament
964:Manchester
926:Background
836:Lagganmore
826:3rd Oxford
816:Torrington
782:Annan Moor
712:2nd Oxford
677:Inverlochy
633:Tippermuir
583:1st Oxford
568:Lyme Regis
454:Gloucester
330:Chichester
315:1st Exeter
255:Portsmouth
2151:23 August
1610:Citations
1482:Aftermath
1383:John Okey
1355:regiments
1299:Royalists
1230:Leicester
1215:Charles I
1133:Leicester
908:Leicester
889:Charles I
717:Leicester
533:Newcastle
434:Lansdowne
404:Wakefield
374:Lichfield
369:Camp Hill
310:Tadcaster
290:Brentford
285:Aylesbury
143:Charles I
102:Royalists
73:, England
2473:(1985).
2451:(2005).
2420:(1958).
2384:44219782
2323:(2005).
2286:(1914).
2185:44231688
2147:. London
2113:24411238
1580:See also
1555:Hereford
1548:Scottish
1528:Falmouth
1401:Carabine
1379:dragoons
1314:brigades
1288:Clipston
1238:Daventry
1049:Daventry
885:Royalist
742:Hereford
737:Langport
702:Auldearn
687:Weymouth
658:Carlisle
623:Ormskirk
603:Oswestry
558:Cheriton
528:Nantwich
459:2nd Hull
399:Stratton
280:Edgehill
260:Plymouth
245:1st Hull
167:Strength
62:Location
29:Part of
2093:History
2084:Sources
1500:Taunton
1371:salvoes
1318:tertias
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1187:Chester
1161:Newbury
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578:Lincoln
509:Arundel
474:Winceby
384:Reading
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1390:Action
1320:under
1252:Battle
1244:under
1195:Oxford
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862:Naseby
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