20:
855:
895:
201:
883:
111:
867:
2821:
28:
2809:
91:), but a comparison of the animal inclusions in 2003 suggested that it was possibly Baltic amber that was redeposited in a Miocene deposit. Further study of insect taxa in the ambers has shown Bitterfeld amber to be from the same forest as the Baltic amber forest, but separately deposited from a more southerly section, in a similar manner as Ukrainian
240:
Numerous extinct genera and species of plants and animals have been discovered and scientifically described from inclusions in Baltic amber. Inclusions of insects make up over 98% of the animals preserved in the amber, while all other
2181:
2222:
Matushevskaya, Aniela (2013). "Natural and artificial resins – chosen aspects of structure and properties" [Натуральные и искусственные смолы – некоторые аспекты структуры и свойств]. In
Kostjashova, Z. V. (ed.).
1429:"Description of three New Genera and four New Species of Neanastatinae (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae) from Baltic Amber, with Discussion of their Relationships to Extant Taxa"
854:
261:
contribute less than 0.5% of the animals. Vertebrates are another 0.5% of the animals included and mostly are represented by mammal fur, feathers, and reptiles.
232:. The structure makes the amber denser, harder and more resistant to external factors. It also makes possible good preservation of plant and animal inclusions.
2224:
174:
156:
epoch (56-34 million years ago). Different authors have given estimates of 40-47 million years ago and 35-43 million years ago as the age of the amber.
562:
495:
1135:"Taxonomic description and phylogenetic placement of two new species of Spalangiopelta (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae: Ceinae) from Eocene Baltic amber"
1428:
1495:
Eskov, K. Y.; Zonstein, S. L. (2000). "The First
Ctenizoid Mygalomorph Spiders from Eocene Baltic Amber (Araneida: Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae)".
628:
866:
178:, but research in the 1980s concluded that the resin originates from several species. More recently, it has been proposed, on the evidence of
1302:
Heinrichs, J; Hedenäs, L; Schäfer-Verwimp, A; Feldberg, K; Schmidt, AR (2014). "An in situ preserved moss community in Eocene Baltic amber".
1367:"New genus and species of broad-nosed weevils from Baltic amber and notes on fossils of the subfamily Entiminae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)"
1475:
220:
structure arranged in a crosslinked network, in which the pores (free spaces) are filled by components of molecular structure (e.g. by
129:, formerly called the "Amber Formation", with the main amber bearing horizon being referred to as "Blue Earth", so named due to its
2857:
1744:
Brues in Baltic Amber (Hymenoptera, Stephanidae): designation of a neotype, revised classification, and a key to amber
Stephanidae"
152:
of the amber forest. The age of the amber is controversial, though it is generally interpreted as having been produced during the
1964:"Micro-CT studies of amber inclusions reveal internal genitalic features of big-headed flies, enabling a systematic placement of
179:
2249:
1247:
1109:
1082:
2077:
894:
2290:
1789:
Makarkin, VN; Wedmann, S; Weiterschan, T (2014). "First record of the family
Ithonidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber".
1222:
1032:
958:
882:
1133:
Moser, Marina; Burks, Roger A.; Ulmer, Jonah M.; Heraty, John M.; Kamp, Thomas van de; Krogmann, Lars (2021-05-25).
114:
Open pit amber mine in
Kaliningrad, showing the lithology of the Prussian Formation, the source rock of Baltic amber
2049:
952:
Wolfe, A. P.; Tappert, R.; Muehlenbachs, K.; Boudreau, M.; McKellar, R. C.; Basinger, J. F.; Garrett, A. (2009).
1914:
2862:
681:
2255:
2812:
2781:
1073:
Perkovsky, E. E.; Zosimovich, V. Y.; Vlaskin, A. P. (2010). "Chapter 7: Rovno amber". In Penney, D. (ed.).
666:
148:. It has been proposed that the amber is secondarily redeposited in coastal lagoonal conditions after a
2867:
426:
54:
epoch, but exactly when is controversial. It has been estimated that this forested region provided the
1591:
1454:
2796:
779:
416:
63:
31:
Paleogeography of Early-Mid Eocene Europe, showing location of Baltic Amber deposit (labelled Gdansk)
19:
2791:
2241:
2144:
n.g., n.sp. (Succinipatopsidae n.fam.) with a
Proposed Classification of the Subphylum Onychophora"
1515:
840:
820:
676:
188:
1263:
Heinrichs, J; Schmidt, AR; Schäfer-Verwimp, A; Gröhn, C; Renner, MAM (2015). "The leafy liverwort
1191:
Matuszewska A. Bursztyn (sukcynit), inne żywice kopalne, subfosylne I współczesne. Katowice, 2010.
2283:
1497:
656:
646:
830:
709:
513:
408:
395:
186:
were responsible. The only extant representative of this family is the
Japanese umbrella pine,
2078:"Phase-contrast synchrotron microtomography reveals the morphology of a partially visible new
1003:
2847:
2420:
1839:
1751:
1606:
1544:
1436:
1374:
1311:
1276:
1017:
789:
749:
719:
699:
585:
523:
295:
149:
145:
122:
1884:
58:
for more than 100,000 tons of amber. Today, more than 90% of the world's amber comes from
8:
2000:
1723:
800:
739:
466:
403:
338:
2205:
1843:
1755:
1610:
1548:
1440:
1378:
1315:
1280:
1033:"The first Fossil Cyphophthalmid (Arachnida: Opiliones), from Bitterfeld Amber, Germany"
2719:
2276:
2160:
2135:
1860:
1830:
1825:
1629:
1567:
1532:
1397:
1366:
1169:
1134:
1055:
980:
953:
126:
59:
2354:
2245:
2186:
gen. n. – a new ant genus (Hymenoptera
Formicidae) from Late Eocene ambers of Europe"
2116:
2057:
2022:
1919:
gen. et sp. nov. of
Cixiidae from the Eocene Baltic amber (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)"
1865:
1806:
1634:
1572:
1402:
1243:
1218:
1174:
1156:
1115:
1105:
1078:
985:
613:
603:
87:). Bitterfeld amber was previously believed to be only 20–22 million years old (
2026:
1059:
2786:
2442:
2425:
2200:
2155:
1979:
1855:
1847:
1798:
1769:
1759:
1716:
1711:
1699:
1678:
1668:
1624:
1614:
1562:
1552:
1444:
1392:
1382:
1323:
1319:
1288:
1284:
1238:
Weitschat, W.; Wichard, W. (2010). "Chapter 6: Baltic amber". In Penney, D. (ed.).
1164:
1146:
1047:
975:
967:
689:
580:
570:
533:
134:
95:. Other sources of Baltic amber have been listed as coming from Poland and Russia.
2377:
2852:
2825:
2674:
2349:
1889:
gen. et sp. nov. (Oecophoridae) and a Tineid-Moth
Discovered in the Baltic Amber"
930:
920:
810:
543:
456:
200:
183:
84:
1657:"A New Fossil Snake-Fly Species from Baltic Amber (Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae)"
110:
2682:
2519:
1851:
1802:
925:
729:
636:
553:
217:
2841:
2714:
2120:
1619:
1557:
1511:
1507:
1387:
1160:
1119:
476:
390:
317:
229:
225:
137:
in Kaliningrad. Much of the Baltic amber has been secondarily redeposited in
99:
47:
2625:
2359:
2760:
2746:
2742:
2729:
2629:
2325:
1869:
1810:
1638:
1576:
1449:
1406:
1178:
989:
971:
623:
593:
558:
491:
486:
446:
182:
analysis of amber and resin from living trees, that conifers of the family
50:, home of its largest known deposits. It was produced sometime during the
1984:
1963:
1099:
27:
2586:
2497:
2397:
2237:
2229:Материалы международной научно-практической конференции 27 июня 2013 года
1826:"Geometrid caterpillar in Eocene Baltic amber (Lepidoptera, Geometridae)"
1764:
1739:
1673:
1656:
915:
759:
436:
221:
213:
138:
92:
1151:
2734:
2708:
2466:
2460:
1301:
503:
130:
73:
1774:
1683:
2737:
2687:
2619:
2614:
2571:
2525:
2505:
2501:
2402:
2387:
2382:
2314:
1933:
901:
368:
325:
242:
1262:
873:
860:
Typical beach sand on the Baltic Sea where amber is often washed up.
62:
of Russia. It is a major source of income for the region; the local
2756:
2724:
2703:
2649:
2637:
2591:
2566:
2556:
2514:
2476:
2299:
1700:"First Baltic amber megapodagrionid damselfly (Odonata: Zygoptera)"
1051:
360:
258:
254:
1348:
Schriften der Physikalisch-Ökonomischen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg
228:). Thus the chemical structure of the amber may be described as a
208:
The structure of Baltic amber (succinite) is complex. It is not a
2750:
2677:
2561:
2488:
2437:
2344:
2334:
2244:, Ministry of Culture (Kaliningrad region, Russia). p. 113.
1480:
gen.n., sp.n. (Stylommatophora: Gastrocoptidae) from Baltic amber
769:
250:
246:
209:
165:
88:
76:
2308:
Gemmological classifications by E. Ya. Kievlenko (1980), updated
2027:"Fossil Trigonalidae and Vespidae (Hymenoptera) in Baltic Amber"
954:"A new proposal concerning the botanical origin of Baltic amber"
951:
2669:
2632:
2509:
2493:
2392:
2047:
153:
80:
51:
1240:
Biodiversity of Fossils in Amber from the Major World Deposits
1101:
Biodiversity of fossils in amber from the major world deposits
1075:
Biodiversity of Fossils in Amber from the Major World Deposits
133:
content. The formation is exposed in the northern part of the
2609:
2576:
2482:
2472:
2431:
1537:, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae)"
169:
55:
43:
2268:
1824:
Fischer, Thilo C.; Michalski, Artur; Hausmann, Axel (2019).
2764:
2698:
2691:
2643:
2339:
371:
141:
66:
extracted 250 tonnes of it in 2014 and 400 tonnes in 2015.
2075:
2050:"Eocene Terrestrial Snails (Gastropoda) from Baltic Amber"
1961:
1788:
1072:
2107:(Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae) from Baltic amber".
1885:"Studies on the Lepidoptera from Fossil Resins. Part II.
1823:
1596:
from Baltic amber (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Diochini)"
1212:
2136:"Fossil Onychophorans from Dominican and Baltic Amber:
1346:
Wheeler, W. M. (1914). "The Ants of the Baltic Amber".
1010:
872:
Fishing for amber at the seacoast, Mikoszewo, close to
212:, because it is not composed of a repeating pattern of
2031:
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington
1132:
2082:
in Baltic amber (Pseudoscorpiones: Pseudogarypidae)"
1267:
sp. nov. (Jungermanniales) in Eocene Baltic amber".
168:in origin. It was thought since the 1850s that the
2076:Henderickx, H.; Tafforeau, P.; Soriano, C (2012).
1737:
1589:
1526:
1524:
1098:Penney, David; Acra, Fadi (2010). "Baltic Amber".
121:Baltic amber is derived from the sediments of the
2179:
2103:Alekseev, VI; Lord, NP (2014). "A new species of
1962:Kehlmaier, C; Dierick, M; Skevington, JH (2014).
1583:
1364:
2839:
2041:
1237:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1817:
1530:
1521:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2001:"Fossil Hymenoptera from Florissant, Colorado"
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
204:General model of the structure of Baltic amber
2284:
2221:
2127:
2069:
2005:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
1992:
1968:Aczel, 1948 (Insecta: Diptera: Pipunculidae)"
1782:
1704:Annales de la Société Entomologique de France
1494:
1482:// Invertebrate Zoology. Vol.17. No.1: 18–24.
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1295:
1256:
1231:
1200:
1030:
2102:
2096:
1950:
1650:
1648:
1490:
1488:
2168:
1876:
1358:
1330:
1215:Atlas of Plants and Animals in Baltic Amber
1077:. Siri Scientific Press. pp. 116–136.
947:
945:
172:that became amber was produced by the tree
164:It is universally agreed that the amber is
98:Because Baltic amber contains from 3 to 8%
2808:
2291:
2277:
2048:Stworzewicz, E.; Pokryszko, B. M. (2006).
2015:
1906:
1413:
1242:. Siri Scientific Press. pp. 80–115.
1097:
598:Makarkin, Wedmann, & Weiterschan, 2014
2204:
2159:
1998:
1983:
1859:
1773:
1763:
1731:
1715:
1682:
1672:
1645:
1628:
1618:
1566:
1556:
1485:
1474:Balashov I.A. & Perkovsky E.E. 2020.
1448:
1396:
1386:
1168:
1150:
1104:. Siri Scientific Press. pp. 81–84.
979:
1691:
1590:Chatzimanolis, S.; Engel, M. S. (2011).
1468:
1365:Yunakov, N.N.; Kirejtshuk, A.G. (2011).
1066:
1004:"Russia: Amber covers beach after storm"
942:
199:
109:
26:
18:
2140:n.g., n.sp. (Tertiapatidae n.fam.) and
1882:
1738:Engel, M.S.; Ortega-Blanco, J. (2008).
1697:
1345:
608:Fischer, Michalski & Hausmann, 2019
180:Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
2840:
2133:
2021:
1912:
1426:
2272:
1972:Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny
1887:Epiborkhausenites obscurotrimaculatus
1654:
1304:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
1269:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
2180:Dlussky, GM; Dubovikoff, DA (2013).
159:
2206:10.23885/1814-3326-2013-9-2-305-314
1213:Weitschat, W.; Wichard, W. (2002).
1031:Dunlop, J. A.; Giribet, G. (2003).
105:
13:
2161:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2000.tb00178.x
1531:Guglielmino, A.; Olmi, M. (2011).
996:
959:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
888:Different colours of Baltic amber.
216:of the same type. Rather it has a
16:Type of amber from the Baltic area
14:
2879:
774:Stworzewicz & Pokryszko, 2006
72:formerly included amber from the
2819:
2807:
2193:Caucasian Entomological Bulletin
2109:Baltic Journal of Coleopterology
893:
881:
865:
853:
671:Kehlmaier & Skevington, 2014
661:Kehlmaier & Skevington, 2014
2858:Paleontological sites of Europe
2421:Yellow, Green, Violet Sapphires
2216:
1661:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
1533:"Revision of fossil species of
1206:
538:Chatzimanolis & Engel, 2011
235:
102:, it is also termed succinite.
1717:10.1080/00379271.2008.10697580
1324:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.08.005
1289:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.02.006
1194:
1185:
1126:
1091:
1024:
471:Balashov & Perkovsky, 2020
441:Yunakov & Kirejtshuk, 2011
1:
2298:
1896:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
936:
2813:List of gemstones by species
2782:List of individual gemstones
2443:Precious White and Fire Opal
1999:Cockerell, T. D. A. (1906).
667:Metanephrocerus hoffeinsorum
528:Guglielmino & Olmi, 2011
195:
7:
1838:(1): Article number 17201.
1742:Electrostephanus petiolatus
1020:. Amber Museum Kaliningrad.
909:
23:Raw unpolished Baltic amber
10:
2884:
2086:Palaeontologia Electronica
1852:10.1038/s41598-019-53734-w
1803:10.11646/zootaxa.3796.2.10
1698:Azar, D.; Nel, A. (2008).
651:Carpenter & Hull, 1939
427:Aphaenogaster sommerfeldti
2805:
2797:List of sapphires by size
2774:
2662:
2600:
2547:
2538:
2451:
2411:
2368:
2323:
2313:
2306:
1932:: 109–116. Archived from
1917:Glisachaemus jonasdamzeni
1427:Gibson, G. A. P. (2009).
805:Alekseev & Lord, 2014
796:(Lepidopteran leaf mines)
780:Pseudogarypus synchrotron
417:Aphaenogaster oligocenica
64:Kaliningrad Amber Combine
2792:List of emeralds by size
2242:Kaliningrad Amber Museum
2234:Amber and its imitations
2228:
2142:Succinipatopsis balticus
1620:10.3897/zookeys.138.1896
1558:10.3897/zookeys.130.1326
1388:10.3897/zookeys.160.2108
841:Yantaromyrmex samlandica
821:Yantaromyrmex constricta
382:
264:
189:Sciadopitys verticillata
2138:Tertiapatus dominicanus
2134:Poinar, G. Jr. (2000).
1883:Skalski, A. W. (1973).
1740:"The fossil crown wasp
1727:(subscription required)
1498:Paleontological Journal
657:Metanephrocerus groehni
647:Metanephrocerus collini
548:(Carpenter) Engel, 1995
1722: – via
1450:10.3897/zookeys.20.161
1040:Journal of Arachnology
1006:. BBC. 9 January 2015.
972:10.1098/rspb.2009.0806
831:Yantaromyrmex geinitzi
710:Micropterix gertraudae
514:Deinodryinus areolatus
205:
115:
32:
24:
2360:Natural marine pearls
2226:Янтарь и его имитации
1985:10.3897/asp.72.e31784
1655:Engel, M. S. (1995).
1476:An Eocene land snail
714:Kurz & Kurz, 2010
203:
113:
30:
22:
2863:Geology of Lithuania
2479:, pink, yellow-green
2236:] (in Russian).
2148:Invertebrate Biology
2092:(2, 17A, 11p): 1–11.
1765:10.3897/zookeys.4.49
1724:Taylor & Francis
1265:Notoscyphus balticus
790:Stigmellites baltica
750:Palaeovespa socialis
720:Mindarus harringtoni
700:Metapelma archetypon
575:Azar & Nel, 2008
524:Deinodryinus velteni
296:Notoscyphus balticus
150:marine transgression
146:North European Plain
144:deposits across the
123:geological formation
2826:Minerals portal
2398:Precious Black Opal
1913:Szwedo, J. (2007).
1844:2019NatSR...917201F
1756:2008ZooK....4...55E
1611:2011ZooK..138...65C
1549:2011ZooK..130..495G
1478:Balticopta gusakovi
1441:2009ZooK...20..175G
1379:2011ZooK..160...73Y
1316:2014RPaPa.210..113H
1281:2015RPaPa.217...39H
1152:10.7717/peerj.10939
966:(1672): 3403–3412.
801:Xylolaemus sakhnovi
740:Palaeovespa baltica
518:(Ponomarenko, 1975)
467:Balticopta gusakovi
404:Aphaenogaster mersa
339:Rhizomnium dentatum
2648:Opaque iridescent
2539:Jewelry-Industrial
2485:yellow, blue, pink
1831:Scientific Reports
1674:10.1155/1995/23626
1592:"A new species of
1201:Matushevskaya 2013
206:
175:Pinites succinifer
127:Prussian Formation
116:
60:Kaliningrad Oblast
33:
25:
2868:Oligocene geology
2835:
2834:
2663:Industrial stones
2658:
2657:
2534:
2533:
2251:978-5-903920-26-6
2058:Annales Zoologici
1249:978-0-9558636-4-6
1111:978-0-9558636-4-6
1084:978-0-9558636-4-6
846:
836:
826:
816:
806:
795:
785:
775:
765:
755:
745:
735:
725:
715:
705:
695:
685:
672:
662:
652:
642:
632:
619:
614:Epiborkhausenites
609:
604:Eogeometer vadens
599:
589:
576:
566:
549:
539:
529:
519:
509:
499:
482:
472:
462:
452:
442:
432:
422:
412:
399:
380:
379:
160:Baltic amber tree
2875:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2811:
2810:
2787:List of diamonds
2545:
2544:
2321:
2320:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2254:. Archived from
2211:
2210:
2208:
2190:
2177:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2054:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1959:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1923:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1767:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1676:
1667:(3–4): 187–193.
1652:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1622:
1600:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1560:
1543:(130): 495–504.
1528:
1519:
1506:
1492:
1483:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1453:. Archived from
1452:
1424:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1390:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1343:
1328:
1327:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1154:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1037:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1000:
994:
993:
983:
949:
897:
885:
869:
857:
844:
834:
824:
814:
804:
793:
784:Henderickx, 2012
783:
773:
763:
753:
743:
733:
723:
713:
703:
693:
690:Fibla carpenteri
680:
670:
660:
650:
640:
627:
617:
607:
597:
584:
581:Electrostephanus
574:
571:Electropodagrion
557:
547:
537:
534:Diochus electrus
527:
517:
507:
490:
480:
470:
460:
450:
440:
430:
420:
407:
394:
269:
268:
135:Sambia Peninsula
106:Geologic context
2883:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2820:
2818:
2801:
2770:
2654:
2596:
2540:
2530:
2447:
2407:
2364:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2261:
2259:
2252:
2230:
2219:
2214:
2188:
2178:
2169:
2132:
2128:
2101:
2097:
2074:
2070:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2020:
2016:
1997:
1993:
1966:Metanephrocerus
1960:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1921:
1911:
1907:
1891:
1881:
1877:
1822:
1818:
1787:
1783:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1696:
1692:
1653:
1646:
1598:
1588:
1584:
1529:
1522:
1505:(3): S268–S274.
1493:
1486:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1435:(20): 175–214.
1425:
1414:
1363:
1359:
1344:
1331:
1300:
1296:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1131:
1127:
1112:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1071:
1067:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1002:
1001:
997:
950:
943:
939:
931:Ukrainian amber
921:Dominican amber
912:
905:
898:
889:
886:
877:
870:
861:
858:
849:
845:(Wheeler, 1915)
811:Succinipatopsis
764:Kusnetzov, 1941
744:Cockerell, 1909
544:Electrinocellia
457:Asymphylomyrmex
385:
267:
238:
198:
184:Sciadopityaceae
162:
108:
85:Eastern Germany
17:
12:
11:
5:
2881:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2754:
2740:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2685:
2683:Petrified wood
2680:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2635:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2470:
2469:, polychromous
2464:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2318:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2250:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2199:(2): 305–314.
2167:
2126:
2095:
2068:
2040:
2014:
1991:
1949:
1905:
1875:
1816:
1797:(2): 385–393.
1781:
1730:
1710:(4): 451–457.
1706:. New Series.
1690:
1644:
1605:(138): 65–73.
1582:
1520:
1484:
1467:
1412:
1373:(160): 73–96.
1357:
1329:
1294:
1255:
1248:
1230:
1224:978-3931516949
1223:
1205:
1193:
1184:
1125:
1110:
1090:
1083:
1065:
1052:10.1636/h03-03
1046:(3): 371–378.
1023:
1018:"Amber mining"
1009:
995:
940:
938:
935:
934:
933:
928:
926:Japanese amber
923:
918:
911:
908:
907:
906:
899:
892:
890:
887:
880:
878:
871:
864:
862:
859:
852:
848:
847:
837:
827:
817:
807:
797:
794:(Kozlov, 1988)
786:
776:
766:
756:
746:
736:
730:Neanaperiallus
726:
716:
706:
696:
686:
673:
663:
653:
643:
637:Gracillariites
633:
620:
610:
600:
590:
577:
567:
554:Electrocteniza
550:
540:
530:
520:
510:
500:
483:
473:
463:
453:
443:
433:
423:
413:
400:
386:
384:
381:
378:
377:
375:
364:
357:
352:
344:
343:
342:
332:
331:
329:
321:
314:
309:
301:
300:
299:
289:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
266:
263:
237:
234:
226:sesquiterpenes
218:macromolecular
197:
194:
161:
158:
107:
104:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2880:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2828:
2827:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:Pink sapphire
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Blue Sapphire
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2258:on 2020-02-16
2257:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2184:Yantaromyrmex
2176:
2174:
2172:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2115:(1): 97–102.
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2080:Pseudogarypus
2072:
2065:(1): 215–224.
2064:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1939:on 2011-07-19
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1909:
1902:(1): 153–160.
1901:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1457:on 2010-09-22
1456:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1013:
1005:
999:
991:
987:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:
955:
948:
946:
941:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
903:
896:
891:
884:
879:
875:
868:
863:
856:
851:
850:
843:
842:
838:
833:
832:
828:
823:
822:
818:
813:
812:
808:
803:
802:
798:
792:
791:
787:
782:
781:
777:
772:
771:
767:
762:
761:
757:
752:
751:
747:
742:
741:
737:
732:
731:
727:
722:
721:
717:
712:
711:
707:
702:
701:
697:
692:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:
677:Electrocrania
674:
669:
668:
664:
659:
658:
654:
649:
648:
644:
639:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:
621:
618:Skalski, 1973
616:
615:
611:
606:
605:
601:
596:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:
578:
573:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:
551:
546:
545:
541:
536:
535:
531:
526:
525:
521:
516:
515:
511:
506:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:
484:
481:Skalski, 1995
479:
478:
477:Baltimartyria
474:
469:
468:
464:
461:Wheeler, 1915
459:
458:
454:
449:
448:
444:
439:
438:
434:
429:
428:
424:
421:Wheeler, 1915
419:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:
391:Agroecomyrmex
388:
387:
376:
374:
373:
370:
365:
363:
362:
358:
356:
353:
351:
350:
345:
341:
340:
336:
335:
334:
333:
330:
328:
327:
322:
320:
319:
318:Geocalycaceae
315:
313:
310:
308:
307:
302:
298:
297:
293:
292:
291:
290:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
270:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
233:
231:
230:supramolecule
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
202:
193:
191:
190:
185:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
112:
103:
101:
100:succinic acid
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:Baltic region
45:
41:
37:
29:
21:
2848:Baltic amber
2817:
2761:Pyrophyllite
2730:Serpentinite
2711:(green mica)
2601:
2581:Baltic amber
2580:
2548:
2452:
2412:
2369:
2324:
2260:. Retrieved
2256:the original
2233:
2225:
2220:
2217:Bibliography
2196:
2192:
2183:
2154:(1): 104–9.
2151:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2043:
2034:
2030:
2017:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1978:(1): 23–36.
1975:
1971:
1965:
1941:. Retrieved
1934:the original
1929:
1925:
1916:
1908:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1878:
1835:
1829:
1819:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1750:(4): 55–64.
1747:
1741:
1733:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1664:
1660:
1602:
1593:
1585:
1540:
1535:Deinodryinus
1534:
1502:
1496:
1477:
1470:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:the original
1432:
1370:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1239:
1233:
1214:
1208:
1196:
1187:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1100:
1093:
1074:
1068:
1043:
1039:
1026:
1012:
998:
963:
957:
839:
835:(Mayr, 1868)
829:
825:(Mayr, 1868)
819:
815:Poinar, 2000
809:
799:
788:
778:
768:
758:
754:Pionar, 2005
748:
738:
734:Gibson, 2009
728:
724:(Hele, 2008)
718:
708:
704:Gibson, 2009
698:
688:
675:
665:
655:
645:
641:Kozlov, 1987
635:
624:Glisachaemus
622:
612:
602:
594:Elektrithone
592:
579:
569:
552:
542:
532:
522:
512:
508:Gibson, 2009
502:
487:Baltocteniza
485:
475:
465:
455:
451:Gibson, 2009
447:Aspidopleura
445:
435:
431:(Mayr, 1868)
425:
415:
402:
389:
366:
359:
354:
348:
346:
337:
323:
316:
311:
305:
303:
294:
239:
236:Paleobiology
207:
187:
173:
163:
142:glacial till
118:
117:
97:
70:Baltic amber
69:
68:
39:
36:Baltic amber
35:
34:
2743:Ophicalcite
2624:Colorless,
2587:Chrysoprase
2498:Spessartine
2463:– Verdelite
2355:Alexandrite
2238:Kaliningrad
2037:(1): 55–63.
1354:(4): 56–59.
1310:: 113–118.
1203:, p. 8
916:Amber Coast
760:Prolyonetia
694:Engel, 1995
437:Arostropsis
139:Pleistocene
125:termed the
93:Rovno amber
2842:Categories
2747:Serpentine
2735:Aventurine
2709:Listwanite
2500:(malaya),
2467:Indicolite
2461:Tourmaline
2434:(Imperial)
2426:Aquamarine
2262:2016-06-18
2105:Xylolaemus
2023:Poinar, G.
1943:2015-06-09
1775:2445/36428
1684:1808/16479
1461:2011-03-29
1145:: e10939.
937:References
504:Brevivulva
347:Heinrichs
304:Heinrichs
259:protozoans
243:arthropods
166:coniferous
131:glauconite
77:brown coal
74:Bitterfeld
2738:quartzite
2690:(Porouse
2688:Cacholong
2650:feldspars
2620:Rhodonite
2615:Amazonite
2602:2nd order
2572:Malachite
2549:1st order
2526:Turquoise
2506:Almandine
2502:Rhodolite
2453:4th order
2413:3rd order
2403:Tanzanite
2388:Tsavorite
2383:Demantoid
2370:2nd order
2326:1st order
2300:Gemstones
2121:1407-8619
1275:: 39–44.
1217:. Pfeil.
1161:2167-8359
1120:904772774
876:, Poland.
326:liverwort
255:nematodes
196:Structure
79:mines in
46:from the
40:succinite
2757:Pagodite
2725:Fluorite
2720:Selenite
2704:Obsidian
2638:Hematite
2592:Charoite
2567:Nephrite
2557:Lazurite
2515:Amethyst
2477:Heliodor
2025:(2005).
1926:Alavesia
1870:31748672
1811:24870683
1639:22144854
1577:22259295
1407:22303121
1179:34113480
1060:55761131
990:19570786
910:See also
682:Kuznezov
563:Zonstein
496:Zonstein
369:bryopsid
361:Mniaceae
275:Authors
251:molluscs
247:annelids
2775:Related
2751:Calcite
2697:Marble
2678:granite
2675:Graphic
2642:Common
2562:Jadeite
2520:Citrine
2494:Garnets
2489:Peridot
2438:Elbaite
2430:Orange
2345:Emerald
2335:Diamond
2315:Jewelry
1861:6868187
1840:Bibcode
1791:Zootaxa
1752:Bibcode
1748:ZooKeys
1630:3208521
1607:Bibcode
1603:ZooKeys
1594:Diochus
1568:3260777
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770:Propupa
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287:Images
281:Family
210:polymer
119:In situ
89:Miocene
2853:Eocene
2670:Jasper
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2541:stones
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398:, 1910
284:Notes
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