211:. As a simple example, if frequency is lower than the 60 Hz target, the BA is typically expected to provide a (usually small) amount of additional power. More precisely, BA might be required to provide more energy if its import exceeds its bias obligation (defined as a product of the frequency bias coefficient and a difference between the actual and target frequency).
215:
To maintain the balance, a BA will dispatch the generators and, in some cases, will control the load with the goal to keep the ACE within predefined limits that are usually set to be proportional to the total load services by the BA. The control is maintained by multiple means: direct control of the
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with an added responsibility to maintain a fine balance between the production and consumption of electricity, including ensuring availability of sufficient on-line generation resources and managing the electricity transfers from (and to) other balancing authorities.
133:
as a reliability coordinator for 42 balancing authorities and transmission operators in the
Western interconnection. The interactions between the BAs and RCs can be compared to the ones between pilots and
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entity (RC) is used that has the power to reduce or cancel the interchange transactions and adjust the dispatch plans. Frequently the same utility plays multiple roles, for example,
187:), that as an indicator is conceptually similar to the role the frequency deviation plays at the interconnection level: positive ACE is pushing interconnection frequency higher.
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is a coefficient representing an obligation of the BA to provide or absorb energy in order to maintain the system-wide frequency or to assist in
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The operation of a BA is guided by two primary external inputs (that together form the ACE):
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Balancing authorities operation is guided by mandatory reliability standards created by the
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generators by the computer systems, dispatch orders to power plants communicated by phone,
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8:
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197:, a difference between the planned and measured electricity flows through the tie lines;
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A meter on a tie-line is shared between the two BAs interconnected by this line.
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ahead of time, maintenance of the load-interchange-generation balance within a
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179:(AGC) systems. The quantitative estimate of the balancing is provided through
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The coordination tasks are performed by the balancing authority staff and the
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U.S. electric system is made up of interconnections and balancing authorities
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consists of 34 balancing authorities in the US, 2 in Canada, and 1 in Mexico;
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maintaining the balance between load, generation, and external transfers;
113:) and Canadian regulators. The enforcement authority is delegated to
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55:. The balancing authorities are connected by metered high-voltage
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in emergencies, and exchanging the electricity with other BAs.
117:(8 in the US). To coordinate activities across multiple BAs, a
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consists of 31 balancing authorities in the US and 5 in Canada;
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Reliability
Functional Model Technical Document Version 5.1
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A balancing authority has the following responsibilities:
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561:Electric grid interconnections in North America
544:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
526:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
508:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
241:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
237:Glossary of Terms Used in Reliability Standards
107:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
329:
327:
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479:"Balancing Authority and Regulation Overview"
207:, it is a negative number expressed in MW/0.1
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171:implementing the interchange transactions.
168:controlling the frequency and time error;
490:Western Electricity Coordinating Council
156:short-term (load-frequency regulation);
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370:California Independent System Operator
82:includes a single balancing authority;
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80:Electric Reliability Council of Texas
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129:, is also operating under the name
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97:A typical balancing authority is an
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305:Energy Information Administration
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16:Entity in the US electric system
536:Balancing and Frequency Control
518:Balancing and Frequency Control
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1:
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88:also with a single authority.
177:automatic generation control
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51:) and support for real-time
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127:independent system operator
10:
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470:
243:, p. 2. February 8, 2005.
125:, in addition to being an
35:) that is responsible for
515:NERC (January 26, 2011).
23:(BA) is an entity in the
307:(EIA.gov), July 20.2016.
109:and approved by the US (
45:balancing authority area
39:: resource planning and
27:(as well as in parts of
136:air traffic controllers
119:reliability coordinator
74:Western Interconnection
68:Eastern Interconnection
86:Quebec Interconnection
53:load-frequency control
533:NERC (May 11, 2021).
259:PJM Interconnection
21:balancing authority
497:NERC (July 2018).
363:"RC West Entities"
183:(ACE, measured in
181:area control error
25:US electric system
451:, pp. 11–12.
195:interchange error
115:regional entities
59:and grouped into
47:(also known as a
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99:electric utility
61:interconnections
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41:unit commitment
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93:Implementation
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37:grid balancing
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262:. Retrieved
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205:time control
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49:control area
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255:"Tie Lines"
224:References
461:NERC 2011
449:NERC 2021
437:NERC 2021
425:NERC 2021
413:NERC 2011
401:NERC 2011
386:NERC 2011
349:NERC 2018
317:NERC 2021
284:NERC 2011
264:22 August
145:Operation
57:tie lines
555:Category
486:wecc.org
471:Sources
361:CAISO.
131:RC West
477:WECC.
33:Mexico
29:Canada
540:(PDF)
522:(PDF)
504:(PDF)
482:(PDF)
366:(PDF)
253:PJM.
123:CAISO
334:WECC
266:2022
31:and
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393:^
378:^
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341:^
324:^
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291:^
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239:.
209:Hz
185:MW
163:);
138:.
63::
19:A
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