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238:(Predicted picture) holds only the changes in the image from a previous frame. For example, in a scene where a car moves across a stationary background, only the car's movements need to be encoded. The encoder does not need to store the unchanging background pixels in the P‑frame, thus saving space. P‑frames are also known as
291:
Frames encoded without information from other frames are called I-frames. Frames that use prediction from a single preceding reference frame (or a single frame for prediction of each region) are called P-frames. B-frames use prediction from a (possibly weighted) average of two reference frames, one
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In older standards (such as MPEG-2), B-frames are never used as references for the prediction of other pictures. As a result, a lower quality encoding (requiring less space) can be used for such B-frames because the loss of detail will not harm the prediction quality for subsequent
455:
Include some prediction modes that form a prediction of a motion region (e.g., a macroblock or a smaller area) by averaging the predictions obtained using two different previously decoded reference regions. Some standards allow two motion compensation vectors per macroblock
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standard, the granularity of prediction types is brought down to the "slice level." A slice is a spatially distinct region of a frame that is encoded separately from any other region in the same frame. I-slices, P-slices, and B-slices take the place of I, P, and B frames.
280:
composing a partial image. For example, an HD 1080 picture has 1080 lines (rows) of pixels. An odd field consists of pixel information for lines 1, 3, 5...1079. An even field has pixel information for lines 2, 4, 6...1080. When video is sent in
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Older standards (such as MPEG-2), use exactly two previously decoded pictures as references during decoding, and require one of those pictures to precede the B-frame in display order and the other one to follow
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H.264 allows for one, two, or more than two previously decoded pictures as references during decoding, and can have any arbitrary display-order relationship relative to the picture(s) used for its prediction.
341:, and instead of using I, B and P-frame type selections, the encoder can choose the prediction style distinctly on each individual slice. Also in H.264 are found several additional types of frames/slices:
432:
In H.264, can use multiple previously decoded pictures as references during decoding, and can have any arbitrary display-order relationship relative to the picture(s) used for its prediction.
395:
Often, I‑frames are used for random access and are used as references for the decoding of other pictures. Intra refresh periods of a half-second are common on such applications as
249:(Bidirectional predicted picture) saves even more space by using differences between the current frame and both the preceding and following frames to specify its content.
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Multi‑frame motion estimation increases the quality of the video, while allowing the same compression ratio. SI and SP frames (defined for the
Extended Profile) improve
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May be generated by an encoder to create a random access point (to allow a decoder to start decoding properly from scratch at that picture location).
53:
429:) use only one previously decoded picture as a reference during decoding, and require that picture to also precede the P picture in display order.
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SI‑frames/slices (Switching I): Facilitates switching between coded streams; contains SI-macroblocks (a special type of intra coded macroblock).
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The heightened flexibility of information retrieval means that B-frames typically require fewer bits for encoding than either I or P-frames.
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H.264 relaxes this restriction, and allows B-frames to be used as references for the decoding of other frames at the encoder's discretion.
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A sequence of video frames, consisting of two keyframes (I), one forward-predicted frame (P) and one bi-directionally predicted frame (B).
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363:. When such frames are used along with a smart decoder, it is possible to recover the broadcast streams of damaged DVDs.
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format, each frame is sent in two fields, the field of odd-numbered lines followed by the field of even-numbered lines.
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I-frames contain an entire image. They are coded without reference to any other frame except (parts of) themselves.
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SP‑frames/slices (Switching P): Facilitates switching between coded streams; contains P and/or I-macroblocks
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May also be generated when differentiating image details prohibit generation of effective P or B-frames.
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181:‑frames can use data from previous frames to decompress and are more compressible than I‑frames.
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May contain image data and/or motion vector displacements. Older standards allow only a single
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May contain both image data and motion vector displacements and combinations of the two.
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video coding standard, the frame can be segmented into sequences of macroblocks called
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A frame used as a reference for predicting other frames is called a reference frame.
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storage. Longer refresh periods may be used in some environments. For example, in
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vector for the entire frame or a single motion compensation vector per macroblock.
175:‑frames are the least compressible but don't require other video frames to decode.
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While the terms "frame" and "picture" are often used interchangeably, the term
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with different advantages and disadvantages, centered mainly around amount of
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156:. The three major picture types used in the different video algorithms are
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Class of video frames processed in a distinct way by a compression algorithm
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Require the prior decoding of some other picture(s) in order to be decoded.
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256:. The order in which the I, P and B frames are arranged is called the
541:(2nd ed.). Place of publication not identified: Peachpit Press.
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P-frames can contain both intra macroblocks and predicted macroblocks
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Require the prior decoding of subsequent frame(s) to be displayed.
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B-frames can contain intra, predicted, and bi-predicted macroblocks
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is a more general notion, as a picture can be either a frame or a
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Typically require fewer bits for encoding compared to I-frames.
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Typically require more bits to encode than other frame types.
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148:. These different algorithms for video frames are called
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systems it is common to send I-frames very infrequently.
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Bi-directional predicted (B) frames/slices (macroblocks)
168:. They are different in the following characteristics:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
422:Can reference previous pictures in decoding order.
355:(up to 16 reference frames or 32 reference fields)
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313:Typically, pictures (frames) are segmented into
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323:I-frames can contain only intra macroblocks
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367:Intra-coded (I) frames/slices (key frames)
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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14:
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574:Video streaming with SP and SI frames
58:adding citations to reliable sources
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535:Beach, Andy; Owen, Aaron (2019).
69:"Video compression picture types"
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425:Older standard designs (such as
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252:P and B frames are also called
45:needs additional citations for
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292:preceding and one succeeding.
223:) is a complete image, like a
140:is compressed using different
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1:
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411:Predicted (P) frames/slices
10:
1827:
1656:Compressed data structures
978:RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman
646:Asymmetric numeral systems
538:Video compression handbook
507:application of frame types
450:global motion compensation
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1720:Smallest grammar problem
208:(or frames) are used in
1661:Compressed suffix array
1210:Nyquist–Shannon theorem
212:: I, P, and B frames.
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1690:Kolmogorov complexity
1558:Video characteristics
935:LZ77 + Huffman + ANS
373:Key frame (animation)
199:
1780:Compression software
1374:Compression artifact
1330:Psychoacoustic model
333:Furthermore, in the
54:improve this article
1770:Compression formats
1409:Texture compression
1404:Standard test image
1220:Silence compression
221:Intra-coded picture
1678:Information theory
1533:Display resolution
1359:Chroma subsampling
748:Byte pair encoding
693:Shannon–Fano–Elias
397:digital television
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1811:Video compression
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548:978-0-13-486621-5
505:Group of pictures
490:Video compression
486:term in animation
405:videoconferencing
353:motion estimation
258:Group of pictures
210:video compression
134:video compression
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16:(Redirected from
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1806:Data compression
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302:H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
146:data compression
132:In the field of
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1235:Sub-band coding
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1068:Predictive type
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955:LZSS + Huffman
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636:Adaptive coding
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456:(biprediction).
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204:Three types of
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150:picture types
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71: –
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66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1736:Hutter Prize
1700:Quantization
1605:Compensation
1547:
1399:Quantization
1122:Compensation
688:Shannon–Fano
628:Entropy type
537:
530:
394:
358:
351:Multi‑frame
338:
332:
314:
312:
299:
290:
287:
269:
267:
254:Inter frames
251:
246:
244:
240:delta‑frames
239:
235:
233:
231:image file.
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107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1695:Prefix code
1548:Frame types
1369:Color space
1195:Convolution
925:LZ77 + ANS
836:Incremental
809:Other types
728:Levenshtein
500:Inter frame
495:Intra frame
377:Intra-frame
316:macroblocks
309:Macroblocks
154:frame types
138:video frame
1800:Categories
1752:Mark Adler
1710:Redundancy
1627:Daubechies
1610:Estimation
1543:Frame rate
1465:Daubechies
1425:Chain code
1384:Macroblock
1190:Companding
1127:Estimation
1047:Daubechies
753:Lempel–Ziv
713:Exp-Golomb
641:Arithmetic
557:1006298938
522:References
371:See also:
278:scan lines
142:algorithms
80:newspapers
1729:Community
1553:Interlace
939:Zstandard
718:Fibonacci
708:Universal
666:Canonical
484:Key frame
460:pictures.
1715:Symmetry
1683:Timeline
1666:FM-index
1511:Bit rate
1504:Concepts
1352:Concepts
1215:Sampling
1168:Bit rate
1161:Concepts
863:Sequitur
698:Tunstall
671:Modified
661:Adaptive
619:Lossless
511:Datamosh
478:See also
206:pictures
110:May 2024
1673:Entropy
1622:Wavelet
1601:Motion
1460:Wavelet
1440:Fractal
1435:Deflate
1418:Methods
1205:Latency
1118:Motion
1042:Wavelet
959:LHA/LZH
909:Deflate
858:Re-Pair
853:Grammar
683:Shannon
656:Huffman
612:methods
300:In the
270:picture
247:B‑frame
236:P‑frame
217:I‑frame
192:Summary
94:scholar
18:B-frame
1784:codecs
1745:People
1648:Theory
1615:Vector
1132:Vector
949:Brotli
899:Hybrid
798:Snappy
651:Golomb
555:
545:
427:MPEG-2
339:slices
296:Slices
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1575:parts
1573:Codec
1538:Frame
1496:Video
1480:SPIHT
1389:Pixel
1344:Image
1298:ACELP
1269:ADPCM
1259:ÎĽ-law
1254:A-law
1247:parts
1245:Codec
1153:Audio
1092:ACELP
1080:ADPCM
1057:SPIHT
998:Lossy
982:bzip2
973:LZHAM
929:LZFSE
831:Delta
723:Gamma
703:Unary
678:Range
516:Video
335:H.264
274:field
101:JSTOR
87:books
1587:DPCM
1394:PSNR
1325:MDCT
1318:WLPC
1303:CELP
1264:DPCM
1112:WLPC
1097:CELP
1075:DPCM
1025:MDCT
969:LZMA
870:LDCT
848:DPCM
793:LZWL
783:LZSS
778:LZRW
768:LZJB
553:OCLC
543:ISBN
375:and
164:and
73:news
1632:DWT
1582:DCT
1526:VBR
1521:CBR
1516:ABR
1475:EZW
1470:DWT
1455:RLE
1445:KLT
1430:DCT
1313:LSP
1308:LAR
1293:LPC
1286:FFT
1183:VBR
1178:CBR
1173:ABR
1107:LSP
1102:LAR
1087:LPC
1052:DWT
1037:FFT
1032:DST
1020:DCT
919:LZS
914:LZX
890:RLE
885:PPM
880:PAQ
875:MTF
843:DMC
821:CTW
816:BWT
788:LZW
773:LZO
763:LZ4
758:842
467:it.
401:DVD
229:BMP
227:or
225:JPG
215:An
152:or
56:by
1802::
1450:LP
1281:FT
1274:DM
826:CM
551:.
260:.
245:A
242:.
234:A
160:,
136:a
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1782:(
602:e
595:t
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185:B
179:P
173:I
166:B
162:P
158:I
123:)
117:(
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108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
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50:.
20:)
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