792:(known as the "round" autopilot due to the shape of the containers its major components were housed in), but on Mercury vehicles, it was decided to use the newer transistorized "square" autopilot developed for the E and F-series missiles, and for the upcoming Atlas-Centaur vehicle. The first three Mercury-Atlas vehicles still had the round autopilot and it was flown for the first time on Mercury-Atlas 3, but failed disastrously when the booster did not perform the programmed pitchover maneuver and had to be destroyed by Range Safety action. Afterwards, the missile programmer was recovered and examined. While the exact cause of the failure was not identified, several causes were proposed and a number of modifications made to the programmer. On Mercury-Atlas 4, high vibration levels in flight resulted in more modifications and it finally worked perfectly on Mercury-Atlas 5.
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abort condition if it had been a crewed launch. Although some roll was naturally imparted by the Atlas's turbine exhaust, this could not account for the entire problem which instead had more to do with engine alignment. Acceptance data from the engine supplier (Rocketdyne) showed that a group of 81 engines had an average roll movement in the same direction of approximately the same magnitude as that experienced in flight. Although the acceptance test-stand and flight-experience data on individual engines did not correlate, it was determined that offsetting the alignment of the booster engines could counteract this roll motion and minimize the roll tendency at liftoff. After
Schirra's Mercury flight did experience momentary roll problems early in the launch, the change was incorporated into
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workmanship as possible. Components used in the
Mercury-Atlas vehicles were given thorough testing to ensure proper manufacturing quality and operating condition, in addition components and subsystems with excessive operating hours, out-of-specification performance, and questionable inspection records would be rejected. All components approved for the Mercury program were earmarked and stored separately from hardware intended for other Atlas programs and special handling procedures were done to protect them from damage. The factory inspection of Mercury vehicles was performed by Convair personnel specially chosen for their experience, familiarity with the Atlas hardware, and who had demonstrated a favorable disposition and work ethic.
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by low-order rough combustion that ruptured the injector head and LOX dome, causing a thrust section fire that led to eventual complete loss of the missile. The exact reason for the back-to-back combustion instability failures on 51D and 48D was not determined with certainty, although several causes were proposed. This problem was resolved by installing baffles in the injector head to break up swirling propellant, at the expense of some performance as the baffles added additional weight and reduced the number of injector holes that the propellants were sprayed through. The lessons learned with the Atlas program later proved vital to the development of the much larger Saturn F-1 engine.
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possible, so assorted enhancements made to the latest Atlas missiles would not be used. Various equipment and procedures used with
Mercury vehicles, although outdated and often not the best or latest, were preferred because they were proven and well-understood. Any new equipment or hardware changes made to Mercury vehicles had to be flown on at least three Atlas R&D tests before NASA would approve them for use. Despite the conservatism and caution taken with the design of Mercury vehicles, a huge number of changes nonetheless did take place over the
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the pad for a few moments after ignition to ensure smooth thrust. The engines would also use a "wet start", meaning that the engine tubes would contain an inert fluid to act as a shock damper (the two failed Atlas D flight tests used dry starts, with no fluid in the engine tubes). If the booster failed the check, it would be automatically shut down. By late 1961, after a third missile (27E) had exploded on the pad from combustion instability, Convair developed a significantly upgraded propulsion system that featured baffled fuel injectors and a
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carry a nuclear warhead or an uncrewed satellite, let alone a human passenger. Plans to human-rate Atlas were effectively still on the drawing board and
Convair estimated that 75% reliability would be achieved by early 1961 and 85% reliability by the end of the year. Despite the Atlas' developmental problems, NASA had the benefit of conducting Project Mercury simultaneously with the Atlas R&D program which gave plenty of test flights to draw data from as well as test modified equipment for Mercury.
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first thick-skinned booster delivered while in the meantime, MA-2's booster (67D) which was still a thin-skinned model, had to be equipped with a steel reinforcement band at the interface between the capsule and the booster. Under original plans, Atlas 77D was to have been the booster used for MA-3. It received its factory rollout inspection in
September 1960, but shortly afterwards, the postflight findings for MA-1 came out which led to the thin-skinned 77D being recalled and replaced by 100D.
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to ensure proper operation of the gyroscopes prior to launch. This idea had originally been conceived when the first Atlas B launch in 1958 went out of control and destroyed itself after being launched with a non-functioning yaw gyro, but it was phased into Atlas vehicles only gradually. One other Atlas missile test in 1961 also destroyed itself during launch, in that case because the gyroscope motor speed was too low. The motion sensors would thus eliminate this failure mode.
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system would allow the engine cutoff signal to go through, while blocking the destruct signal for three seconds. The decrease in engine performance would then be sensed by the ASIS, which would activate the LES, after which the destruct signal would be unblocked and destroy the launch vehicle. Engine cutoff and destruct commands were also blocked for the first 30 seconds of launch to prevent a malfunctioning vehicle from coming down on or around the pad.
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from missiles, the guidance antennas had to be completely redesigned to ensure maximum signal strength. The posigrade rocket motors on the top of the Atlas, designed to push the spent missile away from the warhead, were moved to the
Mercury capsule itself. This also necessitated adding a fiberglass insulation shield to the LOX tank dome so it wouldn't be ruptured by the rocket motors.
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inlet valve was moving to the flight-ready "open" position and while running untested hardware modifications. In addition Atlas 113D, the booster used for Wally
Schirra's flight, was given a PFRT (Pre-Flight Readiness Test) to verify proper functionality of the propulsion system. On MA-9, a plastic liner was added to the inside of the pumps to prevent this failure mode from recurring.
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to approve each booster as flight-ready. The review board would conduct an overview of all pre-launch checks, and hardware repairs/modifications. In addition, Atlas flights over the past few months in both NASA and Air Force programs would be reviewed to make sure no failures occurred involving any components or procedures relevant to
Project Mercury.
718:(LES) used on Redstone and Atlas launches was identical, but the ASIS system varied considerably between the two boosters as Atlas was a much larger, more complex vehicle with five engines, two of which were jettisoned during flight, a more sophisticated guidance system, and inflated balloon tanks that required constant pressure to not collapse.
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and it burned to propellant depletion, there was the possibility of a LOX-rich shutdown which could result in damage to engine components from high temperatures. For safety reasons, the PU system was modified to increase the LOX flow to the sustainer engine ten seconds before SECO. This was to ensure
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Static testing of
Rocketdyne engines had produced high-frequency combustion instability, in what was known as the "racetrack" effect where burning propellant would swirl around the injector head, eventually destroying it from shock waves. On the launches of Atlas 51D and 48D, the failures were caused
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Big Joe and MA-1 had no escape tower, the latter's in-flight failure was possibly due to the lack of the LES negatively affecting its aerodynamic profile and so MA-2 carried a dummy tower. A live LES was carried for the first time on MA-3 (and ended up proving its functionality in an unplanned test).
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Big Joe and MA-1's boosters sported thicker gauge skin on the fuel tank but the LOX tank used the standard D-series missile skin. After the loss of the latter vehicle in flight, NASA determined that the standard LOX tank skin was insufficient and requested it be made thicker. Atlas 100D would be the
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tank due to the
Mercury/LES combination being considerably longer than a warhead and thus producing different aerodynamic characteristics (the standard Atlas D gyro package was still retained on the vehicle for the use of the ASIS). Mercury-Atlas 5 also added a new reliability feature—motion sensors
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Not all of the modifications listed below were carried on every Mercury flight and numerous changes were made along the way in the interest of improvement or as a result of flight data obtained from failed Atlas launches. Quality control and checkout procedures also improved and became more detailed
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The ASIS system was deemed necessary because some flight failures of Atlas vehicles (for instance, Atlas 6B) occurred so fast that it would be nearly impossible for the astronaut to react in time to manually activate the LES. Other failure modes such as a deviation from the correct flight trajectory
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Central to these efforts was the development of the Abort Sensing and Implementation System (ASIS), which would detect malfunctions in the Atlas's various components and trigger a launch abort if necessary. Added redundancy was built in; if ASIS itself failed, the loss of power would also trigger an
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explosions caused by the impeller blades rubbing against the metal casing of the pump and creating a friction spark. This happened after over three years of Atlas flights without any turbopump issues and it was not clear why the rubbing occurred, but all episodes of this happened when the sustainer
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Mercury vehicles up to MA-7 had foam insulation in the intermediate bulkhead to prevent the super-chilled LOX from causing the RP-1 to freeze. During repairs to MA-6 prior to John Glenn's flight, it was decided to remove the insulation for being unnecessary and an impediment during servicing of the
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Combustion instability was a repeated problem in static firing tests of the MA-2 engines and had also caused the on-pad explosion of two Atlas vehicles in early 1960. Thus, it was decided to install extra sensors in the engines to monitor combustion levels and the booster would also be held down on
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Beginning on MA-3, a newer transistorized telemetry system replaced the old vacuum tube-based unit, which was heavy, had high power consumption, and tended to suffer from signal fade as vehicle altitude increased. As with most SLV configurations of Atlas, Mercury vehicles carried only one telemetry
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All launch vehicles would have to be complete and fully flight-ready at delivery to Cape Canaveral with no missing components or unscheduled modifications/upgrades. After delivery, a comprehensive inspection of the booster would be undertaken and prior to launch, a flight review board would convene
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The vernier solo phase, which would be used on ICBMs to fine-tune the missile velocity after sustainer cutoff, was eliminated from the guidance program in the interest of simplicity as well as improved performance and lift capacity. Since orbital flights required an extremely different flight path
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Propulsion systems used for the Mercury vehicles would be limited to standard D-series Atlas models of the Rocketdyne MA-2 engines which had been tested and found to have performance parameters closely matching NASA's specifications. NASA decided that the best choice of engines would be units with
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The Atlas had been originally designed as a weapon system, thus its design and reliability did not need to necessarily be 100% perfect, with Atlas launches too frequently ending in explosions. As such, significant steps had to be taken to human-rate the missile to make it safe and reliable, unless
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The hydraulic system on Mercury vehicles was a standard D-series Atlas setup. The vernier solo accumulator was deleted as Mercury vehicles did not perform vernier solo mode. A hydraulic pressure switch on MA-7 was tripped and flagged an erroneous abort signal, so on subsequent vehicles additional
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Shortly after being chosen for the program in early 1959, the Mercury astronauts were taken to watch the second D-series Atlas test, which exploded a minute into launch. This was the fifth straight complete or partial Atlas failure and the booster was at this point nowhere near reliable enough to
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A common and normally harmless phenomenon on Atlas vehicles was the tendency of the booster to develop a slight roll in the first few seconds following liftoff due to the autopilot not kicking in yet. On a few flights however, the booster developed enough rolling motion to potentially trigger an
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Mercury vehicles used a standard D-series Atlas pneumatic system, although studies were conducted over the cause of tank pressure fluctuation which was known to occur under certain payload conditions. These studies found that the helium regulator used on early D-series vehicles had a tendency to
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The range safety system was also modified for the Mercury program. There would be a three-second delay between engine cutoff and activation of the destruct charges so as to give the LES time to pull the capsule to safety. More specifically, if the Range Safety destruct command was sent, the ASIS
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Aside from the modifications described below, Convair set aside a separate assembly line dedicated to Mercury-Atlas vehicles which was staffed by personnel who received special orientation and training on the importance of the crewed space program and the need for as high a degree of top-quality
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For the most part, NASA preferred to stay conservative with the Mercury vehicles and avoid modifying them any more than necessary. Modifications to the Atlas would largely be limited to those that improved pilot safety and the standard D-series Atlas configuration was to be retained as much as
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Atlas flight test data was used to draw up a list of the most likely failure modes for the D-series vehicles, however simplicity reasons dictated that only a limited number of booster parameters could be monitored. An abort could be triggered by the following conditions, all of which could be
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Added redundancy was made to the propulsion system electrical circuitry to ensure that SECO would occur on time and when commanded. The LOX fuel feed system received added wiring redundancy to ensure that the propellant valves would open in the proper sequence during engine start.
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abort. The ASIS system was first carried on a few Atlas missile R&D flights, then flown open loop on Mercury-Atlas 1, meaning the ASIS could generate an abort signal but not send a cutoff command to the propulsion system. It was operated closed-loop on MA-3 for the first time.
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The flow of helium to the LOX tank on Mercury vehicles was limited to 1 lb per second. This change was made after Atlas 81D, an IOC test from VAFB, was destroyed in-flight due to a malfunction that caused the pressurization regulator to overpressurize the tank until it ruptured.
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374:. With the Atlas having been originally designed as a weapon system, testing and design changes were made to the missile to make it a safe and reliable launch vehicle. After the changes were made and approved, the US launched the LV-3B nine times, four of which had
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roughly medium-tier performance. Engines with higher than average performance were not considered acceptable because nobody could determine exactly why a given set of engines performed the way it did, and so it was considered safest to use medium-performance ones.
1014:. NASA originally planned to use leftover LV-3B vehicles to launch Gemini-Agena Target Vehicles, however an increase in funding during 1964 meant that the agency could afford to buy brand-new Atlas SLV-3 vehicles instead, so the idea was scrapped.
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A further series of Mercury launches was planned, which would have used additional LV-3Bs; however these flights were canceled after the success of the initial Mercury missions. The last LV-3B launch was conducted on 15 May 1963, for the launch of
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that the LOX supply would be completely exhausted at SECO and prevent a LOX-rich shutdown. The PU system was set up in the Atlas C configuration through MA-6 in the interest of reliability, the standard D-series PU setup not being used until MA-7.
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ICBM to become operational. Atlas's stage-and-a-half configuration was seen as preferable to the two-stage Titan in that all engines were ignited at liftoff, making it easier to test for hardware problems during pre-launch checks.
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years of the program from lessons learned and the emphasis on quality control got tighter as time went along; the last two Mercury flights were given a level of testing and pre-flight inspection that was unheard of when
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The NASA Quality Assurance Program meant that each Mercury-Atlas vehicle took twice as long to manufacture and assemble as an Atlas designed for uncrewed missions and three times as long to test and verify for flight.
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test flight. The rocket suffered a structural failure shortly after launch, and as a result failed to place the spacecraft onto its intended trajectory. In addition to the maiden flight, the first orbital launch,
420:. The Atlas D missile was the natural choice for Project Mercury, as it was the only launch vehicle in the US arsenal that could put the spacecraft into orbit and also had many flights from which to gather data.
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This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future
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induce resonant vibration during launch, but several modifications to the pneumatic system had been made since then, including the use of a newer model regulator that did not produce this effect.
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The LOX tank skin was thickened still further on MA-7 as the operational Mercury flights carried more equipment and consumables than the R&D ones and capsule weight was growing.
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Mercury-Atlas vehicles utilized the boil-off valve from the C-series Atlas rather than the standard D-series valve for reliability and weight-saving reasons.
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1584:"Stock Photo – The Mercury Atlas rocket (officially designated the Atlas LV-3 B) was an Atlas D missile modified for Project Mercury launches"
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also failed. This failure was due to a problem with the guidance system failing to execute pitch and roll commands, necessitating that the
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boosters in the field. NASA sent out a memo to GD/A requesting that subsequent Mercury-Atlas vehicles not include bulkhead insulation.
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846:'s flight on MA-7 used the old-style Atlas propulsion system and the new variant was not employed until
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Engine thrust or hydraulic pressure dropped below a certain level
409:
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56:
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3776:
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destroy the vehicle. The spacecraft separated by means of its
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package was placed much closer to the forward section of the
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304:
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408:. Manufactured by American aircraft manufacturing company
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1221:
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989:
It first flew on 29 July 1960, conducting the suborbital
881:
767:
308:
253:
736:
Propellant tank pressure dropped below a certain level
1018:
Mercury-Atlas vehicles built and eventual disposition
3011:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14
3006:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 5
5689:
5666:* - Japanese projects using US rockets or stages
913:
89:width over boost fairing 4.9 metres (16 ft)
801:package while R&D missile tests had three.
3100:(non-NASA project inspired by Project Mercury)
838:method, but NASA were unwilling to jeopardize
742:The booster electrical system ceased operating
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1212:
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813:was modified to reduce signal interference.
1530:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
1181:(Backup vehicle for Big Joe, reassigned to
1056:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
978:. Atlas LV-3B launches were conducted from
629:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
475:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5032:
5018:
3139:
3132:
3118:
2512:
2498:
1748:
1734:
1516:
27:
1120:Learn how and when to remove this message
693:Learn how and when to remove this message
539:Learn how and when to remove this message
1683:"Project Mercury » Bricks in Space"
5690:
1658:"Project Mercury's Successful Failure"
726:indicative of a catastrophic failure:
233:1,517.4 kilonewtons (341,130 lbf)
5013:
3113:
2493:
1729:
1655:
824:
816:
3157:Comparison of orbital launch systems
1626:
1624:
1551:
1549:
1054:adding citations to reliable sources
1021:
857:
627:adding citations to reliable sources
594:
473:adding citations to reliable sources
440:
436:
288:363.22 kilonewtons (81,655 lbf)
2519:
1581:
947:
904:
891:
590:
97:120,000 kilograms (260,000 lb)
13:
2558:
396:used as part of the United States
350:used as part of the United States
14:
5714:
1755:
1656:White, J. Terry (29 April 2013).
1621:
1546:
416:missile, and was a member of the
370:missile, and was a member of the
1782:
1525:
1026:
984:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
875:
866:
754:over the course of the program.
745:The ASIS system ceased operating
599:
445:
4985:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
1499:Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle
774:
705:
126:1,360 kilograms (3,000 lb)
5046:developed in the United States
3152:List of orbital launch systems
2923:McDonnell Aircraft Corporation
1697:
1675:
1649:
1575:
1255:unflown (Original vehicle for
337:Atlas D Mercury Launch Vehicle
1:
2417:International Launch Services
1509:
914:Propellant utilization system
757:
16:American space launch vehicle
5678:- used Ukrainian first stage
5230:Antares 110/120/130/230/230+
795:
783:
341:Mercury-Atlas Launch Vehicle
7:
3083:Manned Space Flight Network
1492:
967:List of Atlas LV3B launches
960:
938:
33:An Atlas D LV-3B launching
10:
5719:
4975:Medium-lift launch vehicle
2556:
964:
804:
412:, it was derived from the
366:, it was derived from the
79:28.7 metres (94.3 ft)
5669:** - uses Russian engines
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4980:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
4970:Small-lift launch vehicle
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1636:Encyclopedia Astronautica
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268:3.0 metres (10.0 ft)
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26:
5675:- no new orders accepted
850:'s flight late in 1962.
394:expendable launch system
348:expendable launch system
47:expendable launch system
3001:Wallops Flight Facility
2941:North American Aviation
2563:Mercury program capsule
1528:"Atlas LV-3B / Mercury"
926:
418:Atlas family of rockets
372:Atlas family of rockets
3141:Orbital launch systems
3016:Mercury Control Center
2564:
2422:United Launch Alliance
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389:The Atlas LV-3B was a
5703:Atlas (rocket family)
3064:(rival in space race)
2562:
1705:"Atlas SLV-3 Agena D"
1662:White Eagle Aerospace
1632:"Atlas rocket family"
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5698:Rockets and missiles
3093:Astronaut Wives Club
1050:improve this section
1004:launch escape system
1000:Range Safety Officer
957:'s booster on MA-9.
716:launch escape system
623:improve this section
469:improve this section
3041:(successor program)
2943:(Little Joe rocket)
2385:Pratt & Whitney
2173:Common Core Booster
1709:www.astronautix.com
1534:on 11 November 2011
1133:
23:
5458:v1.2 "Full Thrust"
4147:v1.2 "Full Thrust"
2990:and Control Center
2814:In order of flight
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1613:has generic name (
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1417:
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1306:
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1242:
1218:
1194:
1165:
1132:
976:Mercury spacecraft
832:hypergolic igniter
825:Combustion sensors
817:LOX boil-off valve
379:Mercury spacecraft
362:. Manufactured by
21:
5685:
5684:
5672:- never succeeded
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3107:
3106:
3088:Mercury spacesuit
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2937:(Redstone rocket)
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2128:
2127:
2095:Francis E. Warren
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1685:. 7 November 2020
1490:
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1286:13 September 1961
1130:
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980:Launch Complex 14
858:Electrical system
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437:Quality assurance
329:
328:
63:Country of origin
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5070:Falcon 9 Block 5
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4856:Universal Rocket
3227:Falcon 9 Block 5
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3025:Related programs
2896:Mercury-Redstone
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2540:Space Task Group
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1582:Limited, Alamy.
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1561:history.nasa.gov
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1456:Mercury-Atlas 10
1447:
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1396:21 February 1962
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1310:29 November 1961
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1246:21 February 1961
1223:
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1198:26 November 1959
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1169:9 September 1959
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948:Engine alignment
920:sustainer engine
905:Hydraulic system
892:Pneumatic system
834:in place of the
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591:Systems modified
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322:edit on Wikidata
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4965:Sounding rocket
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3047:(lunar program)
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2906:Mercury-Jupiter
2875:
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2838:Scott Carpenter
2809:
2786:
2757:Flown non-human
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2521:Project Mercury
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2359:Lockheed Martin
2354:Martin Marietta
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1431:Mercury-Atlas 9
1406:Mercury-Atlas 8
1383:(Friendship 7)
1381:Mercury-Atlas 6
1356:Mercury-Atlas 7
1320:Mercury-Atlas 3
1296:Mercury-Atlas 5
1272:Mercury-Atlas 4
1257:Mercury-Atlas 3
1232:Mercury-Atlas 2
1208:Mercury-Atlas 1
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1012:Mercury-Atlas 9
996:Mercury-Atlas 3
991:Mercury-Atlas 1
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398:Project Mercury
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360:low Earth orbit
352:Project Mercury
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35:Mercury-Atlas 6
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5150:In development
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5141:Vulcan Centaur
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3582:In development
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3561:Vulcan Centaur
3558:
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2997:Wallops Island
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2931:(Atlas rocket)
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2801:
2799:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2594:Liberty Bell 7
2590:
2581:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2380:NPO Energomash
2377:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1998:Cape Canaveral
1991:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1856:Launch systems
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1696:
1674:
1648:
1620:
1574:
1563:. October 1963
1545:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1421:3 October 1962
1418:
1409:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1186:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1128:
1127:
1034:
1032:
1025:
1019:
1016:
965:Main article:
962:
959:
949:
946:
940:
937:
928:
925:
915:
912:
906:
903:
893:
890:
877:
874:
868:
865:
859:
856:
826:
823:
818:
815:
806:
803:
797:
794:
785:
782:
776:
773:
759:
756:
747:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
707:
704:
701:
700:
607:
605:
598:
592:
589:
579:flew in 1959.
547:
546:
453:
451:
444:
438:
435:
386:
383:
327:
326:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
302:
298:
297:
294:
290:
289:
286:
285:Maximum thrust
282:
281:
274:
270:
269:
266:
262:
261:
257:
256:
247:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
230:Maximum thrust
227:
226:
219:
215:
214:
211:
207:
206:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
170:
166:
165:
162:
161:Total launches
158:
157:
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
135:Launch history
132:
131:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
112:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
43:
39:
38:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5715:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5535:Space Shuttle
5533:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:Firefly Alpha
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5042:
5035:
5030:
5028:
5023:
5021:
5016:
5015:
5012:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:UR-500 Proton
4859:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4647:Space Shuttle
4645:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4548:Blue Scout II
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:Firefly Alpha
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Blue Scout II
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:Mercury-Scout
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Mercury-Atlas
2889:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:Did not fly:
2851:
2849:
2848:Gordon Cooper
2846:
2844:
2843:Wally Schirra
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:Earth orbit:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2805:Mercury Seven
2803:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:Earth orbit:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2741:
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2627:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2599:Earth orbit:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2561:
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2480:
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2396:
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2378:
2376:
2373:
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2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:Manufacturers
2328:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
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2278:
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2256:
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2240:
2237:
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2227:
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2222:
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2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2158:
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2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1916:Atlas-Centaur
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
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1858:
1854:
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1845:
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1840:
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1834:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:Main articles
1760:
1756:Atlas rockets
1751:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1684:
1678:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1604:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:25 April 1961
1332:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1124:
1121:
1113:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071: –
1070:
1069:"Atlas LV-3B"
1066:
1065:Find sources:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1035:This section
1033:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
974:
968:
958:
956:
955:Gordon Cooper
945:
936:
933:
924:
921:
911:
902:
898:
889:
886:
883:
876:LOX turbopump
873:
867:Tank bulkhead
864:
855:
851:
849:
848:Wally Schirra
845:
841:
837:
833:
822:
814:
812:
809:The guidance
802:
793:
791:
781:
772:
769:
765:
755:
751:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
728:
727:
723:
719:
717:
712:
697:
694:
686:
675:
672:
668:
665:
661:
658:
654:
651:
647:
644: –
643:
642:"Atlas LV-3B"
639:
638:Find sources:
632:
628:
624:
618:
617:
613:
608:This section
606:
602:
597:
596:
588:
584:
580:
578:
557:
553:
543:
540:
532:
521:
518:
514:
511:
507:
504:
500:
497:
493:
490: –
489:
488:"Atlas LV-3B"
485:
484:Find sources:
478:
474:
470:
464:
463:
459:
454:This section
452:
448:
443:
442:
434:
430:
427:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
382:
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
346:
342:
338:
334:
323:
317:
313:
310:
306:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
255:
251:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
113:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
66:United States
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
19:
5592:Thorad-Agena
5298:
5075:Falcon Heavy
4755:Thorad-Agena
4428:Soyuz/Vostok
3945:
3232:Falcon Heavy
2988:Launch sites
2957:
2925:(spacecraft)
2872:(space suit)
2870:Navy Mark IV
2854:Deke Slayton
2822:Alan Shepard
2688:Little Joe 5
2648:Little Joe 1
2631:Freedom 7 II
2630:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2602:Friendship 7
2601:
2593:
2586:
2550:Space flight
2323:Corporations
2182:Upper stages
2166:First stages
1990:Launch sites
1962:
1899:Upper stages
1863:Alphabetical
1769:Atlas family
1712:. Retrieved
1708:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1661:
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1635:
1591:. Retrieved
1587:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1560:
1536:. Retrieved
1532:the original
1526:Wade, Mark.
1458:(Cancelled)
1222:29 July 1960
1116:
1107:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1064:
1048:Please help
1036:
1008:
988:
970:
951:
942:
934:
930:
917:
908:
899:
895:
879:
870:
861:
852:
828:
820:
808:
799:
787:
778:
775:Range safety
761:
752:
748:
724:
720:
714:The Mercury
713:
709:
706:Abort sensor
689:
680:
670:
663:
656:
649:
637:
621:Please help
609:
585:
581:
558:
554:
550:
535:
526:
516:
509:
502:
495:
483:
467:Please help
455:
431:
422:
414:SM-65D Atlas
388:
368:SM-65D Atlas
340:
336:
332:
330:
210:No. boosters
188:29 July 1960
185:First flight
148:Launch sites
53:Manufacturer
18:
5481:LauncherOne
5157:Antares 330
4245:LauncherOne
4196:Kaituozhe-1
3973:Black Arrow
3725:Orbex Prime
3624:Hyperbola-2
3589:Antares 330
3289:Kaituozhe 2
3262:Hyperbola-1
2916:Contractors
2884:Subprograms
2827:Gus Grissom
2678:Beach Abort
2628:Cancelled:
2110:Plattsburgh
1968:Atlas SLV-3
1963:Atlas LV-3B
1911:Atlas-Agena
1774:SM-65 Atlas
1641:19 November
1611:|last=
1567:19 November
1538:24 November
1504:SM-65 Atlas
1446:15 May 1963
1371:24 May 1962
1358:(Aurora 7)
1179:Pioneer P-3
986:, Florida.
836:pyrotechnic
391:human-rated
345:human-rated
333:Atlas LV-3B
260:First stage
241:135 seconds
196:15 May 1963
193:Last flight
169:Success(es)
115:Payload to
22:Atlas LV-3B
5692:Categories
4250:Long March
4154:Feng Bao 1
3767:Tianlong-3
3693:New Line 1
3651:Long March
3599:Cyclone-4M
3539:Tianlong-2
3517:2.1b / STB
3512:2.1a / STA
3455:Pegasus XL
3321:Long March
3294:Kinetica 1
3217:Chollima-1
3098:Mercury 13
2980:(proposed)
2973:Little Joe
2908:(canceled)
2833:John Glenn
2820:Suborbit:
2791:Astronauts
2774:Suborbit:
2584:Suborbit:
2545:Space race
2390:Rocketdyne
2133:Components
2041:Vandenberg
1906:Atlas-Able
1799:Prototypes
1714:25 October
1689:25 October
1667:25 October
1510:References
1433:(Faith 7)
1408:(Sigma 7)
1183:Atlas-Able
1080:newspapers
840:John Glenn
758:Rate gyros
653:newspapers
499:newspapers
402:astronauts
356:astronauts
301:Propellant
278:Rocketdyne
273:Powered by
246:Propellant
223:Rocketdyne
218:Powered by
177:Failure(s)
5326:Conestoga
5187:Red Dwarf
5172:New Glenn
5162:Daytona I
4349:Paektusan
3978:Conestoga
3735:Red Dwarf
3688:New Glenn
3619:Gravity-2
3609:Epsilon S
3242:Gravity-1
2863:Equipment
2653:Big Joe 1
2587:Freedom 7
2479:2020–2029
2474:2010–2019
2469:2000–2009
2464:1990–1999
2459:1980–1989
2454:1970–1979
2449:1960–1969
2444:1957–1959
2152:Castor 4A
2115:Schilling
2085:Fairchild
1942:Atlas III
1925:Numerical
1880:Atlas E/F
1185:program)
1110:July 2021
1037:does not
885:turbopump
796:Telemetry
790:autopilot
784:Autopilot
764:rate gyro
683:July 2021
610:does not
529:July 2021
456:does not
296:5 minutes
293:Burn time
280:XLR-105-5
238:Burn time
110:Capacity
5654:Vanguard
5565:Ablestar
5550:Terran 1
5503:Rocket 3
5443:Falcon 9
5438:Falcon 1
5431:IV Heavy
5214:Terran R
5209:Starship
5197:Block 1B
5085:Minotaur
5065:Electron
4893:original
4883:Vanguard
4866:Proton-K
4839:original
4687:Ablestar
4672:Terran 1
4630:original
4489:Rocket 3
4396:original
4206:original
4132:Falcon 9
4127:Falcon 1
4083:IV Heavy
3799:Zuljanah
3762:Terran R
3745:Block 1B
3730:Pallas-1
3634:Kuaizhou
3594:Bloostar
3534:Starship
3485:Shavit 2
3470:Qaem 100
3460:Proton-M
3418:Minotaur
3299:Kuaizhou
3222:Electron
3190:Ariane 6
2963:Redstone
2935:Chrysler
2770:Miss Sam
2641:Uncrewed
2609:Aurora 7
2571:Missions
2436:Launches
2140:Boosters
2026:(S)LC-36
1937:Atlas II
1830:Missiles
1603:cite web
1493:See also
1482:unflown
1470:unflown
1343:unflown
1140:Mission
1137:Vehicle
961:Launches
939:Guidance
426:Titan II
400:to send
354:to send
343:, was a
265:Diameter
225:XLR-89-5
205:Boosters
84:Diameter
42:Function
5476:Juno II
5319:Centaur
5223:Retired
5202:Block 2
5177:Neutron
5134:Block 1
5112:Pegasus
5059:Atlas V
5041:Orbital
4958:Classes
4829:Tsyklon
4667:Start-1
4438:Voskhod
4433:Sputnik
4369:Molniya
4354:Pilot-2
4191:Juno II
4105:Epsilon
4100:Energia
4090:Diamant
3966:Centaur
3815:Antares
3808:Retired
3757:Soyuz-7
3750:Block 2
3683:Neutron
3673:Miura 5
3507:Soyuz-2
3500:Block 1
3490:Simorgh
3267:Jielong
3195:Atlas V
3166:Current
3076:Related
2978:Jupiter
2951:Rockets
2929:Convair
2798:General
2623:Faith 7
2616:Sigma 7
2528:General
2395:Thiokol
2375:Aerojet
2368:Engines
2344:Convair
2258:Engines
2249:Trident
2209:Centaur
2100:Lincoln
1947:Atlas V
1932:Atlas I
1890:Atlas H
1885:Atlas G
1875:Atlas D
1870:Atlas B
1847:Atlas F
1842:Atlas E
1837:Atlas D
1821:Atlas C
1816:Atlas B
1811:Atlas A
1792:Rockets
1155:Big Joe
1094:scholar
1058:removed
1043:sources
811:antenna
805:Antenna
667:scholar
631:removed
616:sources
577:Big Joe
569:⁄
513:scholar
477:removed
462:sources
410:Convair
364:Convair
143:Retired
57:Convair
45:Crewed
5602:II GLV
5585:DSV-2U
5575:Burner
5545:Sparta
5508:Saturn
5471:Juno I
5236:Athena
5052:Active
4942:Zhuque
4876:Strela
4834:R-36-O
4777:II GLV
4765:SLV-2H
4760:SLV-2G
4748:DSV-2U
4726:Burner
4662:SS-520
4657:Sparta
4625:Shavit
4516:Saturn
4477:Shtil'
4443:Vostok
4386:Polyot
4344:Naro-1
4233:Lambda
4201:Kosmos
4186:Juno I
4110:Europa
3884:Athena
3847:Ariane
3787:Zhuque
3777:Vega E
3629:Irtysh
3566:Zhuque
3284:KAIROS
3173:Angara
3062:Vostok
3055:Soviet
3045:Apollo
3039:Gemini
2578:Crewed
2337:Rocket
2300:RD-180
2290:LR-105
2280:B-8096
2275:B-8081
2270:B-8048
2204:Burner
2199:Altair
2147:AJ-60A
2120:Walker
2105:Offutt
2090:Forbes
2049:LC-576
2031:SLC-41
1806:MX-774
1593:8 July
1143:Photo
1096:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1067:
973:crewed
669:
662:
655:
648:
640:
515:
508:
501:
494:
486:
385:Design
376:crewed
140:Status
102:Stages
76:Height
5597:Titan
5580:Delta
5570:Agena
5540:SPARK
5530:Scout
5498:Pilot
5331:Delta
5314:Agena
5304:SLV-3
5299:LV-3B
5253:Atlas
4905:Zenit
4900:VLS-1
4871:Rokot
4772:Titan
4743:Delta
4704:Agena
4652:SPARK
4538:Scout
4494:Safir
4482:Volna
4391:Soyuz
4181:H-IIB
4095:Dnepr
3983:Delta
3961:Agena
3951:SLV-3
3946:LV-3B
3901:Atlas
3475:Qased
3450:OS-M1
3252:H-IIA
3200:Ceres
2958:Atlas
2728:LJ-5B
2718:MR-BD
2713:LJ-5A
2698:MR-1A
2673:LJ-1B
2663:LJ-1A
2310:RS-56
2285:LR-89
2265:AJ-10
2194:Agena
2080:Dyess
2075:Altus
2068:Bases
2059:SLC-4
2054:SLC-3
2021:LC-14
2016:LC-13
2011:LC-12
2006:LC-11
1956:Other
1588:Alamy
1479:167D
1467:152D
1452:144D
1427:130D
1402:113D
1377:109D
1352:107D
1340:103D
1316:100D
1146:Date
1101:JSTOR
1087:books
674:JSTOR
660:books
520:JSTOR
506:books
404:into
358:into
320:[
155:LC-14
152:CCAFS
5642:CT-3
5627:IIIE
5622:IIID
5617:IIIC
5612:IIIB
5607:IIIA
5560:Able
5555:Thor
5492:N-II
5453:v1.1
5448:v1.0
5411:5000
5406:4000
5401:3000
5396:2000
5391:1000
5386:0100
5309:Able
5182:Nova
4930:3SLB
4888:Vega
4817:CT-3
4802:IIIE
4797:IIID
4792:IIIC
4787:IIIB
4782:IIIA
4682:Able
4677:Thor
4578:X-2B
4568:X-3M
4558:X-2M
4472:R-29
4364:Luna
4339:N-II
4317:3SII
4216:2/2I
4176:H-II
4164:Mk I
4159:GSLV
4142:v1.1
4137:v1.0
4063:5000
4058:4000
4053:3000
4048:2000
4043:1000
4038:0100
3956:Able
3879:ASLV
3840:230+
3782:Zero
3708:OS-M
3703:Nova
3698:NGLV
3614:Eris
3604:Deca
3549:Vega
3544:Unha
3529:SSLV
3522:2-1v
3465:PSLV
3445:Nuri
3413:LVM3
3346:3B/E
3247:GSLV
2782:Enos
2743:MA-5
2738:MS-1
2733:MA-4
2723:MA-3
2708:MA-2
2703:MR-2
2693:MR-1
2683:MA-1
2668:LJ-2
2658:LJ-6
2535:NASA
2409:LSPs
2305:RL10
2295:R-4D
2239:Star
2214:IABS
2189:Able
1716:2023
1691:2023
1669:2023
1643:2022
1615:help
1595:2021
1569:2022
1540:2011
1292:93D
1268:88D
1252:77D
1228:67D
1204:50D
1175:20D
1151:10D
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1041:any
1039:cite
927:Skin
762:The
646:news
614:any
612:cite
492:news
460:any
458:cite
331:The
305:RP-1
250:RP-1
123:Mass
94:Mass
71:Size
5637:23G
5632:34D
5486:N-I
5465:H-I
5421:III
5293:III
5268:E/F
5192:SLS
5167:MLV
5129:SLS
5124:RS1
4925:3SL
4920:2FG
4812:23G
4807:34D
4642:SLV
4618:G-1
4613:F-1
4608:E-1
4603:A-1
4598:D-1
4593:B-1
4573:X-4
4563:X-3
4553:X-2
4543:X-1
4359:R-7
4334:N-I
4171:H-I
4073:III
3941:III
3916:E/F
3835:230
3830:130
3825:120
3820:110
3772:VLM
3740:SLS
3678:MLV
3495:SLS
3480:RS1
3406:11H
3178:1.2
2776:Ham
2765:Sam
2244:SVS
2234:SGS
2229:PTS
2224:OIS
2219:MSD
1052:by
982:at
882:LOX
768:LOX
625:by
471:by
339:or
309:LOX
254:LOX
117:LEO
5694::
5647:IV
5518:IB
5426:IV
5416:II
5295:**
5288:II
5246:II
5232:**
5117:XL
5095:IV
5061:**
4935:3F
4915:2M
4822:IV
4526:IB
4509:1B
4504:1A
4463:2M
4421:U2
4401:FG
4329:N1
4312:3S
4307:3H
4302:3C
4297:4S
4292:Mu
4285:4A
4280:3B
4270:2E
4265:2A
4260:1D
4238:4S
4226:3M
4120:II
4078:IV
4068:II
3936:II
3894:II
3666:12
3661:10
3644:31
3639:21
3428:IV
3401:11
3391:7A
3381:6A
3371:5B
3361:4C
3356:4B
3351:3C
3341:3A
3336:2F
3331:2D
3326:2C
3314:11
3309:1A
3257:H3
3210:1S
3183:A5
3032:US
2999:/
2157:MA
1973:GX
1707:.
1660:.
1634:.
1623:^
1607::
1605:}}
1601:{{
1586:.
1559:.
1548:^
1518:^
381:.
335:,
276:1
221:2
105:1½
5523:V
5513:I
5494:*
5488:*
5467:*
5381:N
5376:M
5371:L
5366:J
5361:G
5356:E
5351:D
5346:C
5341:B
5336:A
5283:I
5278:H
5273:G
5263:D
5258:B
5241:I
5105:C
5100:V
5090:I
5033:e
5026:t
5019:v
4947:1
4910:2
4849:3
4844:2
4736:2
4731:1
4719:D
4714:B
4709:A
4697:2
4692:1
4635:1
4588:A
4583:B
4531:V
4521:I
4499:1
4458:2
4453:K
4448:L
4416:U
4411:M
4406:L
4379:L
4374:M
4322:V
4275:3
4255:1
4221:3
4211:1
4115:I
4033:N
4028:M
4023:L
4018:J
4013:G
4008:E
4003:D
3998:C
3993:B
3988:A
3931:I
3926:H
3921:G
3911:D
3906:B
3889:I
3872:5
3867:4
3862:3
3857:2
3852:1
3792:3
3718:4
3713:2
3656:9
3571:2
3554:C
3438:C
3433:V
3423:I
3396:8
3386:7
3376:6
3366:5
3304:1
3277:3
3272:1
3205:1
3133:e
3126:t
3119:v
2513:e
2506:t
2499:v
1749:e
1742:t
1735:v
1718:.
1693:.
1671:.
1645:.
1617:)
1597:.
1571:.
1542:.
1123:)
1117:(
1112:)
1108:(
1098:·
1091:·
1084:·
1077:·
1060:.
1046:.
696:)
690:(
685:)
681:(
671:·
664:·
657:·
650:·
633:.
619:.
571:2
567:1
564:+
562:4
542:)
536:(
531:)
527:(
517:·
510:·
503:·
496:·
479:.
465:.
324:]
307:/
252:/
213:1
180:2
172:7
164:9
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