660:, about 25 miles (40 kilometres) west of Agrigentum. Hanno managed to capture the Roman supply base at Herbesos, causing shortages in supplies in the Roman camp, which led to disease and privation. This seizure of the Roman supplies also cut off the Roman lines of communication. Hanno then marched on, telling his Numidian cavalry to attack the Roman cavalry and then feign retreat. The Romans pursued the Numidians as they retreated and were brought to the main Carthaginian column. The Romans suffered many losses. Hanno then took a position on Toros (Torus), a hill about a mile from the Romans camp, where further skirmishes took place for two months, causing the siege to last from six to seven months.
685:. All the sources agree that the fighting was long and that it was the Romans who managed to break the Carthaginian front. This provoked panic in the rear and the reserves fled the battlefield. It is also possible that the elephants also panicked and in their flight disorganized the Carthaginian formation. The Romans routed the enemy and were victorious. Their cavalry managed to attack the Carthaginian camp and capture several elephants. But this was not a complete success. Most of the enemy army fled and Hannibal Gisco, together with the garrison of Agrigentum, also managed to break the Roman line and escape for security.
673:
caused Hanno to fight. The Romans, who were also close to starvation, accepted the fight. After a long struggle, the Romans killed most of the
Carthaginians; the Carthaginians lost 3,000 infantry and 200 cavalry killed, as well as 4,000 prisoners and eight elephants killed and 33 disabled. Throughout the whole siege, the Romans lost 30,000 infantry and 540 cavalry or more plausibly, one-third of their 40,000–50,000 troops. The high Roman losses and the escape of the Carthaginian army meant that no triumph was awarded for either consul.
1407:
701:), the Romans occupied Agrigentum and sold the whole population into slavery. Though acts of brutality like this were commonplace, it proved counterproductive. It hardened the attitude of many other towns which might otherwise have proven friendly to Rome. The taking of Agrigentum was a significant victory for the Romans, although they came close to disaster on multiple occasions. Because Hannibal and his garrison managed to escape relatively unharmed, there was no
1787:
611:, gathered many of the people who lived in the area surrounding the city behind the city walls, swelling the population of the city to about 50,000; his garrison was relatively small. Hannibal refused to fight outside the city walls, which the Romans might have seen as a sign of weakness. The Romans then set up their camp about a mile from the city and harvested the crops from the area.
664:
situation inside
Agrigentum after more than six months of siege was close to desperate. Hannibal, communicating with the outside by smoke signals, sent urgent pleas for relief, and Hanno was forced to accept a pitched battle. While there are several accounts giving details of the actual fighting, they are—as is common with ancient records—inconsistent and difficult to reconcile.
575:
Romans. The
Carthaginians made conciliatory gestures at the start of the war, but by 262 BC, they started to increase their forces in Sicily. Once the Carthaginians started increasing their forces on the island, the Romans sent consuls there. The consuls were the generals of the Roman army, and with them came several legions. The Carthaginians hired
672:
The Greek historian
Polybius says that for two months, the two enemies were stationed close together outside the city without any direct conflict. Hannibal, still in the city, was sending a constant flow of messages and fire-signals stressing the city’s food shortages and desertion of the enemy which
663:
With Hanno camped outside their own camp, the Roman supply lines from
Syracuse were no longer available. With their own army at risk of starvation, the consuls chose to offer battle. This time it was Hanno's turn to refuse, probably with the intention of defeating the Romans by hunger. Meanwhile, the
632:
to the south of the city and the other force stationed to the west of the city. There was a stalemate for five months until
November 262 BC when supplies began to run out in Agrigentum. Hannibal became increasingly concerned over the limited resources, so he sent urgent messages to Carthage appealing
623:
guarding their camp was the Romans' only fortification, and although they lost many men, they were able to defeat another
Carthaginian contingent that was attempting to penetrate the camp. This first skirmish made Hannibal realise that he could not afford to lose any more men. He became increasingly
688:
No matter which of the three versions is correct, the Romans defeated the
Carthaginians and forced Hanno to retreat. The night after the battle, Hannibal managed to escape Agrigentum with his mercenaries by filling the Roman trenches with straw. The next morning, the Romans pursued Hannibal and his
627:
The Roman consuls realised that they had to cut off
Agrigentum from the outside world and blockade the city to cause starvation in order to force its inhabitants to surrender. The Romans began digging a system of ditches and small forts surrounding the city to prevent the inhabitants from preparing
574:
and defeated the
Syracusan and Carthaginian armies around the town. In 263 BC, the Syracusans, who had initially opposed the Roman takeover of Messana, made peace with them and began supplying their troops. Following the defection of Syracuse, several small Carthaginian dependencies switched to the
461:
to the west and the Akragas River to the east. The natural barriers meant the only way to attack the city was from the west, making the city easily defensible. The city commanded a main route along the southern coast and also routes leading northwards and eastwards to other cities. The major status
676:
Byzantine writer Zonaras wrote that Hanno deployed his army to battle but the Romans declined to fight because of the previous defeat of their cavalry. As food shortages became more severe, the consuls finally decided to fight, but Hanno was deterred by their confidence. Hanno originally wanted to
587:
to encourage their enemies in Sicily to attack the Romans on the half of the island which the Romans controlled. After the loss of Messana and the arrival of numerous Carthaginian reinforcements, Agrigentum became the main base of operations for the Carthaginian military on the island.
680:
A more likely version of the battle is that Hanno deployed the Carthaginian infantry in two lines, with the elephants and reinforcements in the second and the cavalry probably placed in the wings. The Romans battle plan is unknown but they typically organized in their
677:
co-ordinate his attack with Hannibal’s, but the Romans became aware of the plan. The Romans then ambushed the Carthaginian rear, so when Hanno attacked them, he was taken from both front and rear. The Romans also defeated an attack by the Carthaginian garrison.
517:
spread around the island. Syracuse, the wealthiest and most powerful of the Greek colonies in Sicily, had always been Carthage's main opposition. Taking control of Messana allowed Carthage to decrease Syracuse's power, and since Carthage already controlled
565:
to Sicily in 262 BC, and were probably willing to negotiate peace with Carthage. Since 264 BC, when they had declared war on Carthage, there had not been much serious fighting between the two except for a small battle in the
712:
After 261 BC, Rome controlled most of Sicily and secured the grain harvest for its own use. This victory in the first large-scale campaign fought outside Italy gave the Romans extra confidence to pursue overseas interests.
530:, and some small islands in the Mediterranean, control of Messana could lead to the conquest of Sicily. Additionally, Messana was an excellent staging area if the Carthaginians wanted to invade Italy and attack Rome.
689:
garrison, and attacked the rear-guard, but eventually turned back to take control of Agrigentum. While seizing the city without opposition, they plundered the city and sold 25,000 inhabitants into slavery.
557:
has maintained that it was highly unlikely, and that, although the Romans knew war with Syracuse was almost a certainty, they believed their military would deter or swiftly defeat any opposition in Sicily.
456:
is a city on the island of Sicily, two and a half miles (4.0 kilometres) from the southern coast. It is on a plateau, surrounded by steep slopes on all sides except the west. The city was protected by the
591:
The Carthaginians began sending forces to Sardinia using sea power, but most of their army was in Sicily. It seemed that they planned to use the island as a base for attacks on Italy. The Roman
486:
to protect it but instead massacred its men, took the land, and forced the women to become their wives. They then used the city as a base of operations for raiding neighboring cities.
46:
325:
305:
1386:
395:
1381:
390:
502:, which caused the Mamertines to appeal to Carthage and Rome, the other major powers in the region besides Syracuse, for military aid. A Carthaginian commander in
1840:
1376:
266:
537:. Carthage's control of an invasion route into Italy threatened Rome's newly conquered territory in southern Italy as well as Rome itself. In 264 BC, the
360:
619:
Hannibal finally attacked the Romans while they were harvesting the crops in the fields. The Romans, outnumbered and unarmed, fled the area. The
1860:
1835:
584:
89:
1265:
596:
533:
While the Romans had been steadily expanding their territory for over a century, their army had never fought a battle outside of the
259:
165:
1428:
1820:
1468:
510:
Messana’s citadel. Hiero II did not want openly to attack the Carthaginians and invite a war, so he retreated back to Syracuse.
1346:
1234:
1164:
1142:
1099:
1048:
973:
943:
868:
831:
804:
355:
1351:
252:
637:, whom historians believe to have been the son of Hannibal. There are varying accounts as to the details of Hanno’s army.
1830:
1772:
1366:
682:
462:
of Agrigentum meant that it was a target for invading forces, and in 262 BC the Romans attacked the city to prevent the
1577:
1497:
1433:
1291:
1183:
290:
1438:
1204:
1855:
1258:
1762:
1448:
649:, another historian, wrote there were 50,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry, and 60 elephants. Yet another historian,
1133:
Erdkamp, Paul (2015) . "Manpower and Food Supply in the First and Second Punic Wars". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).
1609:
1572:
1306:
445:
which started in 262 BC and resulted both in a Roman victory and the beginning of Roman control of Sicily.
310:
1767:
1654:
1639:
1624:
1604:
513:
Carthage had already been trying to control Sicily for centuries, and their main opposition had been the
370:
1845:
1719:
1629:
1251:
1699:
1487:
20:
1757:
1714:
1522:
1492:
1222:
600:
169:
1850:
1709:
1634:
1584:
1567:
1557:
1547:
1527:
1679:
1659:
1596:
1542:
1453:
1331:
634:
542:
340:
174:
1619:
1562:
1391:
458:
400:
1752:
1517:
1512:
603:
focused their forces on Agrigentum. The consuls commanded a combined force of 40,000 men.
8:
1791:
1674:
1482:
550:
624:
reluctant to attack again, and the Romans realised they had underestimated their enemy.
1729:
1649:
1644:
1588:
1532:
1396:
1356:
1326:
1152:
554:
482:, Italian mercenaries that were hired to attack the Carthaginians, went to the city of
405:
380:
365:
335:
1704:
1694:
1669:
1664:
1507:
1477:
1443:
1361:
1316:
1296:
1230:
1210:
1200:
1179:
1160:
1138:
1095:
1044:
969:
939:
864:
827:
800:
620:
571:
534:
375:
320:
295:
51:
1798:
1537:
1463:
1371:
628:
for the siege. The consuls divided their forces, with one force near the Temple of
491:
434:
385:
153:
1825:
1744:
1724:
1689:
1684:
1614:
1552:
1502:
1423:
1321:
1311:
1283:
1194:
1089:
1038:
963:
933:
858:
821:
794:
698:
430:
330:
315:
276:
37:
1406:
1734:
1341:
1336:
697:
Following this battle (the first among four pitched land battles fought in the
657:
650:
604:
514:
499:
438:
426:
350:
345:
178:
148:
1814:
1415:
702:
463:
202:
104:
91:
1243:
1214:
706:
562:
546:
538:
519:
1275:
494:, campaigned against the Mamertines. At some time between 268 and 265,
479:
453:
83:
55:
629:
59:
646:
642:
638:
527:
507:
495:
487:
641:, the Greek historian, stated that there were about 50 elephants,
466:
from holding it and using it as a staging ground for an attack on
244:
592:
576:
483:
633:
for help. Carthage sent a relief force from Africa commanded by
567:
503:
422:
45:
608:
580:
523:
442:
908:
653:
refers to 30,000 infantry, 1,500 cavalry, and 30 elephants.
541:
voted to send an expedition to Sicily under the command of
467:
1178:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
776:
774:
433:
and the first large-scale military confrontation between
1113:
1111:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1020:
1018:
1016:
991:
989:
987:
985:
896:
1137:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 58–76.
771:
761:
759:
746:
744:
1108:
1057:
1013:
1001:
982:
731:
729:
727:
725:
473:
884:
756:
741:
656:
Hanno first advanced and concentrated his troops at
1199:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
709:, and it detracted from the success of the battle.
722:
1083:
1081:
1079:
957:
955:
927:
925:
923:
1812:
1091:The fall of Carthage: the Punic Wars, 265-146 BC
1040:The fall of Carthage: the Punic Wars, 265-146 BC
965:The fall of Carthage: the Punic Wars, 265-146 BC
935:The fall of Carthage: the Punic Wars, 265-146 BC
860:The fall of Carthage: the Punic Wars, 265-146 BC
852:
850:
823:The fall of Carthage: the Punic Wars, 265-146 BC
796:The fall of Carthage: the Punic Wars, 265-146 BC
16:Naval battle between Carthage and Rome in 262 BC
1157:The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC
1841:Battles involving city-states of Magna Graecia
1076:
952:
920:
570:of Messana. Eventually, in 264 BC, the Romans
1273:
1259:
847:
813:
607:, the commander of Agrigentum and the son of
260:
1151:
1087:
1036:
961:
931:
914:
856:
819:
792:
553:of Rome formally declared war is disputed.
1266:
1252:
1221:
902:
498:decisively defeated the Mamertines at the
267:
253:
1196:The First Punic War: A Military History
1192:
1132:
1117:
1070:
1024:
1007:
995:
890:
780:
765:
750:
1813:
1247:
1229:. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc.
441:. The battle was fought after a long
248:
1861:3rd century BC in the Roman Republic
1173:
857:Goldsworthy, Adrian (1 April 2007).
820:Goldsworthy, Adrian (1 April 2007).
735:
506:responded and sent a small force to
190:40,000–100,000 soldiers and laborers
1836:Sieges involving the Roman Republic
274:
13:
474:Prelude to the Siege of Agrigentum
14:
1872:
1786:
1785:
1405:
561:The Romans intended to send two
44:
1434:Hamilcar's victory with Naravas
1126:
1030:
1821:Battles of the First Punic War
1193:Lazenby, John Francis (1996).
786:
1:
1135:A Companion to the Punic Wars
1088:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2007).
1037:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2007).
962:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2007).
932:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2007).
793:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2007).
716:
692:
7:
1174:Kern, Paul Bentley (1999).
549:for that year. Whether the
134:Agrigentum captured by Rome
10:
1877:
1831:Military history of Sicily
645:cavalry, and mercenaries.
18:
1781:
1743:
1462:
1414:
1403:
1282:
667:
597:Lucius Postumius Megellus
286:
210:
184:
166:Lucius Postumius Megellus
159:
142:
66:
43:
35:
30:
21:Siege of Akragas (406 BC)
614:
601:Quintus Mamilius Vitulus
425:, 262 BC) was the first
170:Quintus Mamilius Vitulus
19:Not to be confused with
1856:3rd century BC in Italy
1720:Great Plains (Bagradas)
1094:. Cassell. p. 81.
1043:. Cassell. p. 80.
968:. Cassell. p. 79.
938:. Cassell. p. 77.
863:. Cassell. p. 68.
826:. Cassell. p. 67.
799:. Cassell. p. 66.
683:triplex acies formation
448:
543:Appius Claudius Caudex
220:15,000–30,000 infantry
197:30,000–50,000 infantry
160:Commanders and leaders
54:, showing location of
1176:Ancient Siege Warfare
229:3,000 infantry killed
211:Casualties and losses
1498:Crossing of the Alps
459:Hypsas River (Drago)
419:Battle of Agrigentum
237:33 elephants wounded
31:Battle of Agrigentum
1159:. London: Phoenix.
1153:Goldsworthy, Adrian
585:Spanish mercenaries
551:Centuriate Assembly
217:15,000–30,540 dead
206:Agrigentum garrison
199:1,500–6,000 cavalry
105:37.3167°N 13.5833°E
101: /
1589:Claw of Archimedes
1397:Treaty of Lutatius
555:Adrian Goldsworthy
406:Treaty of Lutatius
235:8 elephants killed
233:4,000 men captured
231:200 cavalry killed
194:31,500–56,000 men
1846:260s BC conflicts
1808:
1807:
1236:978-1-56619-210-1
1223:Warmington, Brian
1166:978-0-304-36642-2
1144:978-1-119-02550-4
1101:978-0-304-36642-2
1050:978-0-304-36642-2
975:978-0-304-36642-2
945:978-0-304-36642-2
917:, pp. 72–73.
870:978-0-304-36642-2
833:978-0-304-36642-2
806:978-0-304-36642-2
783:, pp. 54–55.
535:Italian Peninsula
490:, then leader of
414:
413:
243:
242:
138:
137:
52:Mediterranean Sea
1868:
1799:Military history
1789:
1788:
1763:Port of Carthage
1599:
1592:
1591:
1471:
1464:Second Punic War
1409:
1347:Bagradas (Tunis)
1268:
1261:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1218:
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1170:
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915:Goldsworthy 2006
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356:Bagradas (Tunis)
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110:37.3167; 13.5833
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68:
67:
48:
28:
27:
1876:
1875:
1871:
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1865:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1777:
1745:Third Punic War
1739:
1700:Carteia (naval)
1595:
1583:
1582:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1410:
1401:
1372:Drepana (siege)
1284:First Punic War
1278:
1274:Battles of the
1272:
1237:
1207:
1186:
1167:
1145:
1129:
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1116:
1109:
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1086:
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983:
976:
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946:
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921:
913:
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903:Warmington 1993
901:
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772:
764:
757:
749:
742:
734:
723:
719:
699:First Punic War
695:
670:
617:
478:In 288 BC, the
476:
451:
431:First Punic War
415:
410:
401:Aegates Islands
386:Drepana (siege)
326:2nd Mytistratus
306:1st Mytistratus
282:
278:First Punic War
277:
275:
273:
239:25,000 enslaved
238:
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168:
130:
109:
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100:
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50:Map of central
49:
38:First Punic War
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1874:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:Ancient Sicily
1848:
1843:
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1695:Carteia (land)
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1662:
1657:
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1637:
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1622:
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1610:2nd Beneventum
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1575:
1573:1st Beneventum
1570:
1565:
1560:
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1545:
1540:
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1523:Lake Trasimene
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1359:
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1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1307:Lipari Islands
1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1219:
1205:
1190:
1185:978-0285635241
1184:
1171:
1165:
1149:
1143:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1107:
1100:
1075:
1056:
1049:
1029:
1012:
1000:
981:
974:
951:
944:
919:
907:
905:, p. 171.
895:
883:
869:
846:
832:
812:
805:
785:
770:
755:
740:
738:, p. 258.
720:
718:
715:
694:
691:
669:
666:
658:Heraclea Minoa
616:
613:
605:Hannibal Gisco
515:Greek colonies
500:Longanus River
475:
472:
450:
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439:Roman Republic
427:pitched battle
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179:Hannibal Gisco
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149:Roman Republic
145:
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82:
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1528:Ager Falernus
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1416:Mercenary War
1413:
1408:
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1353:
1352:Cape Hermaeum
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1206:0-8047-2673-6
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1172:
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1120:, p. 60.
1119:
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1103:
1097:
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1084:
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1080:
1073:, p. 59.
1072:
1067:
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1061:
1052:
1046:
1042:
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1033:
1027:, p. 58.
1026:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1010:, p. 79.
1009:
1004:
998:, p. 57.
997:
992:
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893:, p. 71.
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835:
829:
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747:
745:
737:
732:
730:
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721:
714:
710:
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703:Roman triumph
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545:, one of the
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464:Carthaginians
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361:Cape Hermaeum
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203:war elephants
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133:
128:
127:
124:Roman victory
123:
120:
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114:
85:
81:
78:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
47:
42:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
1797:
1790:
1768:2nd Nepheris
1758:1st Nepheris
1660:New Carthage
1655:2nd Tarentum
1640:2nd Herdonia
1630:Upper Baetis
1625:1st Herdonia
1605:1st Tarentum
1543:Silva Litana
1454:Leptis Parva
1387:2nd Mt. Eryx
1382:1st Mt. Eryx
1332:Cape Ecnomus
1301:
1226:
1195:
1175:
1156:
1134:
1127:Bibliography
1118:Lazenby 1996
1090:
1071:Lazenby 1996
1039:
1032:
1025:Lazenby 1996
1008:Lazenby 1996
1003:
996:Lazenby 1996
964:
934:
910:
898:
891:Erdkamp 2015
886:
874:. Retrieved
859:
837:. Retrieved
822:
815:
795:
788:
781:Lazenby 1996
766:Lazenby 1996
751:Lazenby 1996
711:
705:for the two
696:
687:
679:
675:
671:
662:
655:
626:
618:
590:
572:took Messana
560:
539:Roman Senate
532:
520:North Africa
512:
477:
452:
418:
416:
341:Cape Ecnomus
300:
225:
216:
193:
143:Belligerents
36:Part of the
25:
1563:Decimomannu
1377:Mount Ercte
522:, parts of
396:2nd Mt Eryx
391:1st Mt Eryx
222:540 cavalry
129:Territorial
108: /
1815:Categories
1753:Lake Tunis
1518:Ebro River
1302:Agrigentum
1276:Punic Wars
480:Mamertines
454:Agrigentum
301:Agrigentum
96:13°35′00″E
93:37°19′00″N
84:Agrigentum
56:Agrigentum
1715:2nd Utica
1710:1st Utica
1675:Grumentum
1635:2nd Capua
1615:1st Capua
1483:Lilybaeum
1469:(Battles)
1367:Lilybaeum
1225:(1993) .
736:Kern 1999
717:Citations
693:Aftermath
630:Asklepios
371:Lilybaeum
60:Agrigento
1792:Category
1773:Carthage
1730:Insubria
1680:Metaurus
1650:Canusium
1645:Numistro
1585:Heat ray
1578:Syracuse
1568:3rd Nola
1558:2nd Nola
1548:1st Nola
1533:Geronium
1478:Saguntum
1439:Carthage
1429:Bagradas
1357:Panormus
1327:Tyndaris
1292:Treaties
1227:Carthage
1215:34371250
1155:(2006).
647:Diodoros
643:Numidian
639:Polybius
577:Ligurian
528:Sardinia
508:garrison
496:Hiero II
492:Syracuse
488:Hiero II
437:and the
435:Carthage
381:Phintias
366:Panormus
336:Tyndaris
291:Treaties
185:Strength
154:Carthage
79:Location
58:(modern
1705:Crotona
1670:Petelia
1665:Baecula
1620:Silarus
1597:Sambuca
1508:Ticinus
1444:The Saw
1392:Aegates
1362:Drepana
1317:Thermae
1297:Messana
876:23 June
839:23 June
707:consuls
651:Orosius
593:consuls
568:straits
563:legions
547:consuls
484:Messana
429:of the
376:Drepana
321:Thermae
296:Messana
131:changes
1826:261 BC
1538:Cannae
1513:Trebia
1233:
1213:
1203:
1182:
1163:
1141:
1098:
1047:
972:
942:
867:
830:
803:
668:Battle
621:picket
583:, and
581:Celtic
504:Sicily
423:Sicily
226:7,200
201:30–60
121:Result
74:262 BC
1725:Cirta
1690:Sucro
1685:Ilipa
1553:Ibera
1503:Cissa
1493:Rhone
1488:Malta
1449:Tunis
1424:Utica
1337:Aspis
1322:Sulci
1312:Mylae
635:Hanno
615:Siege
609:Gisgo
524:Spain
443:siege
346:Aspis
331:Sulci
316:Mylae
175:Hanno
1735:Zama
1587:and
1342:Adys
1231:ISBN
1211:OCLC
1201:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1139:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1045:ISBN
970:ISBN
940:ISBN
878:2010
865:ISBN
841:2010
828:ISBN
801:ISBN
599:and
468:Rome
449:City
417:The
351:Adys
71:Date
1817::
1209:.
1110:^
1078:^
1059:^
1015:^
984:^
954:^
922:^
849:^
773:^
758:^
743:^
724:^
595:,
579:,
526:,
470:.
1267:e
1260:t
1253:v
1239:.
1217:.
1188:.
1169:.
1147:.
1104:.
1053:.
978:.
948:.
880:.
843:.
809:.
421:(
268:e
261:t
254:v
62:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
