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clouds."), the weather team reported it as an icing issue, not a lightning risk. After discussions about the risk posed by ice, the NASA program directors gave the go-ahead. The Atlas was struck by lightning around 48 seconds into launch. Control of the booster started to fail and it broke apart from structural loads at T+50 seconds. The Range Safety
Officer sent the destruct command, but there was no evidence that the booster ever received it. Debris rained out of the clouds onto the pad area, the shoreline, or in shallow water just off of it and was easily recovered. A section of the payload fairing was found to have multiple small holes burned in it due to repeated lightning strikes. The key piece of evidence was Atlas's flight computer, which was recovered intact and examined. It was discovered that the last command issued was a signal to gimbal the booster engines hard to right, caused apparently by lightning induced
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destructed by the Range Safety
Officer a few seconds later. NASA and U.S. Air Force officials, already busy investigating the launch failure of a Delta booster three weeks earlier (OTS-1), dredged the Atlas's engines from the ocean floor and sent them to Convair for examination. It was concluded that a gas generator leak caused by improper brazing of a pipe led to overheating and fire in the thrust section of the Atlas. The pipe also suffered corrosion from six years of sitting in a warehouse in the salty air along the Florida coast and the damage was in an area not visible during a preflight examination. The Atlas used on this flight had been delivered to the Cape in 1971 and kept in storage since then, an unusually long time. In the aftermath of the accident, NASA inspected their inventory of Atlas vehicles and found several more improperly brazed pipes which needed replacement.
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exceeded the LH2 tank's structural strength. At T+54 seconds, the
Centaur experienced total structural breakup and loss of telemetry, the LOX tank rupturing and producing an explosion as it mixed with the hydrogen cloud. Two seconds later, flying debris ruptured the Atlas's LOX tank followed by complete destruction of the launch vehicle. The panel had been meant to jettison at 49 miles (80 km) up when the air was thinner, but the mechanism holding it in place was designed inadequately, leading to premature separation. The insulation panels had already been suspected during Centaur development of being a potential problem area, and the possibility of an LH2 tank rupture was considered as a failure scenario. Testing was suspended while efforts were made to correct the Centaur's design flaws.
373:) on 8 May 1962, with the intention of performing a single burn with a partially fueled Centaur. Slightly under a minute into the launch, the Centaur stage ruptured and disintegrated, taking the Atlas with it in a matter of seconds. It was unclear what had caused the failure at first, as tracking camera footage merely showed a large white cloud enveloping the booster followed by the explosion of the entire launch vehicle. Initial assumptions were that Atlas had suffered a LOX tank failure, either from a pressurization problem, rupture of the tank from flying debris, or structural bending/aerodynamic issues caused by the unproven Atlas-Centaur combination, and indeed there had been several previous occurrences of these failure modes on Atlas launches.
488:(GTO) (orbit of 474 x 1586 km, inclination of 30.4° and period of 105.8 minutes), where it remained as of 2021. The insulation panels were permanently attached to the stage as the jettison problem had still not been solved. Vibration data proved that the panels would have prematurely detached had they not been bolted down. The ultimate fix to the panel problem added more dry mass to Centaur, further dropping its payload capacity. This Atlas-Centaur 2 launch vehicle was used for performance and structural integrity tests. It carried a payload of 4621 kg and instrumented with 907 kg of sensors, equipment, and telemetry.
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521:). It performed propulsion and stage separation tests, following two scrubbed attempts due to bad weather. The guidance system was operated closed-loop for the first time and an attempt was made to recover the payload shroud, which was equipped with a balloon designed to release green marker dye into the ocean. The shroud was sighted by recovery crews but sank into the ocean and could not be located. The Atlas phase of the flight and the initial phase of Centaur flight were uneventful. The mission went awry when the Centaur could not be restarted due to an ill-conceived design modification — the
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775:(RSO) sent the destruct command at T+413 seconds. Investigation showed that the lanyard was not only inadequately designed, but it also was an off-the-shelf component designed for marine equipment and not rockets or aircraft. The lanyard had been noted as a potential problem as early as 1967 and although fixes were made to some Atlas SLVs as well as Atlas E/F series missiles, there was no across-the-board effort to replace them with a more suitable component. The backup Intelsat (
592:-rich shutdown. Engine start had proceeded normally and all booster systems functioned properly until the valve closed. Booster shutdown occurred at T+1.7 seconds and the vehicle impacted on the pad at T+2.8 seconds. Bench testing confirmed that there were several possible ways that the valve would only open partially, although the exact reason was not determined. This failure mode had never occurred in the 240 Atlas launches prior to AC-5 despite always having been possible.
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287:, which had twin turbopumps on each booster engine, and the structure reinforced for the large upper stage, along with elongated fuel tanks. Centaur development was made somewhat difficult by the insistence on modifying Atlas components rather than developing totally new ones. This was done for time and budget reasons and because it allowed the Centaur to be manufactured on the existing Atlas assembly line at Convair. The engines were manufactured by
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Insulation panel and payload shroud jettisons were tested for the first time. Following
Centaur staging and engine start, the number two (C-2) engine began to lose roll control. The C-1 engine was able to compensate for a time, but the Centaur eventually lost control and began tumbling. Premature engine shutdown due to propellant starvation occurred at T+496 seconds, and the Centaur impacted in the
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centered on closure of the booster fuel prevalves. The low-pressure booster fuel ducting was found to have collapsed from a sudden loss of fuel flow, but had not ruptured. The investigation concluded that the fuel prevalves had only opened partially and the propellant flow was enough to push them shut, starving the booster engines of
612:, who argued that $ 600 million of taxpayer money had been spent on Centaur so far with little to show for it and that Convair was taking advantage of being the sole supplier of the Atlas-Centaur vehicle. The committee proposed that NASA consider alternate choices for the planetary probe program, such as
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was delayed. Vehicles AC-7 and AC-10 were designated for the first
Surveyor missions, with AC-8 to carry out one more test, which took place on 8 April 1966 at 01:00:02 GMT with a payload of 771 kg Surveyor mass model M-1. The Centaur's ullage motors failed again because they did not have enough
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vehicles by equipping the valve with a manual lock that would be enabled during the pre-launch countdown. A manual E-series sustainer prevalve was also installed as a precautionary measure. An unrelated system malfunction in AC-5 was discovered when an examination of telemetry data found that a power
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was also accelerated. Most damages were thermal rather than structural, and the upper portion of the umbilical tower, which was in the center of the LH2 blast, had been subjected to temperatures of 3315 °C. The accident marked the first failure of an Atlas booster in a space launch since Midas 8
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in a highly elliptical orbit, with a payload (Surveyor SD-1) of 951 kg, was only intended to carry out a single burn of the
Centaur C, and program officials felt confident. This mission was designed to rehearse a complete Centaur upper stage burn in support of the Surveyor lunar lander program.
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reconnaissance aircraft program in the mid-1950s. The progress made during the aborted venture was picked up by
Convair and others for rocket stage use. Originally, Centaur was conceived of as a purely experimental project to develop an experience for larger, more powerful rocket stages so as not to
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at T+140 seconds. During booster separation, a swivel lanyard designed to pull out an electrical plug supplying power to the booster section failed to detach, causing a voltage spike that reset the Atlas's guidance computer. The booster drifted off its flight path as a result. SECO was effected on
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satellite. Weather conditions were poor that day, with thick clouds and "moderate to heavy" precipitation. The weather conditions violated one launch criteria ("The flight path of the vehicle should not be through mid level clouds 6,000 feet or greater in depth, when the freezing level is in the
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Post-flight investigation examined several possible reasons for the booster engine shutdown, including an accidental closure of the booster fuel staging disconnect valve, an open fuel fill/drain valve, or an accidental BECO signal. These failure modes were quickly ruled out and attention quickly
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The failure was determined to be caused by an insulation panel that ripped off the
Centaur during ascent, resulting in a surge in tank pressure when the LH2 overheated. Beginning at T+44 seconds, the pneumatic system responded by venting propellant to reduce pressure levels, but eventually, they
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and was erected at the newly completed and specifically built LC-36A. Technical problems caused the vehicle to sit on the launch pad for seven months, the most serious being leakage of liquid hydrogen through the intermediate bulkhead separating the propellant tanks combined with numerous lesser
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family for its heavy-lift launching needs and so the Atlas-Centaur would remain a civilian launch vehicle used by NASA to fly scientific and commercial payloads. A conflict between the Air Force, who had primary oversight of the Atlas, and NASA also existed as the
Centaur stage required various
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modifications to the basic Atlas. By 1962, the Air Force had considered the Atlas fully developed and operational and was against any further significant changes to it which might potentially jeopardize the ICBM program. The dispute was ultimately resolved by NASA agreeing to purchase standard
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stage launch vehicle because the Atlas first stage (in most cases) jettisoned the twin-thrust-chamber booster engine prior to the completion of the first stage burn. Atlas-Centaur with a
Rocketdyne-powered first stage was used for 167 launches between 1962 and 2004 by which time they had been
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in July 1959, eleven months after the program's inception. The Air Force retained overall supervision in part because they intended to use Centaur to launch a network of military communications satellites known as ADVENT. A constellation of ten satellites would provide round-the-clock instant
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hydraulic pressure was lost at T+55 seconds, causing total loss of vehicle control. The payload fairing and satellite were stripped from the booster, followed by the Atlas exploding as the thrust section fire touched off the propellant tanks at T+60 seconds. The Centaur flew free until being
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The AC-3 flight (Atlas 135D and Centaur #3) was launched on 30 June 1964 at 14:04:22 GMT with a payload of 4815 kg. Atlas performance was close to nominal with the sustainer running slightly LOX-rich for the first 70 seconds of flight and the trajectory being more lofted than expected.
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communications for the three main branches of the US military. The first three would be launched on an Atlas-Agena, then the remainder on Centaur. ADVENT never got off the drawing board, but Centaur quickly found a use for several NASA planetary probe projects, namely
791:) communications satellite took place on AC-43. Shortly after liftoff, abnormal temperatures were detected in the Atlas's thrust section and continued to rise as the booster ascended. A visible thrust section fire could be seen starting at T+33 seconds and sustainer
443:. In addition, von Braun now proposed the Saturn-Agena be ruled out for cost reasons – Saturn was too expensive to justify as a launch vehicle for small uncrewed probes, and Agena was causing concerns to both the Air Force and NASA about its reliability.
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More than a year later, on 27 November 1963 at 19:03:23 GMT, AC-2 (Atlas 126D and Centaur stage #2) took place five days after President Kennedy's assassination. The redesigned Centaur stage functioned without any problems and performed a single burn to
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were reduced in size to save weight, however, they proved insufficient to settle the propellants in the tanks. Subsequently, venting hydrogen caused the vehicle to tumble out of control. After ten orbits, the Centaur reentered over the
616:, or outsource the manufacture of Centaur to other contractors. NASA representatives argued that this was impossible as no other aerospace company had the experience or technical capability to manufacture the Centaur's balloon tanks.
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Although Centaur was intended to launch robotic probes to the Moon and outer planets, Webb argued that NASA would also gain vital experience with liquid hydrogen by building Centaur and would be able to apply this experience toward
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failure had occurred in the guidance computer. As a temporary fix for Atlas-Centaur AC-6, 7, and 8, several unused components were removed from the computer in order to reduce system complexity and failure points.
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vehicles which could be custom-modified for Centaur launches. However, when the Atlas ICBM program ended in 1965, Convair replaced all of the earlier variants with a standardized booster for all space launches.
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This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future
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load going off in a huge fireball for the biggest on-pad explosion yet seen at Cape Canaveral. This was also the first Atlas-Centaur equipped with the uprated 165,000 lb (75,000 kg) thrust
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twin-chamber engine. (Atlas V is not generally referred to as "Atlas-Centaur" and does not share the AC- serial numbers of the original Atlas-Centaur that had the pressure stabilized first stages.)
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booster engines after the previous testing on two Atlas-Agena flights. The damage to LC-36A was not as severe as it looked and repairs were largely completed in three months, but the completion of
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With the retirement of the Agena stage in 1978, all Atlas flown from that point onward were paired with Centaurs except for a few military flights involving decommissioned Atlas E/F missiles.
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in June 1963, a new record at the time of 26 consecutive flights with only malfunctions of the upper stages or payload. This was the last on-pad explosion at Cape Canaveral until 2016 (
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time at T+401 seconds followed by Centaur separation and engine start, but it had become clear that the trajectory would take it into the Atlantic Ocean instead of orbit, and so the
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The flight quickly ended in disaster as the Atlas's booster engines shut down after a few feet of vehicle rise and the rocket fell back onto LC-36A and exploded, the Centaur's
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suggested cancelling Centaur entirely, but was talked out of it on the grounds that the experience gained with liquid hydrogen rocket engines was vital to the success of the
695:" solid propellant final stage weighing 2,473 pounds (1,122 kg) and contributing 8,000 mph (13,000 km/h; 3.6 km/s) to the velocities of the spacecraft.
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The pad LC-36B was hastily brought online, with a successful AC-6 (vehicle 151D) launched on 11 August 1965 at 14:31:04 GMT. Although Centaur appeared flight-ready, the
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Convair developed a specially-enhanced version of the Atlas D vehicle for mating with Centaur stages; the Atlas was equipped with an uprated booster section, the
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An initial lack of funds caused the project to take far longer than intended. Under original timetables, Centaur was to make its first flight in January 1961.
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The AC-4 flight (Atlas 146D and Centaur #4) was launched on 11 December 1964 at 14:25:02 GMT with a payload of 2993 kg (that carried a mass model of the
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booster. However, analysis of telemetry data and closer examination of the launch films quickly confirmed the Centaur as the source of trouble.
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was only days away, and if the failure were caused by the Atlas, it could mean significant delays for that mission, which used a similar
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designated LV-3C was used as the first stage. This was quickly replaced by SLV-3C, and later the SLV-3D, both derived from the standard
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propellant for the mission. It decayed on 5 May 1966. Seven Surveyor probes were launched, all on Atlas-Centaur.
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launch. Centaur was upgraded to a high priority project because of this direct relation to Apollo.
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In October 1961, the first Atlas-Centaur (Vehicle Flight-1: Atlas 104D and Centaur F-1) arrived at
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cancelling Project ADVENT. NASA transferred Centaur development from MSFC to the
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1441:. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. p. 10070
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Atlas-Centaur AC-27 at Launch Complex 36A in February 1972 prior to launching
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superseded by Atlas V with a new first stage powered by a much more powerful
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1222:. Space Launch Report. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010
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1385:"Beyond Earth, A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016"
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3103:
2880:
2246:
2093:
1256:"An Historical Meeting on Spaceflight: Background and Analysis"
748:
744:
684:
546:
The AC-5 flight (Atlas 156D) on 2 March 1965 at 13:25 GMT from
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2776:
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2256:
2226:
2221:
2216:
1136:
Designations for RD-180 powered Atlas with Centaur 2nd stage
417:
300:
267:
The first attempt at using an LH2/LOX-fueled engine was the
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2870:
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585:
552:
425:
304:
244:
A Centaur stage during assembly at General Dynamics in 1962
1730:
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3648:
3497:
322:
766:. The flight went entirely according to plan up until
728:-powered Atlas-Centaur was sometimes referred to as a
1592:"Atlas Centaur (AC-67) Lightning Strike Mishap, 1987"
365:
Unsuccessful maiden flight of the Atlas-Centaur AC-1
353:maladies with the guidance and propulsion systems.
1013:Centaur-D1A, One flight with Star-37E upper stage
779:) was launched successfully on AC-35 in May 1975.
759:On 20 February 1975, AC-33 launched carrying the
5016:
4993:* - Japanese projects using US rockets or stages
1046:Designations for evolved Atlas-Centaur versions
813:altering a single word in the guidance program.
804:On 26 March 1987, AC-67 failed to launch a Navy
721:(Centaur), AC-206, launched on 3 February 2005.
628:Launch of Surveyor 2 on an Atlas-Centaur (AC-7)
405:recommended that it be cancelled in favor of a
369:The vehicle was launched at 2:49 PM EST (18:49
228:, the manufacturer of the Atlas, developed the
336:Technicians readying booster 104D for erection
276:distract Convair's focus on the all-important
256:Centaur was the first rocket stage to utilize
4352:
2452:
1688:
1630:
1164:Centaur-3A-SEC, Centaur-3-SEC, Centaur-3-DEC
2276:
4359:
4345:
2466:
2459:
2445:
1695:
1681:
1575:. Thiokol Propulsion. 2000. Archived from
38:
1480:
1427:
1459:
1453:
651:
623:
537:
495:
474:
360:
339:
331:
303:supervision, Centaur was transferred to
247:
239:
1460:Williams, David R. (21 November 2018).
1436:"PROJECT: CENTAUR (AC-8) Press Release"
1325:
647:
14:
5017:
1274:
500:Erection of Atlas 135D (AC-3), Pad 36A
323:Research and development (R/D) flights
4340:
2440:
1676:
1636:
1486:
2484:Comparison of orbital launch systems
1589:
1573:"STAR Performance and Summary Chart"
1462:"Surveyor to the Moon (1966 - 1968)"
1433:
1333:"Display: Atlas-Centaur 4 1964-082A"
1282:"Display: Atlas-Centaur 2 1963-047A"
1213:
1209:
1207:
986:One flight with Star-37E upper stage
220:
1468:. Goddard Space Flight Center: NASA
1382:
671:rocket. Two spaceflights, with the
24:
603:
185:D missile. The vehicle featured a
25:
5041:
1702:
1660:
1216:"Atlas Centaur LV-3C Development"
1204:
578:SpaceX Falcon 9 pre-flight mishap
1729:
1364:
1345:
1313:
1294:
799:
782:
754:
619:
512:
470:
396:
195:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
4312:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
1617:"The Atlas-Centaur 67 incident"
1609:
1583:
1565:
1543:
533:
491:
327:
27:Family of space launch vehicles
4373:developed in the United States
2479:List of orbital launch systems
1402:
1376:
1357:
1306:
1248:
857:Atlas D derived Atlas-Centaur
13:
1:
2364:International Launch Services
1489:"The Surveyor Lunar Landings"
1197:
5005:- used Ukrainian first stage
4557:Antares 110/120/130/230/230+
1637:Grush, Loren (30 May 2020).
1513:10.1126/science.164.3881.775
558:
486:geostationary transfer orbit
235:
7:
823:
479:Atlas-LV3C Centaur-B (AC-2)
344:Atlas-LV3C Centaur-A (AC-1)
44:An Atlas-Centaur launching
10:
5046:
4302:Medium-lift launch vehicle
1487:Jaffe, Leonard D. (1969).
691:, used a spin-stabilized "
356:
294:
252:Diagram of a Centaur stage
4996:** - uses Russian engines
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4307:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
4297:Small-lift launch vehicle
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2014:
1986:
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1240:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
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1045:
1019:Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR
992:Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A
887:
864:
856:
457:(DoD) had settled on the
413:for planetary missions.
179:expendable launch vehicle
160:
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90:
85:
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63:
53:
37:
5002:- no new orders accepted
1214:Kyle, Ed (28 May 2005).
764:communications satellite
58:Expendable launch system
1131:Centaur-2 / Centaur-2A
530:, on 12 December 1964.
428:where a team headed by
2468:Orbital launch systems
2369:United Launch Alliance
1434:NASA (24 March 1966).
1415:. NASA. pp. 23–24
934:Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D
908:Atlas LV-3C Centaur-C
885:Atlas LV-3C Centaur-B
862:Atlas LV-3C Centaur-A
663:Initially, a modified
660:
640:Beginning with AC-13 (
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480:
366:
345:
337:
273:Lockheed CL-400 Suntan
253:
245:
5030:Atlas (rocket family)
1553:. Gunter's Space Page
1220:spacelaunchreport.com
818:45th Weather Squadron
811:electromagnetic pulse
793:thrust vector control
655:
627:
541:
499:
478:
455:Department of Defense
422:Lewis Research Center
364:
343:
335:
251:
243:
5025:Rockets and missiles
1335:. NASA. 5 April 2021
1284:. NASA. 5 April 2021
773:Range Safety Officer
747:-designed and built
648:Operational launches
177:was a United States
2332:Pratt & Whitney
2120:Common Core Booster
1505:1969Sci...164..775J
1466:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
1439:(Release no. 66-58)
519:Surveyor spacecraft
289:Pratt & Whitney
68:Convair Division of
34:
4785:v1.2 "Full Thrust"
3474:v1.2 "Full Thrust"
1579:on 16 August 2000.
661:
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481:
435:In November 1962,
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137:Partial failure(s)
32:
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4999:- never succeeded
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2042:Francis E. Warren
1932:
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1590:O’Connor, Bryan.
1499:(3881): 775–788.
1383:Siddiqi, Asif A.
1195:
1194:
849:Partial failures
437:President Kennedy
411:Agena upper stage
403:Wernher von Braun
299:Originally under
280:missile program.
221:Early development
191:Launch Complex 36
181:derived from the
171:
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78:Country of origin
16:(Redirected from
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4397:Falcon 9 Block 5
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4183:Universal Rocket
2554:Falcon 9 Block 5
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789:Intelsat IVA F-5
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687:and exiting the
679:space probes to
634:Surveyor program
448:Surveyor program
164:edit on Wikidata
72:General Dynamics
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4292:Sounding rocket
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2306:Lockheed Martin
2301:Martin Marietta
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1551:"Atlas Centaur"
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761:Intelsat IV F-6
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711:Lockheed Martin
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453:Meanwhile, the
430:Abe Silverstein
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4477:In development
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2909:In development
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2888:Vulcan Centaur
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1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:Centaur-D1AR
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1054:Centaur-D1AR
1053:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1041:Centaur-D1AR
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
990:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
932:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
906:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
884:
883:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
861:
860:
855:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
834:First launch
833:
830:
829:
821:
819:
814:
812:
807:
800:AC-67 failure
797:
794:
790:
783:AC-43 failure
780:
778:
774:
769:
765:
762:
755:AC-33 failure
752:
750:
746:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
659:
654:
645:
643:
638:
635:
626:
620:Later flights
617:
615:
611:
604:Investigation
601:
598:
593:
591:
587:
581:
579:
574:
570:
566:
556:
554:
549:
540:
531:
529:
528:South Pacific
524:
520:
513:Fourth flight
510:
508:
498:
489:
487:
477:
471:Second flight
468:
465:
460:
456:
451:
449:
444:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
397:Investigation
394:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
363:
354:
351:
342:
334:
320:
317:
315:
311:
306:
302:
292:
290:
286:
281:
279:
274:
270:
265:
263:
262:liquid oxygen
259:
250:
242:
233:
231:
227:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:Atlas-Centaur
165:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
81:United States
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
47:
41:
36:
33:Atlas-Centaur
30:
19:
4919:Thorad-Agena
4645:
4402:Falcon Heavy
4082:Thorad-Agena
3755:Soyuz/Vostok
3292:
2559:Falcon Heavy
2270:Corporations
2129:Upper stages
2113:First stages
1937:Launch sites
1862:
1846:Upper stages
1810:Alphabetical
1716:Atlas family
1646:. Retrieved
1642:
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1611:
1599:. Retrieved
1585:
1577:the original
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1545:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1465:
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1378:
1359:
1337:. Retrieved
1327:
1308:
1286:. Retrieved
1276:
1267:
1260:. Retrieved
1250:
1224:. Retrieved
1219:
961:Atlas SLV-3C
837:Last launch
815:
803:
786:
758:
723:
700:
697:
689:Solar System
662:
639:
631:
610:Joseph Karth
607:
594:
582:
562:
548:Cape Kennedy
545:
534:Fifth flight
516:
503:
492:Third flight
482:
452:
445:
434:
415:
400:
391:
368:
347:
328:First flight
318:
298:
282:
266:
255:
224:
174:
172:
145:First flight
99:Launch sites
64:Manufacturer
29:
4808:LauncherOne
4484:Antares 330
3572:LauncherOne
3523:Kaituozhe-1
3300:Black Arrow
3052:Orbex Prime
2951:Hyperbola-2
2916:Antares 330
2616:Kaituozhe 2
2589:Hyperbola-1
2057:Plattsburgh
1915:Atlas SLV-3
1910:Atlas LV-3B
1858:Atlas-Agena
1721:SM-65 Atlas
1419:25 February
1262:25 February
1174:2002-08-21
1149:2005-02-03
1146:2000-05-24
1116:2004-08-31
1113:1991-12-07
1088:1997-04-25
1085:1990-07-25
1060:1989-09-25
1057:1984-06-09
1026:1983-05-19
1023:1975-09-26
998:1975-05-22
995:1973-04-06
984:Centaur-D,
969:1972-08-21
966:1967-09-08
940:1967-07-14
937:1965-08-11
914:1965-03-03
911:1964-06-30
888:1963-11-27
865:1962-05-08
669:Atlas SLV-3
597:Atlas-Agena
387:Atlas LV-3B
278:SM-65 Atlas
197:(CCAFS) in
183:SM-65 Atlas
153:Last flight
121:Success(es)
18:Atlas LV-3C
5019:Categories
3577:Long March
3481:Feng Bao 1
3094:Tianlong-3
3020:New Line 1
2978:Long March
2926:Cyclone-4M
2866:Tianlong-2
2844:2.1b / STB
2839:2.1a / STA
2782:Pegasus XL
2648:Long March
2621:Kinetica 1
2544:Chollima-1
2337:Rocketdyne
2080:Components
1988:Vandenberg
1853:Atlas-Able
1746:Prototypes
1601:5 November
1394:5 November
1198:References
1103:Centaur-1
963:Centaur-D
955:Centaur-D
929:Centaur-C
903:Centaur-B
880:Centaur-A
843:Successes
726:Rocketdyne
707:California
677:Pioneer 11
673:Pioneer 10
658:Pioneer 10
642:Surveyor 5
614:Titan IIIC
260:(LH2) and
203:Surveyor 1
148:8 May 1962
129:Failure(s)
46:Surveyor 1
4653:Conestoga
4514:Red Dwarf
4499:New Glenn
4489:Daytona I
3676:Paektusan
3305:Conestoga
3062:Red Dwarf
3015:New Glenn
2946:Gravity-2
2936:Epsilon S
2569:Gravity-1
2426:2020–2029
2421:2010–2019
2416:2000–2009
2411:1990–1999
2406:1980–1989
2401:1970–1979
2396:1960–1969
2391:1957–1959
2099:Castor 4A
2062:Schilling
2032:Fairchild
1889:Atlas III
1872:Numerical
1827:Atlas E/F
1643:The Verge
1521:0036-8075
1142:Atlas III
846:Failures
840:Launches
806:FLTSATCOM
719:Atlas III
703:San Diego
236:Technical
4981:Vanguard
4892:Ablestar
4877:Terran 1
4830:Rocket 3
4770:Falcon 9
4765:Falcon 1
4758:IV Heavy
4541:Terran R
4536:Starship
4524:Block 1B
4412:Minotaur
4392:Electron
4220:original
4210:Vanguard
4193:Proton-K
4166:original
4014:Ablestar
3999:Terran 1
3957:original
3816:Rocket 3
3723:original
3533:original
3459:Falcon 9
3454:Falcon 1
3410:IV Heavy
3126:Zuljanah
3089:Terran R
3072:Block 1B
3057:Pallas-1
2961:Kuaizhou
2921:Bloostar
2861:Starship
2812:Shavit 2
2797:Qaem 100
2787:Proton-M
2745:Minotaur
2626:Kuaizhou
2549:Electron
2517:Ariane 6
2383:Launches
2087:Boosters
1973:(S)LC-36
1884:Atlas II
1777:Missiles
1557:15 April
1537:17840556
1472:17 April
1445:10 April
1236:cite web
1226:15 April
852:Remarks
824:Variants
715:Colorado
693:Star-37E
409:with an
407:Saturn I
385:derived
314:Surveyor
215:Atlas II
54:Function
4803:Juno II
4646:Centaur
4550:Retired
4529:Block 2
4504:Neutron
4461:Block 1
4439:Pegasus
4386:Atlas V
4368:Orbital
4285:Classes
4156:Tsyklon
3994:Start-1
3765:Voskhod
3760:Sputnik
3696:Molniya
3681:Pilot-2
3518:Juno II
3432:Epsilon
3427:Energia
3417:Diamant
3293:Centaur
3142:Antares
3135:Retired
3084:Soyuz-7
3077:Block 2
3010:Neutron
3000:Miura 5
2834:Soyuz-2
2827:Block 1
2817:Simorgh
2594:Jielong
2522:Atlas V
2493:Current
2342:Thiokol
2322:Aerojet
2315:Engines
2291:Convair
2205:Engines
2196:Trident
2156:Centaur
2047:Lincoln
1894:Atlas V
1879:Atlas I
1837:Atlas H
1832:Atlas G
1822:Atlas D
1817:Atlas B
1794:Atlas F
1789:Atlas E
1784:Atlas D
1768:Atlas C
1763:Atlas B
1758:Atlas A
1739:Rockets
1648:12 July
1622:4 April
1529:1726669
1501:Bibcode
1493:Science
1339:9 April
1288:9 April
1269:Apollo.
1177:Active
1170:Atlas V
1081:Atlas I
1052:Atlas G
745:Russian
737:⁄
681:Jupiter
665:Atlas D
559:Failure
464:Atlas D
383:Atlas D
357:Failure
310:Mariner
295:Program
230:Centaur
226:Convair
199:Florida
193:at the
187:Centaur
94:Retired
4929:II GLV
4912:DSV-2U
4902:Burner
4872:Sparta
4835:Saturn
4798:Juno I
4563:Athena
4379:Active
4269:Zhuque
4203:Strela
4161:R-36-O
4104:II GLV
4092:SLV-2H
4087:SLV-2G
4075:DSV-2U
4053:Burner
3989:SS-520
3984:Sparta
3952:Shavit
3843:Saturn
3804:Shtil'
3770:Vostok
3713:Polyot
3671:Naro-1
3560:Lambda
3528:Kosmos
3513:Juno I
3437:Europa
3211:Athena
3174:Ariane
3114:Zhuque
3104:Vega E
2956:Irtysh
2893:Zhuque
2611:KAIROS
2500:Angara
2284:Rocket
2247:RD-180
2237:LR-105
2227:B-8096
2222:B-8081
2217:B-8048
2151:Burner
2146:Altair
2094:AJ-60A
2067:Walker
2052:Offutt
2037:Forbes
1996:LC-576
1978:SLC-41
1753:MX-774
1597:. NASA
1535:
1527:
1519:
1390:. NASA
1258:. NASA
749:RD-180
685:Saturn
573:LC-36B
91:Status
48:(1966)
4924:Titan
4907:Delta
4897:Agena
4867:SPARK
4857:Scout
4825:Pilot
4658:Delta
4641:Agena
4631:SLV-3
4626:LV-3B
4580:Atlas
4232:Zenit
4227:VLS-1
4198:Rokot
4099:Titan
4070:Delta
4031:Agena
3979:SPARK
3865:Scout
3821:Safir
3809:Volna
3718:Soyuz
3508:H-IIB
3422:Dnepr
3310:Delta
3288:Agena
3278:SLV-3
3273:LV-3B
3228:Atlas
2802:Qased
2777:OS-M1
2579:H-IIA
2527:Ceres
2257:RS-56
2232:LR-89
2212:AJ-10
2141:Agena
2027:Dyess
2022:Altus
2015:Bases
2006:SLC-4
2001:SLC-3
1968:LC-14
1963:LC-13
1958:LC-12
1953:LC-11
1903:Other
1595:(PDF)
1525:JSTOR
1413:(PDF)
1388:(PDF)
831:Name
459:Titan
162:[
107:LC-36
4969:CT-3
4954:IIIE
4949:IIID
4944:IIIC
4939:IIIB
4934:IIIA
4887:Able
4882:Thor
4819:N-II
4780:v1.1
4775:v1.0
4738:5000
4733:4000
4728:3000
4723:2000
4718:1000
4713:0100
4636:Able
4509:Nova
4257:3SLB
4215:Vega
4144:CT-3
4129:IIIE
4124:IIID
4119:IIIC
4114:IIIB
4109:IIIA
4009:Able
4004:Thor
3905:X-2B
3895:X-3M
3885:X-2M
3799:R-29
3691:Luna
3666:N-II
3644:3SII
3543:2/2I
3503:H-II
3491:Mk I
3486:GSLV
3469:v1.1
3464:v1.0
3390:5000
3385:4000
3380:3000
3375:2000
3370:1000
3365:0100
3283:Able
3206:ASLV
3167:230+
3109:Zero
3035:OS-M
3030:Nova
3025:NGLV
2941:Eris
2931:Deca
2876:Vega
2871:Unha
2856:SSLV
2849:2-1v
2792:PSLV
2772:Nuri
2740:LVM3
2673:3B/E
2574:GSLV
2356:LSPs
2252:RL10
2242:R-4D
2186:Star
2161:IABS
2136:Able
1650:2021
1624:2022
1603:2022
1559:2016
1533:PMID
1517:ISSN
1474:2021
1447:2021
1421:2023
1396:2022
1341:2021
1290:2021
1264:2023
1242:link
1228:2016
768:BECO
724:The
675:and
586:RP-1
569:MA-5
553:Moon
426:Ohio
418:ARPA
312:and
305:NASA
301:ARPA
285:MA-5
173:The
4964:23G
4959:34D
4813:N-I
4792:H-I
4748:III
4620:III
4595:E/F
4519:SLS
4494:MLV
4456:SLS
4451:RS1
4252:3SL
4247:2FG
4139:23G
4134:34D
3969:SLV
3945:G-1
3940:F-1
3935:E-1
3930:A-1
3925:D-1
3920:B-1
3900:X-4
3890:X-3
3880:X-2
3870:X-1
3686:R-7
3661:N-I
3498:H-I
3400:III
3268:III
3243:E/F
3162:230
3157:130
3152:120
3147:110
3099:VLM
3067:SLS
3005:MLV
2822:SLS
2807:RS1
2733:11H
2505:1.2
2191:SVS
2181:SGS
2176:PTS
2171:OIS
2166:MSD
1509:doi
1497:164
1183:79
1180:80
1122:63
1119:63
1091:11
1032:24
1029:26
975:14
972:17
713:in
590:LOX
580:).
565:LH2
424:in
377:'s
371:GMT
124:181
116:197
5021::
4974:IV
4845:IB
4753:IV
4743:II
4622:**
4615:II
4573:II
4559:**
4444:XL
4422:IV
4388:**
4262:3F
4242:2M
4149:IV
3853:IB
3836:1B
3831:1A
3790:2M
3748:U2
3728:FG
3656:N1
3639:3S
3634:3H
3629:3C
3624:4S
3619:Mu
3612:4A
3607:3B
3597:2E
3592:2A
3587:1D
3565:4S
3553:3M
3447:II
3405:IV
3395:II
3263:II
3221:II
2993:12
2988:10
2971:31
2966:21
2755:IV
2728:11
2718:7A
2708:6A
2698:5B
2688:4C
2683:4B
2678:3C
2668:3A
2663:2F
2658:2D
2653:2C
2641:11
2636:1A
2584:H3
2537:1S
2510:A5
2104:MA
1920:GX
1641:.
1531:.
1523:.
1515:.
1507:.
1495:.
1491:.
1464:.
1266:.
1238:}}
1234:{{
1218:.
1206:^
1189:1
1186:0
1161:0
1158:0
1155:6
1152:6
1128:0
1125:0
1100:0
1097:3
1094:8
1072:0
1069:2
1066:5
1063:7
1038:1
1035:1
1010:0
1007:1
1004:5
1001:6
981:0
978:3
952:0
949:0
946:7
943:7
926:1
923:2
920:0
917:3
900:0
897:0
894:1
891:1
877:0
874:1
871:0
868:1
705:,
683:,
316:.
291:.
217:.
211:11
207:10
132:13
105:,
4850:V
4840:I
4821:*
4815:*
4794:*
4708:N
4703:M
4698:L
4693:J
4688:G
4683:E
4678:D
4673:C
4668:B
4663:A
4610:I
4605:H
4600:G
4590:D
4585:B
4568:I
4432:C
4427:V
4417:I
4360:e
4353:t
4346:v
4274:1
4237:2
4176:3
4171:2
4063:2
4058:1
4046:D
4041:B
4036:A
4024:2
4019:1
3962:1
3915:A
3910:B
3858:V
3848:I
3826:1
3785:2
3780:K
3775:L
3743:U
3738:M
3733:L
3706:L
3701:M
3649:V
3602:3
3582:1
3548:3
3538:1
3442:I
3360:N
3355:M
3350:L
3345:J
3340:G
3335:E
3330:D
3325:C
3320:B
3315:A
3258:I
3253:H
3248:G
3238:D
3233:B
3216:I
3199:5
3194:4
3189:3
3184:2
3179:1
3119:3
3045:4
3040:2
2983:9
2898:2
2881:C
2765:C
2760:V
2750:I
2723:8
2713:7
2703:6
2693:5
2631:1
2604:3
2599:1
2532:1
2460:e
2453:t
2446:v
1696:e
1689:t
1682:v
1652:.
1626:.
1605:.
1561:.
1539:.
1511::
1503::
1476:.
1449:.
1423:.
1398:.
1373:.
1354:.
1343:.
1322:.
1303:.
1292:.
1244:)
1230:.
739:2
735:1
732:+
730:2
209:/
166:]
140:3
20:)
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