1697:
Bandung as "a dead city with grass growing in its streets", through Dutch authorities did not calculate the exact figure of losses. The conflict in the larger area continued, with continued damage in the countryside surrounding
Bandung. Commander Nasution, when later questioned on why he did not hold the city, argued that he did not want to sacrifice his units and had opted to conduct guerilla warfare in the city with his still relatively intact battalions. Scorched earth tactics employed in Bandung were later used elsewhere during the revolution by Nasution – and later Army Commander
2579:
1635:
effect, significant civilian movements occurred, due to pressure from
European inhabitants backed by British forces. Some form of a boundary eventually formed between Indonesian and British/Indian forces, though there were significant desertions of the Indian troops and the Gurkha units would trade weapons for food items. As the British asserted control over North Bandung, around 100,000 Indonesians evacuated the area between November 1945 and March 1946. During the remaining days of 1945 and in early 1946, a relatively calm period ensued from the stalemate, with
430:
1631:
operations and firefights with
British forces during the confusion that occurred. Within the following weeks, fighting intensified across the city with the British calling in an additional battalion of troops in early December, when most of the northern parts of Bandung were under British control. During this time, British supply trains and trucks travelling from Jakarta were subjected to raids – in one occasion, a supply train arrived in Bandung on 21 November looted and without its Gurkha guards.
1420:
133:
69:
1505:
where
Bandung was divided into the British-controlled north and Indonesian-controlled south. Following an ultimatum to militarily evacuate South Bandung in March 1946, Indonesian forces conducted a general evacuation of the area involving hundreds of thousands of civilians, burning down various buildings and looting warehouses to deny British, and later Dutch, forces the use of the buildings and supplies.
1709:
by 1946 due to the fighting and the destruction, though it had recovered to over 640,000 by 1950. Despite the massive population displacement of
Indonesians, the movement of the Chinese population to the northern parts of the city further complicated the overcrowding already there. This issue became more pronounced after the
1607:(former BKR commander of Priangan). The division itself was subdivided into five regiments, two of which were headquartered in Bandung proper (one later moved to the outskirts). Each of these regiments consisted of four battalions, typically comprising 500 to 1,000 men. Aside from these, there were also irregular units of
1565:
independently planning and launching attacks on
Japanese posts or vehicles to capture weapons. By early October, disarmament of Japanese forces began to take a larger scale across the wider region. In some cases, disarmament was negotiated to be held in a mock mass assault against Japanese forces who
1560:
The first
British forces began arriving in Indonesia by around late September 1945, and by 25 September the nationalist government declared that all Indonesian civil servants were working for them. This resulted in an outburst of seizures of Japanese-controlled buildings and property. Takeovers were
1708:
In the immediate aftermath of the events, only around 16,000 Indonesians still lived in North
Bandung, with "practically none" living in the south, compared to the official figure of 380,000 in August 1945. Though the population of Bandung was estimated as 480,000 in 1945, it fell to around 100,000
1696:
The loss of
Bandung itself was a significant military and psychological blow to the nationalist government, with the newly arrived Dutch forces being handed control of Bandung from the British on 17 April. American historian John Smail, who visited Bandung 18 months after the event, described South
1582:
headquarters – seemingly spontaneously – and the
Japanese responded by calling in commanders of the local BKR for negotiations, before coercing them with bayonets to surrender and disperse the crowds. Throughout the day, the leaders were made to disperse attacks on Japanese posts while the Japanese
1687:
started fires and detonated dynamites to destroy the city's buildings – though most of the involved soldiers were inexperienced with demolition and instead opted to loot the warehouses or distribute the contents to the public; most of the flames originated from private homes and lighter buildings.
1663:
Major General Douglas Hawthorn, commander of the 23rd Division, announced on the radio on the afternoon the following day of the demands, requiring South Bandung to be evacuated of military forces while asking civilians to remain. He set a deadline of midnight the following day for the evacuation.
1504:
and its successors) and Indonesian nationalist youths on one side, with Japanese and British forces on the other. After initial success in Japanese attempts to gain control of the city in October, the arrival of British forces resulted in continued fighting, which initially resulted in a stalemate
1630:
to launch a general attack against British and Japanese troops – which ended up being a relatively limited operation, with only scattered fighting in parts of the city. The following day, an incident occurred when a flash flood killed more than 200 people, with Indonesian units engaging in rescue
1518:
On 17 August 1945, news of the proclamation reached Bandung via radio around noon, and spread throughout virtually the entire city by 19 August. Details about the event remained scarce for the first few days, until more information arrived. The sudden pronouncement left the existing social order
1634:
The British commander issued an ultimatum to the local Indonesian governor demanding Indonesians (numbering some 100,000) to evacuate North Bandung on 27 November – which the governor rejected. Later, the nationalist government compromised, agreeing to move "elements which disturbed peace". In
1569:
In early October, the Japanese military commander in Bandung, Major General Mabuchi Itsuo, was negotiating a peaceful disarmament of his men. Throughout the first few days of the month, several arms factories and warehouses were seized by nationalists and on 8 October a large group of
1671:
move intended to be a revolutionary gesture. On 4 p.m. that day, Nasution (who had approved of the plan) announced that the entire half of the city was to be evacuated by 8 p.m. – though some scorched earth actions had been conducted as early as the previous evening.
1659:
that they were planning a military operation in Bandung, requesting him to evacuate the city of armed forces to prevent fighting – specifically, the British requested that all armed Indonesian units be removed from an area within eleven kilometers of the city center.
1713:
in 1948, when a large number of refugees moved to Jakarta and Bandung. When many of the March 1946 evacuees returned to the city, they found their houses occupied by new residents – who in some cases had managed to obtain a residential permit from the government.
1749:. Soon after, the song Halo, Halo Bandung became very famous and emerged as a symbol of the struggle of the Indonesian people in their fight for independence from colonial foreign nations. A monument commemorating the event was erected in Bandung in 1981. The
1619:. By November, the European population of the city had also began to return, reaching 60,000 by late November or double the pre-WW2 figure (compared to some 436,000 Indonesians, Chinese and Eurasians) with 2,000 British and 1,500 Japanese troops.
1583:
setup barricades and posts, sweeping throughout Bandung within the following days and effectively retaking control of the city. A week later, the Japanese handed over control of the city to arriving British units of the
1552:) began to seize arms from Japanese forces – in some cases involving murder, but largely through simple disarmament and in some cases voluntarily. Looting against Chinese and Eurasians of the city also began to occur.
1664:
Indonesian leaders such as Nasution requested a delay in the deadline – nominally to organize the movement of people but primarily to move supplies and equipment – but this was rejected by Hawthorn.
166:
1655:
was moved to Bandung on 16 February 1946, and some fighting began to erupt again in early March. On 22 March, British authorities notified then-Prime Minister of Indonesia
2530:
159:
1130:
1679:
newspaper a month after the event to 500,000 estimated by American historian John Smail (including those living in villages outside Bandung). British historian
2867:
1667:
Faced with evacuation, the regimental commanders in the city opted-in the afternoon the following day for a total general evacuation of South Bandung, in a
152:
1595:
Following the 10 October incident, revolutionary fervor in the city died down for around a month. During this time, the BKR reorganized into the TKR (
1110:
1090:
2192:
1531:
Regency) by 24 August. These committees were initially focused with spreading information about the independence and maintaining public order.
1448:
2608:
2563:
2523:
1179:
2623:
372:
2295:
1548:, BKR), the new armed forces of the nationalist government. Around late August and early September, some of the nationalist youths (
2736:
1574:
took over a Japanese airbase, taking control and disarming its guards with almost no resistance. On 10 October, a large assault by
288:
2862:
2568:
2516:
1683:
wrote that a third to half of the city were razed to the ground, and 250,000 were evacuated. As the civilians left the city, the
1493:
1224:
1639:
organizations continued to consolidate to form larger entities, and the 3rd Division saw a replacement of Kartawinata with
1365:
2397:
1688:
Chinese residents were particularly hard-hit by the looting and burning, and many moved north instead of the countryside.
2242:
1325:
2768:
2649:
1441:
1387:
352:
21:
2773:
2459:
2438:
2355:
2328:
2175:
1750:
1345:
357:
2639:
2499:
1380:
1370:
1360:
1355:
1335:
1675:
Various figures were given for the affected population within the eleven kilometer limit – from 200,000 given by
1540:(PETA) Indonesian units as soon as 18 August. The discharged officers and personnel were then recruited into the
2659:
2539:
2268:
2097:
1767:
1652:
1486:
1397:
1189:
437:
237:
176:
60:
2618:
2558:
2451:
Under Construction: The Politics of Urban Space and Housing during the Decolonization of Indonesia, 1930–1960
1434:
1402:
1392:
1375:
1340:
1264:
1234:
1169:
999:
702:
525:
409:
2167:
The Politics of Redress: War Damage Compensation and Restitution in Indonesia and the Philippines, 1940–1957
1566:
would "surrender" and disarm in order to absolve Japanese forces of their responsibility to maintain order.
2882:
1584:
1018:
711:
1705:) ordering scorched earth tactics to delay enemy attacks, especially during later Dutch military actions.
2877:
1545:
1501:
1244:
1561:
initially relatively peaceful, but soon more looting began to occur, primarily of military assets, with
2887:
2746:
1199:
2578:
2501:
Bandung in the Early Revolution, 1945–1946: A Study in the Social History of the Indonesian Revolution
2347:
The British Occupation of Indonesia: 1945-1946: Britain, The Netherlands and the Indonesian Revolution
1596:
1536:
1350:
1330:
751:
1741:, as well as many Indonesian combatants and refugees, to alter the last two sentences of the song
2721:
2654:
1520:
497:
266:
2644:
2469:
Newsinger, John (23 June 2016). "A forgotten war: British intervention in Indonesia 1945–46".
379:
2598:
2318:
2303:
2165:
1710:
1254:
981:
446:
1534:
Japanese occupation forces in the area had begun to disarm and disband the Japanese-trained
2796:
2371:
1762:
1640:
1282:
1045:
1008:
961:
891:
861:
831:
801:
418:
1603:), with the 3rd division of its 1st army covering the Bandung region under the command of
8:
2731:
2603:
1466:
1100:
1065:
931:
851:
721:
283:
2811:
2778:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2681:
2613:
2486:
1773:
1742:
1627:
1604:
1305:
1290:
951:
921:
841:
761:
594:
362:
321:
222:
217:
205:
200:
429:
2801:
2751:
2716:
2593:
2553:
2490:
2455:
2434:
2351:
2324:
2171:
1737:(Bandung Sea of Fire) – the name the event is known by today. This incident inspired
1587:. Following negotiations, British authorities agreed to rearm the Indonesian police.
1140:
1120:
901:
791:
781:
741:
476:
392:
387:
314:
308:
261:
2872:
2478:
1745:
lyrics to become more patriotic and be able to boost their fighting spirit against
1424:
1300:
1055:
881:
871:
564:
2756:
2706:
2686:
2669:
2508:
2449:
2428:
2345:
1746:
1622:
On the night of 24 November, the 3rd Division under Kartawinata was pressured by
1482:
1295:
1036:
911:
811:
771:
604:
338:
332:
247:
227:
212:
144:
137:
2806:
2741:
2664:
2482:
1738:
1680:
1668:
1474:
971:
941:
821:
644:
574:
301:
242:
120:
2856:
2831:
2763:
2711:
1656:
624:
326:
277:
232:
36:
23:
2243:"Mengenang Bandung Lautan Api – Semua Halaman – Nationalgeographic.grid.id"
614:
544:
507:
2504:. Southeast Asia Program, Department of Asian Studies, Cornell University.
2816:
1718:
731:
654:
456:
2841:
674:
1579:
684:
634:
584:
487:
100:
96:
68:
2821:
1698:
1528:
466:
2430:
Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944–1946
1753:, the largest stadium in the province, was named after the event.
1555:
1500:
began to emerge between the newly formed Indonesian armed forces (
2826:
2676:
1616:
1497:
1478:
554:
194:
92:
2836:
664:
73:
The southern part of Bandung was burned by Indonesian militias
1722:
534:
2145:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2323:(in Indonesian). Yudhistira Ghalia Indonesia. p. 37.
2193:"Bandung Lautan Api Ide Jenderal Nasution, Ini Sejarahnya"
1996:
1994:
2269:"Bandung Lautan Api: Saat Pejuang Tak Rela Bandung Jatuh"
2098:"Bandung Lautan Api: Saat Pejuang Tak Rela Bandung Jatuh"
2223:
2211:
2116:
2078:
2042:
2030:
1885:
1883:
2133:
1991:
1943:
1895:
1979:
1967:
1919:
1725:
and published an article in the 26 March issue of the
1880:
1868:
1844:
1820:
1808:
1796:
2066:
2054:
2018:
2006:
1717:
During the fires, an Indonesian journalist based in
1955:
1931:
1907:
1519:largely intact for the first month or so, with the
2538:
2372:"Monumen Bandung Lautan Api di Lapangan Tegallega"
1856:
1832:
174:
2854:
2398:"Stadion Gelora Bandung Lautan Api resmi dibuka"
1733:(Bandung Becomes Sea of Fire), but shortened to
1556:Revolution in Bandung and the 10 October affair
2868:Battles of the Indonesian National Revolution
2609:United Nations Security Council Resolution 27
2524:
2316:
1442:
160:
2564:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
1513:
1477:of much of the southern side of the city of
2293:
1590:
2531:
2517:
1449:
1435:
167:
153:
2468:
2447:
2229:
2217:
2139:
1949:
1701:, who created the Strategic Order No. 1 (
2426:
2343:
2317:Kurnia, Anwar; Suryana, Mohamad (2007).
2191:Akhmadi, Yudono Yanuar (24 March 2016).
2151:
1901:
1802:
2624:Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference
2296:"Keunikan Sejarah Lagu "Hallo Bandung""
2190:
2157:
1691:
1496:, tensions and fighting in the city of
2855:
1523:establishing a local government unit (
16:Burning of Bandung, Indonesia, in 1946
2512:
2497:
2261:
2163:
2127:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1889:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
148:
2090:
1611:organizations, ethnic militias, and
1721:recorded the events from a hill in
13:
2769:Yogyakarta and Surakarta Offensive
2650:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
14:
2899:
2774:General Offensive of 1 March 1949
2344:McMillan, Richard (17 May 2006).
1751:Gelora Bandung Lautan Api Stadium
2640:Indonesian National Armed Forces
2577:
1418:
428:
131:
67:
2420:
2390:
2378:(in Indonesian). 5 January 2015
2364:
2337:
2310:
2302:(in Indonesian). Archived from
2287:
2235:
2184:
1578:was launched against the local
2863:Indonesian National Revolution
2660:Kalimantan Physical Revolution
2540:Indonesian National Revolution
2275:(in Indonesian). 24 March 2019
2249:(in Indonesian). 23 March 2011
2104:(in Indonesian). 24 March 2019
1787:
1768:Indonesian National Revolution
1646:
1626:following the outbreak of the
1487:Indonesian National Revolution
1131:French and British interregnum
178:Indonesian National Revolution
61:Indonesian National Revolution
1:
2559:Indonesian National Awakening
1780:
1729:newspaper – initially titled
1653:23rd Indian Infantry Division
2569:Proclamation of Independence
2404:(in Indonesian). 11 May 2013
2294:Setiadijaya, Barlan (1996).
1585:37th Indian Infantry Brigade
1527:, KNI) in Bandung (i.e. the
1483:Indonesian Republican troops
1019:Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow
7:
2427:Anderson, Benedict (2006).
1756:
1494:declaration of independence
526:Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms
10:
2904:
2498:Smail, John R. W. (1964).
2483:10.1177/030639688903000404
2247:nationalgeographic.grid.id
1731:Bandoeng Djadi Laoetan Api
1508:
1200:United States of Indonesia
1037:Chinese Kongsi federations
2789:
2632:
2619:Roem–Van Roijen Agreement
2586:
2575:
2546:
2448:Colombijn, Freek (2013).
2350:. Routledge. p. 67.
1525:Komite Nasional Indonesia
1514:Independence of Indonesia
1492:Following the Indonesian
1351:Javanese historical texts
186:
126:
114:
106:
88:
78:
66:
58:
53:
1591:Reescalation of tensions
1546:People's Security Agency
1502:People's Security Agency
1111:Dutch East India Company
752:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
353:Yogyakarta and Surakarta
2737:South Sulawesi campaign
2722:East Sumatra revolution
2320:Sejarah 3: Smp Kelas IX
1601:Tentara Keamanan Rakyat
2645:Royal Netherlands Army
2433:. Equinox Publishing.
1597:People's Security Army
1521:nationalist government
1470:
1162:Emergence of Indonesia
2599:Linggadjati Agreement
2306:on 25 September 2017.
2170:. BRILL. p. 51.
2164:Keppy, Peter (2010).
1711:Darul Islam rebellion
1703:Perintah Siasat No. 1
1542:Badan Keamanan Rakyat
1217:Republic of Indonesia
1083:European colonization
982:Riau-Lingga Sultanate
2797:Abdul Haris Nasution
2747:Dutch police actions
1793:Taslimson Foundation
1763:History of Indonesia
1747:British-Dutch forces
1735:Bandoeng Laoetan Api
1692:Aftermath and legacy
1641:Abdul Haris Nasution
1425:Indonesia portal
1046:Heshun Confederation
962:Yogyakarta Sultanate
892:Kalinyamat Sultanate
862:Sultanate of Jailolo
832:Sultanate of Ternate
545:Tarumanagara Kingdom
2883:Urban fires in Asia
2732:Battle of Margarana
2727:Bandung Sea of Fire
2604:Denpasar Conference
2154:, pp. 330–331.
2130:, pp. 151–153.
2087:, pp. 149–150.
2051:, pp. 128–147.
2039:, pp. 110–114.
1463:Bandung Sea of Fire
1190:National Revolution
1180:Japanese occupation
1066:Santiaogou Republic
932:Palembang Sultanate
852:Sultanate of Tidore
722:Peureulak Sultanate
655:Dharmasraya Kingdom
33: /
2878:Fires in Indonesia
2812:Raymond Westerling
2779:Siege of Surakarta
2702:Battle of Surabaya
2697:Battle of Ambarawa
2692:Battle of Semarang
2682:Battle of Kotabaru
2614:Renville Agreement
2587:Diplomatic efforts
2003:, pp. 99–100.
1774:Halo, Halo Bandung
1743:Halo, Halo Bandung
1628:Battle of Surabaya
1605:Arudji Kartawinata
1475:deliberate burning
1471:Bandung Lautan Api
1269:1998–present
1170:National Awakening
1000:Christian kingdoms
966:1755–present
956:1745–present
952:Surakarta Sunanate
922:Kingdom of Kaimana
876:1526–present
842:Sultanate of Bacan
762:Pagaruyung Kingdom
703:Islamic sultanates
595:Shailendra Dynasty
83:Bandung Lautan Api
54:Bandung Great Fire
2888:1946 in Indonesia
2850:
2849:
2802:Hubertus van Mook
2752:Operation Product
2717:Lengkong incident
2594:Malino Conference
2554:Dutch East Indies
1988:, pp. 84–93.
1976:, pp. 78–79.
1928:, pp. 62–63.
1892:, pp. 56–59.
1877:, pp. 53–54.
1853:, pp. 45–46.
1829:, pp. 39–40.
1817:, pp. 35–36.
1537:Pembela Tanah Air
1459:
1458:
1273:
1272:
1225:Liberal democracy
1208:
1207:
1153:
1152:
1141:Dutch East Indies
1074:
1073:
1027:
1026:
1009:Larantuka Kingdom
990:
989:
902:Mataram Sultanate
802:Cirebon Sultanate
782:Malacca Sultanate
742:Ternate Sultanate
693:
692:
675:Singhasari Empire
669:1000s–1300s
635:Kahuripan Kingdom
516:
515:
401:
400:
143:
142:
37:6.917°S 107.583°E
2895:
2581:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2494:
2471:Race & Class
2465:
2444:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2291:
2285:
2284:
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2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1473:) refers to the
1451:
1444:
1437:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1235:Guided Democracy
1221:
1220:
1166:
1165:
1087:
1086:
1056:Lanfang Republic
1042:
1041:
1005:
1004:
926:1600s–1926
916:1528s–1877
882:Banjar Sultanate
872:Banten Sultanate
856:1500s–1967
772:Brunei Sultanate
708:
707:
685:Majapahit Empire
585:Srivijaya Empire
565:Kalingga Kingdom
531:
530:
498:Toba catastrophe
481:94,000–12,000 BP
452:
451:
432:
422:
404:
403:
181:
179:
169:
162:
155:
146:
145:
136:
135:
134:
110:23–24 March 1946
84:
79:Native name
71:
51:
50:
48:
47:
45:
44:
43:
38:
34:
31:
30:
29:
26:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2785:
2757:Operation Kraai
2707:Kolaka incident
2687:Battle of Medan
2670:Battle of Kumai
2628:
2582:
2573:
2542:
2537:
2462:
2441:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2405:
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2311:
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2252:
2250:
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2240:
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2228:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2199:(in Indonesian)
2189:
2185:
2178:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2063:, pp. 147.
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1759:
1694:
1649:
1593:
1558:
1516:
1511:
1455:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1285:
1275:
1274:
1259:1967–1998
1249:1966–1967
1239:1959–1966
1229:1950–1959
1218:
1210:
1209:
1204:1949–1950
1194:1945–1949
1184:1942–1945
1174:1908–1942
1163:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1148:1945–1949
1147:
1146:1800–1942
1135:1806–1816
1125:1685–1824
1115:1602–1799
1105:1521–1677
1095:1512–1850
1084:
1076:
1075:
1070:1777–1853
1060:1777–1884
1050:1776–1854
1039:
1029:
1028:
1002:
992:
991:
986:1824–1911
976:1814–1946
946:1725–1946
936:1659–1823
912:Johor Sultanate
906:1586–1755
896:1527–1599
886:1526–1863
866:1496–1903
846:1515–1946
836:1486–1914
826:1496–1903
816:1475–1554
812:Demak Sultanate
806:1445–1677
796:1405–1851
786:1400–1511
776:1368–1888
766:1347–1833
756:1267–1521
746:1257–1914
736:1225–1613
712:Spread of Islam
705:
695:
694:
689:1293–1527
679:1222–1292
659:1183–1347
649:1045–1221
639:1019–1045
605:Mataram Kingdom
528:
518:
517:
449:
420:
413:
402:
397:
243:West Kalimantan
182:
177:
175:
173:
138:Indonesian Army
132:
130:
117:
82:
74:
42:-6.917; 107.583
41:
39:
35:
32:
27:
24:
22:
20:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2901:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:Mohammad Hatta
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2744:
2742:3 March affair
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2665:Dayak Desa War
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2633:Armed conflict
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2495:
2466:
2460:
2445:
2439:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2389:
2363:
2356:
2336:
2329:
2309:
2300:www.kompas.com
2286:
2260:
2234:
2232:, p. 240.
2230:Colombijn 2013
2222:
2220:, p. 414.
2218:Colombijn 2013
2210:
2183:
2176:
2156:
2144:
2140:Newsinger 2016
2132:
2115:
2089:
2077:
2075:, p. 148.
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2027:, p. 102.
2017:
2015:, p. 101.
2005:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1950:Newsinger 2016
1942:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1904:, p. 140.
1894:
1879:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1739:Ismail Marzuki
1727:Soeara Merdeka
1693:
1690:
1681:John Newsinger
1669:scorched earth
1648:
1645:
1643:as commander.
1592:
1589:
1557:
1554:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1481:by retreating
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1003:
998:
997:
994:
993:
988:
987:
984:
978:
977:
974:
972:Deli Sultanate
968:
967:
964:
958:
957:
954:
948:
947:
944:
942:Siak Sultanate
938:
937:
934:
928:
927:
924:
918:
917:
914:
908:
907:
904:
898:
897:
894:
888:
887:
884:
878:
877:
874:
868:
867:
864:
858:
857:
854:
848:
847:
844:
838:
837:
834:
828:
827:
824:
822:Aceh Sultanate
818:
817:
814:
808:
807:
804:
798:
797:
794:
792:Sulu Sultanate
788:
787:
784:
778:
777:
774:
768:
767:
764:
758:
757:
754:
748:
747:
744:
738:
737:
734:
728:
727:
726:840–1292
724:
718:
717:
716:800–1600
714:
706:
701:
700:
697:
696:
691:
690:
687:
681:
680:
677:
671:
670:
667:
665:Pannai Kingdom
661:
660:
657:
651:
650:
647:
645:Kediri Kingdom
641:
640:
637:
631:
630:
629:932–1579
627:
621:
620:
619:914–1908
617:
611:
610:
609:716–1016
607:
601:
600:
597:
591:
590:
587:
581:
580:
577:
575:Melayu Kingdom
571:
570:
567:
561:
560:
557:
551:
550:
547:
541:
540:
537:
529:
524:
523:
520:
519:
514:
513:
510:
504:
503:
500:
494:
493:
491:
483:
482:
479:
473:
472:
469:
463:
462:
460:
450:
445:
444:
441:
440:
434:
433:
425:
424:
415:
414:
407:
399:
398:
396:
395:
390:
385:
368:
367:
366:
365:
360:
344:
343:
342:
341:
329:
324:
319:
318:
317:
305:
292:
291:
289:South Sulawesi
286:
281:
274:
269:
264:
253:
252:
251:
250:
245:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
209:
208:
203:
187:
184:
183:
172:
171:
164:
157:
149:
141:
140:
128:
124:
123:
121:Scorched earth
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
72:
64:
63:
56:
55:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2900:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:Sutan Sjahrir
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:Madiun Affair
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:Cumbok affair
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2461:9789004263932
2457:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2440:9789793780146
2436:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2377:
2376:Serba Bandung
2373:
2367:
2359:
2357:9781134254286
2353:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2330:9789790191402
2326:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2219:
2214:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2177:9789004253735
2173:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2153:
2152:Anderson 2006
2148:
2142:, p. 62.
2141:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1964:, p. 66.
1963:
1958:
1952:, p. 55.
1951:
1946:
1940:, p. 67.
1939:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1916:, p. 60.
1915:
1910:
1903:
1902:Anderson 2006
1898:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1871:
1865:, p. 50.
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1841:, p. 44.
1840:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1805:, p. 84.
1804:
1803:Anderson 2006
1799:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1657:Sutan Sjahrir
1654:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
995:
985:
983:
980:
979:
975:
973:
970:
969:
965:
963:
960:
959:
955:
953:
950:
949:
945:
943:
940:
939:
935:
933:
930:
929:
925:
923:
920:
919:
915:
913:
910:
909:
905:
903:
900:
899:
895:
893:
890:
889:
885:
883:
880:
879:
875:
873:
870:
869:
865:
863:
860:
859:
855:
853:
850:
849:
845:
843:
840:
839:
835:
833:
830:
829:
825:
823:
820:
819:
815:
813:
810:
809:
805:
803:
800:
799:
795:
793:
790:
789:
785:
783:
780:
779:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
760:
759:
755:
753:
750:
749:
745:
743:
740:
739:
735:
733:
730:
729:
725:
723:
720:
719:
715:
713:
710:
709:
704:
699:
698:
688:
686:
683:
682:
678:
676:
673:
672:
668:
666:
663:
662:
658:
656:
653:
652:
648:
646:
643:
642:
638:
636:
633:
632:
628:
626:
625:Sunda Kingdom
623:
622:
618:
616:
613:
612:
608:
606:
603:
602:
598:
596:
593:
592:
588:
586:
583:
582:
578:
576:
573:
572:
568:
566:
563:
562:
558:
556:
553:
552:
548:
546:
543:
542:
538:
536:
535:Kutai Kingdom
533:
532:
527:
522:
521:
511:
509:
506:
505:
501:
499:
496:
495:
492:
490:
489:
485:
484:
480:
478:
475:
474:
470:
468:
465:
464:
461:
459:
458:
454:
453:
448:
443:
442:
439:
436:
435:
431:
427:
426:
423:
417:
416:
411:
406:
405:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
382:
378:
377:
376:
375:
374:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
354:
351:
350:
349:
348:
340:
337:
336:
335:
334:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
316:
313:
312:
311:
310:
306:
304:
303:
299:
298:
297:
296:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
279:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
258:
257:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
197:
196:
192:
191:
190:
185:
180:
170:
165:
163:
158:
156:
151:
150:
147:
139:
129:
125:
122:
119:
113:
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
81:
77:
70:
65:
62:
57:
52:
49:
46:
2726:
2500:
2477:(4): 51–66.
2474:
2470:
2450:
2429:
2421:Bibliography
2406:. Retrieved
2401:
2392:
2380:. Retrieved
2375:
2366:
2346:
2339:
2319:
2312:
2304:the original
2299:
2289:
2277:. Retrieved
2272:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2246:
2237:
2225:
2213:
2201:. Retrieved
2196:
2186:
2166:
2159:
2147:
2135:
2106:. Retrieved
2101:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1789:
1772:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1684:
1676:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1650:
1636:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1615:units under
1612:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1549:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1524:
1517:
1491:
1462:
1460:
1407:
1366:Christianity
615:Bali Kingdom
508:Buni culture
486:
471:1,000,000 BP
455:
380:
370:
369:
346:
345:
331:
307:
300:
294:
293:
276:
271:
267:East Sumatra
255:
254:
193:
188:
127:Perpetrators
59:Part of the
18:
2817:Simon Spoor
2790:Key figures
2655:Darul Islam
2402:Antara News
1719:Tasikmalaya
1647:Sea of Fire
1485:during the
1331:Archaeology
1326:Agriculture
732:Aru Kingdom
457:Paleolithic
419:History of
383:coup d'état
116:Attack type
40: /
2857:Categories
2842:Tan Malaka
2128:Smail 1964
2085:Smail 1964
2073:Smail 1964
2061:Smail 1964
2049:Smail 1964
2037:Smail 1964
2025:Smail 1964
2013:Smail 1964
2001:Smail 1964
1986:Smail 1964
1974:Smail 1964
1962:Smail 1964
1938:Smail 1964
1926:Smail 1964
1914:Smail 1964
1890:Smail 1964
1875:Smail 1964
1863:Smail 1964
1851:Smail 1964
1839:Smail 1964
1827:Smail 1964
1815:Smail 1964
1781:References
1467:Indonesian
1388:Mass media
1265:Reform era
1245:Transition
1091:Portuguese
477:Flores Man
447:Prehistory
358:Yogyakarta
2491:144967271
2454:. BRILL.
1613:Hizbullah
1580:Kenpeitai
1346:Education
1255:New Order
1023:1670–1950
1013:1515–1904
599:600s–900s
589:600s–1025
579:600s–1347
569:500s–600s
559:400s-500s
549:400s–500s
502:75,000 BP
488:Neolithic
421:Indonesia
363:Surakarta
322:Mergosono
295:1947–1948
284:Margarana
101:Indonesia
97:West Java
2822:Sudirman
2273:tirto.id
2102:tirto.id
1757:See also
1699:Sudirman
1529:Priangan
1393:Military
1371:Hinduism
1361:Buddhism
1356:Religion
1336:Currency
1319:By topic
539:350–1605
467:Java Man
438:Timeline
410:a series
408:Part of
388:Makassar
315:Rawagede
262:Lengkong
223:Surabaya
218:Ambarawa
206:Semarang
201:Kotabaru
89:Location
28:107°35′E
2873:Bandung
2827:Sukarno
2677:Bersiap
2547:Prelude
2408:20 July
2382:20 July
2279:20 July
2253:21 July
2203:20 July
2108:20 July
1677:Merdeka
1617:Masyumi
1509:Prelude
1498:Bandung
1479:Bandung
1381:Judaism
1341:Economy
1306:Bandung
1291:Jakarta
1283:Regions
1121:British
1101:Spanish
555:Kantoli
512:400 BCE
309:Product
302:3 March
272:Bandung
195:Bersiap
93:Bandung
2837:Sutomo
2489:
2458:
2437:
2354:
2327:
2174:
1685:Pemuda
1637:pemuda
1624:pemuda
1609:pemuda
1576:pemuda
1572:pemuda
1563:pemuda
1550:pemuda
412:on the
339:Rengat
327:Madiun
278:3 July
238:Borneo
233:Cumbok
228:Kolaka
25:6°55′S
2487:S2CID
2197:Tempo
1723:Garut
1403:Women
1398:Sport
1376:Islam
1301:Bogor
393:Ambon
371:Post-
333:Kraai
248:Kumai
213:Medan
2456:ISBN
2435:ISBN
2410:2019
2384:2019
2352:ISBN
2325:ISBN
2281:2019
2255:2019
2205:2019
2172:ISBN
2110:2019
1651:The
1461:The
1296:Bali
381:APRA
347:1949
256:1946
189:1945
107:Date
2479:doi
373:RTC
2859::
2485:.
2475:30
2473:.
2400:.
2374:.
2298:.
2271:.
2245:.
2195:.
2118:^
2100:.
1993:^
1882:^
1489:.
1469::
99:,
95:,
2532:e
2525:t
2518:v
2493:.
2481::
2464:.
2443:.
2412:.
2386:.
2360:.
2333:.
2283:.
2257:.
2207:.
2180:.
2112:.
1599:/
1544:(
1465:(
1450:e
1443:t
1436:v
168:e
161:t
154:v
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