872:
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883:
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41:
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110:
124:
1998:, in which case it might be warped alongside or towed by a tug. Warping involved using a long rope (the warp) between the ship and a fixed point on the shore. This was pulled on by a capstan on shore, or on the ship. This might be a multi-stage process if the route was not simple. If no fixed point was available, a kedge anchor might be taken out in a ship's boat to a suitable point and the ship then pulled up to the kedge. Square rigged vessels could use
1312:
in order to lay out its hull structure, starting with the keel and leading to the ship's ribs. The ribs were pieced together from curved elements, called futtocks and tied in place until the installation of the planking. Typically, planking was caulked with a tar-impregnated yarn made from manila or hemp to make the planking watertight. Starting in the mid-19th century, iron was used first for the hull structure and later for its watertight sheathing.
448:
96:
82:
1872:
425:
619:
5287:
771:
708:
1515:. This construction relied heavily on support by a complex array of stays and shrouds. Each stay in either the fore-and-aft or athwartships direction had a corresponding one in the opposite direction providing counter-tension. Fore-and-aft the system of tensioning started with the stays that were anchored in front each mast. Shrouds were tensioned by pairs of
1673:, who occupied the lower decks of the vessel and were responsible for the inner workings of the ship. He additionally named such positions as, boatswains, gunners, carpenters, coopers, painters, tinkers, stewards, cooks and various boys as functions on the man-of-war. 18-19th century ships of the line had a complement as high as 850.
336:—starting in the 15th century—square-rigged, multi-masted vessels were the norm and were guided by navigation techniques that included the magnetic compass and making sightings of the sun and stars that allowed transoceanic voyages. The Age of Sail reached its peak in the 18th and 19th centuries with large, heavily armed
1930:
begins with laying out a route along a chart, which comprises a series of courses between fixes—verifiable locations that confirm the actual track of the ship on the ocean. Once a course has been set, the person at the helm attempts to follow its direction with reference to the compass. The navigator
1154:
began to outpace them economically, due to their ability to keep a schedule regardless of the wind. Steel hulls also replaced iron hulls at around the same time. Even into the twentieth century, sailing ships could hold their own on transoceanic voyages such as
Australia to Europe, since they did not
2453:
Yet, no other major topic in
Oceanic prehistory has proven so intractable, for almost no remains of offshore boats have been described and seafaring left neither a pre-European record of the structure and rigging of boats, except enigmatically in rock art, nor more than a faint ethnographic trace of
1706:
A sailing ship crew manages the running rigging of each square sail. Each sail has two sheets that control its lower corners, two braces that control the angle of the yard, two clewlines, four buntlines and two reef tackles. All these lines must be manned as the sail is deployed and the yard raised.
1311:
Hull shapes for sailing ships evolved from being relatively short and blunt to being longer and finer at the bow. By the nineteenth century, ships were built with reference to a half model, made from wooden layers that were pinned together. Each layer could be scaled to the actual size of the vessel
1226:
allowed central, automated control of all sails in a manner that obviates the need for sending crew aloft. This was developed in the 1960s in
Germany as a low-carbon footprint propulsion alternative for commercial ships. The rig automatically sets and reefs sails; its mast rotates to align the sails
799:
The compass was an addition to the ancient method of navigation based on sightings of the sun and stars. The compass was invented by
Chinese. It had been used for navigation in China by the 11th century and was adopted by the Arab traders in the Indian Ocean. The compass spread to Europe by the late
1065:
Clippers were generally built for a specific trade: those in the
California trade had to withstand the seas of Cape Horn, whilst Tea Clippers were designed for the lighter and contrary winds of the China Sea. All had fine lines, with a well streamlined hull and carried a large sail area. To get the
1332:
tree. From the 16th century, vessels were often built of a size requiring masts taller and thicker than could be made from single tree trunks. On these larger vessels, to achieve the required height, the masts were built from up to four sections (also called masts), known in order of rising height
958:
were introduced in the 14th century, but did not become common at sea until they could be reloaded quickly enough to be reused in the same battle. The size of a ship required to carry a large number of cannon made oar-based propulsion impossible, and warships came to rely primarily on sails. The
1130:", represented the final evolution of sailing ships at the end of the Age of Sail. They were built to carry bulk cargo for long distances in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They were the largest of merchant sailing ships, with three to five masts and square sails, as well as other
351:
coexisted for much of the 19th century. The steamers of the early part of the century had very poor fuel efficiency and were suitable only for a small number of roles, such as towing sailing ships and providing short route passenger and mail services. Both sailing and steam ships saw large
1493:
to raise the sails and control their ability to draw power from the wind. The running rigging has three main roles, to support the sail structure, to shape the sail and to adjust its angle to the wind. Square-rigged vessels require more controlling lines than fore-and-aft rigged ones.
1782:
must sail a course that is between 60° and 70° away from the wind direction and fore-and aft vessels can typically sail no closer than 45°. To reach a destination, sailing vessels may have to change course and allow the wind to come from the opposite side in a procedure, called
1697:
Key elements of sailing a ship are setting the right amount of sail to generate maximum power without endangering the ship, adjusting the sails to the wind direction on the course sailed, and changing tack to bring the wind from one side of the vessel to the other.
1104:
were developed, which were designed to corrode, instead of the hull fasteners. The practice became widespread on naval vessels, starting in the late 18th century, and on merchant vessels, starting in the early 19th century, until the advent of iron and steel hulls.
1502:
Sailing ships prior to the mid-19th century used wood masts with hemp-fiber standing rigging. As rigs became taller by the end of the 19th century, masts relied more heavily on successive spars, stepped one atop the other to form the whole, from bottom to top: the
317:
to compete with sail on all major routes — and with scheduled sailings that were not affected by the wind direction. However, commercial sailing vessels could still be found working into the 20th century, although in reducing numbers and only in certain trades.
1883:
Early navigational techniques employed observations of the sun, stars, waves and birdlife. In the 15th century, the
Chinese were using the magnetic compass to identify direction of travel. By the 16th century in Europe, navigational instruments included the
2363:
The fineness of a ship's hull is best described by considering a rectangular cuboid with the same length, breadth (beam) and depth as the hull of the ship. The more material that you have to carve away to get the shape of the ship's hull, the finer the
732:
from as early as 2nd century CE are believed to have had sailing ships. One of the earliest instances of documented evidence of Indian sailing ship building comes from the mural of three-masted ship in the Ajanta caves that date back to 400-500 CE.
1523:—to pass multiple times between the two and thereby allow tensioning of the shroud. After the mid-19th century square-rigged vessels were equipped with iron wire standing rigging, which was superseded with steel wire in the late 19th century.
1016:
The term "clipper" started to be used in the first quarter of the 19th century. It was applied to sailing vessels designed primarily for speed. Only a small proportion of sailing vessels could properly have the term applied to them.
752:. Dhows were often built with teak planks from India and Southeast Asia, sewn together with coconut husk fiber—no nails were employed. This period also saw the implementation of center-mounted rudders, controlled with a tiller.
800:
12th or early 13th century. Use of the compass for navigation in the Indian Ocean was first mentioned in 1232. The
Europeans used a "dry" compass, with a needle on a pivot. The compass card was also a European invention.
507:. Austronesian rigs were distinctive in that they had spars supporting both the upper and lower edges of the sails (and sometimes in between), in contrast to western rigs which only had a spar on the upper edge.
850:
from one side to the other across the wind with difficulty, which made it challenging to avoid shipwrecks when near shores or shoals during storms. Nonetheless, such vessels reached India around Africa with
1092:(which affected ship speed). Since before the common era, a variety of coatings had been applied to hulls to counter this effect, including pitch, wax, tar, oil, sulfur and arsenic. In the mid 18th century
1168:, represented an especially efficient configuration that prolonged the competitiveness of sail against steam in the later part of the 19th century. The largest example of such ships was the five-masted,
1333:
above the decks as the lower, top, topgallant and royal masts. Giving the lower sections sufficient thickness necessitated building them up from separate pieces of wood. Such a section was known as a
2595:
1058:
Other clippers worked on the
Australian immigrant routes or, in smaller quantities, in any role where a fast passage secured higher rates of freight or passenger fares. Whilst many clippers were
843:, the carrack was one of the most influential ship designs in history; while ships became more specialized in the following centuries, the basic design remained unchanged throughout this period.
634:
on a vessel that mainly relied on multiple paddlers. Later the mast became a single pole, and paddles were supplanted with oars. Such vessels plied both the Nile and the
Mediterranean coast. The
1828:) and the rigging may fail from the wind coming from ahead. The ship may also lose momentum at wind speeds of less than 10 knots (19 km/h). Under these conditions, the choice may be to
921:
Sailing ships became longer and faster over time, with ship-rigged vessels carrying taller masts with more square sails. Other sail plans emerged, as well, that had just fore-and-aft sails (
1820:), pulled to windward to help turn the ship through the eye of the wind. Once the ship has come about, all the sails are adjusted to align properly with the new tack. Because square-rigger
1707:
They use a halyard to raise each yard and its sail; then they pull or ease the braces to set the angle of the yard across the vessel; they pull on sheets to haul lower corners of the sail,
2734:
Pham, Charlotte Minh-Hà L. (2012). "Unit 14: Asian
Shipbuilding (Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of the Underwater Cultural Heritage)".
2454:
the basic techniques of long-distance sailing, navigation, and seakeeping. That Oceanic seafaring can be discussed at all depends largely, and tenuously, upon its construction by proxy.
600:", measured 400 feet (120 m) in length and 150 feet (46 m) in width, whereas modern research suggests that it was unlikely to have exceeded 70 metres (230 ft) in length.
360:
steam engines made the steamship, by the 1880s, able to compete in the vast majority of trades. Commercial sail still continued into the 20th century, with the last ceasing to trade by
1635:. He contrasted the American crew complement with that of other nations on whose similarly sized ships the crew might number as many as 30. Larger merchant vessels had larger crews.
1398:, appropriate to the size of the sailing craft. Both square-rigged and fore-and-aft rigged vessels have been built with a wide range of configurations for single and multiple masts.
1247:
In the 21st century, due to concern about climate change and the possibility of cost savings, companies explored using wind-power to reduce heavy fuel needs on large containerized
1534:, used to raise and lower the yards, are the primary supporting lines. In addition, square rigs have lines that lift the sail or the yard from which it is suspended that include:
728:
India's maritime history began during the 3rd millennium BCE when inhabitants of the Indus Valley initiated maritime trading contact with Mesopotamia. Indian kingdoms such as the
1990:
without coordinating arrivals with a flooding tide and departures with an ebbing tide. In harbor, a sailing ship stood at anchor, unless it needed to be loaded or unloaded at a
1206:
Coastal top-sail schooners with a crew as small as two managing the sail handling became an efficient way to carry bulk cargo, since only the fore-sails required tending while
811:
and large enough to be stable in heavy seas. It was capable of carrying a large cargo and the provisions needed for very long voyages. Later carracks were square-rigged on the
309:
during the 19th century provided slowly increasing competition for sailing ships — initially only on short routes where high prices could be charged. By the 1880s, ships with
1835:
A fore-and-aft rig permits the wind to flow past the sail, as the craft head through the eye of the wind. Most rigs pivot around a stay or the mast, while this occurs. For a
4014:
1746:
In strong winds, the crew is directed to reduce the number of sails or, alternatively, the amount of each given sail that is presented to the wind by a process called
1689:
Handling a sailing ship requires management of its sails to power—but not overpower—the ship and navigation to guide the ship, both at sea and in and out of harbors.
1597:. An able seaman was expected to "hand, reef, and steer" (handle the lines and other equipment, reef the sails, and steer the vessel). The crew is organized to stand
5030:
4881:
4752:
4456:
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3395:
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4843:
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4350:
4047:
3905:
3549:
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2395:
2583:
1816:(bottom corners) of each sail to control the sail's angle to the wind. The procedure is to turn the vessel into the wind with the hind-most fore-and-aft sail (the
1653:, as about 500—including officers, enlisted personnel and 50 Marines. The crew was divided into the starboard and larboard watches. It was also divided into three
4097:
1047:
lost its monopoly in 1834. The primary cargo was tea, and sailing ships, particularly tea clippers, dominated this long distance route until the development of
4168:
3227:
2692:
3849:
1328:
Until the mid-19th century all vessels' masts were made of wood formed from a single or several pieces of timber which typically consisted of the trunk of a
2657:
4785:
1365:— the tallest mast, usually located near the center of the ship with sections: main-mast lower, main topmast, main topgallant mast, royal mast (sometimes)
4523:
4136:
559:
in particular, became associated with Chinese coast-hugging trading ships. Junks in China were constructed from teak with pegs and nails; they featured
5319:
1177:, which had a load capacity of 7,800 tonnes. Ships transitioned from all sail to all steam-power from the mid 19th century into the 20th. Five-masted
4346:
A Treatise on Masting Ships and Mast Making: Explaining Their Principles and Practical Operations, the Mode of Forming and Combining Made-masts, Etc
1792:
When tacking, a square-rigged vessel's sails must be presented squarely to the wind and thus impede forward motion as they are swung around via the
2985:
1824:
are more strongly braced from behind than from ahead, tacking is a dangerous procedure in strong winds; the ship may lose forward momentum (become
6622:
3433:
1623:, as comprising six to eight common sailors, four specialist crew members (the steward, cook, carpenter and sailmaker), and three officers: the
596:
reportedly sailed to India, Arabia, and southern Africa on a trade and diplomatic mission. Literary lore suggests that his largest vessel, the "
4714:
3098:
2797:
The Junks and Sampans of the Yangtze, A Study in Chinese Nautical Research, Volume I: Introduction; and Craft of the Estuary and Shanghai Area
4274:
The Art of Rigging: Containing an Explanation of Terms and Phrases and the Progressive Method of Rigging Expressly Adapted for Sailing Ships
3043:
2529:
Griffiths, Denis (1993). "Chapter 5: Triple Expansion and the First Shipping Revolution". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr. Basil (eds.).
974:—coordinated movements of a fleet of warships to engage a line of ships in the enemy fleet. Carracks with a single cannon deck evolved into
3197:
1159:
for coal nor fresh water for steam, and they were faster than the early steamers, which usually could barely make 8 knots (15 km/h).
4623:
3265:
2737:
Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific
5222:
5103:
4919:
4979:
4250:
The Clipper Ship Era: An Epitome of Famous American and British Clipper Ships, Their Owners, Builders, Commanders, and Crews, 1843–1869
2003:
1371:— the aft-most mast. Typically shorter than the fore-mast with sections: mizzen-mast lower, mizzen topmast, and mizzen topgallant mast.
1359:— the mast nearest the bow, or the mast forward of the main-mast with sections: fore-mast lower, fore topmast, and fore topgallant mast
1040:(from east coast USA ports to San Francisco) after gold was discovered in 1848 – the associated ship-building boom lasted until 1854.
1665:, who were stationed aft and tended the mainsail, spanker and manned the various sheets, controlling the position of the sails; the
177:, said to be "ship-rigged" when there are three or more masts. Others carry only fore-and-aft sails on each mast, for instance some
2006:
the anchor - lower the anchor until it touches the bottom so that the dragging anchor gives steerage way in the flow of the tide.
4223:
2616:
Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).
1999:
17:
5170:
Seamanship in the Age of Sail: an account of the shiphandling of the sailing man-of-war 1600-1860, based on contemporary sources
5312:
740:
was the venue for increasing trade between India and Africa between 1200 and 1500. The vessels employed would be classified as
297:
was one with a bowsprit and three masts, each of which consists of a lower, top, and topgallant mast. Most sailing ships were
5177:
5024:
4951:
3427:
3389:
3299:
2857:
2745:
2446:
1150:
between continents. Later examples had steel hulls. Iron-hulled sailing ships were mainly built from the 1870s to 1900, when
1033:
658:
developed ships that were powered by square sails, sometimes with oars to supplement their capabilities. Such vessels used a
5071:
4957:
4585:
3943:
3827:
3655:
3511:
3357:
2167:: fore-and-aft rigged sails, with two or more masts, the aftermost mast taller or equal to the height of the forward mast(s)
6966:
1255:
wrote that the technology was at an inflection point as it moved from trials and testing towards adoption by the industry.
4039:
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2901:
6615:
376:
267:
3966:
Gone – a chronicle of the seafarers & fabulous clipper ships of R & J Craig of Glasgow : Craig's "Counties"
1762:. Dana spoke of the hardships of sail handling during high wind and rain or with ice covering the ship and its rigging.
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4190:
4089:
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2625:
646:
brought to prominence by sailing vessels dating to before 1800 BC (Middle Minoan IIB). Between 1000 BC and 400 AD, the
871:
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1251:. By 2023, around 30 ships were using sails or attached kites, with the number expected to grow. The following year,
4545:
4158:
3219:
792:
Technological advancements that were important to the Age of Discovery in the 15th century were the adoption of the
950:
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1770:
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technological improvements over the century. Ultimately the two large stepwise improvements in fuel efficiency of
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5127:
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1519:, circular blocks that had the large-diameter line run around them, whilst multiple holes allowed smaller line—
4515:
4391:
Clerc-Rampal, G. (1913) Mer : la Mer Dans la Nature, la Mer et l'Homme, Paris: Librairie Larousse, p. 213
1960:
Noontime observation of the Sun for noon latitude line for determination the day's run and day's set and drift
6502:
4120:
2303:
1797:
1542:, lifts and leechlines. Bowlines and clew lines shape a square sail. To adjust the angle of the sail to wind
289:(15th to 17th centuries), when they crossed oceans between continents and around the world. In the European
6518:
1852:
229:
3745:
Smart composite coatings and membranes : transport, structural, environmental and energy applications
729:
353:
4071:
Sailing Ships and Their Story :the Story of Their Development from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
3248:
Bulliet, Richard W.; Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Headrick, Daniel R.; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman (2008).
2974:
1229:
966:
By the middle of the 17th century, warships were carrying increasing numbers of cannon on three decks.
135:
Showing three-masted examples, progressing from square sails on each to all fore-and-aft sails on each.
3417:
2930:
Church, Sally K. (2005). "Zheng He: an investigation into the plausibility of 450-ft treasure ships".
1681:
1036:. Larger clippers, usually ship or barque rigged and with a different hull design, were built for the
677:
propelled by a single, square sail, when practical, and oars, when necessary. A related craft was the
7257:
5849:
2502:
1900:
and compass. By the time of the Age of Exploration these tools were being used in combination with a
579:
528:
people"). They were booked by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims for passage to Southern India and Sri Lanka.
5226:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 880–970, see pages 881 to 887.
4706:
1661:, whose station was forward and whose job was to tend the fore-yard, anchors and forward sails; the
1424:, which are mounted on other stays (typically wire cable) that support other masts from the bow aft.
6959:
6553:
6212:
2145:
1774:
Diagram contrasting course made good to windward by tacking a schooner versus a square-rigged ship.
1649:
1163:
1119:
1114:
4075:
2079:: a large, primarily square-rigged, armed cargo carrier of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
1320:
7596:
7586:
7207:
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3035:
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1539:
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became favored for some coast-wise commerce after 1850—they enabled a small crew to handle sails.
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239:
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The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Brief Edition, Volume I: To 1550: A Global History
3189:
2313:
1931:
notes the time and speed at each fix to estimate the arrival at the next fix, a process called
1602:
1477:
982:—designed for engaging the enemy in a line of battle. One side of a ship was expected to shoot
978:
with as many as two full cannon decks, which evolved into the man-of-war, and further into the
808:
484:
221:
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Given the limited maneuverability of sailing ships, it could be difficult to enter and leave
1885:
613:
609:
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31:
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Johnston, Andrew K.; Connor, Roger D.; Stephens, Carlene E.; Ceruzzi, Paul E. (2015-06-02).
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4278:
3115:
Routledge Revivals: Trade, Travel and Exploration in the Middle Ages (2000): An Encyclopedia
1832:—to turn the ship away from the wind and around 240° onto the next tack (60° off the wind).
1558:(bottom corners) of a sail to control the sail's angle to the wind. Sheets run aft, whereas
7758:
7591:
7325:
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1944:
1844:
1669:, who were stationed midships and had menial duties attending the livestock, etc.; and the
1037:
967:
856:
468:
409:
205:
35:
2101:: vessels used by the Vikings, with a single mast and square sail, also propelled by oars.
8:
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British and American Clippers: A Comparison of their Design, Construction and Performance
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693:, a pole that fitted into the lower corner of the sail, when sailing close to the wind.
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was developed as a defense against such bottom fouling. After coping with problems of
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Over the edge of the world : Magellan's terrifying circumnavigation of the globe
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Sailing ship at sea, rolling and heeled over from the force of the wind on its sails.
1401:
Types of sail that can be part of a sail plan can be broadly classed by how they are
1341:. Starting in the second half of the 19th century, masts were made of iron or steel.
1267:
that is adapted to the purpose of the vessel and the ability of the crew; each has a
1207:
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61:
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A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500
1957:
Morning Sun observation to determine compass error by azimuth observation of the Sun
181:. Still others employ a combination of square and fore-and-aft sails, including the
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890:
719:
592:(1368–1644) saw the use of junks as long-distance trading vessels. Chinese Admiral
496:
337:
333:
294:
286:
174:
166:
2472:
Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century
1337:, as opposed to sections formed from single pieces of timber, which were known as
896:
571:. These ships became the basis for the development of Chinese warships during the
285:
European sailing ships with predominantly square rigs became prevalent during the
7691:
7674:
7638:
7563:
7453:
7419:
7404:
7302:
7282:
7237:
6873:
6853:
6658:
6497:
6477:
6472:
6360:
6290:
5930:
5774:
5716:
5691:
5616:
5267:
5241:
5055:
4941:
4579:
3927:
3811:
3639:
3574:
3495:
3341:
2253:
1809:
1801:
1606:
1551:
1543:
1292:
1172:
946:
901:
784:
689:, using primarily sail power. The windward edge of the sail was stiffened with a
659:
380:
314:
7731:
7621:
7478:
7463:
7438:
7430:
7374:
7355:
7252:
7156:
7131:
6979:
6863:
6823:
6743:
6703:
6543:
6441:
6421:
6270:
5869:
5791:
5734:
5502:
5492:
5383:
2268:: a Mediterranean warship adapted from a galley, with three lateen-rigged masts
1963:
Afternoon sun line to determine compass error by azimuth observation of the Sun
1932:
1905:
1821:
1817:
1805:
1618:
1547:
1465:
1344:
For ships with square sails the principal masts, given their standard names in
1276:
1190:
1101:
971:
651:
533:
516:
480:
476:
429:
405:
401:
384:
217:
209:
150:
5019:. Dover language guides (Reprint ed.). Courier Corporation. p. 351.
2943:
986:
against an enemy ship at close range. In the 18th century, the small and fast
626:
Sailing ships in the Mediterranean region date back to at least 3000 BC, when
487:
at around 3000 to 1500 BC. From Taiwan, they rapidly colonized the islands of
40:
7787:
7606:
7397:
7272:
7202:
7083:
6446:
6431:
6370:
6350:
6239:
6060:
6050:
5996:
5482:
5217:
5137:
5107:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 765–767.
5092:
4480:
Handbook of Offshore Cruising: The Dream and Reality of Modern Ocean Cruising
4202:
4132:
3983:
3762:
3084:
2247:
2092:
1210:
and steam-driven machinery was often available for raising the sails and the
1043:
Clippers were built for trade between the United Kingdom and China after the
852:
846:
Ships of this era were only able to sail approximately 70° into the wind and
643:
627:
510:
Large Austronesian trading ships with as many as four sails were recorded by
453:
341:
301:, but the Age of Sail also saw the development of large fleets of well-armed
298:
201:
197:
5271:
5263:
Last days of mast & sail : An Essay in Nautical Comparative Anatomy
5245:
4691:
3475:
2085:: a lug-rigged Chinese ship, which included many types, models and variants.
2002:(of the sails) to manoeuvre in a tideway, or control could be maintained by
1847:
sheet is tightened as the new leeward sheet to allow the sail to draw wind.
1657:, bands of crew responsible for setting sails on the three masts; a band of
1570:
1303:
397:
7721:
7669:
7664:
7648:
7616:
7330:
7242:
7141:
7110:
7057:
7001:
6944:
6808:
6738:
6538:
6416:
6375:
6325:
6229:
6171:
6131:
5976:
5956:
5676:
5449:
5423:
5207:
2740:. Bangkok: UNESCO Bangkok, Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education.
2329:
2288:
2064:
1598:
1182:
1162:
The four-masted, iron-hulled ship, introduced in 1875 with the full-rigged
991:
737:
655:
589:
575:
544:
417:
393:
271:
243:
225:
6600:
4159:"New technology uses good old-fashioned wind to power giant cargo vessels"
3743:
Telegdi, J.; Trif, L.; Romanski, L. (2016). Montemor, Maria Fatima (ed.).
3384:. Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion. Vol. 1. p. 177.
3290:
The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World
153:
to harness the power of wind and propel the vessel. There is a variety of
7310:
7161:
7017:
6883:
6858:
6753:
6748:
6723:
6643:
6558:
6533:
6451:
6345:
6300:
6295:
6244:
6176:
6136:
6080:
5864:
5854:
5839:
5796:
5786:
5769:
5754:
5641:
5621:
5517:
5462:
5378:
5347:
4553:
4307:
2250:: small naval vessel, fore-and-aft rigged, single mast with two headsails
2206:
2116:
2110:
2088:
2082:
1632:
1609:
each had personal experience aboard sailing vessels of the 19th century.
1587:
1583:
1445:
1435:
1268:
1156:
1025:
934:
548:
511:
388:
290:
275:
186:
49:
5154:
Ocean Life in the Old Sailing Ship Days: From Forecastle to Quarter-deck
4374:
pp. 15, 19–22, 36–37, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1992.
2951:
2886:
2496:
2020:
These are examples of sailing ships; some terms have multiple meanings:
109:
7763:
7571:
7536:
7458:
7384:
7277:
7067:
7042:
7027:
7022:
6828:
6763:
6688:
6678:
6436:
6385:
6254:
6181:
6151:
6001:
5940:
5935:
5879:
5844:
5806:
5681:
5631:
5472:
5438:
5433:
5398:
5362:
5240:(3rd ed.). London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans & Roberts.
5201:
2720:. London, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
2643:"Kunlun and Kunlun Slaves as Buddhists in the Eyes of the Tang Chinese"
2222:
2141:
2126:
2052:
1974:, which measures the distance of the celestial body above the horizon.
1879:
is used to measure the elevation of celestial bodies above the horizon.
1779:
1628:
1430:— Fore-and-aft sails directly attached to the mast at the luff include
1345:
1248:
1123:
1052:
960:
926:
876:
832:
820:
682:
631:
536:
ships with various configurations of tanja sails are also found in the
529:
504:
492:
441:
190:
162:
123:
6305:
4905:
HMS Victory Pocket Manual 1805: Admiral Nelson's Flagship At Trafalgar
1863:, the sail may be partially lowered to bring it to the opposite side.
447:
7726:
7633:
7576:
7514:
7473:
7409:
7350:
7315:
7292:
7262:
7176:
7171:
7088:
6928:
6898:
6838:
6833:
6648:
6492:
6487:
6320:
6234:
6224:
6156:
6016:
5744:
5601:
5566:
5532:
3850:"The introduction of copper sheathing into the Royal Navy, 1779–1786"
2334:
2043:: three or four masted ship, square-rigged forward, lateen-rigged aft
1921:
1889:
1457:
1264:
1151:
1131:
1127:
1066:
best of this, a skilled and determined master was needed in command.
828:
748:. During this interval such vessels grew in capacity from 100 to 400
686:
647:
537:
500:
472:
437:
413:
348:
306:
274:
dates from at least 1500 BC. Later developments in Asia produced the
213:
154:
2735:
2620:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179.
2209:: at least three masts with all but the foremost fore-and-aft rigged
2191:
Mixture of masts with square sails and masts with fore-and-aft sails
7711:
7706:
7601:
7551:
7546:
7529:
7448:
7392:
7335:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7181:
7136:
7093:
7047:
7037:
6908:
6848:
6818:
6793:
6698:
6668:
6365:
6355:
6141:
6126:
6111:
6106:
6055:
5971:
5889:
5874:
5824:
5724:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5507:
5418:
5403:
5393:
5118:
Turpin, Edward A.; MacEwen, William A.; Hayler, William B. (1965).
5057:
Time and Navigation: The Untold Story of Getting from Here to There
4778:"Tall ship sail handling – Ocean Navigator – January/February 2003"
3419:
Mutiny and Its Bounty: Leadership Lessons from the Age of Discovery
2308:
2241:
2216:
2212:
2164:
2098:
2073:: a Dutch oceangoing merchant vessel, rigged similarly to a galleon
1940:
1913:
1901:
1897:
1848:
1793:
1601:—the oversight of the ship for a period—typically four hours each.
1453:
1431:
1421:
1417:
1085:
1081:
1080:
During the Age of Sail, ships' hulls were under frequent attack by
999:
922:
914:
836:
816:
812:
712:
702:
674:
593:
556:
327:
282:—vessels that incorporated features unknown in Europe at the time.
178:
95:
5541:
3010:"From River to Sea: Evidence for Ancient Egyptian Seafaring Ships"
2437:
Atholl Anderson (2018). Cochrane, Ethan E; Hunt, Terry L. (eds.).
1908:, and a lookout to identify potential hazards. Later, an accurate
1843:
sheet is released as the craft heads through the wind and the old
1242:
34:. "Sailing vessel" redirects here. For sail-powered vehicles, see
7736:
7696:
7628:
7611:
7509:
7492:
7443:
7414:
7320:
7287:
7247:
7186:
6983:
6813:
6798:
6778:
6713:
6380:
6330:
6310:
6207:
6116:
6085:
6065:
6011:
6006:
5981:
5966:
5920:
5910:
5834:
5764:
5651:
5606:
5596:
5576:
5561:
5546:
5477:
5333:
5329:
2135:
2120:
2076:
2067:: large tradeship used by ancient Indonesian and Malaysian people
2046:
2040:
2034:
1971:
1909:
1876:
1871:
1840:
1644:
1531:
1516:
1449:
1329:
1307:
Hull form lines, lengthwise and in cross-section from a 1781 plan
1272:
1223:
1197:, and could be manned by a crew of 48, compared with four-masted
1011:
987:
975:
955:
887:
840:
804:
793:
779:
765:
761:
715:
690:
424:
302:
81:
3343:
To Harness the Wind: A Short History of the Development of Sails
2973:
Ling, Xue (2022-07-12). Li, Ma; Limin, Wu; Xiuling, Pei (eds.).
2180:: two masts, square rigged (may have a spanker on the aftermost)
618:
7741:
7701:
7151:
7062:
6913:
6903:
6868:
6653:
6573:
6548:
6406:
6340:
6335:
6146:
6070:
5961:
5925:
5884:
5829:
5779:
5759:
5749:
5611:
5581:
5551:
5457:
5428:
5408:
5286:
5196:
Graham, Gerald S. "The Ascendancy of the Sailing Ship 1850–85".
4121:"In Shipping, a Push to Slash Emissions by Harnessing the Wind"
2200:
2196:
2113:: in the Atlantic, a small oceangoing ship with a narrow stern.
2104:
1983:
1935:. For coast-wise navigation, sightings from known landmarks or
1860:
1856:
1731:) taut when close hauled. When furling the sail, the crew uses
1461:
1211:
1135:
995:
930:
770:
745:
722:
666:
572:
568:
564:
208:
developed maritime technologies that included the fore-and-aft
182:
45:
5096:
4404:
Sailing Boats from Around the World: The Classic 1906 Treatise
2559:
Sail's Last Century : the Merchant Sailing Ship 1830-1930
1481:
Square sail edges and corners (top). Running rigging (bottom).
196:
Early sailing ships were used for river and coastal waters in
7768:
7684:
6933:
6893:
6683:
6673:
6528:
6482:
6456:
6315:
6034:
5986:
5894:
5859:
5801:
5729:
5686:
5626:
5556:
5512:
5497:
5053:
3247:
2552:
2550:
2265:
2130:
2119:: a brig carrying a square mainsail and often a spanker on a
2070:
1778:
Sailing vessels cannot sail directly into the wind. Instead,
1535:
1349:
1186:
1143:
1139:
1029:
824:
749:
678:
639:
2975:"郑和大号宝船到底有多大? (How big was Zheng He's large treasure ship?)"
2875:
Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
2873:
Wade, Geoff (2005). "The Zheng He Voyages: A Reassessment".
2618:
Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts
2321:—describing the transition between an old and new technology
6975:
6878:
6803:
6563:
6390:
5739:
5636:
5586:
5571:
5522:
5467:
5211:
2177:
2058:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1579:
1381:
1284:
1280:
1194:
1089:
741:
433:
279:
170:
158:
146:
3112:
Friedman, John Block; Figg, Kristen Mossler (2017-07-05).
2547:
1789:, when the wind comes across the bow during the maneuver.
1020:
Early examples were the schooners and brigantines, called
7146:
3711:
The Tea Clippers, Their History and Development 1833-1875
2779:
The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World
1966:
Star observations at evening twilight for a celestial fix
1954:
Star observations at morning twilight for a celestial fix
1836:
1413:
1147:
1084:(which affected the structural strength of timbers), and
4989:, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–23, archived from
4707:"Square sail handling – Ocean Navigator – May/June 2014"
3576:
Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organisation 1793–1815
2531:
The Advent of Steam - The Merchant Steamship before 1900
707:
2199:, or "bark": at least three masts, fore-and-aft rigged
1758:, to pull the sail up and secure it with lines, called
807:
was the most capable European ocean-going ship. It was
4277:. Dover Maritime Series. Courier Corporation. p.
2799:. Shanghai: Order of the Inspector General of Customs.
169:
sails. Some ships carry square sails on each mast—the
5327:
4946:(Revised ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 224.
4609:
The Vital Spark: The British Coastal Trade, 1700–1930
2852:. Jakarta: Suluh Nuswantara Bakti. pp. 128–129.
2262:: the largest warship in European navies, ship-rigged
1750:. To pull the sail up, seamen on the yardarm pull on
994:—too small to stand in the line of battle—evolved to
4407:. Dover Maritime. Courier Corporation. p. 576.
2816:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 216.
2284:
1562:
are used to haul the clew of a square sail forward.
1024:, used for blockade running or as privateers in the
970:
evolved to bring each ship's firepower to bear in a
788:, which completed the first global circumnavigation.
5117:
3997:Sutherland, Jonathan; Canwell, Diane (2007-07-07).
3883:
3881:
3742:
1582:of a sailing ship is divided between officers (the
5016:An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
4311:
3287:
2682:
2495:
1062:rigged, the definition is not limited to any rig.
370:
4445:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 352.
3996:
3704:
3702:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3064:
2790:
2788:
2556:
2468:"Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road"
2394:. Vol. 1. Cassell and Company. p. 760.
2049:: a merchant ship designed specifically for speed
1939:may be used to establish fixes, a process called
1711:, out to yard below. Under way, the crew manages
467:Early sea-going sailing vessels were used by the
305:. The many steps of technological development of
7785:
3878:
3494:Anderson, Romola; Anderson, R. C. (2003-09-01).
3493:
2419:pp. 6–7, Transportation Trails, Polo, IL, 1994.
2186:: three or more masts, all of them square rigged
2146:merchant sailing ship with an iron or steel hull
1739:to haul up the middle of sail up; when lowered,
5049:
5047:
4581:Two Years Before the Mast: A Personal Narrative
3816:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 131.
3637:
3381:Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1850
2533:. Conway Maritime Press Ltd. pp. 106–126.
2436:
2417:Square Riggers in the United States and Canada,
2055:: plank-built, one-masted, square-rigged vessel
1855:to the opposite side. On certain rigs, such as
1796:through the wind as controlled by the vessel's
1546:are used to adjust the fore and aft angle of a
1243:21st century and contemporary experimental sail
622:Roman ship with sails, oars, and a steering oar
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
3813:Ships' Fastenings: From Sewn Boat to Steamship
3699:
3669:
2785:
2494:
1977:
1643:Melville described the crew complement of the
1617:Dana described the crew of the merchant brig,
1287:to power the ship; the masts are supported by
6960:
6616:
5313:
4647:White-jacket; Or, The World in the Man-of-war
3378:Diffie, Bailey W.; Winius, George D. (1977).
2772:
2770:
2768:
2557:Gardiner, Robert J; Greenhill, Basil (1993).
2387:
2256:: a ship-rigged warship with a single gundeck
1448:and such fore-and-aft quadrilateral sails as
875:1798 sea battle between a French and British
547:started building the first Chinese seafaring
6974:
5161:
5044:
3641:French Warships in the Age of Sail 1626–1786
3377:
3111:
2430:
2354:Freight: the price paid for carrying a cargo
2225:: two masts, with the foremast square-rigged
2061:: a lateen-rigged merchant or fishing vessel
1723:, to manage the size and angle of the sail;
6630:
4476:
4470:
4438:
4270:
4257:
3887:
3747:. Cambridge, UK: Elsevier. pp. 130–1.
3638:Winfield, Rif; Roberts, Stephen S. (2017).
3606:. Cambridge University Press. p. 216.
3603:Archaeology and the Social History of Ships
3371:
3279:
1324:Diagram of rigging on a square-rigged ship.
603:
540:temple, dating back to the 8th century CE.
6967:
6953:
6623:
6609:
5320:
5306:
5252:
5122:. Cambridge, Md.: Cornell Maritime Press.
4067:
3538:. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 123–82.
3415:
3097:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2765:
2439:The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Oceania
1804:—adjusting the fore and aft angle of each
803:At the beginning of the 15th century, the
5228:I. History to the Invention of Steamships
4605:
3929:Men and Ships Around Cape Horn, 1616–1939
3708:
3685:. London: Conway Maritime Press Limited.
3680:
3416:Murphy, Patrick J.; Coye, Ray W. (2013).
3319:. New York: Lyons Press. pp. 77–79.
3220:"Ajanta: Boat from right wall of Cave II"
2794:
2528:
2474:. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25.
2138:: Polynesian double-hulled voyaging canoe
2016:Sail-plan § Types of sailing vessels
1904:to measure speed, a lead line to measure
563:compartments and acquired center-mounted
5091:
4977:
4643:
3891:Chapman Great Sailing Ships of the World
3809:
3531:
3453:
3187:
2609:
2575:
2522:
2037:: small maneuverable ship, lateen rigged
1870:
1769:
1680:
1569:
1476:
1444:— Sails attached to a spar include both
1385:
1319:
1302:
909:
906:was the largest sailing ship ever built.
895:
881:
870:
769:
706:
665:Starting in the 8th century in Denmark,
617:
551:, which adopted several features of the
446:
423:
392:
39:
5167:
5150:
4933:
4901:
4863:
4857:
4704:
4477:Howard, Jim; Doane, Charles J. (2000).
4432:
4400:
4394:
4342:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4118:
3963:
3925:
3314:
3042:. Archaeological Institute of America.
3033:
2847:
2729:
2727:
2465:
2383:
2381:
2095:ship, designed for use in Arctic waters
839:at the stem. As the predecessor of the
220:hull configurations, which enabled the
14:
7786:
5006:
4971:
4939:
4775:
4741:. New York: Routledge. pp. reef.
4671:
4349:. London: Whittaker. pp. 216–30.
4306:
4224:"Designing and Building a Wooden Ship"
4156:
4033:
4031:
3968:. Glasgow: Brown, Son & Ferguson.
3572:
3532:Kingston, William H. G. (2014-12-29).
3285:
3149:
2929:
2923:
2713:
2707:
2459:
2107:: Indonesia's traditional sailing ship
1851:are often self-tending and slide on a
630:used a bipod mast to support a single
428:A carved stone relief panel showing a
6948:
6604:
5301:
5206:
5012:
4825:
4771:
4769:
4734:
4584:. Houghton, Mifflin. pp. 11–13.
4573:
4571:
4543:
4246:
4240:
4221:
4100:from the original on 14 November 2018
4037:
3805:
3803:
3788:from the original on October 27, 2023
3599:
3568:
3566:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3339:
3294:. Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press.
3118:. Taylor & Francis. p. 322.
2902:"A Brief History Of The Chinese Junk"
2776:
2680:
2615:
2588:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
2581:
2441:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2388:Quiller-Couch, Arthur Thomas (1895).
755:
5233:
4577:
4483:. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 468.
4295:
3535:How Britannia came to Rule the Waves
3254:. Cengage Learning. pp. 352–3.
2972:
2872:
2866:
2809:
2733:
2724:
2640:
2634:
2516:participating institution membership
2378:
2244:: lightly armed, fast sailing vessel
2023:
578:, and were used in the unsuccessful
4895:
4537:
4171:from the original on 9 October 2023
4082:
4028:
3775:
3736:
3733:McKee, A. in Bass (ed.) 1972, p.235
3497:A Short History of the Sailing Ship
3046:from the original on 31 August 2021
2899:
2717:The Outriggers of Indonesian Canoes
2684:"A strange kind of dream come true"
1727:pull the leading edge of the sail (
1497:
1412:— Sails attached to stays, include
1069:
662:as a rudder to control direction.
457:with a center-mounted rudder post,
377:Austronesian maritime trade network
24:
5190:
5120:Merchant Marine officers' handbook
4980:"The Lateen Sail in World History"
4766:
4568:
4040:"Sailing at the touch of a button"
3847:
3800:
3563:
3482:
3460:(1st ed.). New York: Morrow.
3217:
2681:Grice, Elizabeth (17 March 2004).
1612:
1526:
1227:with the wind. The sailing yachts
1051:coincided with the opening of the
514:(206 BC – 220 AD) scholars as the
48:—a three-masted sailing ship with
25:
7805:
5279:
5172:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
4676:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
4550:The British Horological Institute
4068:Chatterton, Edward Keble (1915).
3713:. Conway Maritime Press Limited.
3644:. Pen & Sword Books Limited.
2561:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
2159:All masts have fore-and-aft sails
1947:on a daily schedule, as follows:
1460:and such triangular sails as the
998:trade, scout for enemy ships and
963:emerged during the 16th century.
491:, then sailed further onwards to
5285:
4157:Neuman, Scott (5 October 2023).
4096:. Boat International Media Ltd.
3600:Gould, Richard A. (2011-04-29).
3065:Magnússon, Magnús (2016-10-06).
2287:
2029:Defined by general configuration
1912:became standard for determining
1765:
1676:
951:Naval tactics in the Age of Sail
642:may have been the world's first
432:(Austronesian) from 8th century
145:is a sea-going vessel that uses
122:
108:
94:
80:
6992:including limited use, outdated
5144:
5111:
5085:
5074:from the original on 2023-10-27
5033:from the original on 2023-10-27
4960:from the original on 2023-10-27
4922:from the original on 2023-10-27
4884:from the original on 2023-10-27
4846:from the original on 2023-10-27
4819:
4788:from the original on 2019-06-23
4755:from the original on 2023-10-27
4728:
4717:from the original on 2019-06-23
4705:Queeney, Tim (April 25, 2014).
4698:
4665:
4654:from the original on 2023-10-27
4637:
4626:from the original on 2023-10-27
4599:
4588:from the original on 2023-10-27
4526:from the original on 2019-06-24
4516:"Seamanship – Oxford Reference"
4508:
4497:from the original on 2023-10-27
4459:from the original on 2023-10-27
4421:from the original on 2023-10-27
4401:Folkard, Henry Coleman (2012).
4385:
4364:
4353:from the original on 2023-10-27
4336:
4247:Clark, Arthur Hamilton (1912).
4215:
4183:
4150:
4139:from the original on 2023-10-09
4112:
4061:
4050:from the original on 2017-12-04
4017:from the original on 2023-10-27
4000:Container Ships and Oil Tankers
3990:
3957:
3946:from the original on 2023-10-27
3919:
3908:from the original on 2023-10-27
3841:
3830:from the original on 2023-10-27
3778:"On copper and other sheathing"
3769:
3727:
3658:from the original on 2023-10-27
3631:
3620:from the original on 2023-10-27
3593:
3552:from the original on 2023-10-27
3525:
3514:from the original on 2023-10-27
3447:
3436:from the original on 2019-05-26
3409:
3398:from the original on 2023-10-27
3360:from the original on 2023-10-27
3333:
3308:
3268:from the original on 2023-10-27
3241:
3230:from the original on 2022-12-05
3211:
3200:from the original on 2022-12-05
3188:Pamulaparthy, Sweekar Bhushan.
3181:
3170:from the original on 2023-10-27
3143:
3132:from the original on 2023-10-27
3105:
3058:
3027:
3016:from the original on 2022-08-17
3002:
2991:from the original on 2023-05-22
2966:
2912:from the original on 2019-06-02
2893:
2841:
2830:from the original on 2023-10-27
2810:Hall, Kenneth R. (2010-12-28).
2803:
2754:from the original on 2023-07-11
2695:from the original on 2022-01-12
2674:
2663:from the original on 2023-01-18
2598:from the original on 2019-06-08
2398:from the original on 2023-10-27
2357:
2348:
1970:Fixes were taken with a marine
1701:
1217:
1108:
866:
696:
371:South China Sea and Austronesia
228:. This expansion originated in
27:Large wind-powered water vessel
4606:Armstrong, John (2017-12-01).
4546:"Workshop Hints: Ship's Bells"
4372:Seamanship in the Age of Sail,
2900:Gao, Sally (16 October 2016).
2848:Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2011).
2781:. New York: Random House, LLC.
2488:
2409:
1951:Continuous dead reckoning plot
1916:and was used with an accurate
1291:and the sails are adjusted by
947:Warship § The Age of Sail
311:triple-expansion steam engines
13:
1:
4902:Goodwin, Peter (2018-01-25).
4439:zu Mondfeld, Wolfram (2005).
4318:. New York: Viking. pp.
2371:
2304:List of large sailing vessels
1943:. At sea, sailing ships used
1866:
1692:
1034:illegally transporting slaves
1028:and afterwards for smuggling
886:A late-19th-century American
859:, and around the world under
796:and advances in ship design.
458:
361:
260:
253:
246:
232:
6519:Bristol Channel pilot cutter
4870:. AuthorHouse. p. 138.
4578:Dana, Richard Henry (1895).
4271:Biddlecombe, George (1990).
4119:Buckley, Cara (2023-10-03).
3709:MacGregor, David R. (1983).
2795:Worcester, G. R. G. (1947).
1574:Seamen aloft, stowing a sail
1394:Each rig is configured in a
1352:(front to back) order, are:
925:), or a mixture of the two (
543:By the 10th century AD, the
7:
5266:. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
5234:Boyd, John M'Neill (1857).
5060:. Smithsonian Institution.
4864:Findlay, Gordon D. (2005).
4829:Royce's Sailing Illustrated
4612:. Oxford University Press.
3888:Schäuffelen, Otmar (2005).
3681:MacGregor, David R (1993).
3454:Bergreen, Laurence (2003).
2982:扬子晚报 (Yangtze Evening News)
2850:Majapahit Peradaban Maritim
2280:
2172:All masts have square sails
2009:
1978:Entering and leaving harbor
1258:
1203:, which has a crew of 257.
1005:
940:
10:
7810:
5157:. Little, Brown, & Co.
4826:Royce, Patrick M. (1997).
4776:Editor (January 1, 2003).
4191:"A new age of sail begins"
3810:Mccarthy, Michael (2005).
3194:World History Encyclopedia
2466:Bellina, Bérénice (2014).
2013:
1638:
1586:and his subordinates) and
1472:
1379:
1112:
1073:
1009:
944:
823:. They had a high rounded
759:
700:
607:
408:, an example of a typical
374:
325:
321:
238:BC and propagated through
29:
7657:
7562:
7500:
7491:
7428:
7382:
7373:
7301:
7258:Spritsail (square-rigged)
7195:
7119:
7106:
7076:
7010:
6997:
6990:
6639:
6582:
6511:
6465:
6399:
6283:
6263:
6190:
6099:
6043:
5949:
5903:
5815:
5715:
5700:
5531:
5447:
5371:
5340:
5237:A manual for naval cadets
5200:9#1 1956, pp. 74–88
5151:Whidden, John D. (1912).
5013:Skeat, Walter W. (2013).
4908:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
4650:. Harper. pp. 14–8.
4644:Melville, Herman (1850).
4094:www.boatinternational.com
3422:. Yale University Press.
3346:. Naval Institute Press.
3317:The History of Shipwrecks
2944:10.1179/mon.2005.53.1.001
2582:Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974).
2503:Oxford English Dictionary
1489:to support the masts and
1263:Every sailing ship has a
1222:In the 20th century, the
1120:Iron-hulled sailing ships
1100:of metal hull fasteners,
1049:fuel efficient steamships
819:and lateen-rigged on the
580:Mongol invasions of Japan
6213:Iron-hulled sailing ship
5198:Economic History Review,
4987:Journal of World History
4832:. ProStar Publications.
4038:Staff (April 13, 2009).
3036:"First Minoan Shipwreck"
2341:
2215:: a ship or brig with a
1735:, haul up the clews and
1550:of a square sail, while
1416:, which are attached to
1375:
1315:
1122:, often referred to as "
1115:Iron-hulled sailing ship
604:Mediterranean and Baltic
524:(崑崙舶, lit. "ship of the
268:maritime trading network
224:into the islands of the
52:on the first two masts (
6664:Apparent wind indicator
6022:Square-rigged caravel (
5223:Encyclopædia Britannica
5104:Encyclopædia Britannica
4978:Campbell, I.C. (1995),
4738:The Language of Sailing
4735:Mayne, Richard (2000).
4520:www.oxfordreference.com
4228:Penobscot Marine Museum
4074:. Lippincott. pp.
3932:. Barker. p. 338.
3500:. Courier Corporation.
3069:. Stroud . p. 90.
2777:Paine, Lincoln (2013).
2508:Oxford University Press
1986:with the presence of a
1565:
1298:
489:Maritime Southeast Asia
18:Autonomous sailing ship
7157:Mainsail (Bermuda rig)
7127:Asymmetrical spinnaker
5254:Moore, Sir Alan Hilary
5168:Harland, John (1984).
4782:www.oceannavigator.com
4711:www.oceannavigator.com
4672:Lavery, Brian (1983).
4522:. p. Seamanship.
4343:Fincham, John (1843).
4314:The Price of Admiralty
3964:Cumming, Bill (2009).
3926:Randier, Jean (1968).
3573:Lavery, Brian (2012).
3150:Norman, Vesey (2010).
2641:Kang, Heejung (2015).
2470:. In Guy, John (ed.).
2314:Sailing ship accidents
1880:
1775:
1686:
1603:Richard Henry Dana Jr.
1575:
1482:
1405:to the sailing craft:
1391:
1325:
1308:
1098:galvanic deterioration
918:
907:
893:
879:
789:
725:
623:
485:Austronesian Expansion
464:
444:
421:
342:merchant sailing ships
222:Austronesian expansion
68:
7228:Mainsail (square rig)
6554:Pinnace (ship's boat)
5916:Chinese treasure ship
4940:Jobson, Gary (2008).
4867:My Hand on the Tiller
4253:. G.P. Putnam's Sons.
4164:National Public Radio
3286:Merson, John (1990).
3190:"Ancient Indian Ship"
2714:Haddon, A.C. (1920).
2014:Further information:
1874:
1773:
1684:
1573:
1480:
1390:Different sail types.
1389:
1323:
1306:
945:Further information:
913:
899:
885:
874:
773:
710:
701:Further information:
621:
614:Ships of ancient Rome
610:Ancient Egyptian navy
608:Further information:
450:
427:
396:
326:Further information:
240:Island Southeast Asia
43:
32:Der Kommissar (album)
6569:Thames sailing barge
6400:Recreational vessels
5294:at Wikimedia Commons
4943:Sailing Fundamentals
4674:The ship of the line
4442:Historic Ship Models
3776:Hay (May 15, 1863).
3315:Konstam, A. (2002).
3153:The Medieval Soldier
3040:Archaeology Magazine
2391:The Story of the Sea
2325:Sailing ship tactics
2154:Defined by sail plan
1945:celestial navigation
1808:around the mast—and
857:Christopher Columbus
855:, the Americas with
469:Austronesian peoples
259:AD, and New Zealand
206:Austronesian peoples
157:that propel sailing
36:Wind-powered vehicle
6590:Nautical operations
6524:Floating restaurant
6412:Ljungström sailboat
5992:Full-rigged pinnace
4161:. Morning Edition.
3340:Block, Leo (2003).
2506:(Online ed.).
2319:Sailing ship effect
2144:: (informal) large
2000:backing and filling
1743:support each yard.
1485:Sailing ships have
1088:and various marine
703:Dhow § History
636:Minoan civilization
471:. The invention of
410:Austronesian vessel
332:By the time of the
328:Ship § History
5707:and other vessels
5701:Naval and merchant
4811:has generic name (
4125:The New York Times
4003:. Gareth Stevens.
3866:on 8 December 2017
3034:Bonn-Muller, Eti.
2881:(1 (288)): 37–58.
2229:Hermaphrodite brig
2129:: a large sailing
2127:Sailing superyacht
1881:
1776:
1687:
1576:
1483:
1434:quadrilateral and
1392:
1326:
1309:
1102:sacrificial anodes
1045:East India Company
1022:Baltimore clippers
919:
908:
894:
880:
861:Ferdinand Magellan
790:
776:Ferdinand Magellan
756:Global exploration
726:
681:, which plied the
624:
532:of large Javanese
465:
445:
422:
69:
62:fore-and-aft sails
30:For the song, see
7781:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7487:
7486:
7369:
7368:
7102:
7101:
6942:
6941:
6598:
6597:
6427:Sailing hydrofoil
6279:
6278:
6198:Blackwall frigate
6121:Baltimore Clipper
5290:Media related to
5179:978-1-8448-6309-9
5026:978-0-486-31765-6
4953:978-1-4391-3678-2
4044:Low-Tech Magazine
3848:Knight, R. J. B.
3429:978-0-300-17028-3
3391:978-0-8166-0850-8
3301:978-0-87951-397-9
3156:. Pen and Sword.
2859:978-602-9346-00-8
2747:978-92-9223-414-0
2514:(Subscription or
2448:978-0-19-992507-0
2277:
2276:
2091:: small, Russian
1937:navigational aids
1438:triangular sails.
1165:County of Peebles
440:and fore-and-aft
16:(Redirected from
7801:
7520:Running backstay
7498:
7497:
7380:
7379:
7117:
7116:
7008:
7007:
6969:
6962:
6955:
6946:
6945:
6719:Carpenter's walk
6625:
6618:
6611:
6602:
6601:
6167:Ship of the line
6091:Ship of the line
5713:
5712:
5709:(by origin date)
5488:Full-rigged ship
5389:Fore-and-aft rig
5358:Age of Discovery
5353:Maritime history
5322:
5315:
5308:
5299:
5298:
5289:
5275:
5258:Nance, R. Morton
5249:
5230:
5215:
5184:
5183:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5100:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5051:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5010:
5004:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4995:
4984:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4810:
4806:
4804:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4773:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4575:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4552:. Archived from
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4383:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4317:
4304:
4293:
4292:
4268:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4035:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3894:. Hearst Books.
3885:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3859:. Archived from
3854:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3678:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3491:
3480:
3479:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3088:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3012:. 24 June 2021.
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2979:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2932:Monumenta Serica
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2686:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2647:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2584:"Outrigger Ages"
2579:
2573:
2572:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2511:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2434:
2428:
2415:Parker, Dana T.
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2385:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2297:
2295:Transport portal
2292:
2291:
2260:Ship of the line
2236:Military vessels
2184:Full-rigged ship
2024:
1928:Passage planning
1812:attached to the
1659:sheet-anchor men
1498:Standing rigging
1487:standing rigging
1289:standing rigging
1239:employ the rig.
1185:for driving the
1170:full-rigged ship
1094:copper sheathing
1076:Copper sheathing
1070:Copper sheathing
1038:California trade
980:ship of the line
900:The five-masted
794:magnetic compass
497:Island Melanesia
463:
460:
436:, depicted with
366:
363:
358:triple-expansion
334:Age of Discovery
295:full-rigged ship
287:Age of Discovery
265:
262:
258:
255:
251:
248:
237:
234:
175:full-rigged ship
126:
112:
98:
87:Full-rigged ship
84:
21:
7809:
7808:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7798:
7784:
7783:
7782:
7773:
7653:
7558:
7483:
7424:
7420:Pelican striker
7405:Dolphin striker
7365:
7297:
7191:
7108:
7098:
7072:
6999:
6993:
6986:
6973:
6943:
6938:
6854:Quarter gallery
6659:Anchor windlass
6635:
6629:
6599:
6594:
6578:
6507:
6461:
6395:
6284:Fishing vessels
6275:
6259:
6186:
6095:
6039:
5945:
5899:
5811:
5775:Tessarakonteres
5708:
5706:
5702:
5696:
5617:Outrigger canoe
5527:
5443:
5367:
5336:
5326:
5282:
5193:
5191:Further reading
5188:
5187:
5180:
5166:
5162:
5149:
5145:
5130:
5116:
5112:
5098:"Sextant"
5090:
5086:
5077:
5075:
5068:
5052:
5045:
5036:
5034:
5027:
5011:
5007:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4982:
4976:
4972:
4963:
4961:
4954:
4938:
4934:
4925:
4923:
4916:
4900:
4896:
4887:
4885:
4878:
4862:
4858:
4849:
4847:
4840:
4824:
4820:
4808:
4807:
4798:
4797:
4791:
4789:
4774:
4767:
4758:
4756:
4749:
4733:
4729:
4720:
4718:
4703:
4699:
4684:
4670:
4666:
4657:
4655:
4642:
4638:
4629:
4627:
4620:
4604:
4600:
4591:
4589:
4576:
4569:
4559:
4557:
4556:on 12 June 2011
4542:
4538:
4529:
4527:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4500:
4498:
4491:
4475:
4471:
4462:
4460:
4453:
4437:
4433:
4424:
4422:
4415:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4370:Harland, John.
4369:
4365:
4356:
4354:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4305:
4296:
4289:
4269:
4258:
4245:
4241:
4232:
4230:
4220:
4216:
4207:
4205:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4155:
4151:
4142:
4140:
4117:
4113:
4103:
4101:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4066:
4062:
4053:
4051:
4036:
4029:
4020:
4018:
4011:
3995:
3991:
3976:
3962:
3958:
3949:
3947:
3940:
3924:
3920:
3911:
3909:
3902:
3886:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:rogerknight.org
3852:
3846:
3842:
3833:
3831:
3824:
3808:
3801:
3791:
3789:
3784:. London: 276.
3774:
3770:
3755:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3679:
3670:
3661:
3659:
3652:
3636:
3632:
3623:
3621:
3614:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3571:
3564:
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3530:
3526:
3517:
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3508:
3492:
3483:
3468:
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3448:
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3414:
3410:
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3399:
3392:
3376:
3372:
3363:
3361:
3354:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3284:
3280:
3271:
3269:
3262:
3246:
3242:
3233:
3231:
3218:Wright, Colin.
3216:
3212:
3203:
3201:
3186:
3182:
3173:
3171:
3164:
3148:
3144:
3135:
3133:
3126:
3110:
3106:
3090:
3089:
3077:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3047:
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3028:
3019:
3017:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2913:
2898:
2894:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2846:
2842:
2833:
2831:
2824:
2808:
2804:
2793:
2786:
2775:
2766:
2757:
2755:
2748:
2732:
2725:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2679:
2675:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2614:
2610:
2601:
2599:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2464:
2460:
2449:
2435:
2431:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2399:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2293:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2018:
2012:
1980:
1869:
1826:caught in stays
1798:running rigging
1768:
1704:
1695:
1679:
1641:
1615:
1613:Merchant vessel
1607:Herman Melville
1568:
1529:
1527:Running rigging
1513:topgallant mast
1500:
1491:running rigging
1475:
1384:
1378:
1318:
1301:
1293:running rigging
1279:to hold up the
1261:
1245:
1220:
1134:. They carried
1117:
1111:
1078:
1072:
1014:
1008:
953:
943:
869:
768:
760:Main articles:
758:
705:
699:
616:
606:
481:crab claw sails
461:
391:
381:Lashed-lug boat
375:Main articles:
373:
364:
330:
324:
315:fuel efficiency
263:
256:
249:
235:
139:
138:
137:
136:
132:
131:
130:
127:
118:
117:
116:
113:
104:
103:
102:
99:
90:
89:
88:
85:
76:
75:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7807:
7797:
7796:
7779:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7750:
7749:
7739:
7734:
7732:Roller furling
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7688:
7687:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7625:
7624:
7619:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7568:
7566:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7555:
7554:
7549:
7539:
7534:
7533:
7532:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7506:
7504:
7495:
7489:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7464:Spinnaker pole
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7435:
7433:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7401:
7400:
7389:
7387:
7377:
7371:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7363:
7358:
7356:Spreader patch
7353:
7348:
7343:
7341:Reefing points
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7307:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7199:
7197:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7123:
7121:
7114:
7104:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7014:
7012:
7005:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6972:
6971:
6964:
6957:
6949:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6809:Keel (Canting)
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6628:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6605:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6586:
6584:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6544:Norfolk wherry
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6442:Trailer sailer
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6422:Pocket cruiser
6419:
6414:
6409:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6271:Montagu whaler
6267:
6265:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6114:
6109:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5821:
5819:
5817:Post-classical
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5735:Borobudur ship
5732:
5727:
5721:
5719:
5710:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5493:Jackass-barque
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5454:
5452:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5414:Ljungström rig
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5325:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5281:
5280:External links
5278:
5277:
5276:
5250:
5231:
5218:Chisholm, Hugh
5204:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5178:
5160:
5143:
5128:
5110:
5095:, ed. (1911).
5093:Chisholm, Hugh
5084:
5066:
5043:
5025:
5005:
4970:
4952:
4932:
4914:
4894:
4876:
4856:
4838:
4818:
4765:
4747:
4727:
4697:
4682:
4664:
4636:
4618:
4598:
4567:
4536:
4507:
4489:
4469:
4451:
4431:
4413:
4393:
4384:
4363:
4335:
4328:
4294:
4287:
4256:
4239:
4222:Staff (2012).
4214:
4182:
4149:
4111:
4081:
4060:
4027:
4009:
3989:
3974:
3956:
3938:
3918:
3900:
3877:
3840:
3822:
3799:
3768:
3753:
3735:
3726:
3719:
3698:
3691:
3668:
3650:
3630:
3612:
3592:
3585:
3562:
3544:
3524:
3506:
3481:
3466:
3446:
3428:
3408:
3390:
3370:
3352:
3332:
3325:
3307:
3300:
3278:
3260:
3240:
3210:
3180:
3162:
3142:
3124:
3104:
3076:978-0750980777
3075:
3057:
3026:
3001:
2965:
2922:
2892:
2865:
2858:
2840:
2822:
2802:
2784:
2764:
2746:
2723:
2706:
2673:
2633:
2627:978-0415100540
2626:
2608:
2594:(2): 130–140.
2574:
2567:
2546:
2539:
2521:
2487:
2480:
2458:
2447:
2429:
2408:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2233:
2232:
2231:: a brigantine
2226:
2220:
2210:
2204:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2169:
2168:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2139:
2133:
2124:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2022:
2011:
2008:
1979:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1933:dead reckoning
1910:marine sextant
1868:
1865:
1780:square-riggers
1767:
1764:
1754:, attached to
1703:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1678:
1675:
1640:
1637:
1614:
1611:
1567:
1564:
1554:attach to the
1528:
1525:
1499:
1496:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1439:
1425:
1380:Main article:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1317:
1314:
1300:
1297:
1260:
1257:
1244:
1241:
1230:Maltese Falcon
1219:
1216:
1113:Main article:
1110:
1107:
1074:Main article:
1071:
1068:
1010:Main article:
1007:
1004:
1002:enemy coasts.
972:line of battle
942:
939:
868:
865:
757:
754:
711:A traditional
698:
695:
669:were building
605:
602:
430:Borobudur ship
406:crab claw sail
402:outrigger boat
385:Outrigger boat
372:
369:
323:
320:
210:crab-claw sail
134:
133:
128:
121:
120:
119:
114:
107:
106:
105:
100:
93:
92:
91:
86:
79:
78:
77:
73:
72:
71:
70:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7806:
7795:
7794:Sailing ships
7792:
7791:
7789:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7656:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7565:
7561:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7503:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7490:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7427:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7399:
7398:sprit topmast
7396:
7395:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7372:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7300:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7268:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7194:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7115:
7112:
7105:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7075:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7009:
7006:
7003:
6996:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6970:
6965:
6963:
6958:
6956:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6894:Stern or poop
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6638:
6634:
6626:
6621:
6619:
6614:
6612:
6607:
6606:
6603:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6581:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6466:Special terms
6464:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6432:Sailing yacht
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6061:East Indiaman
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6051:Bermuda sloop
6049:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5711:
5705:
5704:sailing ships
5699:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5323:
5318:
5316:
5311:
5309:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5293:
5292:Sailing ships
5288:
5284:
5283:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5208:Watts, Philip
5205:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5181:
5175:
5171:
5164:
5156:
5155:
5147:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5121:
5114:
5106:
5105:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5073:
5069:
5067:9781588344922
5063:
5059:
5058:
5050:
5048:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5009:
4996:on 2016-08-04
4992:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4936:
4921:
4917:
4915:9781472834072
4911:
4907:
4906:
4898:
4883:
4879:
4877:9781456793500
4873:
4869:
4868:
4860:
4845:
4841:
4839:9780911284072
4835:
4831:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4802:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4770:
4754:
4750:
4748:9781135965655
4744:
4740:
4739:
4731:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4675:
4668:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4640:
4625:
4621:
4619:9781786948960
4615:
4611:
4610:
4602:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4574:
4572:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4496:
4492:
4490:9781574090932
4486:
4482:
4481:
4473:
4458:
4454:
4452:9781402721861
4448:
4444:
4443:
4435:
4420:
4416:
4414:9780486311340
4410:
4406:
4405:
4397:
4388:
4381:
4380:0-87021-955-3
4377:
4373:
4367:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4339:
4331:
4329:0-670-81416-4
4325:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4290:
4288:9780486263434
4284:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4243:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4195:The Economist
4192:
4186:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4153:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4090:"Black Pearl"
4085:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4064:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4032:
4016:
4012:
4010:9780836883770
4006:
4002:
4001:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3975:9781849270137
3971:
3967:
3960:
3945:
3941:
3939:9780213764760
3935:
3931:
3930:
3922:
3907:
3903:
3901:9781588163844
3897:
3893:
3892:
3884:
3882:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3829:
3825:
3823:9781603446211
3819:
3815:
3814:
3806:
3804:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3754:9781782422952
3750:
3746:
3739:
3730:
3722:
3720:0-85177-256-0
3716:
3712:
3705:
3703:
3694:
3692:0-85177-588-8
3688:
3684:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3657:
3653:
3651:9781473893535
3647:
3643:
3642:
3634:
3619:
3615:
3613:9781139498166
3609:
3605:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3586:9781844861750
3582:
3578:
3577:
3569:
3567:
3551:
3547:
3545:9783845711935
3541:
3537:
3536:
3528:
3513:
3509:
3507:9780486429885
3503:
3499:
3498:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3450:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3374:
3359:
3355:
3353:9781557502094
3349:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3326:1-58574-620-7
3322:
3318:
3311:
3303:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3282:
3267:
3263:
3261:9780618992386
3257:
3253:
3252:
3244:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3169:
3165:
3163:9781783031368
3159:
3155:
3154:
3146:
3131:
3127:
3125:9781351661324
3121:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3015:
3011:
3005:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2829:
2825:
2823:9780742567627
2819:
2815:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2780:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2730:
2728:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2694:
2690:
2689:The Telegraph
2685:
2677:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2568:0-85177-565-9
2564:
2560:
2553:
2551:
2542:
2540:0-85177-563-2
2536:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2481:9781588395245
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2425:0-933449-19-4
2422:
2418:
2412:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2360:
2351:
2347:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2285:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2093:clinker-built
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1920:to calculate
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1766:Changing tack
1763:
1761:
1757:
1756:reef cringles
1753:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1699:
1690:
1683:
1677:Ship handling
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1650:United States
1646:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1383:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:that use the
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1253:The Economist
1250:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
968:Naval tactics
964:
962:
957:
952:
948:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
916:
912:
905:
904:
898:
892:
889:
884:
878:
873:
864:
862:
858:
854:
853:Vasco da Gama
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
797:
795:
787:
786:
781:
777:
772:
767:
763:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
731:
724:
721:
717:
714:
709:
704:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
673:-constructed
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:thalassocracy
641:
637:
633:
629:
620:
615:
611:
601:
599:
598:Treasure Ship
595:
591:
586:
584:
581:
577:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
456:
455:
451:Chinese junk
449:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
368:
359:
355:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
329:
319:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
245:
241:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:Mediterranean
199:
198:Ancient Egypt
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:square-rigged
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
125:
111:
97:
83:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
7722:Parrel beads
7670:Belaying pin
7665:Baggywrinkle
7649:Topping lift
7111:sailing rigs
7033:Fore-and-aft
7002:jury rigging
6874:Ship's wheel
6739:Companionway
6633:sailing ship
6632:
6539:Norfolk punt
6417:Mast aft rig
6326:Herring buss
6250:West Country
6172:Sloop-of-war
6027:
6023:
5957:Crommesteven
5703:
5450:sailing rigs
5424:Mast aft rig
5372:Sailing rigs
5332:vessels and
5262:
5236:
5227:
5221:
5213:"Ship"
5197:
5169:
5163:
5153:
5146:
5119:
5113:
5102:
5087:
5076:. Retrieved
5056:
5035:. Retrieved
5015:
5008:
4998:, retrieved
4991:the original
4986:
4973:
4962:. Retrieved
4942:
4935:
4924:. Retrieved
4904:
4897:
4886:. Retrieved
4866:
4859:
4848:. Retrieved
4828:
4821:
4790:. Retrieved
4781:
4757:. Retrieved
4737:
4730:
4719:. Retrieved
4710:
4700:
4673:
4667:
4656:. Retrieved
4646:
4639:
4628:. Retrieved
4608:
4601:
4590:. Retrieved
4580:
4558:. Retrieved
4554:the original
4549:
4539:
4528:. Retrieved
4519:
4510:
4499:. Retrieved
4479:
4472:
4461:. Retrieved
4441:
4434:
4423:. Retrieved
4403:
4396:
4387:
4371:
4366:
4355:. Retrieved
4345:
4338:
4313:
4308:Keegan, John
4273:
4249:
4242:
4231:. Retrieved
4227:
4217:
4206:. Retrieved
4194:
4185:
4173:. Retrieved
4162:
4152:
4141:. Retrieved
4124:
4114:
4102:. Retrieved
4093:
4084:
4070:
4063:
4052:. Retrieved
4043:
4019:. Retrieved
3999:
3992:
3965:
3959:
3948:. Retrieved
3928:
3921:
3910:. Retrieved
3890:
3868:. Retrieved
3861:the original
3856:
3843:
3832:. Retrieved
3812:
3790:. Retrieved
3782:The Engineer
3781:
3771:
3744:
3738:
3729:
3710:
3682:
3660:. Retrieved
3640:
3633:
3622:. Retrieved
3602:
3595:
3575:
3554:. Retrieved
3534:
3527:
3516:. Retrieved
3496:
3456:
3449:
3438:. Retrieved
3418:
3411:
3400:. Retrieved
3380:
3373:
3362:. Retrieved
3342:
3335:
3316:
3310:
3289:
3281:
3270:. Retrieved
3250:
3243:
3232:. Retrieved
3223:
3213:
3202:. Retrieved
3193:
3183:
3172:. Retrieved
3152:
3145:
3134:. Retrieved
3114:
3107:
3066:
3060:
3048:. Retrieved
3039:
3029:
3018:. Retrieved
3004:
2993:. Retrieved
2981:
2968:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2914:. Retrieved
2906:Culture Trip
2905:
2895:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2849:
2843:
2832:. Retrieved
2812:
2805:
2796:
2778:
2756:. Retrieved
2736:
2716:
2709:
2697:. Retrieved
2688:
2676:
2665:. Retrieved
2656:(1): 27–52.
2653:
2649:
2636:
2617:
2611:
2600:. Retrieved
2591:
2587:
2577:
2558:
2530:
2524:
2501:
2490:
2471:
2461:
2452:
2438:
2432:
2416:
2411:
2400:. Retrieved
2390:
2359:
2350:
2330:Shipbuilding
2271:
2235:
2234:
2190:
2189:
2171:
2170:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2028:
2027:
2019:
1981:
1969:
1926:
1882:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1759:
1755:
1752:reef tackles
1751:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:haul leeches
1716:
1713:reef tackles
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:Setting sail
1696:
1688:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1619:
1616:
1594:
1591:
1577:
1530:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1446:square sails
1441:
1427:
1409:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1310:
1262:
1252:
1246:
1234:
1228:
1221:
1218:1950 to 2000
1205:
1200:Kruzenshtern
1198:
1178:
1173:
1164:
1161:
1118:
1109:1850 to 1900
1079:
1064:
1057:
1042:
1019:
1015:
992:sloop-of-war
965:
954:
935:barquentines
920:
902:
867:1700 to 1850
845:
809:carvel-built
802:
798:
791:
783:
738:Indian Ocean
735:
727:
720:fore-and-aft
697:Indian Ocean
664:
660:steering oar
625:
590:Ming dynasty
587:
576:Yuan dynasty
552:
545:Song dynasty
542:
521:
515:
509:
483:enabled the
466:
452:
418:fore-and-aft
347:Sailing and
346:
331:
284:
272:Indo-Pacific
244:Near Oceania
226:Indo-Pacific
195:
167:fore-and-aft
161:, employing
143:sailing ship
142:
140:
65:
57:
53:
50:square sails
7120:Three-sided
6859:Quarterdeck
6749:Daggerboard
6744:Crow's nest
6724:Centreboard
6694:Bow or prow
6644:Aftercastle
6631:Parts of a
6534:Mersey flat
6512:Other types
6301:Barca-longa
6203:Down Easter
5840:Bomb vessel
5792:K'un-lun po
5770:Quadriremes
5755:Penteconter
5642:Quadrimaran
5463:Barquentine
5379:Bermuda rig
5348:Age of Sail
4809:|last=
4544:Tony Gray.
3870:28 December
3067:The Vikings
2650:Kemanusiaan
2219:mizzen sail
2207:Barquentine
2136:Waʻa kaulua
1918:chronometer
1894:cross staff
1875:The marine
1760:reef points
1721:reef points
1663:after guard
1633:second mate
1432:gaff-rigged
1369:Mizzen-mast
1249:cargo ships
1236:Black Pearl
1183:steam power
1124:windjammers
1026:War of 1812
927:brigantines
827:with large
774:Replica of
746:lateen rigs
648:Phoenicians
632:square sail
553:K'un-lun po
530:Bas reliefs
522:K'un-lun po
512:Han dynasty
462: 1848
442:tanja sails
389:Junk (ship)
365: 1960
349:steam ships
338:battleships
299:merchantmen
291:Age of Sail
264: 1200
252:BC, Hawaii
250: 1500
242:, reaching
236: 3000
187:barquentine
149:mounted on
115:Barquentine
7764:Turnbuckle
7692:Clevis pin
7658:Components
7592:Cunningham
7572:Boomkicker
7537:Stay mouse
7459:Crosstrees
7303:Components
7283:Topgallant
7278:Tanja sail
7196:Four-sided
7053:Ljungström
6829:Orlop deck
6764:Forecastle
6759:Figurehead
6689:Boom brake
6679:Bilgeboard
6498:Treenailed
6478:Lashed lug
6473:Inflatable
6452:Windsurfer
6437:Sportsboat
6386:Well smack
6255:Windjammer
6182:Trincadour
6152:Padewakang
6002:Man-of-war
5941:Trabaccolo
5880:Malangbang
5682:Vaka katea
5632:Pentamaran
5473:Brigantine
5434:Square rig
5429:Pinisi rig
5409:Lateen rig
5399:Gunter rig
5363:Navigation
5129:087033056X
5078:2019-06-24
5037:2019-06-24
5000:2017-06-16
4964:2019-06-24
4926:2019-07-03
4888:2019-06-24
4850:2019-06-24
4792:2019-06-23
4759:2019-06-24
4721:2019-06-23
4683:0851772528
4658:2019-06-23
4630:2019-06-23
4592:2019-06-23
4530:2019-06-24
4501:2019-06-22
4463:2019-06-22
4425:2019-06-22
4357:2019-06-22
4233:2019-06-22
4208:2024-05-21
4143:2023-10-09
4104:11 October
4054:2019-06-20
4021:2019-06-20
3950:2019-06-20
3912:2019-06-20
3834:2019-06-29
3662:2019-06-20
3624:2019-06-20
3579:. Conway.
3556:2019-06-20
3518:2019-06-20
3467:0066211735
3440:2019-06-23
3402:2019-06-20
3364:2019-06-20
3272:2019-06-20
3234:2022-12-06
3204:2022-12-06
3174:2019-07-10
3136:2019-07-10
3020:2022-08-17
2995:2022-11-06
2916:2019-06-02
2834:2019-06-20
2758:2022-05-08
2699:3 November
2667:2019-09-29
2602:2019-09-26
2518:required.)
2402:2017-07-25
2372:References
2223:Brigantine
2217:lug-rigged
2142:Windjammer
1867:Navigation
1839:, the old
1693:Under sail
1629:first mate
1505:lower mast
1464:, and the
1458:spritsails
1339:pole masts
1152:steamships
1132:sail plans
1128:tall ships
1053:Suez Canal
984:broadsides
961:man-of-war
877:man-of-war
833:forecastle
821:mizzenmast
723:lateen rig
687:North Seas
561:watertight
534:outriggers
505:Madagascar
493:Micronesia
477:outriggers
473:catamarans
438:outriggers
414:outriggers
307:steamships
257: 900
191:brigantine
155:sail plans
74:Sail plans
66:mizzenmast
7759:Traveller
7747:gooseneck
7727:Ring bolt
7634:Preventer
7597:Clewlines
7587:Buntlines
7577:Boom vang
7515:Lazy jack
7410:Jackstaff
7361:Tell-tale
7351:Sailcloth
7316:Bolt rope
7293:Watersail
7263:Spritsail
7233:Moonraker
7218:Junk sail
7208:Fisherman
7177:Spinnaker
7172:Screecher
7132:Crab claw
7089:Turbosail
7084:Rotorsail
6929:Whipstaff
6899:Sternpost
6889:Starboard
6839:Poop deck
6834:Outrigger
6649:Afterdeck
6493:Tall ship
6321:Gableboat
6235:Leti leti
6225:Janggolan
6157:Post ship
6028:de armada
6017:Speronara
5745:Fire ship
5677:Va'a-tele
5602:Kora kora
5567:Catamaran
5533:Multihull
5439:Tanja rig
5384:Crab claw
5341:Overviews
5328:Types of
5272:26571876M
5246:23468580M
5138:228950964
4203:0013-0613
4175:9 October
4133:0362-4331
3984:491200437
3763:928714218
3224:www.bl.uk
3093:cite book
3085:972948057
3050:31 August
2960:161434221
2335:Tall ship
1922:longitude
1906:soundings
1890:astrolabe
1849:Mainsails
1830:wear ship
1737:buntlines
1733:clewlines
1647:warship,
1540:buntlines
1466:crab claw
1442:To a spar
1428:To a mast
1422:staysails
1418:forestays
1410:To a stay
1396:sail plan
1363:Main-mast
1357:Fore-mast
1335:made mast
1265:sail plan
1157:bunkerage
1086:barnacles
1055:in 1869.
923:schooners
915:Schooners
829:aftcastle
713:Maldivian
675:longships
628:Egyptians
538:Borobudur
517:kunlun bo
501:Polynesia
400:voyaging
356:and then
218:outrigger
214:catamaran
212:and with
179:schooners
7788:Category
7712:Footrope
7707:Fairlead
7602:Downhaul
7552:forestay
7547:backstay
7530:ratlines
7502:Standing
7469:Spreader
7393:Bowsprit
7336:Jackline
7273:Studding
7267:Optimist
7238:Ringtail
7223:Lug sail
7213:Foresail
7182:Staysail
7167:Ringtail
7137:Gennaker
7094:Wingsail
7058:Mast-aft
6909:Taffrail
6849:Porthole
6819:Leeboard
6794:Jackline
6699:Bowsprit
6669:Beakhead
6447:Wharrams
6366:Sixareen
6361:Nordland
6356:Patorani
6142:Gundalow
6127:Gallivat
6112:Chialoup
6107:Bilander
6056:Corvette
5972:Galleass
5931:Lancaran
5890:Tongkang
5875:Longship
5825:Balinger
5725:Balangay
5672:Ungalawa
5667:Trimaran
5662:Tongiaki
5657:Tipairua
5508:Schooner
5404:Junk rig
5394:Gaff rig
5260:(1925).
5210:(1911).
5072:Archived
5031:Archived
4958:Archived
4920:Archived
4882:Archived
4844:Archived
4801:cite web
4786:Archived
4753:Archived
4715:Archived
4692:10361880
4652:Archived
4624:Archived
4586:Archived
4524:Archived
4495:Archived
4457:Archived
4419:Archived
4351:Archived
4310:(1989).
4169:Archived
4137:Archived
4098:Archived
4048:Archived
4015:Archived
3944:Archived
3906:Archived
3828:Archived
3792:June 29,
3786:Archived
3656:Archived
3618:Archived
3550:Archived
3512:Archived
3476:52047431
3434:Archived
3396:Archived
3358:Archived
3266:Archived
3228:Archived
3198:Archived
3168:Archived
3130:Archived
3044:Archived
3014:Archived
2986:Archived
2952:40727457
2938:: 1–43.
2910:Archived
2887:41493537
2828:Archived
2752:Archived
2693:Archived
2658:Archived
2596:Archived
2396:Archived
2309:Sailboat
2281:See also
2242:Corvette
2213:Bilander
2165:Schooner
2099:Longship
2010:Examples
2004:drudging
1941:pilotage
1914:latitude
1898:dividers
1886:quadrant
1853:traveler
1845:windward
1800:, using
1794:yardarms
1725:bowlines
1667:waisters
1631:and the
1592:ordinary
1532:Halyards
1517:deadeyes
1509:top mast
1450:lug rigs
1403:attached
1259:Features
1179:Preussen
1174:Preussen
1155:require
1082:shipworm
1006:Clippers
1000:blockade
976:galleons
959:sailing
941:Warships
903:Preussen
837:bowsprit
817:mainmast
813:foremast
785:Victoria
594:Zheng He
583:and Java
557:junk rig
354:compound
313:had the
303:warships
266:AD. The
200:and the
129:Schooner
7754:Trapeze
7737:Shackle
7697:Deadeye
7629:Outhaul
7612:Halyard
7564:Running
7510:Bobstay
7493:Rigging
7444:Boomkin
7415:Jibboom
7326:Emblems
7321:Cringle
7288:Topsail
7253:Spanker
7248:Skysail
7187:Trysail
7023:B&R
7018:Bermuda
7011:Textile
6984:rigging
6924:Transom
6799:Jibboom
6779:Gunwale
6774:Gangway
6734:Cockpit
6714:Cathead
6709:Capstan
6583:Related
6381:Tartane
6331:Jangada
6311:Felucca
6306:Falkuša
6264:20th c.
6218:Warship
6208:Golekan
6191:19th c.
6117:Clipper
6100:18th c.
6086:Polacca
6066:Frigate
6044:17th c.
6012:Patache
6007:Manchua
5982:Flyboat
5967:Galleon
5950:16th c.
5921:Caravel
5911:Carrack
5904:15th c.
5870:Kondura
5835:Birlinn
5765:Trireme
5717:Ancient
5652:Tepukei
5607:Lakatoi
5597:Karakoa
5577:Guilalo
5562:Camakau
5547:Amatasi
5535:vessels
5503:Mistico
5478:Catboat
5419:Lug rig
5330:sailing
5220:(ed.).
4560:12 June
2254:Frigate
2121:trysail
2077:Galleon
2047:Clipper
2041:Carrack
2035:Caravel
1972:sextant
1877:sextant
1861:luggers
1857:lateens
1841:leeward
1818:spanker
1806:yardarm
1786:tacking
1748:reefing
1671:holders
1645:frigate
1639:Warship
1625:captain
1620:Pilgrim
1584:captain
1521:lanyard
1473:Rigging
1436:Bermuda
1330:conifer
1273:rigging
1224:DynaRig
1208:tacking
1187:winches
1012:Clipper
988:frigate
956:Cannons
931:barques
888:clipper
841:galleon
805:carrack
780:carrack
766:Caravel
762:Carrack
730:Kalinga
718:with a
716:Baghlah
691:beitass
671:clinker
667:Vikings
569:rudders
565:tillers
404:with a
322:History
270:in the
64:on the
7742:Swivel
7717:Gasket
7702:Earing
7622:throat
7582:Braces
7525:Shroud
7311:Batten
7203:Course
7162:Raffee
7152:Lateen
7107:Sails
7068:Square
7063:Pinisi
7043:Gunter
6914:Tiller
6904:Strake
6869:Rudder
6814:Kelson
6729:Chains
6654:Anchor
6574:Wherry
6549:Pausik
6407:Dinghy
6351:Mayang
6346:Masula
6341:Lugger
6336:Jukung
6240:Palari
6162:74-gun
6147:Lanong
6071:Galeas
5997:Lorcha
5962:Galiot
5926:Ghurab
5885:Shitik
5830:Benawa
5780:Dromon
5760:Bireme
5750:Galley
5612:Lanong
5582:Jukung
5552:Baurua
5483:Cutter
5458:Barque
5270:
5244:
5202:online
5176:
5136:
5126:
5064:
5023:
4950:
4912:
4874:
4836:
4745:
4690:
4680:
4616:
4487:
4449:
4411:
4378:
4326:
4285:
4201:
4131:
4007:
3982:
3972:
3936:
3898:
3820:
3761:
3751:
3717:
3689:
3648:
3610:
3583:
3542:
3504:
3474:
3464:
3426:
3388:
3350:
3323:
3298:
3258:
3160:
3122:
3083:
3073:
2958:
2950:
2885:
2856:
2820:
2744:
2624:
2565:
2537:
2497:"ship"
2478:
2445:
2423:
2364:lines.
2272:
2248:Cutter
2201:mizzen
2197:Barque
2105:Pinisi
1984:harbor
1888:, the
1810:sheets
1802:braces
1627:, the
1588:seamen
1552:sheets
1544:braces
1536:brails
1511:, and
1462:lateen
1212:anchor
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