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shaped; they appear to be secondaries from craters of c2 through c5 age. Therefore, the intercrater plains unit is thought to be older than most c2 craters. Its relation to c1 craters is not clear. The highly degraded nature of c1 craters makes it impossible to determine whether the craters predate, postdate, or are contemporaneous with the intercrater plains unit. However, the presence of shallow depressions, which may be ancient craters, within this plains material suggests that the unit flooded a preexisting population of craters and therefore was emplaced sometime during the period of late heavy crater bombardment. The two proposed origins for this plains unit, as volcanic or basin-ejecta material, cannot be unambiguously resolved by geologic relations in the Bach region. However, a volcanic origin is favored because of (1) the widespread distribution of the plains material throughout the imaged regions of
Mercury, (2) the apparent lack of source basins large enough to supply such great amounts of
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decreasing rate of resurfacing and of crater modification (Malin and
Dzurisin, 1977). The smaller extent of the smooth and very smooth plains units, compared with that of older plains materials, suggests considerable heterogeneity of mercurian crustal materials. Subcrustal zones of tension may have allowed molten materials to reach the surface through fractures beneath craters, even during the period of global contraction (Solomon, 1977). Ridges of domical cross section cut some c4 craters and, at places, flank areas of young, very smooth plains material. Thus, possible volcanic extrusions associated with tectonic activity may have continued into the period of formation of c4 craters and the oldest very smooth plains material.
299:, which is probably basin ejecta. However, unlike plains material of the lunar uplands, no source basin is evident for the mercurian smooth and very smooth plains units within the imaged part of the Bach region. Although such a source basin may lie within the part not imaged, intervening areas do not contain smooth or very smooth plains materials. For these reasons we tentatively ascribe a volcanic origin to most of the smooth and very smooth plains material. The ridges appear to be of volcano-tectonic origin; the fracturing may have provided the means by which lavas reached the surface to form these younger plains units. Some very smooth and smooth plains materials that form the floors of c5 and c4 craters may be impact melt.
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topographically depressed areas; they are restricted to the intermediate and smooth plains units in the eastern part of the map region; (2) small (~100 km long, ~100 m high), arcuate or sinuous scarps, also confined primarily to the intermediate and smooth plains units in the eastern part of the map region; and (3) large (>100 km long, ~1 km high), broadly arcuate but locally irregular or sinuous scarps whose faces are somewhat steeper. Several of these scarps (lat 83° S., long 80°) deform craters and offset preexisting features vertically (FDS 166751). The morphology and structural relations of the scarps suggest that most result from
184:
327:(centered at lat 81° S., long 30°), ridges are domical in cross section and have smooth tops with small irregular or rimless craters along their crests; they appear to overlap both a c3 and a c1 crater (FDS 166751). In turn, these ridges are superposed by c3 craters and c4 ejecta. The ridges may be volcanotectonic features, composed of extrusives along fissures. However, they are mapped only as ridges because we cannot determine if they are volcanic material that should be mapped as a separate unit or uplifted intercrater plains. These same structures may have been the source of older plains units.
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scarps and ridges and, if the material is ponded extrusives or mass-wasted products, may postdate the structures. Scarps and ridges are abundant in intercrater, intermediate, and smooth plains units, but they are not embayed by intermediate and intercrater plains materials. These relations suggest that the structures began to form after emplacement of these two oldest plains units. Some of the oldest craters and basins, such as
Cervantes, have polygonal shapes at least as marked as more recent craters, suggesting that some structural lineaments are older than c1 craters.
90:
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c2 craters have shallow interiors but moderately well preserved rim features, suggesting that at least some of these craters have undergone topographic adjustment due to isostatic phenomena (Schaber and others, 1977). This adjustment may have been facilitated by a high-temperature mantle that was conducive to "crustal plasticity" (Malin and
Dzurisin, 1977). The lesser amount of intermediate plains material indicates decreasing plains formation, some localized within older basins.
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20:
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degradational changes are systematic with increasing age, they can be used to correlate local and regional stratigraphic sequences over the map region. On the basis of this morphologic evaluation, five crater ages are defined and used to make stratigraphic assignments. However, the low sun angle at which images in the region were acquired may make craters appear younger than in other parts of
Mercury where images were taken at higher sun angles.
295:. Smooth plains material embays the ejecta blanket of a c3 crater on Pushkin's rim at lat 66° S, long 28° (FDS 27402) and fills the interior and part of the outer-ring area of Bach. The distribution of these two youngest plains units may indicate that the smooth plains material as mapped is nothing more than a thin, discontinuous layer of very smooth plains material that mantles the older units. In this respect, it is similar to the lunar
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faulting, which substantiates the suggestion that contraction occurred concurrently with spin-down. Linear structures (other than some ridges) are thus interpreted to form as a result of these two active processes. Fracture and lineament patterns around the
Caloris basin suggested to Pechmann and Melosh (1979) that Mercury's despinning period began before global contraction started and ended during the contraction's early phases.
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half the diameter of the outer rings. Bach's inner ring, the most complete, is open only to the southeast; it consist of an almost continuous series of sharp-crested hills. The area within it and part of the area between it and the outer ring are filled with smooth plains material. The inner rings of
Cervantes and Bernini consist of discontinuous, low, rounded hills, Bernini has a small central peak.
291:
commonly within older craters. The areas of greatest concentration of smooth and very smooth plains materials also contain the most ridges, which suggests that ridges and the younger plains units are genetically related. Very smooth plains material for instance, commonly lies at the base of ridges or scarps. It occurs as small patches within the smooth plains unit that fills the crater
352:
the large basins by "smooth plains," and (5) a period of light impact cratering. Although these divisions have withstood well the assessments of subsequent investigators, they do not define a stratigraphy. Because the geologic map of the Bach region constitutes a synthesis of observation with interpretation, we shall explore several aspects of the region's geologic development.
270:(fluidized ejecta sheets or ballistically deposited secondary-crater ejecta). Plains formation occurred throughout the period when visible craters were formed and most likely throughout the period of intense impact cratering (Strom, 1977). The time scale for production and retention of plains units is crudely similar to that for the production and retention of craters.
229:, stratigraphic relations among mercurian craters are more clearly discerned because Mercury has a lower density of large craters, and its enhanced gravitational acceleration has restricted the distribution of ejecta. These attributes of the mercurian crater population allow stratigraphic sequences to be constructed over large regions.
339:. However, an extrusive origin has been suggested by Dzurisin (1978) for a scarp more than 200 km long that extends from about lat 70° S. to the map border between long 45° and 52°; he based this interpretation on albedo differences between the two sides of the scarp and on partial burial of craters transected by it.
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The period of tectonic adjustment of the mercurian lithosphere lasted at least through the time of formation of smooth plains material; c4 craters that formed during this period are cut by scarps and are superposed on them. Some very smooth plains material, most of which postdates c4 craters, appears
393:
Theoretical studies by Melosh (1977), based on observations recorded by
Dzurisin (1978), suggested that tidal spin-down combined with core or lithospheric contraction could explain many of the tectonic features of Mercury. The scarps occurring in the polar regions do appear to be the result of thrust
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adjacent to the north) are apparently the expression of thrust faults; they suggest that planetary contraction may have stressed the lithosphere at about the time that c3 craters and smooth plains material were formed. Following core formation, lithospheric cooling and consequent contraction may have
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by Malin), occurs within the oldest (intercrater) plains material and is thought by most workers to be coeval with or older than that material. The intercrater unit, presumably volcanic extrusions through tensional fractures, is the most voluminous plains material in the map region. Many large c1 and
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Materials of the smooth plains and very smooth plains are also concentrated mainly in the eastern part of the map area. The smooth plains unit has a lower density of small craters than does intermediate plains material and a somewhat hummocky surface with scattered small hills and knobs. The hummocks
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encounters and hence not visible. The entire mapped area was covered by near-vertical photography from the second encounter, and the eastern part, from longitude 15° to about 110°, was covered by oblique photography from the first encounter. No third-encounter images were acquired. The entire visible
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About 60 percent of the mapped area consists of tracts of planar surfaces having a variety of small-scale textures. These tracts range in size from a few square kilometers within craters to areas larger than 10,000 km that surround and separate large craters: the so-called "intercrater plains".
405:
However, the time of formation of c5 craters and very smooth plains material has, for the most part, been tectonically quiescent. During this period, with the exception of a scattering of extremely fresh craters and some minor mass wasting (Malin and
Dzurisin, 1977), almost no geologic activity has
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Plains formation and cratering continued at reduced rates during the early phases of planetary cooling and contraction. c3 craters are distinguishable by partial retention of secondary craters and by locally prominent morphologic features (McCauley and others, 1981). These characteristics suggest a
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materials. Evidence for an intrinsic dipolar magnetic field (Ness and others, 1974) reinforces interpretations favoring a large core. This core, which formed partly as a result of radiogenic heating, produced additional heating, leading to global expansion and the formation of extensional fractures
281:
The intermediate plains material is concentrated mostly in the northeastern part of the Bach region. It is similar in morphology to intercrater plains material but has a lower density of small craters. On the basis of the reasoning applied to the intercrater plains material, the intermediate plains
708:
Prepared for the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration by the U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. (Published in hardcopy as USGS Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map Iâ2015, as part of the Atlas of Mercury, 1:5,000,000 Geologic Series. Hardcopy is available for sale
355:
The history of the region begins prior to the formation of any presently visible surface, when Mercury's internal evolution played a key role in determining subsequent landform development. Because it is the planet nearest the Sun, Mercury represents one extreme in possible cosmochemical models of
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Murray and others (1975) proposed that Mercury's history could be divided into five periods: (1) accretion and differentiation, (2) "terminal heavy bombardment," (3) formation of the Caloris basin (centered off map sheet at lat 30° N., long 195° ; U.S. Geological Survey, 1979), (4) filling of
236:
Of the region's three double-ring basins, Bach (200 km in diameter) and Bernini (140 km in diameter) are moderately fresh (of c3 age) and have well-defined secondary-crater fields, whereas Cervantes (200 km in diameter) is degraded (c1). The inner rings of the three basins are about
240:
As first noted by Gault and others, the continuous ejecta blankets and secondary crater fields surrounding mercurian craters are smaller than their lunar counterparts, and the boundary between the two features is much less distinct. As a consequence, continuous and discontinuous ejecta are mapped
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Age relations among structural features are not readily apparent. In the Bach region, the youngest craters cut by a scarp are of c4 age; the oldest crater to superpose a scarp is a c3. These relations suggest that scarp formation occurred in c3 to c4 time. Very smooth plains material flanks some
273:
The oldest and most extensive plains material in the Bach region, the intercrater plains material, is characterized by a gently rolling surface and a high density of superposed craters less than 15 km in diameter. Most of these small craters occur in strings or clusters and are irregularly
232:
The degree of crater degradation is determined by qualitative assessment of their landforms such as rim crests, interior wall terraces and slumps, central peaks, continuous ejecta deposits, and secondary crater fields (see Malin and Dzurisin, 1977; McCauley and others, 1981). To the extent that
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The map region displays a wide variety of structural features, including lineaments associated with ridges, scarps, and polygonal crater walls. Joint-controlled mass movements are most likely responsible for the polygonal crater-wall segments; segments as long as 100 km suggest that these
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at lat 66° S., long 32°; FDS 27402). The very smooth plains unit has virtually no visible small craters and displays smoother planar surfaces than those of the smooth plains unit. It occurs in the lowest areas within smooth plains material (including areas within buried crater depressions) and
330:
Lobate scarps are the most common structural landforms in the Bach region. Almost all have convex slope profiles, rounded crests, and steep, sharply defined lobes. Three types are seen in the map region: (1) very small (<50 km long, ~100 m high), irregular scarps that commonly enclose
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from a more rapid rotation rate (Burns, 1976; Melosh, 1977; Melosh and Dzurisin, 1978). The major east-west lineament trend in this polar region (noted in previous section) conforms to a prediction of Melosh (1977) for the orientation of normal faults. However, no unambiguous evidence for
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by combining images from the first and second encounters taken at different viewing angles or by combining second-encounter images of the same area taken at different viewing angles. These combinations provided excellent qualitative control of topographic relief and a good quantitative
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in the lithosphere (Solomon, 1976, 1977). These fractures may have provided egress for the eruption of the oldest plains material during the period of heavy bombardment. Also about this time other structural lineaments developed, possibly as a result of stresses induced by
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Leake, M.A., 1982, The intercrater plains of Mercury and the Moon: Their nature, origin, and role in terrestrial planet evolution , in Advances in Planetary Geologyâ1982: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Technical Memorandum 84894, p. 3â
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together in the Bach region as "radial facies." With this exception, the morphological elements of mercurian craters are virtually identical with those on the Moon. Therefore, all of the craters within the Bach region are probably the result of impact by
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Strom, R.G., Murray, B. C., Eggelton, M.J.S., Danielson, G.E., Davies, M.E., Gault, D.E., Hapke, Bruce, O'Leary, Brian, Trask, N.J., Guest, J.E., Anderson, James, and Klassen, Kenneth, 1975, Preliminary imaging results from the second Mercury encounter:
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International Astronomical Union, 1977, Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature, in 16th General Assembly, Grenoble, 1976, Proceedings: International Astronomical Union Transactions, v. 16B, p. 330â333, 351â
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Large ridges and scarps are the most prominent structural features in the low-sun-angle Mariner 10 pictures of the Bach region. They are most numerous between long 0° and 90°, where they have no preferred orientation.
164:. An unusual area between lat 69° and 80° S. and long 30° and 60° consists of young, relatively smooth plains marked by many flat-topped ridges unlike any seen in other areas of Mercury. Scarps similar to
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photogrammetric base. However, sun-elevation angles of the images are limited to less than 25°, and image resolutions are no higher than about 0.5 km per picture element. Therefore, the south polar
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Ridges may have been formed by several processes, including tectonism and extrusion, or they may be buried crater-rim segments. Several large ridges may represent uplift of plains materials by normal
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adjacent to the north) are relatively common throughout the Bach region. The most common terrain units in the region are the plains units, which display a wide range of small-crater densities.
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to postdate the scarps that it commonly embays. Superposition relations of scarps in other regions of Mercury indicate that tectonic activity may have continued into c5 time (Leake, 1982).
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planet formation. Even before the Mariner 10 mission, Mercury's high density and photometric properties suggested a large core, presumably iron, and a lithosphere of
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occurred near the mercurian south pole. The youngest smooth plains and the very smooth plains materials that occur within c5 craters may be impact melts.
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160:, is 240 km in diameter and occurs at the map boundary at latitude 65° S., longitude 25° . Both Bach and Bernini display extensive fields of
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U.S. Geological Survey, 1979, Shaded relief map of Mercury: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1149, scale 1:15,000,000.
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Ness, N.F., Behannon, K.W., Lepping, R.P., Whang, Y.C., and Schatten, K.H., 1974, Magnetic field observations near Mercury: Preliminary results from
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266:, whereas Wilhelms and Oberbeck and others (1977) argued for an impact-related origin through processes similar to those responsible for the lunar
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The origin of the plains material is uncertain. Strom and others, Trask and Strom, Strom (1977), and Leake (1982) presented arguments in favor of
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Malin, M.C., and Dzurisin, Daniel, 1977, Landform degradation on Mercury, the Moon, and Mars: Evidence from crater depth/diameter relationships:
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Oberbeck, V.R., Quaide, W.L., Arvidson, R.E., and Aggarwal, H.R., 1977, Comparative studies of lunar, martian and mercurian craters and plains:
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Dzurisin, Daniel, 1978, The tectonic and volcanic history of Mercury as inferred from studies of scarps, ridges, troughs, and other lineaments
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312:. The most conspicuous trends of these lineaments are east-west, N.50° W., and N. 40° E. More trends are north-south, N.20° E., and N.70° E.
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Gault, D. E.; Guest, J. E.; Murray, J. B.; Dzurisin, D.; Malin, M. C. (1975). "Some comparisons of impact craters on Mercury and the Moon".
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Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN),
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Schaber, G.G., Boyce, J.M., and Trask, N.J., 1977, Moon-Mercury: Large impact structures, isostasy and average crustal viscosity:
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Murray, B.C., Strom, R.G., Trask, N.J., and Gault, D.E., 1975, Surface history of Mercury: Implications for terrestrial planets:
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McCauley, J.F., Guest, J.E., Schaber, G.G., Trask, N.J., and Greeley, Ronald, 1981, Stratigraphy of the Caloris Basin, Mercury:
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reflects mostly large-scale processes and topographic information, whereas other mercurian quadrangle maps benefit from greater
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closed the conduits, restricting formation of plains material (Solomon, 1977). By c4 time, such formation was greatly reduced.
225:, provide the best means of establishing the relative time-stratigraphic order of crater and basin materials. Relative to the
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323:. Other ridges are arcuate to circular, which suggests that they are segments of old, subdued crater and basin rims. Near
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Malin, M.C. (1976). "Comparison of large crater and multiring basin populations on Mars, Mercury and the Moon".
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Pechmann, J.B., and Melosh, H.J., 1979, Global fracture patterns of a despun planet: Application to Mercury:
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Melosh, H.J., and Dzurisin, Daniel, 1978, Mercurian global tectonics: A consequence of tidal despinning:
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within fresh c5 craters may be mantled floor materials or incipient peak rings (see, for example, crater
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______1977, The relationship between crustal tectonics and interior evolution in the Moon and Mercury:
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from U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225)
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1988:
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s January 14, 2008 flyby, the probe photographed previously unseen portions of this region.
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The imaged part of the Bach region covers about 1,570,000 km. Its surface consists of
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Strom, R. G.; Trask, N. J.; Guest, J. E. (1975). "Tectonism and volcanism on Mercury".
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Strom, R.G., 1977, Origin and relative age of lunar and mercurian intercrater plains:
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Trask, N. J.; Guest, J. E. (1975). "Preliminary geologic terrain map of Mercury".
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Trask, N. J.; Strom, R. G. (1976). "Additional evidence of mercurian volcanism".
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A population of large, very indistinct, degraded craters, (first noted in
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poleward of latitude 65° S. It is named after the prominent crater
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Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 7th, Houston, 1976, Proceedings
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Malin, M. C. (1976). "Observations of intercrater plains on Mercury".
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of a wide variety of sizes and morphologies, as well as plains units,
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Burns, J.A., 1976, Consequences of the tidal slowing of Mercury:
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Solomon, S.C., 1976, Some aspects of core formation in Mercury:
278:, and (3) the restricted ballistic range of ejecta on Mercury.
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Strom, R. G. (1979). "Mercury: A post-Mariner 10 assessment".
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137:
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Strom, Robert G.; Michael C. Malin; Martha A. Leake (1990).
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Superposition relations among craters and basins, and their
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Masses, Mass movements, Magnificats, Passions and Oratorios
226:
866:
668:
Wilhelms, D. E. (1976). "Mercurian volcanism questioned".
763:
Melosh, H.J., 1977, Global tectonics of a despun planet:
475:
701:"Geologic Map Of The Bach (H-15) Quadrangle Of Mercury"
3234:
125:
discrimination and, in some cases, higher resolution.
282:
unit is also tentatively ascribed a volcanic origin.
47:
within the quadrangle, which is in turn named after
3540:
144:that range from 140 to 200 km in diameter:
578:
58:Adjacent quadrangles to the north of Bach are
3022:
2782:
882:
216:
3395:
3374:
3365:
847:Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
839:Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
823:Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
661:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
435:Map of the H-15 (Bach) Quadrangle of Mercury
574:
572:
570:
471:
469:
3029:
3015:
2796:
2789:
2775:
889:
875:
605:
502:
3559:Surface features of Mercury by quadrangle
3036:
523:
439:
81:
667:
634:
599:
567:
496:
466:
182:
175:
101:About half of the region was beyond the
88:
18:
3541:
55:. The quadrangle is now called H-15.
3398:Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart
3010:
2971:
2959:
2947:
2935:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2770:
870:
640:
538:
445:
3166:Performance practice of Bach's music
800:, v. 185, no. 4146, p. 151â160.
734:, v. 83, no. B10, p. 4883â4906.
74:(270° to 0° W). It is opposite the
3478:Bach Prize (Royal Academy of Music)
860:, v. 80, no. 17, p. 2345â2356.
850:, v. 15, nos. 2â3, p. 156â172.
825:, v. 15, nos. 2â3, p. 189â201.
787:, v. 80, no. 17, p. 2508â2514.
346:
256:
148:(after which the region is named),
13:
14:
3570:
841:, v. 15, no. 15, p. 135â145.
23:Bach quadrangle as mapped by the
3522:
3513:
3512:
2749:
2738:
2737:
834:, v. 28, no. 4, p. 509â521.
818:, v. 38, no. 2, p. 243â250.
778:, v. 35, no. 2, p. 227â236.
769:, v. 31, no. 2, p. 221â243.
760:, v. 47, no. 2, p. 184â202.
751:, v. 82, no. 2, p. 376â388.
195:s view of the south polar region
140:. It includes three double-ring
3390:Johann Sebastian Bach Institute
857:Journal of Geophysical Research
806:Journal of Geophysical Research
784:Journal of Geophysical Research
748:Journal of Geophysical Research
731:Journal of Geophysical Research
713:
581:Journal of Geophysical Research
505:Journal of Geophysical Research
478:Journal of Geophysical Research
370:occurs in the Bach quadrangle.
308:fractures extend deep into the
211:
3178:Printed during Bach's lifetime
428:
416:
1:
1281:Skinakas (hypothetical basin)
409:
2570:Hypothetical moon of Mercury
682:10.1016/0019-1035(76)90128-7
628:10.1016/0019-1035(76)90129-9
541:Geophysical Research Letters
302:
7:
896:
809:, v. 82, p. 1681â1698.
70:(180° to 270° W), and
10:
3575:
3442:St. Thomas Church, Leipzig
3159:Bach's choir and orchestra
2618:Mercury-crossing asteroids
725:, v. 28, no. 4, p 453â458.
692:
217:Crater and basin materials
3508:
3450:
3419:
3353:
3213:
3135:
3053:
3044:
2985:
2921:
2873:
2809:
2804:
2732:
2711:
2691:
2674:
2639:
2630:
2608:
2585:
2578:
2562:
2532:
1289:
1251:
1193:
1145:
1077:
1059:
971:
955:
924:
917:
904:
3554:Polar regions of Mercury
156:. Another large crater,
2699:Colonization of Mercury
593:10.1029/jb080i017p02478
561:10.1029/GL003i010p00581
517:10.1029/jb080i017p02461
490:10.1029/jb080i017p02444
64:Michelangelo quadrangle
3396:
3375:
3366:
3079:Chorale harmonisations
2798:Quadrangles on Mercury
196:
98:
66:(90° to 180° W),
28:
3427:Bach House (Eisenach)
3377:Neue Bachgesellschaft
3148:Church music in Latin
3038:Johann Sebastian Bach
2044:Kuan Han-Chʻing
643:Space Science Reviews
186:
92:
53:Johann Sebastian Bach
22:
16:Quadrangle on Mercury
3473:Bach Prize (Hamburg)
3405:J.S. Bach Foundation
2094:Li Chʻing-Chao
387:Discovery quadrangle
170:Discovery quadrangle
62:(0° to 90° W),
60:Discovery quadrangle
3432:Bach House (Köthen)
3411:List of Bach choirs
2550:Inter-crater plains
620:1976Icar...28..559T
553:1976GeoRL...3..581M
460:1976LPSC....7.3589M
375:stereoscopic images
112:area may be viewed
78:at the north pole.
76:Borealis quadrangle
3093:Organ compositions
655:10.1007/bf00221842
197:
99:
72:Debussy quadrangle
29:
3536:
3535:
3368:Bach Gesellschaft
3349:
3348:
3209:
3208:
3100:Keyboard and lute
3004:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2764:
2763:
2707:
2706:
2626:
2625:
2558:
2557:
1604:ChĆng ChʼĆl
1599:Chiang Kʻui
1238:Santa MarĂa Rupes
1107:Mearcair Planitia
1092:Borealis Planitia
1087:ApÄrangi Planitia
587:(17): 2478â2507.
511:(17): 2461â2477.
484:(17): 2444â2460.
162:secondary craters
105:during the three
68:Neruda quadrangle
3566:
3526:
3516:
3515:
3401:
3380:
3371:
3232:
3231:
3202:
3200:New Bach Edition
3180:
3168:
3161:
3123:
3116:
3114:Orchestral works
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3051:
3050:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3008:
3007:
2807:
2806:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2753:
2741:
2740:
2637:
2636:
2583:
2582:
2104:Liang Kʻai
1309:Africanus Horton
1233:Resolution Rupes
1223:Enterprise Rupes
1203:Antoniadi Dorsum
1170:Goldstone Vallis
1165:Goldstone Catena
1137:Utaridi Planitia
1122:Stilbon Planitia
1102:Caloris Planitia
922:
921:
891:
884:
877:
868:
867:
707:
705:
686:
685:
665:
659:
658:
638:
632:
631:
603:
597:
596:
576:
565:
564:
536:
521:
520:
500:
494:
493:
473:
464:
463:
443:
437:
432:
426:
420:
368:tensional faults
347:Geologic history
297:Cayley Formation
257:Plains materials
207:
194:
114:stereoscopically
35:encompasses the
3574:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3549:Bach quadrangle
3539:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3504:
3493:Bach quadrangle
3446:
3437:Café Zimmermann
3415:
3345:
3291:Riemenschneider
3238:
3230:
3205:
3198:
3189:Reconstructions
3176:
3164:
3157:
3131:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3086:Songs and arias
3084:
3077:
3040:
3035:
3005:
3000:
2990:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2940:
2926:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2878:
2864:
2852:
2840:
2828:
2814:
2800:
2795:
2765:
2760:
2728:
2703:
2687:
2670:
2641:
2622:
2604:
2574:
2554:
2528:
2449:Sholem Aleichem
1285:
1276:Rembrandt Basin
1271:Raditladi Basin
1266:Pantheon Fossae
1253:
1247:
1218:Discovery Rupes
1208:Adventure Rupes
1195:
1189:
1180:Haystack Vallis
1175:Haystack Catena
1147:
1141:
1127:Suisei Planitia
1117:Sobkou Planitia
1079:
1073:
1061:
1055:
967:
951:
932:Albedo features
913:
900:
895:
716:
703:
695:
690:
689:
666:
662:
639:
635:
604:
600:
577:
568:
547:(10): 581â584.
537:
524:
501:
497:
474:
467:
444:
440:
433:
429:
421:
417:
412:
381:Scarps such as
363:tidal spin-down
349:
305:
259:
249:, and possibly
219:
214:
205:
192:
181:
166:Discovery Rupes
93:Photomosaic of
87:
33:Bach quadrangle
17:
12:
11:
5:
3572:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3460:
3458:Bach festivals
3454:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3194:Transcriptions
3191:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2983:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2946:
2933:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2871:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2834:
2821:
2820:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2667:(2018âpresent)
2662:
2654:
2645:
2643:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1844:Guido d'Arezzo
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1243:Victoria Rupes
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1160:Arecibo Vallis
1157:
1155:Arecibo Catena
1151:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1069:Caloris Montes
1065:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
977:
975:
969:
968:
966:
965:
959:
957:
953:
952:
950:
949:
947:Magnetic field
944:
939:
934:
928:
926:
919:
915:
914:
912:
911:
905:
902:
901:
894:
893:
886:
879:
871:
865:
864:
861:
851:
842:
835:
826:
819:
810:
801:
788:
779:
770:
761:
752:
743:
739:
735:
726:
715:
712:
711:
710:
694:
691:
688:
687:
676:(4): 551â558.
660:
633:
614:(4): 559â563.
598:
566:
522:
495:
465:
438:
427:
414:
413:
411:
408:
348:
345:
337:reverse faults
304:
301:
258:
255:
218:
215:
213:
210:
180:
174:
86:
80:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3571:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:Organizations
3352:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3107:Chamber music
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3009:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2894:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2545:Ghost craters
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2531:
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1999:Judah Ha-Levi
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1261:Caloris Basin
1259:
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1110:
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1097:Budh Planitia
1095:
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1060:Mountains and
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454:: 3589â3602.
453:
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328:
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300:
298:
294:
289:
283:
279:
277:
271:
269:
268:Cayley Plains
265:
254:
252:
248:
247:planetesimals
244:
238:
234:
230:
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224:
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46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
3492:
3451:Other topics
3407:(St. Gallen)
3384:Bach Archive
3361:Bach Society
3239:and scholars
3143:Bach cantata
3046:Compositions
2987:
2962:Michelangelo
2748:
2736:
2656:
2648:
2469:SveinsdĂłttir
2374:Rachmaninoff
2199:Michelangelo
2194:Mendes Pinto
2129:Ma Chih-Yuan
1784:Gainsborough
1589:Chao Meng-Fu
1534:Brunelleschi
1364:Amru Al-Qays
1344:Al-Hamadhani
1213:Beagle Rupes
1132:Tir Planitia
1026:Michelangelo
980:
855:
845:
838:
829:
822:
813:
804:
795:
791:
782:
773:
764:
755:
746:
729:
720:
714:Bibliography
673:
669:
663:
646:
642:
636:
611:
607:
601:
584:
580:
544:
540:
508:
504:
498:
481:
477:
451:
447:
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430:
418:
404:
400:
396:
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383:Vostok Rupes
380:
372:
354:
350:
341:
329:
318:
314:
306:
284:
280:
272:
260:
239:
235:
231:
220:
212:Stratigraphy
200:
198:
187:
176:
134:fault scarps
127:
119:geologic map
106:
100:
82:
57:
32:
30:
3467:Competition
3392:(Göttingen)
3236:Biographers
3121:Fugal works
2850:Shakespeare
2665:BepiColombo
2661:(2004â2015)
2653:(1973â1975)
2632:Exploration
2499:Villa-Lobos
2479:To Ngoc Van
2444:Shakespeare
2379:Raden Saleh
2264:Mussorgskij
1944:Hovnatanian
1704:Dostoevskij
1584:Chaikovskij
1549:Callicrates
1429:Baranauskas
1399:Aristoxenes
1394:Apollodorus
1146:Canyons and
1036:Shakespeare
973:Quadrangles
963:Quadrangles
649:(1): 3â70.
310:lithosphere
288:Callicrates
276:impact melt
179:photography
85:photography
37:south polar
3543:Categories
3463:Bach Medal
3172:BACH motif
2650:Mariner 10
2459:Stravinsky
2359:Praxiteles
2354:Polygnotus
2234:Monteverdi
2204:Mickiewicz
2159:Mark Twain
1739:Enheduanna
1639:Cunningham
1509:Botticelli
1424:Balanchine
1384:Anguissola
1314:Ahmad Baba
1252:Basins and
1228:Hero Rupes
1194:Ridges and
1078:Plains and
937:Atmosphere
792:Mariner 10
410:References
243:meteorites
108:Mariner 10
103:terminator
95:Mariner 10
83:Mariner 10
27:spacecraft
3488:Portraits
3469:(Leipzig)
3386:(Leipzig)
3301:Schmieder
3184:Reception
3136:More info
2974:Discovery
2912:Beethoven
2838:Raditladi
2724:Sub-Earth
2682:Mercury-P
2658:MESSENGER
2610:Asteroids
2579:Astronomy
2514:Xiao Zhao
2489:VelĂĄzquez
2434:Scarlatti
2399:Rembrandt
2384:Raditladi
2369:Qi Baishi
2364:Prokofiev
2114:Lovecraft
2084:Lermontov
1984:Izquierdo
1899:Hiroshige
1889:Hemingway
1874:Hawthorne
1869:Hauptmann
1779:Futabatei
1679:Derzhavin
1669:Delacroix
1619:Coleridge
1574:Cervantes
1499:Boccaccio
1469:Belinskij
1459:Beethoven
1404:AĆvaghoáčŁa
1334:Al-Akhtal
1329:Akutagawa
1304:Abu Nuwas
1062:volcanoes
1041:Raditladi
1006:Discovery
986:Beethoven
918:Geography
325:Boccaccio
303:Structure
264:volcanism
202:MESSENGER
189:MESSENGER
177:MESSENGER
150:Cervantes
51:composer
25:MESSENGER
3518:Category
3483:Three Bs
3321:Williams
3266:Glöckner
3251:Dadelsen
3226:Students
3153:Passions
3063:Cantatas
2993:features
2979:features
2967:features
2955:features
2943:features
2929:features
2917:features
2905:features
2893:features
2888:Eminescu
2881:features
2867:features
2862:Victoria
2855:features
2843:features
2831:features
2817:features
2812:Borealis
2743:Category
2692:See also
2675:Proposed
2642:and past
2587:Transits
2464:Sullivan
2439:Schubert
2334:Petrarch
2259:Murasaki
2254:MunkĂĄcsy
2184:Melville
2124:Lysippus
2079:Leopardi
2074:Larrocha
2064:Kurosawa
2059:Kunisada
2004:Kalidasa
1909:Hodgkins
1904:Hitomaro
1864:Harunobu
1799:Ghiberti
1769:Flaubert
1764:Firdousi
1754:Faulkner
1734:Eminescu
1694:Dominici
1654:De Graft
1634:Couperin
1559:Carducci
1519:Bramante
1504:Boethius
1494:Bjornson
1419:Balagtas
1349:Al-JÄhiz
1080:plateaus
1051:Victoria
1011:Eminescu
991:Borealis
942:Features
385:(in the
358:silicate
321:faulting
245:, small
168:(in the
39:part of
3341:Zehnder
3306:Schulze
3286:Neumann
3271:Hofmann
2938:Debussy
2900:Tolstoj
2826:Hokusai
2719:Fiction
2712:Related
2684:(~2031)
2640:Current
2540:Geology
2504:Vivaldi
2484:Tolstoj
2394:Raphael
2344:Picasso
2339:Phidias
2324:Oskison
2309:Neumann
2299:Nureyev
2279:Nampeyo
2274:Nabokov
2224:MoliĂšre
2214:Mistral
2179:Matisse
2174:Matabei
2169:Martial
2144:Mansart
2134:Machaut
2119:Lu Hsun
2089:Lessing
2054:Kulthum
2034:Kipling
2024:Kertész
1989:JanĂĄÄek
1974:Imhotep
1969:Ictinus
1954:Hun Kal
1924:Holberg
1919:Holbein
1914:Hokusai
1854:Han Kan
1789:Gauguin
1774:Flaiano
1749:Equiano
1744:Enwonwu
1724:Eastman
1709:Dowland
1689:Dickens
1684:Desprez
1659:Debussy
1624:Copland
1579:CĂ©zanne
1569:Calvino
1564:Carolan
1529:Bruegel
1489:Bernini
1454:Beckett
1379:Angelou
1374:Aneirin
1339:Alencar
1324:Aksakov
1291:Craters
1148:valleys
1046:Tolstoj
1016:Hokusai
996:Debussy
956:Regions
925:General
909:Outline
898:Mercury
797:Science
693:Sources
616:Bibcode
549:Bibcode
456:Bibcode
293:Pushkin
199:During
158:Pushkin
154:Bernini
130:craters
49:Baroque
41:Mercury
3498:crater
3420:Places
3336:Wollny
3311:Spitta
3261:Forkel
3221:Family
3214:People
3068:Motets
3055:by BWV
2950:Neruda
2924:Kuiper
2876:Derain
2755:Portal
2474:Titian
2429:Sander
2424:Rudaki
2409:Rivera
2404:Renoir
2389:Rameau
2314:Nizami
2294:Neruda
2289:Nawahi
2244:Mozart
2219:Mofolo
2209:Milton
2149:Mansur
2139:Mahler
2049:Kuiper
2029:Khansa
1959:Hurley
1939:Horace
1894:Hesiod
1859:Handel
1824:Goethe
1814:Glinka
1809:Giotto
1804:Gibran
1794:Geddes
1729:Eitoku
1719:Dvorak
1674:Derain
1629:Copley
1614:Chu Ta
1609:Chopin
1594:Chekov
1554:CamÔes
1524:Brontë
1514:Brahms
1484:Berkel
1479:Benoit
1439:BartĂłk
1434:Balzac
1359:Amaral
1299:Abedin
1254:fossae
1031:Neruda
1021:Kuiper
1001:Derain
831:Icarus
815:Icarus
775:Icarus
766:Icarus
757:Icarus
722:Icarus
670:Icarus
608:Icarus
333:thrust
251:comets
223:ejecta
152:, and
142:basins
138:ridges
136:, and
123:albedo
97:images
3528:Audio
3331:Wolff
3316:Terry
3276:Jones
3246:Basso
2986:H-15
2972:H-11
2960:H-12
2948:H-13
2936:H-14
2874:H-10
2595:Earth
2563:Moons
2533:Other
2519:Yeats
2509:Vyasa
2494:Verdi
2454:Sinan
2419:Rodin
2414:Rizal
2304:Nervo
2284:Navoi
2269:Myron
2249:Munch
2239:Moody
2229:Monet
2164:MartĂ
2154:March
2109:Liszt
2099:Li Po
2069:Lange
2039:KĆshĆ
2019:Kenko
2014:Keats
2009:Karsh
1994:Jokai
1964:Ibsen
1934:Homer
1929:Holst
1884:Heine
1879:Haydn
1839:Grieg
1829:Gogol
1819:Gluck
1714:Durer
1699:Donne
1664:Degas
1649:Dario
1544:Byron
1539:Burns
1474:Bello
1449:BashĆ
1444:Barma
1409:Atget
1389:Anyte
1369:Andal
1354:Alver
1319:Ailey
1196:rupes
704:(PDF)
206:'
193:'
3465:and
3326:Wolf
3296:Rust
3281:Maul
3256:DĂŒrr
3127:Anh.
2988:Bach
2922:H-6
2910:H-7
2898:H-8
2886:H-9
2860:H-2
2848:H-3
2836:H-4
2824:H-5
2810:H-1
2600:Mars
2524:Zola
2329:Ovid
2319:Okyo
2189:Mena
1979:Ives
1949:Hugo
1849:Hals
1834:Goya
1644:Dali
1414:Bach
981:Bach
742:534.
738:355.
424:Bach
227:Moon
146:Bach
45:Bach
31:The
2349:Poe
1759:Fet
1464:Bek
678:doi
651:doi
624:doi
589:doi
557:doi
513:doi
486:doi
335:or
3545::
2995:)
2981:)
2969:)
2957:)
2945:)
2931:)
2919:)
2907:)
2895:)
2883:)
2869:)
2857:)
2845:)
2833:)
2819:)
794::
674:28
672:.
647:24
645:.
622:.
612:28
610:.
585:80
583:.
569:^
555:.
543:.
525:^
509:80
507:.
482:80
480:.
468:^
450:.
253:.
3030:e
3023:t
3016:v
2991:(
2977:(
2965:(
2953:(
2941:(
2927:(
2915:(
2903:(
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