619:. The Union Jack was carried into the pā. There it was hoisted, upside down, and at half-mast high, below the Māori flag, which was a kākahu (Māori cloak). This insulting display of the Union Jack was the cause of the disaster which ensued. Infuriated by the insult to the Union Jack, Colonel Despard ordered an assault upon the pā the same day without waiting for the 32-pounder to arrive. The attack was directed to the section of the pā where the angle of the palisade allowed a double flank from which the defenders of the pā could fire at the attackers; the attack was a reckless endeavour. The British persisted in their attempts to storm the unbreached palisades and five to seven minutes later around 40 British troops were killed with over 70 wounded The casualties included Captain Grant of the 58th Regiment and Lieutenant
812:
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766:
Kaikohe; it stands on a gentle rise a short distance west of the main road. The locality is usually called Ngawha, from the hot springs in the neighbourhood, but it is the true Ōhaeawai; the
European township which has appropriated the name should properly be known as Taiamai. The church occupies the centre of the olden fortification, and a scoria-stone wall, 7 ft. high, encloses the sacred ground."
724:. The Battle of Ōhaeawai was presented as a victory for the British force, notwithstanding the death of about a third of the soldiers. The reality of the end of the Battle of Ōhaeawai was that Kawiti and his warriors had abandoned the pā in a tactical withdrawal, with the Ngāpuhi moving on to build the Ruapekapeka Pā from which to engage the British force on a battle field chosen by Kawiti.
594:
day the guns were brought to within 200 metres (660 ft) of the pā. The bombardment continued for another two days but still did very little damage. Partly this was due to the elasticity of the flax covering the palisade. Since the introduction of muskets the Māori had learnt to cover the outside of the palisades with layers of
645:
Shaken by the loss of a third of his troops, Despard decided to abandon the siege. However, his Māori allies contested this decision. Tāmati Wāka Nene persuaded
Despard to wait for a few more days. More ammunition and supplies were brought in and the shelling continued. On the morning of 8 July the
593:
The
British troops arrived before the Ōhaeawai Pā on 23 June and established a camp about 500 metres (1,600 ft) away. On the summit of a nearby hill (Puketapu) they built a four-gun battery. They opened fire next day and continued until dark but did very little damage to the palisade. The next
765:
at the time. James Cowan identified that "the site of the Ōhaeawai pā is now occupied by a Maori church and burying-ground. The scene of the battle is five miles from
Kaikohe and two miles from the Township of Ōhaeawai. A Maori church of old-fashioned design is seen on the left as one travels from
742:
After the battle, models were made of the design of the pā, with one being sent to
Britain where it sat forgotten in a museum. Other Māori tribes of New Zealand became aware of the techniques used in the design of the Ōhaeawai Pā in order to blunt the effectiveness of cannon and musket fire and to
711:
It is quite astonishing how they seem to defy the
British in their fortifications. They have double fences, ditches, and loop holes, their houses sunk underground; and as the great guns of the British are fired through their pa with so little loss to the rebels, it is supposed that they have large
677:
The dotted lines denote rows of fences composed of trees deeply sunk in the ground, between 9 and 15 inches thick, bound close together by a strong native line or rope at the top and bottom: upon the outer row of trees a screen between 4 and 6 inches thick, and 8 and 9 feet high, was formed from a
604:) leaves, making them effectively bulletproof as the velocity of musket balls was dissipated by the flax leaves. However the main fault of the bombardment was a failure to concentrate the cannon fire on one area of the defences, so as to create a breach in the palisade.
743:
create firing trenches located within the inner palisade and communication trenches linking to ruas—shelters dug into the ground and covered with earth. The design of the Ōhaeawai Pā, and the pā subsequently built by Kawiti at
712:
holes, in which they secure themselves. The fence round the pa is covered between every paling with loose bunches of flax, against which the bullets fall and drop; in the night they repair every hole made by the guns.
779:
This is a sacred memorial to the soldiers and sailors of the Queen who fell in battle here at
Ohaeawai in the year of Our Lord 1845. This burying place was laid out by the Maoris after the making of peace.
774:
Ko te tohu tapu tenei o nga hoia me nga heremana o te Kuini i hinga i te whawhai ki konei ki
Ohaeawai i te tau o to tatou ariki 1845. Ko tenei urupa na nga Maori i whaka-takoto I muri iho i te maunga rongo.
653:
that was loaded with a bullock-chain, and fired at close quarters at the attacking soldiers. The colonial forces captured these cannons, one of which had been destroyed by a shot from a
British cannon.
646:
pā was found to have been abandoned, the occupants having disappeared in the night. When they had a chance to examine it, the
British officers found it to be even stronger than they had feared.
607:
After two days of bombardment without effecting a breach, Despard ordered a frontal assault. He was, with difficulty, persuaded to postpone this pending the arrival of a 32-pound
787:
680:
This screen was kept about 18 inches above the ground, to serve as loop-holes to fire through from the trench marked T T, Plate IV., figs. 13 and 14; S S serving as traverses.
77:
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logs. In front of the inner palisade was a ditch in which the warriors could shelter and reload their muskets then fire through gaps in the two outer palisades.
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which came the next day, 1 July. However an unexpected sortie from the pā resulted in the temporary occupation of the knoll on which
570:
and the Ngatirangi chief Pene Taui as to the site of the next battle; Kawiti eventually agreed to a request to fortify Pene Taui's
544:, a prominent rangatira (chief), on the other side. The battle was notable for establishing that an appropriately built fortified
433:
1261:
1328:
960:
43:
799:
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native plant called the New Zealand flax, which is exceedingly tough, and at a distance capable of resisting a musket-ball.
251:
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1144:
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1373:
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634:, who made divinations and composed a song foretelling victory against the British. The casualties were buried at
730:
did not participate in the Battle of Ōhaeawai as he was recovering from the wounds he received at the Battle of
1413:
1049:
755:
Saint Michael's Anglican Church was built on the site of the Ōhaeawai pā in 1871. While the area is now called
1354:
1247:
548:
could withstand bombardment from cannon fire, with a frontal assault by soldiers suffering heavy casualties.
1029:
1009:
The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period; Ground Plan of Ohaeawai Pā
1007:
769:
The soldiers and sailors' memorial stands in the churchyard. The Maori inscription reads, with translation:
980:
871:
1466:
1435:
707:
commented on the ingenuity of the construction of the war pā in a letter to Mrs. Heathcote, 5 July 1845:
700:
1456:
692:, described in his drawing that Ōhaeawai's inner palisade was 3 metres (9.8 ft) high, built using
1031:
The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period; Flax-masked Palisade
482:
1471:
666:
1246:
Best, Elsdon (1927). "The Modern Gun-Fighter's Pa (From notes supplied by the late Tuta Nihoniho)".
282:
913:
902:
472:
563:
462:
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323:
256:
176:
1108:
720:. Te Ruki Kawiti and his warriors escaped and proceeded to construct an even stronger pā at
328:
1461:
343:
8:
1418:. Vol. 2 – via Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library.
1194:
1054:. Vol. 2 – via Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library.
1082:. The Northland Publications Society, Inc., The Northlander No 14 (1974). Archived from
1171:
477:
1275:
1064:
891:
793:
Saint Michael's Anglican Church sits atop Ōhaeawai pā site today in a pastoral setting
1398:
1214:
956:
704:
624:
620:
590:
and Māori allies in an attack on Pene Taui's pā, which had been fortified by Kawiti.
532:, New Zealand. The battle was between British forces and their allies from the local
275:
227:
1282:. Research and Publishing Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage
1201:. Research and Publishing Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage
1193:
Hutton, Thomas: copied from a drawing taken by Mr Symonds of the 99th Regt. (1845).
1301:
840:
595:
529:
670:
287:
1426:
The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period
1375:
The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period
937:
The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period
537:
146:
1083:
757:
717:
685:
600:
567:
541:
360:
188:
134:
67:
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953:
The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History
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521:
450:
165:
92:
79:
29:
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The defenders of the pā had four iron cannons on ship-carriages including a
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1139:
879:
Papers on Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corp of Royal Engineers
661:
Captain Marlow's drawing, Plate IV, of Heke's camp and pā at Ōhaeawai, 1845
631:
244:
727:
1395:
The New Zealand Wars: And the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict
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71:
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led a combined force of troops from the 58th, 96th, and 99th Regiments,
575:
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37:
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220:
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The pā was duly destroyed and the British retreated once again to the
533:
1079:
A Most Noble Anchorage: The Story of Russell & The Bay of Islands
731:
657:
650:
1302:"Gunfighter Pa": Mangaheia Station, Tauwhareparae Road, Tologa Bay"
845:
497:
940:. Vol. 1, 1845–1864. Wellington: R.E. Owen. pp. 73–144.
579:
574:, which was 4 km (2 mi) from the present settlement of
1442:(16): 38–46 – via National Library of New Zealand Library.
630:. The scalp of Lieutenant Phillpotts was brought to the tohunga
418:
914:
https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow01NewZ-c8.html
903:
https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow01NewZ-c8.html
693:
1182:(2 ed.). London: John Weale; Lockwood & Co.: 587–588.
747:, became the basis of what is now called the "gunfighter pā".
673:, noted in relation to his drawing, Plate IV, of Ōhaeawai pā:
545:
1252:. Wellington: Whitcombe and Tombs Limited. pp. 367–376
872:"2. Remarks on the Military Operations in New Zealand"
42:
The left angle of Ōhaeawai under siege, 1845. Artist:
1103:
1101:
1034:. Vol. 1, 1845–64. p. 53 – via NZETC.
1012:. Vol. 1, 1845–64. p. 53 – via NZETC.
1355:"Old Forts of the Taiamai District, Bay of Islands"
1065:
https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/northern-war/ohaeawai
892:
https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/northern-war/ohaeawai
615:had his camp and the capture of Nene's colours—the
1098:
551:
1448:
1429:. Vol. 1, 1845–1864. Wellington: R.E. Owen.
1378:. Vol. 1, 1845–1864. Wellington: R.E. Owen.
1131:
865:
863:
861:
737:
434:
995:– via National Library of New Zealand.
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1329:"Former land war battle site deemed sacred"
1219:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
582:. In the winter of 1845 Lieutenant Colonel
1361:. Wellington: Whitcombe and Tombs Limited.
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881:. New Series 3. London: John Weale: 5–69.
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540:on one side, and other Ngāpuhi, led by
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978:
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1234:"The Battle for Kawiti's Ohaeawai Pa"
1176:Aide-mémoire to the Military Sciences
1109:"New Zealand: Has the Work Died Out?"
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817:Saint Michael's Anglican Church, 2010
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699:Relying on the report of her husband
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1306:Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga
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1145:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
13:
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870:Collinson, Thomas Bernard (1853).
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1170:Bennett, George Augustus (1860).
1150:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
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1327:Boynton, John (2 August 2018).
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578:and 6 km (4 mi) from
552:Kawiti's success at Ōhaeawai Pā
1434:Kawiti, Tawai (October 1956).
1236:, James Graham, HistoryOrb.com
979:Kawiti, Tawai (October 1956).
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829:The memorial in the churchyard
1:
1113:The Church Missionary Gleaner
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524:, was fought in July 1845 at
7:
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738:Model for the gunfighter pā
636:St. John the Baptist Church
10:
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1415:The Life of Henry Williams
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1051:The Life of Henry Williams
805:Saint Michael's sign, 2006
566:a debate occurred between
555:
410:40-47 killed 70-73 wounded
1440:Te Ao Hou / The New World
1436:"Heke's War in the North"
985:Te Ao Hou / The New World
981:"Heke's War in the North"
951:Raugh, Harold E. (2004).
703:who observed the battle,
667:William Biddlecomb Marlow
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35:
27:
22:
1412:Carleton, Hugh (1874).
1048:Carleton, Hugh (1874).
1393:Belich, James (1988).
1276:"Gunfighter pā, c1845"
1140:"Penetana Papahurihia"
782:
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682:
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387:630 officers & men
153:Commanders and leaders
46:, Major, 58th Regiment
1423:Cowan, James (1922).
1372:Cowan, James (1922).
1353:Best, Elsdon (1927).
1195:"Plan of Ohaeawai pa"
1028:Cowan, James (1955).
1006:Cowan, James (1955).
934:Cowan, James (1922).
771:
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413:10 killed or wounded
405:Casualties and losses
1076:King, Marie (1992).
329:Eruera Maihi Patuone
93:35.3776°S 173.8545°E
1280:New Zealand History
1199:New Zealand History
686:John Jermyn Symonds
564:Battle of Te Ahuahu
89: /
1467:Far North District
761:, it was known as
751:Site of the battle
663:
518:Battle of Ōhaeawai
306:Volunteer Pioneers
98:-35.3776; 173.8545
23:Battle of Ōhaeawai
1457:Conflicts in 1845
1086:on 5 October 2012
962:978-1-57607-925-6
705:Marianne Williams
621:George Phillpotts
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334:Makoare Te Taonui
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1472:July 1845 events
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339:Mohi Tāwhai
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1451:Categories
1256:28 January
1123:1 December
991:10 October
852:References
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538:Māori
147:Māori
1399:ISBN
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1258:2015
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