442:, where she earned an annual pension of 400,000 rupees from the British government. The British remained suspicious of her, especially when a rebellion near Poona was uncovered. There were allegations that she had either provided cover for couriers around the Deccan or funded military expenses. There was sufficient anxiety on the part of the British as to her involvement for the governor general to write to her 'warning her of the necessity of the most guarded conduct on her part to prevent any further similar reports.' She denied the accusations but her name figured again when another revolt occurred in 1842 in Asirgarh. She managed to keep the British at bay, alternately indicating that she was a pious woman engaged in the worship of God and claiming that her income from the British was insufficient.
356:, arrived in Gwalior. Jankoji met him to demand that the kingship be given to him; in return, he promised to hand over a quarter of his income to Bentinck. The Governor General was upset by the attempted bribery, whereupon Jankoji asked if there would be any British objections should he order his guns to be fired on Baiza Bai. Bentinck was amused but he did object. While Bentinck informed Baiza Bai that the British would support Jankoji's claim to the throne of Gwalior, Jankoji attempted to instigate a military coup against her. He intended the revolt to occur on the last day of
42:
310:
the loan, but she insisted that the principal and interest were repayable to her personally. The
Company sought to raise the funds from Mani Ram, but he refused under pressure from Baiza Bai to extend any further credit. The competition in the opium trade from Central India had already badly affected the British; now their military and commercial operations in the territories began to suffer. Eventually, they paid off the loan to Baiza Bai. Cleverly, she managed to get the funds deposited in her bank in Benaras.
61:
349:). Displeased by this, her relationship with Jankoji began to deteriorate. She had restricted his education as he grew up; now, she refused to add his name to the state seal and restricted his freedom. Other than insisting that Jankoji's seal should always be used in official communications, the British did not interfere. Baiza Bai went on to claim that he was incapable of rule. Worried for his safety, Jankoji escaped to the Residency. The Resident declined to intervene.
385:
Baiza Bai. On
Bentinck's orders, he encouraged Jankoji to overthrow her. She and her palace attendants fled to the Residency, where Cavendish treated her badly, refusing her entry into the building and allowing her only to pitch tents in his gardens. She and her party were drenched under monsoon showers; after they abated, Cavendish insisted on her leaving immediately on exile.
449:. The new maharaja would then inherit her massive fortune, reputed to be several crores of rupees, but was thereby forced to deal with repayment of the various debts she owed the British. Among other terms of the deal, she was allowed to return to live in Scindia territory, while the city and district of Ujjain would be restored to her control.
408:, a newspaper run in Agra by a Company army-man, considered Jankoji a usurper, and carried attacks against Cavendish for having supported him. Despite some factions in favour of Baiza Bai, it was clear that she would not be reinstated to power. The next fifteen years of her life were spent trying to establish a residence: she moved to
495:. During her charge of the city, in 1848, Baiza Bai built the Gopal Krishna temple there. It comprised two large towers situated on either side of a square structure topped by a dome. A statue of Baiza Bai appears to the side of a black idol of Krishna. She also built a temple on the Pishachavimochan ghat on the
380:
By 1832, with the help of her able minister Raoji
Trimbak, she had managed to establish state control over finances. This entailed delicate manoeuvring with the military and the revenue farmers. When Trimbak died, she continued the policy but began to alienate some of the powers in court. Her pursuit
341:
In 1830 she informed the
Resident that supporters of Jankoji were scheming to overthrow her. She requested his permission to confiscate their property and exile them. She also requested that her regency be allowed to continue. The Resident forwarded the message to the Governor General's office, which
301:
Large fortunes were made, especially by two
Scindia financiers, Mani Ram and Gokul Parakh. Baiza Bai was able to keep the former's political manoeuvring in check, but she was also heavily invested in their firms. In the 1810s, she herself was a large-scale financier in her own right. She was involved
274:
By 1809, Sarjerao
Sakharam Ghatge had managed to insinuate himself back into the circles of power within the court though he remained unpopular. He had several rivals, including Deoba Gawali, the Subahdar of Gwalior. In 1809, Sakharam Ghatge was murdered following a physical altercation he had with
384:
By 1834, Baiza Bai had lost the support of the
Scindia army and many members of the administration. By this time, the East India Company had changed its earliest stance of non-interference in Gwalior's state affairs. They actively supported Jankoji. The new Resident, Mark Cavendish, was opposed to
309:
As Baiza Bai was not seen to be amenable to
British control, the East India Company thought to obtain a large loan from her in return for a tacit understanding of her Regency for life. In 1827, they requested 10,000,000 rupees, of which she lent 8 million. The company had hoped she might write off
333:
While Baiza Bai's regency was undisputed, it was imperative that a successor to the
Scindia kingdom be appointed. There is some evidence that Baiza Bai and her brother wanted to select this successor. Their first choice was someone from her maternal family. On the advice of the royal priest, this
288:
By the time the mercantile East India
Company became the paramount power in India, they had also become active competitors against native Indian merchant bankers. Because of their interests in the areas of revenue collection, the Indian merchant bankers had established alliances with the princely
434:
in Maratha costume. Parkes recounted how Baiza Bai's ambitions were stymied by the British as well as the Indians in her coterie. When the British issued an ultimatum to Baiza Bai to move to Benares on a pension, she asked Parkes for advice, which, much to her regret, Parkes was unable to offer.
471:
of Jhansi occupied Gwalior, Baiza Bai along with Jayaji looked for British protection. She was able to take the Scindia queens to safety to Narwar. It is known that the rebels respected her: Tantia Tope kept up a correspondence with her, urging her to take over the rule of Gwalior. To show good
337:
Baiza Bai intended to keep the rule of the Scindia kingdom in her hands. There is some evidence that she attempted to keep Jankoji reined in by marrying him off to her granddaughter; though the (child) marriage took place, the granddaughter died. She then tried to persuade the British that her
289:
states. As the company's encroachment into their erstwhile spheres of influence became onerous, their political machinations began to pervade the Scindia court as well. Knowing full well they could not take on the company on their own, they needed the support of the Maratha kingdoms.
313:
To fund the company's campaign in Burma, the British tried another time to obtain a loan from her. She anticipated them by putting in a request for a million rupees from Major Stewart, the Resident. This tactic appears to have persuaded the British that she was indeed impoverished.
305:
In Ujjain, Baiza Bai was the head of two banking firms: Nathji Kishan Das and Nathji Bhagwan Das. There is correspondence between her and the governor general complaining about the British seizure of her banking house in Benaras, which would result in "the name of the firm lost".
292:
While their connection to the land and the armies allowed them to mobilise resistance against British penetration, these merchant bankers were also able to support local business groups and establish trade links, particularly in opium, that undermined the company's monopolies.
373:", she didn't pay her troops for long periods, forcing them to borrow funds from a bank she held. Yet according to other accounts, she was a capable, efficient administrator, and paid her troops on time. She collaborated with the British in the suppression of
330:, presented an unsigned document purporting to be Daulat Rao's will. In this, Daulat Rao declared his intention to adopt a son to rule as his successor. Hindu Rao was appointed as an executor of the 'will'. But there remained doubts as to its genuineness.
334:
choice was set aside; the successor had to be from Daulat Rao's side of the family. On 17 June 1827, an eleven-year-old boy called Mukut Rao from the Scindia family, was adopted as heir to the throne, and given the royal name Jankoji Rao Scindia.
302:
in money-lending, bills of exchange, and speculation, all of which made her immensely wealthy. Furthermore, Ujjain, which was the centre of central Indian finance and commerce in the first half of the 1800s, was firmly under her control.
483:
There are several tangible remnants of Baiza Bai's philanthropy and support of the arts and religion. As a queen and dowager, she endowed temples and worship grounds across the Scindia domains as well as sacred sites in North India.
430:, a Welsh travel-writer. The women bonded over horsemanship when the Bai mocked the English style of side-saddle riding. She challenged Parkes to ride in the usual way whereupon Parkes endeared herself to the Rani by riding in
487:
In Benares, Baiza Bai is said to have built the colonnade around the Gyanvapi well in 1828. In 1830, she also built a temple close to the south turret of the Sindhia Ghat, one of the grandest ghats on the riverfront.
236:
Scindia looked to Baiza Bai for help in administrative and state matters. There is an account of her opposition to the Scindia annexation of Udaipur on the grounds that the chief Rajput state should not be destroyed.
1167:
A Comprehensive History of India, Civil, Military, and Social, from the First Landing of the English to the Suppression of the Sepoy Revolt: Including an Outline of the Early History of Hindoostan, Volume
338:
married daughter's unborn child might become the Scindia heir. The British government rejected the argument on the basis that the Scindia court and the military had both accepted Jankoji's adoption.
423:
During her regency, Baiza Bai had amassed a considerable fortune, which she banked at Benares. She managed to maintain control over the treasure she took with her during her flight from Gwalior.
271:
against them. When Daulat Rao submitted to British demands, she even left him briefly, accusing him of cowardice. She was also fiercely opposed to the Scindia surrender of Ajmer to the British.
463:, British suspicions of Baiza Bai came to the fore again. Gwalior, among the major princely states, had not risen against the British, though Jayaji's army deserted him. When the rebels led by
472:
faith, Baiza Bai handed over the letters to the British. Clearly, she was able to walk a fine line to maintain a cordial relationship with her family, the rebels as well as the British.
225:
She was known as a superb horsewoman, and had been trained to fight with a sword and spear. She accompanied her husband during the Maratha wars with the British, and she fought against
366:
were taken into the mosque. Baiza Bai found out about the plot and scuppered it by ordering the tazias to be organised before dawn, at which time the conspirators were asleep.
250:, a treaty signed with the East India Company explicitly excluded him from any governing role in Gwalior. Under the terms of the same treaty, Baiza Bai was granted a
275:
Daulat Rao. Baiza Bai suspected Gawali of instigating the crime, and under her influence, Daulat Rao dismissed him from his position. He was assassinated in 1812.
1454:
1224:
Farooqui, Amar (2000). "From Baiza Bai to Lakshmi Bai: The Sindia State in the Early Nineteenth Century and the Roots of 1857". In Pati, Biswamoy (ed.).
178:
The third wife of Daulat Rao, she acceded to the regency of the Scindia kingdom following his death and ruled 1827–1833. As a prominent opponent of the
246:
of Gwalior. He was reported to have held anti-British sentiments, which led to trouble between him and his king. Following the Scindia defeat in the
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Parkes also reported how the Bai was forcibly moved from camp to camp, while her monies were often confiscated under duress.
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in his court, Major Josiah Stewart, that he wanted Baiza Bai to rule as regent. Shortly thereafter, Baiza Bai's brother,
1320:
222:, and became his favourite wife. Baiza Bai and Daulat Rao had several children, including a son who predeceased them.
1233:
1214:
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of 200,000 rupees annually. However, it is reported that her husband appropriated these funds. In 1813, her brother
1500:
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On 21 March 1827, Daulat Rao Scindia died. He had left no plans for succession. However, he did advise the British
1510:
263:
Baiza Bai appears to have adopted her father's anti-British stance in her younger days. During the British
381:
of merchant bankers in particular began to backfire as they rallied around Jankoji in opposition to her.
445:
After Jankoji's death in 1843, Baiza Bai was able to marry her granddaughter Chimnabai to his successor
1300:
An Historical Sketch of the Native States of India in Subsidiary Alliance with the British Government
523:"Nana Sahib, Rani of Jhansi, Koer Singh and Baji Bai of Gwalior, 1857, National Army Museum, London"
491:
Prior to Daulat Rao's transfer of the Scindia capital to Gwalior, the first city of the kingdom was
41:
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247:
1391:"The British Woman Traveller in India: Cultural Intimacy and Interracial Kinship in Fanny Parks's
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264:
183:
353:
1207:
Smuggling as Subversion: Colonialism, Indian Merchants, and the Politics of Opium, 1790–1843
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Even within British spheres, there was much discontent at the deposition of Baiza Bai. The
8:
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was made Dewan of Gwalior, and in 1816, her uncle Babaji Patankar was offered the post.
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was constructed within the grounds of the Moti Mahal palace at Gwalior under her name.
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She obtained high positions for her relatives in the Scindia court. Sakharam was made
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182:, she was eventually ousted from power and replaced on the throne by her adopted son
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1371:
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The Sacred City of the Hindus: An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times
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1282:
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60:
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427:
1357:"Gaṇeśa Bhaṭta Dādā Gore, an Atharvavedin Revivalist of the 19th Century"
464:
396:, gave up any further interest in Scindia politics and settled in Delhi.
268:
218:, at the age of 14, she was married to Daulat Rao Scindia, the ruler of
362:
345:
When Jankoji attained majority, Baiza Bai was demoted to Queen Mother (
342:
refused to interfere in the internal matters of an independent state.
203:
in 1784. Her parents were Sunderabai and Sakharam Ghatge (1750–1809),
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28:
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Tears of the Rajas: Mutiny, Money and Marriage in India 1805–1905
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princely state in India, and served as regent after his death.
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New Readings in the Literature of British India, c. 1780–1947
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New Man International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies
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Splitting the Stereotype: Reading Women in Colonial Texts
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A miniature portrait of Baiza Bai, watercolour on ivory,
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and Fatehgarh, but was urged by the British to move to
1370:(1). Metropolitan Library of Bucharest. Archived from
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There are varying opinions on Baiza Bai's regency. A "
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Wanderings of a Pilgrim in Search of the Picturesque
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A Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma and Ceylon
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1245:Sindias and the Raj: Princely Gwalior c. 1800–1850
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267:, she had urged her husband to support the Peshwa
1226:Issues in Modern Indian History: For Sumit Sarkar
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426:1835 found Baiza Bai in Fatihgarh, where she met
1487:
1465:
1433:(M.A. thesis). University of British Columbia.
1141:
210:of Kagal, a member of the nobility under the
124:Sarjerao Sakharam Ghatge, Deshmukh of Kagal
1346:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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452:Between 1847 and 1856, Baiza Bai was in
416:. She refused to do so, but did stay in
371:sophisticated and ruthless businesswoman
352:In December 1832, the Governor General,
229:, the future Duke of Wellington, at the
214:rulers of Kolhapur. In February 1798 in
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1496:People from the Maratha Confederacy
1303:. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
1194:Dongray, Keshavrao Balwant (1935).
475:Baiza Bai died in Gwalior in 1863.
456:. She returned to Gwalior in 1856.
13:
1531:19th-century Indian businesspeople
1449:. No. 922. 11 September 1863.
14:
1542:
1526:19th-century Indian businesswomen
1455:"A Remarkable Character Deceased"
1416:Sherring, Matthew Atmore (1868).
377:, and banned female infanticide.
502:In 1850, a reservoir called the
59:
1200:. Gwalior: Alijah Darbar Press.
1153:
388:Facing ruin, Baiza Bai fled to
1397:. In Towheed, Shafquat (ed.).
515:
1:
1438:
1264:"An Empress of Gwalior State"
1058:Nottinghamshire Guardian 1863
509:
499:, which was her own chhatri.
399:
283:
265:campaign against the Pindaris
194:
47:
1427:Struth, Elissa Vann (2001).
296:
189:
7:
1467:"हरियाली की ओट में बैजाताल"
1209:. Oxford: Lexington Books.
258:Hindurao Jaisinghrao Ghatge
10:
1547:
1506:19th-century women regents
1473:(in Hindi). 15 August 2014
1389:Sengupta, Nandini (2007).
1170:. London: Blackie and Son.
317:
167:) was one of the wives of
1165:Beveridge, Henry (1861).
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1447:Nottinghamshire Guardian
1422:. Trübner & Company.
1355:Rotaru, Julieta (2012).
1315:. Simon & Schuster.
1175:Chaurasia, R.S. (2004).
461:Indian Rebellion of 1857
248:Second Anglo-Maratha War
1501:Queens consort of India
1364:Biblioteca Bucureștilor
1297:Malleson, G.B. (1875).
1243:Farooqui, Amar (2011).
1205:Farooqui, Amar (1998).
1179:. New Delhi: Atlantic.
1177:History of the Marathas
1120:, p. 137-138, 141.
1070:The New York Times 1863
438:In 1841, she moved to
199:Baiza Bai was born in
184:Jankoji Rao Scindia II
1401:. Stuttgart: ibidem.
1330:Murray, John (1911).
1292:on February 10, 2018.
1262:Goel, Neeraj (2015).
1228:. Popular Prakashan.
406:Agra Moffussil Akhbar
354:Lord William Bentinck
1511:19th-century regents
1461:. 13 September 1863.
1197:In Touch with Ujjain
527:collection.nam.ac.uk
16:Maharani of Gwalior
1459:The New York Times
1159:Books and Journals
447:Jayaji Rao Scindia
180:East India Company
169:Daulat Rao Scindia
115:Daulat Rao Scindia
1408:978-3-8382-5673-3
1254:978-93-80607-08-5
1247:. Delhi: Primus.
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392:. Her brother,
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171:, the ruler of
163:; died 1863 in
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151:(also known as
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1108:, p. 215.
1106:Chaurasia 2004
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777:, p. 221.
775:Beveridge 1861
767:
750:
738:
726:
714:
699:
687:
672:
657:
645:
633:
629:Chaurasia 2004
618:
616:, p. 240.
597:
585:
566:
551:
539:
513:
511:
508:
480:
477:
432:Mahratta style
420:for a period.
401:
398:
319:
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298:
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277:
196:
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144:
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37:
36:
24:
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15:
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2:
1543:
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1396:
1394:
1387:
1377:on 2018-02-10
1373:
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1246:
1241:
1237:
1235:81-7154-658-7
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1216:0-7391-0886-7
1212:
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1199:
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1186:81-269-0394-5
1182:
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1146:
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1138:
1132:, p. 43.
1131:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1096:, p. 48.
1095:
1090:
1084:, p. 54.
1083:
1082:Sherring 1868
1078:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1048:, p. 43.
1047:
1042:
1036:, p. 42.
1035:
1030:
1024:, p. 67.
1023:
1022:Farooqui 2000
1018:
1016:
1009:, p. 42.
1008:
1003:
1001:
994:, p. 65.
993:
992:Farooqui 2000
988:
982:, p. 64.
981:
980:Farooqui 2000
976:
970:, p. 26.
969:
964:
958:, p. 41.
957:
952:
945:
944:Farooqui 2011
940:
934:, p. 40.
933:
928:
926:
918:
917:Sengupta 2007
913:
906:
905:Sengupta 2007
901:
894:
893:Sengupta 2007
889:
883:, p. 58.
882:
881:Farooqui 2000
877:
871:, p. 57.
870:
869:Farooqui 2000
865:
858:
853:
847:, p. 56.
846:
845:Farooqui 2000
841:
835:, p. 39.
834:
829:
822:
817:
815:
808:, p. 90.
807:
802:
800:
798:
796:
788:
787:Malleson 1875
783:
776:
771:
765:, p. 89.
764:
759:
757:
755:
748:, p. 53.
747:
746:Farooqui 2000
742:
736:, p. 71.
735:
734:Farooqui 2000
730:
724:, p. 50.
723:
722:Farooqui 2000
718:
712:, p. 58.
711:
710:Farooqui 1998
706:
704:
697:, p. 49.
696:
695:Farooqui 2000
691:
685:, p. 37.
684:
679:
677:
670:, p. 36.
669:
664:
662:
655:, p. 48.
654:
653:Farooqui 2000
649:
643:, p. 35.
642:
637:
631:, p. 46.
630:
625:
623:
615:
610:
608:
606:
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595:, p. 33.
594:
589:
583:, p. 32.
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564:, p. 88.
563:
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549:, p. 31.
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1475:. Retrieved
1470:
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1446:
1429:
1418:
1398:
1392:
1379:. Retrieved
1372:the original
1367:
1363:
1332:
1312:
1299:
1287:the original
1274:
1270:
1244:
1225:
1206:
1196:
1176:
1166:
1154:Bibliography
1142:
1137:
1130:Dongray 1935
1125:
1118:Dongray 1935
1113:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1060:, p. 1.
1053:
1041:
1029:
1007:Dongray 1935
987:
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741:
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690:
648:
636:
588:
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530:. Retrieved
526:
517:
503:
501:
497:Shipra River
490:
486:
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458:
451:
444:
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428:Fanny Parkes
425:
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27:
1521:1863 deaths
1516:1784 births
1477:24 December
1094:Murray 1911
1046:Struth 2001
1034:Struth 2001
968:Rotaru 2012
956:Struth 2001
932:Struth 2001
833:Struth 2001
683:Struth 2001
668:Struth 2001
641:Struth 2001
593:Struth 2001
581:Struth 2001
547:Struth 2001
465:Tantia Tope
459:During the
269:Baji Rao II
78:1827 — 1833
51: 1857
1490:Categories
1439:Newspapers
1381:2016-12-24
857:Mount 2015
821:Mount 2015
614:Mount 2015
532:17 October
510:References
400:Later life
284:Background
195:Early life
157:Baeza Byee
132:Sunderabai
1342:cite book
1336:. London.
1283:2348-1390
806:Goel 2015
763:Goel 2015
562:Goel 2015
504:Baizataal
418:Allahabad
394:Hindu Rao
360:, as the
328:Hindu Rao
297:Financier
205:Sarjerao
190:Biography
149:Baiza Bai
67:Ruler of
22:Baiza Bai
1311:(2015).
358:Muharram
324:Resident
207:Deshmukh
161:Kolhapur
153:Baza Bai
141:Hinduism
137:Religion
29:Maharani
414:Benares
410:Mathura
375:Thuggee
347:Rajmata
318:Regency
220:Gwalior
212:Bhonsle
173:Gwalior
165:Gwalior
105:Gwalior
69:Gwalior
65:Maratha
33:Gwalior
1405:
1319:
1281:
1251:
1232:
1213:
1183:
493:Ujjain
479:Legacy
454:Ujjain
363:tazias
279:Banker
129:Mother
121:Father
111:Spouse
75:Tenure
1375:(PDF)
1360:(PDF)
1290:(PDF)
1277:(5).
1267:(PDF)
440:Nasik
253:jagir
243:Dewan
216:Poona
201:Kagal
93:Kagal
1479:2016
1403:ISBN
1348:link
1317:ISBN
1279:ISSN
1249:ISBN
1230:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1145:2014
534:2017
467:and
390:Agra
155:and
102:1863
99:Died
90:1784
87:Born
1168:III
31:of
1492::
1469:.
1457:.
1368:XV
1366:.
1362:.
1344:}}
1340:{{
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525:.
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48:c.
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