850:. In May 2022 a US court ordered Illumina to pay US$ 333.8 million to BGI Group after finding that Illumina's DNA-sequencing systems infringed two of BGI's patents. The ruling also stated Illumina infringed the patents wilfully, and that three patents it had accused BGI's Complete Genomics subsidiary of infringing were invalid. In July 2022 Illumina and MGI Tech Co. and Complete Genomics, settled US suits on DNA-sequencing technology, with Illumina agreeing to pay $ 325 million to settle all US litigation. As part of the settlement Illumina will receive a license to the BGI affiliates' patents, and both companies agreed to not sue each other for patent or antitrust violations in the United States for three years.
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557:' Center for Clinical Precision Medicine in Shanghai, opened in May 2015 with a budget of Β₯100 million. They are reportedly being involved as a sequencing institution in China's US$ 9.2-billion research project for medical care which will last for 15 years. In May 2017, was announced formation of West Coast Innovation Center, co-located in Seattle and San Jose, on the first location planned to work on precision medicine and feature collaborations with
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Government in
September 2016, has 150 instruments of the system. The BGISEQ-500 was developed as a sequencing platform capable of competing with Illumina's platforms. In November 2016, BGI launched BGISEQ-50, a miniature version of desktop sequencer. In 2017, BGI began offering WGS for $ 600. In September 2022, MGI launched DNBSeq-G99, a new ultra-high-speed, mid-to-low throughput sequencer.
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27:
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Li, Qiye; Wang, Mingyue; Zhang, Pei; Liu, Yang; Guo, Qunfei; Zhu, Yuanzhen; Wen, Tinggang; Dai, Xueqin; Zhang, Xiafang; Nagel, Manuel; Dethlefsen, Bjarke
Hamberg; Xie, Nianxia; Zhao, Jie; Jiang, Wei; Han, Lei; Wu, Liang; Zhong, Wenjiang; Wang, Zhifeng; Wei, Xiaoyu; Dai, Wei; Liu, Longqi; Xu, Xun; Lu,
3182:
Rasmussen, M.; Li, Y.; Lindgreen, S.; Pedersen, J. S.; Albrechtsen, A.; Moltke, I.; Metspalu, M.; Metspalu, E.; Kivisild, T.; Gupta, R.; Bertalan, M.; Nielsen, K.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Wang, Y.; Raghavan, M.; Campos, P. F.; Kamp, H. M.; Wilson, A. S.; Gledhill, A.; Tridico, S.; Bunce, M.; Lorenzen, E.
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to expand the understanding of early human embryonic development, to complete the first whole-body cell atlas of a non-human primate, to complete the world's first body-wide single cell transcriptome atlas of pigs, and to study the brains of ants to explain for the first time how the social division
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Wang, J.; Wang, W.; Li, R.; Li, Y.; Tian, G.; Goodman, L.; Fan, W.; Zhang, J.; Li, J.; Zhang, J.; Guo, Y.; Feng, B.; Li, H.; Lu, Y.; Fang, X.; Liang, H.; Du, Z.; Li, D.; Zhao, Y.; Hu, Y.; Yang, Z.; Zheng, H.; Hellmann, I.; Inouye, M.; Pool, J.; Yi, X.; Zhao, J.; Duan, J.; Zhou, Y.; Qin, J. (2008).
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assembly of human-sized genomes, alignment, SNP detection, resequencing, indel finding, and structural variation analysis. Built for the
Illumina sequencers' short reads, SOAPdenovo has been used to assemble multiple human genomes (identifying an eight kilobase insertion not detected by mapping to
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for a NIFTY (Non-invasive Fetal
Trisomy Test) prenatal test. In October 2015, BGI launched BGISEQ-500, a larger desktop sequencing system. It reportedly received more than 500 orders for the system and run over 112,000 tests until late 2016. The China National GeneBank, opened by BGI and Chinese
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Li, R.; Fan, W.; Tian, G.; Zhu, H.; He, L.; Cai, J.; Huang, Q.; Cai, Q.; Li, B.; Bai, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, W.; Li, J.; Wei, F.; Li, H.; Jian, M.; Li, J.; Zhang, Z.; Nielsen, R.; Li, D.; Gu, W.; Yang, Z.; Xuan, Z.; Ryder, O. A.; Leung, F. C. C.; Zhou, Y.; Cao, J.; Sun, X.; et al.
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were told in error that they had the coronavirus due to a fault in a COVID-19 testing kit from BGI Genomics. Despite being the 5th test to be given WHO Emergency Use
Listing, and getting top marks in sensitivity tests in a Dutch study independently validating commercially available tests. BGI
667:
434:
In 2007, BGI broke away from the
Chinese Academy of Sciences, became a private company, and relocated to Shenzhen. Yu Jun left BGI at this time purportedly selling his stake to the other 3 founders for a nominal sum. In 2008, BGI published the first human genome of an Asian individual.
683:
In
January 2020, BGI Genomics announced its real-time fluorescent RT-PCR kit that helps in identification of SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. This was subsequently verified and authorized for use in 14 countries and regions, including emergency use listing by the
872:
on efforts to enhance soldiers' strength and other projects. In July 2021, Reuters reported that BGI developed a prenatal test, with the assistance of the People's
Liberation Army, which is also used for genetic data collection. In an interview with the
891:, explaining in the article that in China "many top-notch hospitals are affiliated with the military." BGI further stated "All NIPT data collected overseas are stored in BGI's laboratory in Hong Kong and are destroyed after five years, as stipulated by
688:. BGI Genomics reported that by April 2021 the RT-PCR kits had been distributed to more than 180 countries and regions. BGI also developed biosafety level 2 high-throughput nucleic acid detection laboratories, named Huo-Yan laboratories.
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DNBseq
Platform (next-generation sequencing platform), RT-PCR tests for the detection of the SARS CoV-2 virus and its mutations. Huo-Yan integrated laboratory solution. The NIFTY Test (a non-invasive prenatal
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In response to the
Reuters report, a German privacy regulator launched a probe of a German company's use of BGI's prenatal genetic tests. In August 2021, the UK announced a registration requirement with the
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In the first half of 2020, BGI Group offered to help the state of California set up COVID-19 testing labs at cost. The government of California rejected the offer due to geopolitical concerns, but
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895:(GDPR)". BGI also stated "BGI has never been asked to provide, nor has it provided data from its NIFTY tests to Chinese authorities for national security or national defense security purposes."
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and Liu Siqi created BGI, originally named Beijing Genomics Institute, in September 1999, in Beijing, China as a non-governmental independent research institute in order to participate in the
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4355:"DOD Releases List of People's Republic of China (PRC) Military Companies in Accordance With Section 1260H of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021"
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The annual budget for the computer center was US$ 9 million. In the same year, BGI's computational biologists developed the first successful algorithm, based on
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918:. BGI stated that the study "was not carried out for military purposes." On December 1, 2021, the University of Copenhagen commented on the Reuters report.
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Starting in 2021, details came to light about multiple controversies involving the BGI Group. These controversies include alleged collaboration with the
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1471:
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3315:"BGI Uses New Short-Read Algorithm to Assemble Panda Genome as Proof of Concept for Human Genome | BioInform | Informatics | GenomeWeb"
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1005:
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In 2011, BGI reported it employed 4,000 scientists and technicians, and had a $ 192 million in revenue. BGI did the genome sequencing for the deadly
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2034:
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technology and released the first research findings from a consortium of scientific users of the technology in 2022. In 2022, BGI-Research and
904:
739:
3108:"To Start Building 'Human Pan-Genome,' BGI De Novo Assembles Two Genomes from Illumina Data | In Sequence | Sequencing | GenomeWeb"
1405:
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BGI has transformed from a small research institute, notable for decoding the DNA of pandas and rice plants, into a diversified company active in
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964:
3133:
Li, R.; Zhu, H.; Ruan, J.; Qian, W.; Fang, X.; Shi, Z.; Li, Y.; Li, S.; Shan, G.; Kristiansen, K.; Li, S.; Yang, H.; Wang, J.; Wang, J. (2009).
1777:"BGI to Receive $ 1.5B in 'Collaborative Funds' Over 10 Years from China Development Bank | In Sequence | Sequencing | GenomeWeb"
4426:
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added BGI Research and BGI Tech Solutions (Hongkong) to the Entity List over allegations of surveillance and repression of ethnic minorities.
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2009:
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to publish data-heavy life science papers. A new partnership was subsequently formed between the GigaScience Press department of BGI and
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in three days and released it under an open license. Since 2012, it has started to commercialize its services, having investments from
446:. By the end of the year, they reportedly had a budget of $ 30 million. In 2010, BGI Americas was established with its main office in
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asked the Department of Defense for an explanation for why BGI subsidiaries Innomics and STOmics were not included in the same list.
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gene-sequencing machines, which was backed by US$ 1.5 billion in "collaborative funds" over the next 10 years from the state lender
1247:
341:, Chinese Academy of Sciences. BGI Research, the group's nonprofit division, works with the Institute of Genomics and operates the
3648:
1610:"A Genome Sequence of Novel SARS-CoV Isolates: the Genotype, GD-Ins29, Leads to a Hypothesis of Viral Transmission in South China"
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Genomics defended the product, blaming differences in thresholds used between labs looking at very low levels of the virus.
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professor, Guojie Zhang, who was also employed by BGI was developing drugs for the PLA to assist soldiers with managing
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1216:
892:
806:
668:
United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party
566:
1705:"Sequencing BGI: the evolution of expertise and research organisation in the world's leading gene sequencing facility"
842:
lawsuits against BGI. In response, BGI has filed patent infringement lawsuits against Illumina alleging violations of
599:-enabled database of genetic profiles of people across the country. In July 2020, it was reported that BGI returned a
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847:
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562:
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for BGI's prenatal tests. Regulators in Australia, Estonia, Canada, and Poland also raised concerns as did the U.S.
592:. In 2018, the BGI was reportedly 85.3% owned by Wang Jian, and the group owns 42.4% of its main unit BGI Genomics.
3745:
Haorong; Yang, Huanming; Wang, Jian; Boomsma, Jacobus J.; Liu, Chuanyu; Zhang, Guojie; Liu, Weiwei (16 June 2022).
3016:
2954:
2933:
2738:"Commerce Department Adds Eleven Chinese Entities Implicated in Human Rights Abuses in Xinjiang to the Entity List"
354:
2893:
1144:
633:
578:
350:
2576:
1500:"BGI denies it shared genetic data of pregnant women with China's military and vows to continue overseas push"
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also founded a new research institute, the James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Zhejiang University.
1733:
843:
419:
338:
3747:"A single-cell transcriptomic atlas tracking the neural basis of division of labour in an ant superorganism"
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added BGI Genomics Co, a listed subsidiary, to a list of "Chinese military companies" operating in the U.S.
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of labor within ant colonies is determined by functional specialization of their brains at cellular levels.
802:
774:, for aligning billions of 25 to 75-base pair strings produced by next-generation sequencers, specifically
498:
1001:
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2031:
865:
600:
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415:
361:
2680:
4359:
2955:"California rejected Chinese company's push to help with coronavirus testing. Was that the right move?"
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as China's representative. After the project was completed, funding dried up, after which BGI moved to
382:
974:
538:, a major supplier of DNA sequencing technology, for US$ 118 million, after gaining approval from the
939:
685:
535:
1709:
1504:
911:
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558:
447:
3872:"BGI Sues Illumina for Antitrust Violation, Claims Firm Obtained Sequencing Patents Through Fraud"
2286:
4436:
4421:
3183:
D.; Binladen, J.; Guo, X.; Zhao, J.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, H.; Li, Z.; Chen, M.; Orlando, L. (2010).
2055:
2005:
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326:. The company was originally formed in 1999 as a genetics research center to participate in the
1979:
1336:
1078:
822:
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In 2019, it was reported that a BGI subsidiary, Forensic Genomics International, had created a
443:
387:
227:
163:
115:
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345:
under a contract with the Chinese government. BGI Genomics, a subsidiary, was listed on the
3758:
3682:
3354:
3262:
3196:
2531:
2445:
652:
459:
402:
in exchange for funding from the Hangzhou Municipal Government. In 2002, BGI sequenced the
395:
327:
4395:
1569:
8:
3496:"BGI Retools Complete Genomics Technology for Its New High-Throughput Benchtop Sequencer"
1951:"BGI Opens Branches in US, Denmark; to Invest $ 10M in Copenhagen Site During First Year"
839:
513:, and SoftBank China Capital. That year they also launched their own scientific journal,
423:
244:
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3686:
3358:
3266:
3200:
2535:
2449:
1237:
422:
in cooperation with BGI, with Yang Huanming as its first director. BGI Hangzhou and the
4226:
4059:"Genetic Data Collection by Chinese Company Poses Global Policy Challenge, Experts Say"
3787:
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3714:
3640:
3622:
3388:
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3283:
3250:
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3217:
3184:
3159:
3134:
2581:
2471:
1903:
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1863:
1841:
1828:
1803:
1642:
1609:
1302:
1269:
775:
692:
554:
183:
DNBseq, NIFTY, Huafeiran, Huachangkang, Huajianwei, Huachangan, Huafanan, SeqHPV, PMseq
2118:"Large and linked in scientific publishing the launch of big data journal GigaScience"
1625:
573:, while on the second's already existing laboratory with 100 employees to develop the
4231:
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3774:
3718:
3706:
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3670:
3626:
3614:
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3288:
3222:
3164:
2586:
2557:
2549:
2475:
2463:
2347:"A Chinese company unveils a powerful new sequencer. But can it compete in the U.S.?"
2155:
1895:
1845:
1833:
1738:
1672:
1647:
1629:
1544:
1307:
1289:
1208:
1200:
1190:
915:
531:
407:
337:, health testing, and contract research. BGI's earlier research was continued by the
319:
83:
3931:"Illumina ordered to pay BGI subsidiary $ 333 million in DNA-sequencing patent case"
2184:
4063:
3782:
3766:
3690:
3596:
3587:
3392:
3370:
3362:
3300:
3278:
3270:
3234:
3212:
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3146:
2539:
2453:
1907:
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1815:
1728:
1718:
1637:
1621:
1536:
1297:
1281:
1182:
1043:
735:
527:
and since 2017 GigaScience has been co-published with the Oxford University Press.
365:
1723:
1704:
3412:"BGI Launches New Desktop Sequencer in China, Registers Larger Version With CFDA"
3135:"De novo assembly of human genomes with massively parallel short read sequencing"
2621:
2292:
2038:
1763:
1595:
1576:
1391:
1186:
969:
944:
640:
for assisting in alleged human rights abuses due to its genetic analysis work in
510:
4265:"Monkey-brain study with link to China's military roils top European university"
3017:"WHO Emergency Use Listing for In vitro diagnostics (IVDs) Detecting SARS-CoV-2"
2247:"China's Biotechnology Development: The Role of US and Other Foreign Engagement"
3770:
3694:
3601:
3582:
3443:"BGI Launches Desktop Sequencer in China; Plans to Register Platform With CFDA"
2458:
2433:
2350:
2060:
835:
520:
3991:"China gene firm providing worldwide COVID tests worked with Chinese military"
3671:"Rolling back human pluripotent stem cells to an eight-cell embryo-like stage"
3527:"BGI Launches New Sequencer as Customers Report Data From Earlier Instruments"
2986:"Thousands of Swedes got false positive COVID-19 result due to test kit fault"
4405:
4235:
3812:"China's BGI gets Australian foothold through mass coronavirus test delivery"
3778:
3702:
3610:
2866:
2590:
2553:
2489:
2159:
1880:
1742:
1633:
1457:
1293:
1204:
821:
together with scientists globally, used sequencing technologies to undertake
543:
391:
330:. It also sequences the genomes of other animals, plants and microorganisms.
121:
87:
2650:"Chinese biotech giant's U.S. subsidiary returns PPP loan after Axios story"
1540:
1174:
3796:
3710:
3618:
3384:
3292:
3226:
3168:
2561:
2467:
1899:
1837:
1651:
1311:
1212:
771:
3150:
1922:"BGI Expands Into Denmark with Plans for $ 10M Headquarters, Staff of 150"
3553:"MGI Tech Launches New Ultra-High-Speed, Mid-to-Low Throughput Sequencer"
2928:
1819:
1588:
805:
device, and BGISEQ-1000, for both of which received an approval from the
637:
515:
502:
286:
3366:
3274:
3208:
2923:
414:
virus genome and created a kit for detection of the virus. In 2003, the
2800:"Potential crackdown on foreign genomics firms sparks a lobbying fight"
666:
as a Chinese military company operating in the U.S. In April 2024, the
581:, Canada, for first installation of BGISEQ platforms in North America.
546:, MGI was a subsidiary of BGI before it was spun out and listed on the
451:
260:
205:
2894:"Covid-19: BGI launches RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 test for clinical use in US"
2708:"U.S. blacklists Chinese companies tied to Xinjiang gene bank project"
4324:"U.S. widens investment ban to China's BGI Genomics, drone maker DJI"
3470:"China National GeneBank Opens With Investments From BGI, Government"
2832:"Notice of Availability of Designation of Chinese Military Companies"
2617:"Chinese coronavirus test maker agreed to build a Xinjiang gene bank"
2088:"Genome Giant Seeks $ 1 Billion for Equipment Unit for Potential IPO"
1531:
Yu J (2007). "Biotechnology Research in China". In Jakobson L (ed.).
659:
that would prohibit government funding of BGI and its subsidiaries.
483:
467:
3961:"BGI Group units, Illumina settle U.S. lawsuits over DNA sequencing"
2544:
2519:
1533:
Innovation with Chinese Characteristics: High-Tech Research in China
1285:
4091:"German privacy body probes German lab's use of BGI prenatal tests"
3901:"Illumina Owes BGI $ 333.8 Million Over Gene-Sequencer Patents (2)"
2804:
1757:
An Interview with a Leader in Genomics β Beijing Genomics Institute
1242:
641:
487:
399:
323:
315:
4156:"BGI prenatal gene test under scrutiny for Chinese military links"
1040:"A Chinese Genome Giant Sets Its Sights on the Ultimate Sequencer"
853:
368:. BGI denied that it shares prenatal genetics data with the PLA.
4328:
4193:
4189:"Polish gene project moves to drop Chinese tech on data concerns"
4160:
4127:
4123:"Britain says China's BGI must register prenatal tests by Sept 1"
4095:
4030:
3995:
3081:
3048:"Chinese Covid-19 test kit outstrips alternatives in Dutch study"
2772:
2685:
1466:
1181:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 406. pp. 275β299.
699:
506:
475:
466:
in the UK, as well were founded BGI Asia Pacific with offices in
455:
334:
26:
4026:"Prenatal test developed with Chinese military stores gene data"
2287:"Chinese genetics company targets US despite political tensions"
3077:"China's BGI defends COVID-19 test kit after Swedish criticism"
2402:"MGI raise $ 518M in Shanghai IPO, shares jump 14.71% on debut"
2091:
1668:
Historical Dictionary of Science and Technology in Modern China
864:
In January 2021, Reuters reported that BGI has worked with the
794:
the human reference genome) and animals, like the giant panda.
703:
596:
463:
429:
35:
2377:"Special Report: COVID opens new doors for China's gene giant"
1004:. Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. 17 July 2017.
3343:"The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome"
1332:"China's Genetics Giant Wants to Tailor Medicine to Your DNA"
79:
3842:"Illumina Nears Win In Bid To Block BGI's DNA Product Sales"
3181:
2344:
1665:
Sullivan, Lawrence R.; Liu-Sullivan, Nancy Y. (2015-03-19).
3185:"Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo"
2768:"U.S. adds units of China's BGI, Inspur to trade blacklist"
2255:
United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission
479:
471:
454:, Denmark. By 2018, BGI opened offices and laboratories in
411:
403:
4389:
1145:"China's BGI says it can sequence a genome for just $ 100"
2862:"House panel questions Pentagon on Chinese biotech firms"
2615:
Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany; Dorfman, Zach (June 3, 2020).
1462:"China's gene giant harvests data from millions of women"
4222:"U.S. Warns of Efforts by China to Collect Genetic Data"
3583:"Method of the Year: spatially resolved transcriptomics"
2520:"China expands DNA data grab in troubled western region"
1703:
Wang, Kai; Shen, Xiaobai; Williams, Robin (2021-07-03).
1071:"BGI β China's Genomics Center Has A Hand in Everything"
143:
A global presence in more than 100 countries and regions
2614:
657:
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024
2577:"China Uses DNA to Map Faces, With Help From the West"
2320:"China embraces precision medicine on a massive scale"
879:, a BGI representative denied the Reuters report. The
4154:
Baldwin, Clare; Needham, Kirsty (September 7, 2021).
3014:
797:
Up until 2015, BGI had released BGISEQ-100, based on
577:
technologies. In May 2018, reached an agreement with
300:
3251:"The diploid genome sequence of an Asian individual"
2284:
Smyth, Jamie; Sevastopulo, Demetri (18 April 2023).
1664:
540:
Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States
314:, formerly Beijing Genomics Institute, is a Chinese
4462:
Defence companies of the People's Republic of China
3502:. Cambridge Healthtech Institute. 28 October 2015.
1535:. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 134β165.
1112:
901:
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
813:In 2021, BGI developed Stereo-seq, its genome wide
730:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
695:did buy COVID-19 test kits and equipment from BGI.
2766:Alper, Alexandra; Shepardson, David (2023-03-02).
2345:Rebecca Robbins; Kate Sheridan (26 October 2018).
2285:
2218:"BGI's Coronavirus Response? Build a Lab in Wuhan"
2085:
1734:20.500.11820/fdccac07-cd53-42df-ac40-62842218dc76
1330:Campbell, Matthew; Lyu, Dong (13 November 2019).
4403:
4024:Needham, Kirsty; Baldwin, Clare (July 7, 2021).
2647:
2283:
2222:GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News
1702:
996:
994:
992:
905:National Counterintelligence and Security Center
584:BGI Genomics, a subsidiary of the group made an
542:. Complete Genomics is a US-based subsidiary of
4457:Companies listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange
4263:Needham, Kirsty; Jacobsen, Stine (2021-11-18).
4262:
3668:
2765:
2317:
854:Collaboration with the People's Liberation Army
662:As of 2024, BGI is identified in a list by the
406:genome, which was a cover story in the journal
4153:
4023:
3743:
1804:"Chinese institute makes bold sequencing play"
1455:
1363:"COVID opens new doors for China's gene giant"
868:(PLA) and affiliated institutions such as the
3669:Mazid, Md. Abdul; et al. (12 May 2022).
3641:"SpatioTemporal Omics consortium: Cell Press"
3406:
3404:
3402:
3132:
3100:
2681:"Chinese state fund invests in gene firm BGI"
2490:"BGI officially enters Urumqi High-tech Zone"
1564:
1562:
1560:
1037:
989:
553:In 2015, BGI signed a collaboration with the
376:
349:in 2017. The company is supported by several
51:
3524:
3467:
3339:
3247:
2049:
2047:
1607:
778:Genome Analyzer, during de novo sequencing.
710:
608:State Development and Investment Corporation
430:Spin-off from the Beijing Genomics Institute
4412:Biotechnology companies established in 1999
3440:
2648:Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (July 20, 2020).
1433:Center for Security and Emerging Technology
1425:
1401:Center for Security and Emerging Technology
1390:
1329:
1068:
4442:Genetics or genomics research institutions
4394:
3399:
3333:
3175:
3126:
2924:"Africa's world-leading pandemic response"
2215:
1557:
1270:"Chinese bioscience: The sequence factory"
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
910:In November 2021, Reuters reported that a
883:stated that BGI published papers with the
34:
25:
4186:
3786:
3600:
3374:
3282:
3216:
3158:
2543:
2517:
2457:
2148:"DNA Sequencing Caught in Deluge of Data"
2044:
1889:
1879:
1857:
1855:
1827:
1732:
1722:
1641:
1614:Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics
1426:Puglisi, Anna; Rask, Chryssa (May 2024).
1301:
1267:
885:People's Liberation Army General Hospital
870:National University of Defense Technology
819:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
758:Learn how and when to remove this message
742:, without removing the technical details.
4187:Plucinska, Joanna (September 22, 2021).
3958:
3928:
2575:Wee, Sui-Lee; Mozur, Paul (2019-12-03).
2574:
1801:
1766:Asia Biotech, Retrieved 14b January 2013
1238:"China cloning on an 'industrial scale'"
1113:Shu-Ching Jean Chen (2 September 2013).
789:, a suite of tools developed by BGI for
450:, US, and BGI Europe was established in
4201:from the original on September 27, 2021
3988:
3809:
2983:
2891:
2797:
2678:
2145:
2053:
1579:Bio-IT World, Retrieved 14 January 2014
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1020:
614:took ownership stakes in BGI Genomics.
4404:
4219:
4168:from the original on September 7, 2021
3488:
3422:from the original on 19 September 2020
2921:
2859:
2798:Oprysko, Caitlin (November 29, 2023).
2431:
2265:from the original on September 3, 2022
2211:
2209:
1861:
1852:
1582:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1451:
1449:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1172:
965:"MoH receives COVID-19 detection kits"
783:Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package
4427:Chinese companies established in 1999
4321:
4258:
4256:
4056:
4019:
4017:
2965:from the original on 14 February 2022
2812:from the original on December 8, 2023
2326:from the original on 10 November 2018
2216:LeMieux, Julianna; PhD (2020-02-12).
2079:
2024:
1795:
1608:Qin, E'de; et al. (2003-05-01).
1115:"Genomic Dreams Coming True in China"
740:make it understandable to non-experts
624:United States sanctions against China
495:2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak
3580:
3476:from the original on 2 December 2018
3449:from the original on 2 December 2018
3241:
2705:
2434:"Crack down on genomic surveillance"
2357:from the original on 3 December 2018
2098:from the original on 3 December 2018
2086:Wang Luyao; Han Wei (19 July 2018).
1986:from the original on 3 December 2018
1783:from the original on 4 December 2010
1497:
1097:
1085:from the original on 3 December 2018
1008:from the original on 3 December 2018
935:Chinese National Human Genome Center
714:
702:reported that about 3,700 people in
651:BGI subsequently hired lobbyists at
646:United States Department of Commerce
630:United States Department of Commerce
606:In 2021, state-owned enterprises of
4135:from the original on August 9, 2021
3533:from the original on 9 October 2021
2996:from the original on 28 August 2020
2206:
2185:"GigaScience. - NLM Catalog - NCBI"
1486:
1446:
1318:
1062:
1050:from the original on 10 August 2021
962:
923:United States Department of Defense
664:United States Department of Defense
636:placed two BGI subsidiaries on its
567:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
364:(PLA) and use of genetic data from
13:
4253:
4103:from the original on July 14, 2021
4050:
4014:
3468:Monica Heger (21 September 2016).
2718:from the original on July 20, 2020
2660:from the original on July 20, 2020
2318:David Cyranoski (6 January 2016).
1568:Kevin Davies, (27 September 2011)
1530:
1125:from the original on 9 August 2022
1002:"BGI Genomics Raises $ 81M in IPO"
893:General Data Protection Regulation
848:California unfair competition laws
14:
4478:
4381:
4071:from the original on June 2, 2024
4057:Zhang, Adrianna (July 16, 2021).
4038:from the original on July 7, 2021
3852:from the original on June 4, 2020
3822:from the original on June 3, 2020
3321:from the original on 15 June 2009
3114:from the original on 5 March 2010
2984:Johnson, Simon (25 August 2020).
2629:from the original on June 3, 2020
1570:The Bedrock of BGI: Huanming Yang
1512:from the original on June 2, 2024
1474:from the original on 10 July 2021
1408:from the original on May 10, 2024
829:
617:
563:Allen Institute for Brain Science
16:Chinese genome sequencing company
4417:Biotechnology companies of China
4220:Barnes, Julian E. (2021-10-22).
3810:Needham, Kirsty (May 14, 2020).
3725:from the original on 12 May 2022
3525:Monica Heger (26 October 2018).
2518:Cyranoski, David (25 May 2017).
2012:from the original on 2 June 2024
1069:Aaron Saenz (11 November 2010).
719:
212:
211:
192:
191:
4367:from the original on 2022-10-05
4347:
4336:from the original on 2022-10-19
4315:
4304:from the original on 2022-08-18
4286:
4275:from the original on 2021-11-20
4242:from the original on 2021-10-22
4213:
4180:
4147:
4115:
4083:
4003:from the original on 2021-01-30
3982:
3971:from the original on 2022-10-05
3952:
3941:from the original on 2022-05-11
3922:
3911:from the original on 2022-05-10
3893:
3882:from the original on 2021-01-11
3864:
3834:
3803:
3737:
3662:
3651:from the original on 2022-08-15
3633:
3574:
3563:from the original on 2022-09-27
3545:
3518:
3506:from the original on 2 May 2019
3461:
3441:Julia Karow (26 October 2015).
3434:
3418:. GenomeWeb. 11 November 2016.
3307:
3089:from the original on 2020-08-26
3069:
3058:from the original on 2020-05-23
3040:
3029:from the original on 2021-06-29
3008:
2977:
2947:
2936:from the original on 2022-01-28
2915:
2904:from the original on 2022-02-01
2885:
2874:from the original on 2024-06-02
2853:
2842:from the original on 2024-06-02
2824:
2791:
2780:from the original on 2023-03-02
2759:
2730:
2706:Basu, Zachary (July 20, 2020).
2699:
2672:
2641:
2608:
2597:from the original on 2019-12-05
2568:
2511:
2500:from the original on 2019-12-07
2482:
2425:
2414:from the original on 2022-09-15
2394:
2369:
2338:
2311:
2300:from the original on 2023-04-18
2277:
2239:
2228:from the original on 2020-03-07
2195:from the original on 2020-06-05
2177:
2166:from the original on 2019-06-17
2139:
2128:from the original on 2019-06-17
2110:
2068:from the original on 2022-10-23
2054:Specter, Michael (2013-12-30).
2041:, Apr 24, 2011, The Daily Beast
1998:
1972:
1961:from the original on 2022-09-20
1943:
1932:from the original on 2022-09-20
1914:
1769:
1749:
1696:
1685:from the original on 2024-06-02
1658:
1601:
1524:
1428:"China, Biotechnology, and BGI"
1419:
1396:"China, Biotechnology, and BGI"
1384:
1373:from the original on 2022-02-01
1355:
1344:from the original on 2022-04-17
1250:from the original on 2022-01-29
1219:from the original on 2022-02-01
1155:from the original on 2022-01-28
634:Bureau of Industry and Security
603:loan following media scrutiny.
355:Chinese state-owned enterprises
351:China Government Guidance Funds
4322:Singh, Kanishka (2022-10-08).
3989:Needham, Kirsty (2021-01-30).
3959:Brittain, Blake (2022-07-14).
3929:Brittain, Blake (2022-05-07).
3751:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2679:Needham, Kirsty (2021-02-22).
2146:Pollack, Andrew (2011-11-30).
1598:, Jun 17th 2010, The Economist
1261:
1230:
1173:He, Ximiao; Wang, Jun (2007).
1166:
1137:
956:
579:Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto)
255:BGI Europe (Europe and Africa)
1:
2860:Harris, Bryant (2024-04-01).
1724:10.1080/14636778.2020.1843148
1626:10.1016/S1672-0229(03)01014-3
1038:Megan Molteni (18 May 2017).
950:
490:(Australia) and many others.
420:Beijing Institute of Genomics
339:Beijing Institute of Genomics
318:company with headquarters in
4452:Research institutes in China
2922:Burdin, Peter (2021-11-16).
2744:. 2020-07-20. Archived from
1671:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1498:Deng, Iris (July 12, 2021).
1394:; Rask, Chryssa (May 2024).
1187:10.1007/978-1-59745-535-0_13
963:Kon, James (18 March 2020).
499:China Life Insurance Company
52:
40:BGI headquarters in Shenzhen
7:
4432:Companies based in Shenzhen
4294:"Comment on Reuters report"
3581:Marx, Vivien (2021-01-06).
3015:World Health Organisation.
2742:U.S. Department of Commerce
2432:Moreau, Yves (2019-12-03).
1802:Fox, J.; Kling, J. (2010).
928:
678:
673:
601:Paycheck Protection Program
571:Washington State University
416:Chinese Academy of Sciences
410:. In 2003, BGI decoded the
10:
4483:
4360:U.S. Department of Defense
3771:10.1038/s41559-022-01784-1
3695:10.1038/s41586-022-04625-0
3602:10.1038/s41592-020-01033-y
2496:(in Chinese). 2016-07-27.
2459:10.1038/d41586-019-03687-x
2006:"Offices and Laboratories"
857:
655:to soften language in the
621:
575:next-generation sequencing
383:Beijing Genomics Institute
380:
377:Beijing Genomics Institute
371:
133:Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
63:Beijing Genomics Institute
4467:Medical scandals in China
1268:Cyranoski, David (2010).
940:Wellcome Sanger Institute
711:Bioinformatics technology
686:World Health Organization
536:Mountain View, California
505:'s Goldstone Investment,
295:
259:
243:
233:
223:
203:
187:
179:
170:
166:(Co-Founder and Chairman)
157:
147:
137:
129:
111:
93:
75:
67:
59:
45:
33:
24:
3052:South China Morning Post
1881:10.1186/gb-2010-11-1-102
1710:New Genetics and Society
1505:South China Morning Post
912:University of Copenhagen
881:South China Morning Post
876:South China Morning Post
866:People's Liberation Army
799:Thermo Fisher Scientific
559:University of Washington
448:Cambridge, Massachusetts
438:In 2010, BGI bought 128
362:People's Liberation Army
2836:www.federalregister.gov
1541:10.1057/9780230591929_5
889:Army Medical University
815:Spatial transcriptomics
781:SOAPdenovo is part of "
590:Shenzhen Stock Exchange
586:initial public offering
548:Shanghai Stock Exchange
525:Oxford University Press
347:Shenzhen Stock Exchange
343:China National GeneBank
2898:Medical Device Network
2892:Ajohney (2020-03-19).
1862:Petsko, G. A. (2010).
1337:Bloomberg Businessweek
1079:Singularity University
823:single cell sequencing
444:China Development Bank
99:; 25 years ago
97:September 9, 1999
3905:news.bloomberglaw.com
3559:. 27 September 2022.
3151:10.1101/gr.097261.109
2258:. February 14, 2019.
1149:MIT Technology Review
921:In October 2022, the
860:Military-civil fusion
653:Steptoe & Johnson
644:. In March 2023, the
622:Further information:
612:China Merchants Group
2189:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1864:"Rising in the East"
1820:10.1038/nbt0310-189c
1808:Nature Biotechnology
1179:Plant Bioinformatics
834:In 2019, competitor
698:On August 25, 2020,
530:In 2013, BGI bought
396:Human Genome Project
328:Human Genome Project
249:BGI China (Mainland)
239:~ 10,000 (worldwide)
3878:. 11 January 2021.
3763:2022NatEE...6.1191L
3687:2022Natur.605..315M
3367:10.1038/nature08696
3359:2010Natur.463..311L
3275:10.1038/nature07484
3267:2008Natur.456...60W
3209:10.1038/nature08835
3201:2010Natur.463..757R
3110:. 8 December 2009.
2536:2017Natur.545..395C
2450:2019Natur.576...36M
1779:. 12 January 2010.
840:patent infringement
440:Illumina HiSeq 2000
424:Zhejiang University
235:Number of employees
139:Number of locations
21:
4447:Genomics companies
4298:Institut Biologisk
4227:The New York Times
4131:. August 5, 2021.
2582:The New York Times
2152:The New York Times
2056:"The Gene Factory"
2037:2013-09-25 at the
1980:"BGI Asia Pacific"
1762:2014-01-16 at the
1594:2010-06-21 at the
1575:2020-05-14 at the
977:on 7 February 2022
693:Santa Clara County
628:In July 2020, the
555:Zhongshan Hospital
519:, partnering with
19:
4099:. July 14, 2021.
3681:(7909): 315β324.
3353:(7279): 311β317.
3195:(7282): 757β762.
2530:(7655): 395β396.
1678:978-0-8108-7855-6
1550:978-0-230-59192-9
1456:Needham, Kirsty;
1196:978-1-58829-653-5
916:altitude sickness
844:federal antitrust
768:
767:
760:
532:Complete Genomics
309:
308:
287:GigaScience Press
219:
199:
84:Genome sequencing
4474:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4390:Official website
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4260:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4064:Voice of America
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4021:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3848:. May 11, 2020.
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3790:
3757:(8): 1191β1204.
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3604:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3557:Pubs - GenomeWeb
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3408:
3397:
3396:
3378:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3317:. 12 June 2009.
3311:
3305:
3304:
3286:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3220:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3021:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2838:. 2 April 2024.
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2547:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2461:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2373:
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2366:
2364:
2362:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2315:
2309:
2308:
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2305:
2289:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2251:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2051:
2042:
2032:High-Quality DNA
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1893:
1883:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1831:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1773:
1767:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1605:
1599:
1589:The dragon's DNA
1586:
1580:
1566:
1555:
1554:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1495:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1327:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1110:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1035:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
998:
987:
986:
984:
982:
973:. Archived from
960:
763:
756:
752:
749:
743:
723:
722:
715:
588:in July 2017 at
305:
302:
251:BGI Asia Pacific
217:
215:
214:
197:
195:
194:
107:
105:
100:
55:
54:
38:
29:
22:
18:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4402:
4401:
4388:
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4384:
4379:
4370:
4368:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4339:
4337:
4320:
4316:
4307:
4305:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4278:
4276:
4261:
4254:
4245:
4243:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4202:
4185:
4181:
4171:
4169:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4055:
4051:
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4022:
4015:
4006:
4004:
3987:
3983:
3974:
3972:
3957:
3953:
3944:
3942:
3927:
3923:
3914:
3912:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3885:
3883:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3855:
3853:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3808:
3804:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3667:
3663:
3654:
3652:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3579:
3575:
3566:
3564:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3536:
3534:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3477:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3410:
3409:
3400:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3261:(7218): 60β65.
3246:
3242:
3180:
3176:
3139:Genome Research
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3061:
3059:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2959:Washington Post
2953:
2952:
2948:
2939:
2937:
2920:
2916:
2907:
2905:
2890:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2858:
2854:
2845:
2843:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2796:
2792:
2783:
2781:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2613:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2573:
2569:
2545:10.1038/545395a
2516:
2512:
2503:
2501:
2494:www.uhdz.gov.cn
2488:
2487:
2483:
2444:(7785): 36β38.
2430:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2293:Financial Times
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2169:
2167:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2069:
2052:
2045:
2039:Wayback Machine
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1962:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1933:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1860:
1853:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1764:Wayback Machine
1755:Ye, Jia (2008)
1754:
1750:
1701:
1697:
1688:
1686:
1679:
1663:
1659:
1606:
1602:
1596:Wayback Machine
1587:
1583:
1577:Wayback Machine
1567:
1558:
1551:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1496:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1460:(7 July 2021).
1454:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1328:
1319:
1286:10.1038/464022a
1280:(7285): 22β24.
1266:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1197:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1111:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1075:Singularity Hub
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1036:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1000:
999:
990:
980:
978:
970:Borneo Bulletin
961:
957:
953:
945:Broad Institute
931:
862:
856:
838:filed multiple
832:
764:
753:
747:
744:
736:help improve it
733:
724:
720:
713:
681:
676:
626:
620:
511:Yunfeng Capital
432:
385:
379:
374:
299:
291:
254:
252:
250:
236:
216:$ 51.7 million
208:
160:
150:
140:
124:
120:
118:
103:
101:
98:
86:
82:
48:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4480:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4437:DNA sequencing
4434:
4429:
4424:
4422:Chinese brands
4419:
4414:
4400:
4399:
4383:
4382:External links
4380:
4378:
4377:
4363:. 2022-10-05.
4346:
4314:
4300:. 2021-12-01.
4285:
4252:
4212:
4179:
4146:
4114:
4082:
4049:
4013:
3981:
3951:
3921:
3892:
3863:
3833:
3802:
3736:
3661:
3632:
3573:
3544:
3517:
3487:
3460:
3433:
3398:
3332:
3306:
3240:
3174:
3145:(2): 265β272.
3125:
3099:
3085:. 2020-08-26.
3068:
3054:. 2020-05-20.
3039:
3007:
2976:
2946:
2914:
2884:
2852:
2823:
2790:
2758:
2729:
2698:
2671:
2640:
2607:
2567:
2510:
2481:
2424:
2393:
2368:
2337:
2310:
2276:
2238:
2205:
2176:
2138:
2109:
2078:
2061:The New Yorker
2043:
2023:
1997:
1971:
1957:. 2010-05-25.
1942:
1928:. 2010-05-19.
1913:
1868:Genome Biology
1851:
1814:(3): 189β191.
1794:
1768:
1748:
1717:(3): 305β330.
1695:
1677:
1657:
1620:(2): 101β107.
1600:
1581:
1556:
1549:
1523:
1485:
1458:Baldwin, Clare
1445:
1418:
1383:
1369:. 2020-08-05.
1354:
1317:
1260:
1246:. 2014-01-14.
1229:
1195:
1165:
1136:
1096:
1061:
1019:
988:
954:
952:
949:
948:
947:
942:
937:
930:
927:
855:
852:
836:Illumina, Inc.
831:
830:Legal disputes
828:
766:
765:
727:
725:
718:
712:
709:
680:
677:
675:
672:
619:
618:U.S. sanctions
616:
521:BioMed Central
431:
428:
381:Main article:
378:
375:
373:
370:
366:prenatal tests
335:animal cloning
307:
306:
297:
293:
292:
290:
289:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
265:
263:
257:
256:
247:
241:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
209:
204:
201:
200:
196:$ 251 million
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
172:
168:
167:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
113:
109:
108:
95:
91:
90:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
49:
46:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4479:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4397:
4391:
4386:
4385:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4318:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4257:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4216:
4205:September 27,
4200:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4183:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4150:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4053:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4020:
4018:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3985:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3740:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3577:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3532:
3529:. GenomeWeb.
3528:
3521:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3475:
3472:. GenomeWeb.
3471:
3464:
3448:
3445:. GenomeWeb.
3444:
3437:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3025:
3018:
3011:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2918:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2867:Federal Times
2863:
2856:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2748:on 2020-07-21
2747:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2675:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2280:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1392:Puglisi, Anna
1387:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1007:
1003:
997:
995:
993:
976:
972:
971:
966:
959:
955:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
926:
924:
919:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:
871:
867:
861:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
827:
824:
820:
816:
811:
808:
804:
800:
795:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
762:
759:
751:
748:November 2022
741:
737:
731:
728:This section
726:
717:
716:
708:
705:
701:
696:
694:
689:
687:
671:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
625:
615:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:Yang Huanming
389:
384:
369:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
304:
298:
294:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
266:
264:
262:
258:
248:
246:
242:
238:
232:
229:
226:
222:
210:
207:
202:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
169:
165:
162:
156:
152:
146:
142:
136:
132:
128:
123:
122:Yang Huanming
117:
114:
110:
96:
92:
89:
88:Biotechnology
85:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
50:
44:
37:
32:
28:
23:
4369:. Retrieved
4358:
4349:
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4327:
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4297:
4288:
4277:. Retrieved
4268:
4244:. Retrieved
4225:
4215:
4203:. Retrieved
4192:
4182:
4172:September 7,
4170:. Retrieved
4159:
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4137:. Retrieved
4126:
4117:
4105:. Retrieved
4094:
4085:
4073:. Retrieved
4062:
4052:
4040:. Retrieved
4029:
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3994:
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3964:
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3943:. Retrieved
3934:
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3913:. Retrieved
3904:
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3884:. Retrieved
3875:
3866:
3854:. Retrieved
3845:
3836:
3824:. Retrieved
3815:
3805:
3754:
3750:
3739:
3727:. Retrieved
3678:
3674:
3664:
3653:. Retrieved
3645:www.cell.com
3644:
3635:
3592:
3586:
3576:
3565:. Retrieved
3556:
3547:
3535:. Retrieved
3520:
3508:. Retrieved
3499:
3490:
3478:. Retrieved
3463:
3451:. Retrieved
3436:
3424:. Retrieved
3415:
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3323:. Retrieved
3309:
3258:
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3102:
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3080:
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3051:
3042:
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3010:
2998:. Retrieved
2989:
2979:
2967:. Retrieved
2958:
2949:
2938:. Retrieved
2927:
2917:
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2897:
2887:
2876:. Retrieved
2865:
2855:
2844:. Retrieved
2835:
2826:
2814:. Retrieved
2803:
2793:
2782:. Retrieved
2771:
2761:
2750:. Retrieved
2746:the original
2741:
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2711:
2701:
2690:. Retrieved
2684:
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2653:
2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2620:
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2580:
2570:
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2513:
2502:. Retrieved
2493:
2484:
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2416:. Retrieved
2405:
2396:
2385:. Retrieved
2383:. 2020-08-05
2380:
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2359:. Retrieved
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2313:
2302:. Retrieved
2291:
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2253:
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2221:
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2188:
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2151:
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2121:
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2100:. Retrieved
2081:
2070:. Retrieved
2059:
2030:Lone Frank,
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