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clouds."), the weather team reported it as an icing issue, not a lightning risk. After discussions about the risk posed by ice, the NASA program directors gave the go-ahead. The Atlas was struck by lightning around 48 seconds into launch. Control of the booster started to fail and it broke apart from structural loads at T+50 seconds. The Range Safety
Officer sent the destruct command, but there was no evidence that the booster ever received it. Debris rained out of the clouds onto the pad area, the shoreline, or in shallow water just off of it and was easily recovered. A section of the payload fairing was found to have multiple small holes burned in it due to repeated lightning strikes. The key piece of evidence was Atlas's flight computer, which was recovered intact and examined. It was discovered that the last command issued was a signal to gimbal the booster engines hard to right, caused apparently by lightning induced
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destructed by the Range Safety
Officer a few seconds later. NASA and U.S. Air Force officials, already busy investigating the launch failure of a Delta booster three weeks earlier (OTS-1), dredged the Atlas's engines from the ocean floor and sent them to Convair for examination. It was concluded that a gas generator leak caused by improper brazing of a pipe led to overheating and fire in the thrust section of the Atlas. The pipe also suffered corrosion from six years of sitting in a warehouse in the salty air along the Florida coast and the damage was in an area not visible during a preflight examination. The Atlas used on this flight had been delivered to the Cape in 1971 and kept in storage since then, an unusually long time. In the aftermath of the accident, NASA inspected their inventory of Atlas vehicles and found several more improperly brazed pipes which needed replacement.
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exceeded the LH2 tank's structural strength. At T+54 seconds, the
Centaur experienced total structural breakup and loss of telemetry, the LOX tank rupturing and producing an explosion as it mixed with the hydrogen cloud. Two seconds later, flying debris ruptured the Atlas's LOX tank followed by complete destruction of the launch vehicle. The panel had been meant to jettison at 49 miles (80 km) up when the air was thinner, but the mechanism holding it in place was designed inadequately, leading to premature separation. The insulation panels had already been suspected during Centaur development of being a potential problem area, and the possibility of an LH2 tank rupture was considered as a failure scenario. Testing was suspended while efforts were made to correct the Centaur's design flaws.
362:) on 8 May 1962, with the intention of performing a single burn with a partially fueled Centaur. Slightly under a minute into the launch, the Centaur stage ruptured and disintegrated, taking the Atlas with it in a matter of seconds. It was unclear what had caused the failure at first, as tracking camera footage merely showed a large white cloud enveloping the booster followed by the explosion of the entire launch vehicle. Initial assumptions were that Atlas had suffered a LOX tank failure, either from a pressurization problem, rupture of the tank from flying debris, or structural bending/aerodynamic issues caused by the unproven Atlas-Centaur combination, and indeed there had been several previous occurrences of these failure modes on Atlas launches.
477:(GTO) (orbit of 474 x 1586 km, inclination of 30.4° and period of 105.8 minutes), where it remained as of 2021. The insulation panels were permanently attached to the stage as the jettison problem had still not been solved. Vibration data proved that the panels would have prematurely detached had they not been bolted down. The ultimate fix to the panel problem added more dry mass to Centaur, further dropping its payload capacity. This Atlas-Centaur 2 launch vehicle was used for performance and structural integrity tests. It carried a payload of 4621 kg and instrumented with 907 kg of sensors, equipment, and telemetry.
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510:). It performed propulsion and stage separation tests, following two scrubbed attempts due to bad weather. The guidance system was operated closed-loop for the first time and an attempt was made to recover the payload shroud, which was equipped with a balloon designed to release green marker dye into the ocean. The shroud was sighted by recovery crews but sank into the ocean and could not be located. The Atlas phase of the flight and the initial phase of Centaur flight were uneventful. The mission went awry when the Centaur could not be restarted due to an ill-conceived design modification — the
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764:(RSO) sent the destruct command at T+413 seconds. Investigation showed that the lanyard was not only inadequately designed, but it also was an off-the-shelf component designed for marine equipment and not rockets or aircraft. The lanyard had been noted as a potential problem as early as 1967 and although fixes were made to some Atlas SLVs as well as Atlas E/F series missiles, there was no across-the-board effort to replace them with a more suitable component. The backup Intelsat (
581:-rich shutdown. Engine start had proceeded normally and all booster systems functioned properly until the valve closed. Booster shutdown occurred at T+1.7 seconds and the vehicle impacted on the pad at T+2.8 seconds. Bench testing confirmed that there were several possible ways that the valve would only open partially, although the exact reason was not determined. This failure mode had never occurred in the 240 Atlas launches prior to AC-5 despite always having been possible.
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276:, which had twin turbopumps on each booster engine, and the structure reinforced for the large upper stage, along with elongated fuel tanks. Centaur development was made somewhat difficult by the insistence on modifying Atlas components rather than developing totally new ones. This was done for time and budget reasons and because it allowed the Centaur to be manufactured on the existing Atlas assembly line at Convair. The engines were manufactured by
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Insulation panel and payload shroud jettisons were tested for the first time. Following
Centaur staging and engine start, the number two (C-2) engine began to lose roll control. The C-1 engine was able to compensate for a time, but the Centaur eventually lost control and began tumbling. Premature engine shutdown due to propellant starvation occurred at T+496 seconds, and the Centaur impacted in the
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centered on closure of the booster fuel prevalves. The low-pressure booster fuel ducting was found to have collapsed from a sudden loss of fuel flow, but had not ruptured. The investigation concluded that the fuel prevalves had only opened partially and the propellant flow was enough to push them shut, starving the booster engines of
601:, who argued that $ 600 million of taxpayer money had been spent on Centaur so far with little to show for it and that Convair was taking advantage of being the sole supplier of the Atlas-Centaur vehicle. The committee proposed that NASA consider alternate choices for the planetary probe program, such as
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was delayed. Vehicles AC-7 and AC-10 were designated for the first
Surveyor missions, with AC-8 to carry out one more test, which took place on 8 April 1966 at 01:00:02 GMT with a payload of 771 kg Surveyor mass model M-1. The Centaur's ullage motors failed again because they did not have enough
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vehicles by equipping the valve with a manual lock that would be enabled during the pre-launch countdown. A manual E-series sustainer prevalve was also installed as a precautionary measure. An unrelated system malfunction in AC-5 was discovered when an examination of telemetry data found that a power
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was also accelerated. Most damages were thermal rather than structural, and the upper portion of the umbilical tower, which was in the center of the LH2 blast, had been subjected to temperatures of 3315 °C. The accident marked the first failure of an Atlas booster in a space launch since Midas 8
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in a highly elliptical orbit, with a payload (Surveyor SD-1) of 951 kg, was only intended to carry out a single burn of the
Centaur C, and program officials felt confident. This mission was designed to rehearse a complete Centaur upper stage burn in support of the Surveyor lunar lander program.
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reconnaissance aircraft program in the mid-1950s. The progress made during the aborted venture was picked up by
Convair and others for rocket stage use. Originally, Centaur was conceived of as a purely experimental project to develop an experience for larger, more powerful rocket stages so as not to
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at T+140 seconds. During booster separation, a swivel lanyard designed to pull out an electrical plug supplying power to the booster section failed to detach, causing a voltage spike that reset the Atlas's guidance computer. The booster drifted off its flight path as a result. SECO was effected on
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satellite. Weather conditions were poor that day, with thick clouds and "moderate to heavy" precipitation. The weather conditions violated one launch criteria ("The flight path of the vehicle should not be through mid level clouds 6,000 feet or greater in depth, when the freezing level is in the
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Post-flight investigation examined several possible reasons for the booster engine shutdown, including an accidental closure of the booster fuel staging disconnect valve, an open fuel fill/drain valve, or an accidental BECO signal. These failure modes were quickly ruled out and attention quickly
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The failure was determined to be caused by an insulation panel that ripped off the
Centaur during ascent, resulting in a surge in tank pressure when the LH2 overheated. Beginning at T+44 seconds, the pneumatic system responded by venting propellant to reduce pressure levels, but eventually, they
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and was erected at the newly completed and specifically built LC-36A. Technical problems caused the vehicle to sit on the launch pad for seven months, the most serious being leakage of liquid hydrogen through the intermediate bulkhead separating the propellant tanks combined with numerous lesser
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family for its heavy-lift launching needs and so the Atlas-Centaur would remain a civilian launch vehicle used by NASA to fly scientific and commercial payloads. A conflict between the Air Force, who had primary oversight of the Atlas, and NASA also existed as the
Centaur stage required various
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modifications to the basic Atlas. By 1962, the Air Force had considered the Atlas fully developed and operational and was against any further significant changes to it which might potentially jeopardize the ICBM program. The dispute was ultimately resolved by NASA agreeing to purchase standard
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stage launch vehicle because the Atlas first stage (in most cases) jettisoned the twin-thrust-chamber booster engine prior to the completion of the first stage burn. Atlas-Centaur with a
Rocketdyne-powered first stage was used for 167 launches between 1962 and 2004 by which time they had been
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in July 1959, eleven months after the program's inception. The Air Force retained overall supervision in part because they intended to use Centaur to launch a network of military communications satellites known as ADVENT. A constellation of ten satellites would provide round-the-clock instant
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hydraulic pressure was lost at T+55 seconds, causing total loss of vehicle control. The payload fairing and satellite were stripped from the booster, followed by the Atlas exploding as the thrust section fire touched off the propellant tanks at T+60 seconds. The Centaur flew free until being
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The AC-3 flight (Atlas 135D and Centaur #3) was launched on 30 June 1964 at 14:04:22 GMT with a payload of 4815 kg. Atlas performance was close to nominal with the sustainer running slightly LOX-rich for the first 70 seconds of flight and the trajectory being more lofted than expected.
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communications for the three main branches of the US military. The first three would be launched on an Atlas-Agena, then the remainder on Centaur. ADVENT never got off the drawing board, but Centaur quickly found a use for several NASA planetary probe projects, namely
780:) communications satellite took place on AC-43. Shortly after liftoff, abnormal temperatures were detected in the Atlas's thrust section and continued to rise as the booster ascended. A visible thrust section fire could be seen starting at T+33 seconds and sustainer
432:. In addition, von Braun now proposed the Saturn-Agena be ruled out for cost reasons – Saturn was too expensive to justify as a launch vehicle for small uncrewed probes, and Agena was causing concerns to both the Air Force and NASA about its reliability.
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More than a year later, on 27 November 1963 at 19:03:23 GMT, AC-2 (Atlas 126D and Centaur stage #2) took place five days after President Kennedy's assassination. The redesigned Centaur stage functioned without any problems and performed a single burn to
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were reduced in size to save weight, however, they proved insufficient to settle the propellants in the tanks. Subsequently, venting hydrogen caused the vehicle to tumble out of control. After ten orbits, the Centaur reentered over the
605:, or outsource the manufacture of Centaur to other contractors. NASA representatives argued that this was impossible as no other aerospace company had the experience or technical capability to manufacture the Centaur's balloon tanks.
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Although Centaur was intended to launch robotic probes to the Moon and outer planets, Webb argued that NASA would also gain vital experience with liquid hydrogen by building Centaur and would be able to apply this experience toward
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failure had occurred in the guidance computer. As a temporary fix for Atlas-Centaur AC-6, 7, and 8, several unused components were removed from the computer in order to reduce system complexity and failure points.
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vehicles which could be custom-modified for Centaur launches. However, when the Atlas ICBM program ended in 1965, Convair replaced all of the earlier variants with a standardized booster for all space launches.
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This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future
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load going off in a huge fireball for the biggest on-pad explosion yet seen at Cape Canaveral. This was also the first Atlas-Centaur equipped with the uprated 165,000 lb (75,000 kg) thrust
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twin-chamber engine. (Atlas V is not generally referred to as "Atlas-Centaur" and does not share the AC- serial numbers of the original Atlas-Centaur that had the pressure stabilized first stages.)
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booster engines after the previous testing on two Atlas-Agena flights. The damage to LC-36A was not as severe as it looked and repairs were largely completed in three months, but the completion of
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With the retirement of the Agena stage in 1978, all Atlas flown from that point onward were paired with Centaurs except for a few military flights involving decommissioned Atlas E/F missiles.
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in June 1963, a new record at the time of 26 consecutive flights with only malfunctions of the upper stages or payload. This was the last on-pad explosion at Cape Canaveral until 2016 (
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time at T+401 seconds followed by Centaur separation and engine start, but it had become clear that the trajectory would take it into the Atlantic Ocean instead of orbit, and so the
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The flight quickly ended in disaster as the Atlas's booster engines shut down after a few feet of vehicle rise and the rocket fell back onto LC-36A and exploded, the Centaur's
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suggested cancelling Centaur entirely, but was talked out of it on the grounds that the experience gained with liquid hydrogen rocket engines was vital to the success of the
684:" solid propellant final stage weighing 2,473 pounds (1,122 kg) and contributing 8,000 mph (13,000 km/h; 3.6 km/s) to the velocities of the spacecraft.
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The pad LC-36B was hastily brought online, with a successful AC-6 (vehicle 151D) launched on 11 August 1965 at 14:31:04 GMT. Although Centaur appeared flight-ready, the
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Convair developed a specially-enhanced version of the Atlas D vehicle for mating with Centaur stages; the Atlas was equipped with an uprated booster section, the
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An initial lack of funds caused the project to take far longer than intended. Under original timetables, Centaur was to make its first flight in January 1961.
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The AC-4 flight (Atlas 146D and Centaur #4) was launched on 11 December 1964 at 14:25:02 GMT with a payload of 2993 kg (that carried a mass model of the
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booster. However, analysis of telemetry data and closer examination of the launch films quickly confirmed the Centaur as the source of trouble.
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was only days away, and if the failure were caused by the Atlas, it could mean significant delays for that mission, which used a similar
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designated LV-3C was used as the first stage. This was quickly replaced by SLV-3C, and later the SLV-3D, both derived from the standard
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propellant for the mission. It decayed on 5 May 1966. Seven Surveyor probes were launched, all on Atlas-Centaur.
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launch. Centaur was upgraded to a high priority project because of this direct relation to Apollo.
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In October 1961, the first Atlas-Centaur (Vehicle Flight-1: Atlas 104D and Centaur F-1) arrived at
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cancelling Project ADVENT. NASA transferred Centaur development from MSFC to the
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worked to correct the insulation panel problems and various other design flaws.
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1430:. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. p. 10070
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Atlas-Centaur AC-27 at Launch Complex 36A in February 1972 prior to launching
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1374:"Beyond Earth, A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016"
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2869:
2235:
2082:
1245:"An Historical Meeting on Spaceflight: Background and Analysis"
737:
733:
673:
535:
The AC-5 flight (Atlas 156D) on 2 March 1965 at 13:25 GMT from
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4215:
4186:
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3496:
2765:
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2245:
2215:
2210:
2205:
1125:
Designations for RD-180 powered Atlas with Centaur 2nd stage
406:
289:
256:
The first attempt at using an LH2/LOX-fueled engine was the
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3622:
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2859:
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2240:
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2149:
574:
541:
414:
293:
233:
A Centaur stage during assembly at General Dynamics in 1962
1719:
4780:
3637:
3486:
311:
755:. The flight went entirely according to plan up until
717:-powered Atlas-Centaur was sometimes referred to as a
1581:"Atlas Centaur (AC-67) Lightning Strike Mishap, 1987"
354:
Unsuccessful maiden flight of the Atlas-Centaur AC-1
342:maladies with the guidance and propulsion systems.
1002:Centaur-D1A, One flight with Star-37E upper stage
768:) was launched successfully on AC-35 in May 1975.
748:On 20 February 1975, AC-33 launched carrying the
5005:
4982:* - Japanese projects using US rockets or stages
1035:Designations for evolved Atlas-Centaur versions
802:altering a single word in the guidance program.
793:On 26 March 1987, AC-67 failed to launch a Navy
710:(Centaur), AC-206, launched on 3 February 2005.
617:Launch of Surveyor 2 on an Atlas-Centaur (AC-7)
394:recommended that it be cancelled in favor of a
358:The vehicle was launched at 2:49 PM EST (18:49
217:, the manufacturer of the Atlas, developed the
325:Technicians readying booster 104D for erection
265:distract Convair's focus on the all-important
245:Centaur was the first rocket stage to utilize
4341:
2441:
1677:
1619:
1153:Centaur-3A-SEC, Centaur-3-SEC, Centaur-3-DEC
2265:
4348:
4334:
2455:
2448:
2434:
1684:
1670:
1564:. Thiokol Propulsion. 2000. Archived from
27:
1469:
1416:
1448:
1442:
640:
612:
526:
484:
463:
349:
328:
320:
292:supervision, Centaur was transferred to
236:
228:
1449:Williams, David R. (21 November 2018).
1425:"PROJECT: CENTAUR (AC-8) Press Release"
1314:
636:
5006:
1263:
489:Erection of Atlas 135D (AC-3), Pad 36A
312:Research and development (R/D) flights
4329:
2429:
1665:
1625:
1475:
2473:Comparison of orbital launch systems
1578:
1562:"STAR Performance and Summary Chart"
1451:"Surveyor to the Moon (1966 - 1968)"
1422:
1322:"Display: Atlas-Centaur 4 1964-082A"
1271:"Display: Atlas-Centaur 2 1963-047A"
1202:
1198:
1196:
975:One flight with Star-37E upper stage
209:
1457:. Goddard Space Flight Center: NASA
1371:
660:rocket. Two spaceflights, with the
13:
592:
174:D missile. The vehicle featured a
14:
5030:
1691:
1649:
1205:"Atlas Centaur LV-3C Development"
1193:
567:SpaceX Falcon 9 pre-flight mishap
1718:
1353:
1334:
1302:
1283:
788:
771:
743:
608:
501:
459:
385:
184:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
4301:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
1606:"The Atlas-Centaur 67 incident"
1598:
1572:
1554:
1532:
522:
480:
316:
16:Family of space launch vehicles
4362:developed in the United States
2468:List of orbital launch systems
1391:
1365:
1346:
1295:
1237:
846:Atlas D derived Atlas-Centaur
1:
2353:International Launch Services
1478:"The Surveyor Lunar Landings"
1186:
4994:- used Ukrainian first stage
4546:Antares 110/120/130/230/230+
1626:Grush, Loren (30 May 2020).
1502:10.1126/science.164.3881.775
547:
475:geostationary transfer orbit
224:
7:
812:
468:Atlas-LV3C Centaur-B (AC-2)
333:Atlas-LV3C Centaur-A (AC-1)
33:An Atlas-Centaur launching
10:
5035:
4291:Medium-lift launch vehicle
1476:Jaffe, Leonard D. (1969).
680:, used a spin-stabilized "
345:
283:
241:Diagram of a Centaur stage
4985:** - uses Russian engines
4978:
4538:
4465:
4367:
4309:
4296:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
4286:Small-lift launch vehicle
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1697:
1229:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1124:
1034:
1008:Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR
981:Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A
876:
853:
845:
446:(DoD) had settled on the
402:for planetary missions.
168:expendable launch vehicle
149:
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133:
125:
117:
109:
101:
87:
79:
74:
66:
52:
42:
26:
4991:- no new orders accepted
1203:Kyle, Ed (28 May 2005).
753:communications satellite
47:Expendable launch system
1120:Centaur-2 / Centaur-2A
519:, on 12 December 1964.
417:where a team headed by
2457:Orbital launch systems
2358:United Launch Alliance
1423:NASA (24 March 1966).
1404:. NASA. pp. 23–24
923:Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D
897:Atlas LV-3C Centaur-C
874:Atlas LV-3C Centaur-B
851:Atlas LV-3C Centaur-A
652:Initially, a modified
649:
629:Beginning with AC-13 (
618:
532:
490:
469:
355:
334:
326:
262:Lockheed CL-400 Suntan
242:
234:
5019:Atlas (rocket family)
1542:. Gunter's Space Page
1209:spacelaunchreport.com
807:45th Weather Squadron
800:electromagnetic pulse
782:thrust vector control
644:
616:
530:
488:
467:
444:Department of Defense
411:Lewis Research Center
353:
332:
324:
240:
232:
5014:Rockets and missiles
1324:. NASA. 5 April 2021
1273:. NASA. 5 April 2021
762:Range Safety Officer
736:-designed and built
637:Operational launches
166:was a United States
2321:Pratt & Whitney
2109:Common Core Booster
1494:1969Sci...164..775J
1455:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
1428:(Release no. 66-58)
508:Surveyor spacecraft
278:Pratt & Whitney
57:Convair Division of
23:
4774:v1.2 "Full Thrust"
3463:v1.2 "Full Thrust"
1568:on 16 August 2000.
650:
619:
533:
491:
470:
424:In November 1962,
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126:Partial failure(s)
21:
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5000:
4988:- never succeeded
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2064:
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2031:Francis E. Warren
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1579:O’Connor, Bryan.
1488:(3881): 775–788.
1372:Siddiqi, Asif A.
1184:
1183:
838:Partial failures
426:President Kennedy
400:Agena upper stage
392:Wernher von Braun
288:Originally under
269:missile program.
210:Early development
180:Launch Complex 36
170:derived from the
160:
159:
67:Country of origin
5026:
4386:Falcon 9 Block 5
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4172:Universal Rocket
2543:Falcon 9 Block 5
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2285:General Dynamics
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778:Intelsat IVA F-5
730:
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725:
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676:and exiting the
668:space probes to
623:Surveyor program
437:Surveyor program
153:edit on Wikidata
61:General Dynamics
31:
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4281:Sounding rocket
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2295:Lockheed Martin
2290:Martin Marietta
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1540:"Atlas Centaur"
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766:Intelsat IV F-1
750:Intelsat IV F-6
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700:Lockheed Martin
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442:Meanwhile, the
419:Abe Silverstein
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364:Scott Carpenter
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247:liquid hydrogen
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4466:In development
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4457:Vulcan Centaur
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4360:launch systems
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2898:In development
2895:
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2892:
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2877:Vulcan Centaur
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2316:NPO Energomash
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1934:Cape Canaveral
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1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1043:Centaur-D1AR
1042:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1030:Centaur-D1AR
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
979:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
947:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
921:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
895:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
873:
872:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
850:
849:
844:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
823:First launch
822:
819:
818:
810:
808:
803:
801:
796:
789:AC-67 failure
786:
783:
779:
772:AC-43 failure
769:
767:
763:
758:
754:
751:
744:AC-33 failure
741:
739:
735:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
643:
634:
632:
627:
624:
615:
609:Later flights
606:
604:
600:
593:Investigation
590:
587:
582:
580:
576:
570:
568:
563:
559:
555:
545:
543:
538:
529:
520:
518:
517:South Pacific
513:
509:
502:Fourth flight
499:
497:
487:
478:
476:
466:
460:Second flight
457:
454:
449:
445:
440:
438:
433:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
386:Investigation
383:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
352:
343:
340:
331:
323:
309:
306:
304:
300:
295:
291:
281:
279:
275:
270:
268:
263:
259:
254:
252:
251:liquid oxygen
248:
239:
231:
222:
220:
216:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:Atlas-Centaur
154:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
70:United States
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
36:
30:
25:
22:Atlas-Centaur
19:
4908:Thorad-Agena
4634:
4391:Falcon Heavy
4071:Thorad-Agena
3744:Soyuz/Vostok
3281:
2548:Falcon Heavy
2259:Corporations
2118:Upper stages
2102:First stages
1926:Launch sites
1851:
1835:Upper stages
1799:Alphabetical
1705:Atlas family
1635:. Retrieved
1631:
1621:
1609:. Retrieved
1600:
1588:. Retrieved
1574:
1566:the original
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1534:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1454:
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1367:
1348:
1326:. Retrieved
1316:
1297:
1275:. Retrieved
1265:
1256:
1249:. Retrieved
1239:
1213:. Retrieved
1208:
950:Atlas SLV-3C
826:Last launch
804:
792:
775:
747:
712:
689:
686:
678:Solar System
651:
628:
620:
599:Joseph Karth
596:
583:
571:
551:
537:Cape Kennedy
534:
523:Fifth flight
505:
492:
481:Third flight
471:
441:
434:
423:
404:
389:
380:
357:
336:
317:First flight
307:
287:
271:
255:
244:
213:
163:
161:
134:First flight
88:Launch sites
53:Manufacturer
18:
4797:LauncherOne
4473:Antares 330
3561:LauncherOne
3512:Kaituozhe-1
3289:Black Arrow
3041:Orbex Prime
2940:Hyperbola-2
2905:Antares 330
2605:Kaituozhe 2
2578:Hyperbola-1
2046:Plattsburgh
1904:Atlas SLV-3
1899:Atlas LV-3B
1847:Atlas-Agena
1710:SM-65 Atlas
1408:25 February
1251:25 February
1163:2002-08-21
1138:2005-02-03
1135:2000-05-24
1105:2004-08-31
1102:1991-12-07
1077:1997-04-25
1074:1990-07-25
1049:1989-09-25
1046:1984-06-09
1015:1983-05-19
1012:1975-09-26
987:1975-05-22
984:1973-04-06
973:Centaur-D,
958:1972-08-21
955:1967-09-08
929:1967-07-14
926:1965-08-11
903:1965-03-03
900:1964-06-30
877:1963-11-27
854:1962-05-08
658:Atlas SLV-3
586:Atlas-Agena
376:Atlas LV-3B
267:SM-65 Atlas
186:(CCAFS) in
172:SM-65 Atlas
142:Last flight
110:Success(es)
5008:Categories
3566:Long March
3470:Feng Bao 1
3083:Tianlong-3
3009:New Line 1
2967:Long March
2915:Cyclone-4M
2855:Tianlong-2
2833:2.1b / STB
2828:2.1a / STA
2771:Pegasus XL
2637:Long March
2610:Kinetica 1
2533:Chollima-1
2326:Rocketdyne
2069:Components
1977:Vandenberg
1842:Atlas-Able
1735:Prototypes
1590:5 November
1383:5 November
1187:References
1092:Centaur-1
952:Centaur-D
944:Centaur-D
918:Centaur-C
892:Centaur-B
869:Centaur-A
832:Successes
715:Rocketdyne
696:California
666:Pioneer 11
662:Pioneer 10
647:Pioneer 10
631:Surveyor 5
603:Titan IIIC
249:(LH2) and
192:Surveyor 1
137:8 May 1962
118:Failure(s)
35:Surveyor 1
4642:Conestoga
4503:Red Dwarf
4488:New Glenn
4478:Daytona I
3665:Paektusan
3294:Conestoga
3051:Red Dwarf
3004:New Glenn
2935:Gravity-2
2925:Epsilon S
2558:Gravity-1
2415:2020–2029
2410:2010–2019
2405:2000–2009
2400:1990–1999
2395:1980–1989
2390:1970–1979
2385:1960–1969
2380:1957–1959
2088:Castor 4A
2051:Schilling
2021:Fairchild
1878:Atlas III
1861:Numerical
1816:Atlas E/F
1632:The Verge
1510:0036-8075
1131:Atlas III
835:Failures
829:Launches
795:FLTSATCOM
708:Atlas III
692:San Diego
225:Technical
4970:Vanguard
4881:Ablestar
4866:Terran 1
4819:Rocket 3
4759:Falcon 9
4754:Falcon 1
4747:IV Heavy
4530:Terran R
4525:Starship
4513:Block 1B
4401:Minotaur
4381:Electron
4209:original
4199:Vanguard
4182:Proton-K
4155:original
4003:Ablestar
3988:Terran 1
3946:original
3805:Rocket 3
3712:original
3522:original
3448:Falcon 9
3443:Falcon 1
3399:IV Heavy
3115:Zuljanah
3078:Terran R
3061:Block 1B
3046:Pallas-1
2950:Kuaizhou
2910:Bloostar
2850:Starship
2801:Shavit 2
2786:Qaem 100
2776:Proton-M
2734:Minotaur
2615:Kuaizhou
2538:Electron
2506:Ariane 6
2372:Launches
2076:Boosters
1962:(S)LC-36
1873:Atlas II
1766:Missiles
1546:15 April
1526:17840556
1461:17 April
1434:10 April
1225:cite web
1215:15 April
841:Remarks
813:Variants
704:Colorado
682:Star-37E
398:with an
396:Saturn I
374:derived
303:Surveyor
204:Atlas II
43:Function
4792:Juno II
4635:Centaur
4539:Retired
4518:Block 2
4493:Neutron
4450:Block 1
4428:Pegasus
4375:Atlas V
4357:Orbital
4274:Classes
4145:Tsyklon
3983:Start-1
3754:Voskhod
3749:Sputnik
3685:Molniya
3670:Pilot-2
3507:Juno II
3421:Epsilon
3416:Energia
3406:Diamant
3282:Centaur
3131:Antares
3124:Retired
3073:Soyuz-7
3066:Block 2
2999:Neutron
2989:Miura 5
2823:Soyuz-2
2816:Block 1
2806:Simorgh
2583:Jielong
2511:Atlas V
2482:Current
2331:Thiokol
2311:Aerojet
2304:Engines
2280:Convair
2194:Engines
2185:Trident
2145:Centaur
2036:Lincoln
1883:Atlas V
1868:Atlas I
1826:Atlas H
1821:Atlas G
1811:Atlas D
1806:Atlas B
1783:Atlas F
1778:Atlas E
1773:Atlas D
1757:Atlas C
1752:Atlas B
1747:Atlas A
1728:Rockets
1637:12 July
1611:4 April
1518:1726669
1490:Bibcode
1482:Science
1328:9 April
1277:9 April
1258:Apollo.
1166:Active
1159:Atlas V
1070:Atlas I
1041:Atlas G
734:Russian
726:⁄
670:Jupiter
654:Atlas D
548:Failure
453:Atlas D
372:Atlas D
346:Failure
299:Mariner
284:Program
219:Centaur
215:Convair
188:Florida
182:at the
176:Centaur
83:Retired
4918:II GLV
4901:DSV-2U
4891:Burner
4861:Sparta
4824:Saturn
4787:Juno I
4552:Athena
4368:Active
4258:Zhuque
4192:Strela
4150:R-36-O
4093:II GLV
4081:SLV-2H
4076:SLV-2G
4064:DSV-2U
4042:Burner
3978:SS-520
3973:Sparta
3941:Shavit
3832:Saturn
3793:Shtil'
3759:Vostok
3702:Polyot
3660:Naro-1
3549:Lambda
3517:Kosmos
3502:Juno I
3426:Europa
3200:Athena
3163:Ariane
3103:Zhuque
3093:Vega E
2945:Irtysh
2882:Zhuque
2600:KAIROS
2489:Angara
2273:Rocket
2236:RD-180
2226:LR-105
2216:B-8096
2211:B-8081
2206:B-8048
2140:Burner
2135:Altair
2083:AJ-60A
2056:Walker
2041:Offutt
2026:Forbes
1985:LC-576
1967:SLC-41
1742:MX-774
1586:. NASA
1524:
1516:
1508:
1379:. NASA
1247:. NASA
738:RD-180
674:Saturn
562:LC-36B
80:Status
37:(1966)
4913:Titan
4896:Delta
4886:Agena
4856:SPARK
4846:Scout
4814:Pilot
4647:Delta
4630:Agena
4620:SLV-3
4615:LV-3B
4569:Atlas
4221:Zenit
4216:VLS-1
4187:Rokot
4088:Titan
4059:Delta
4020:Agena
3968:SPARK
3854:Scout
3810:Safir
3798:Volna
3707:Soyuz
3497:H-IIB
3411:Dnepr
3299:Delta
3277:Agena
3267:SLV-3
3262:LV-3B
3217:Atlas
2791:Qased
2766:OS-M1
2568:H-IIA
2516:Ceres
2246:RS-56
2221:LR-89
2201:AJ-10
2130:Agena
2016:Dyess
2011:Altus
2004:Bases
1995:SLC-4
1990:SLC-3
1957:LC-14
1952:LC-13
1947:LC-12
1942:LC-11
1892:Other
1584:(PDF)
1514:JSTOR
1402:(PDF)
1377:(PDF)
820:Name
448:Titan
151:[
96:LC-36
4958:CT-3
4943:IIIE
4938:IIID
4933:IIIC
4928:IIIB
4923:IIIA
4876:Able
4871:Thor
4808:N-II
4769:v1.1
4764:v1.0
4727:5000
4722:4000
4717:3000
4712:2000
4707:1000
4702:0100
4625:Able
4498:Nova
4246:3SLB
4204:Vega
4133:CT-3
4118:IIIE
4113:IIID
4108:IIIC
4103:IIIB
4098:IIIA
3998:Able
3993:Thor
3894:X-2B
3884:X-3M
3874:X-2M
3788:R-29
3680:Luna
3655:N-II
3633:3SII
3532:2/2I
3492:H-II
3480:Mk I
3475:GSLV
3458:v1.1
3453:v1.0
3379:5000
3374:4000
3369:3000
3364:2000
3359:1000
3354:0100
3272:Able
3195:ASLV
3156:230+
3098:Zero
3024:OS-M
3019:Nova
3014:NGLV
2930:Eris
2920:Deca
2865:Vega
2860:Unha
2845:SSLV
2838:2-1v
2781:PSLV
2761:Nuri
2729:LVM3
2662:3B/E
2563:GSLV
2345:LSPs
2241:RL10
2231:R-4D
2175:Star
2150:IABS
2125:Able
1639:2021
1613:2022
1592:2022
1548:2016
1522:PMID
1506:ISSN
1463:2021
1436:2021
1410:2023
1385:2022
1330:2021
1279:2021
1253:2023
1231:link
1217:2016
757:BECO
713:The
664:and
575:RP-1
558:MA-5
542:Moon
415:Ohio
407:ARPA
301:and
294:NASA
290:ARPA
274:MA-5
162:The
4953:23G
4948:34D
4802:N-I
4781:H-I
4737:III
4609:III
4584:E/F
4508:SLS
4483:MLV
4445:SLS
4440:RS1
4241:3SL
4236:2FG
4128:23G
4123:34D
3958:SLV
3934:G-1
3929:F-1
3924:E-1
3919:A-1
3914:D-1
3909:B-1
3889:X-4
3879:X-3
3869:X-2
3859:X-1
3675:R-7
3650:N-I
3487:H-I
3389:III
3257:III
3232:E/F
3151:230
3146:130
3141:120
3136:110
3088:VLM
3056:SLS
2994:MLV
2811:SLS
2796:RS1
2722:11H
2494:1.2
2180:SVS
2170:SGS
2165:PTS
2160:OIS
2155:MSD
1498:doi
1486:164
1172:79
1169:80
1111:63
1108:63
1080:11
1021:24
1018:26
964:14
961:17
702:in
579:LOX
569:).
554:LH2
413:in
366:'s
360:GMT
113:181
105:197
5010::
4963:IV
4834:IB
4742:IV
4732:II
4611:**
4604:II
4562:II
4548:**
4433:XL
4411:IV
4377:**
4251:3F
4231:2M
4138:IV
3842:IB
3825:1B
3820:1A
3779:2M
3737:U2
3717:FG
3645:N1
3628:3S
3623:3H
3618:3C
3613:4S
3608:Mu
3601:4A
3596:3B
3586:2E
3581:2A
3576:1D
3554:4S
3542:3M
3436:II
3394:IV
3384:II
3252:II
3210:II
2982:12
2977:10
2960:31
2955:21
2744:IV
2717:11
2707:7A
2697:6A
2687:5B
2677:4C
2672:4B
2667:3C
2657:3A
2652:2F
2647:2D
2642:2C
2630:11
2625:1A
2573:H3
2526:1S
2499:A5
2093:MA
1909:GX
1630:.
1520:.
1512:.
1504:.
1496:.
1484:.
1480:.
1453:.
1255:.
1227:}}
1223:{{
1207:.
1195:^
1178:1
1175:0
1150:0
1147:0
1144:6
1141:6
1117:0
1114:0
1089:0
1086:3
1083:8
1061:0
1058:2
1055:5
1052:7
1027:1
1024:1
999:0
996:1
993:5
990:6
970:0
967:3
941:0
938:0
935:7
932:7
915:1
912:2
909:0
906:3
889:0
886:0
883:1
880:1
866:0
863:1
860:0
857:1
694:,
672:,
305:.
280:.
206:.
200:11
196:10
121:13
94:,
4839:V
4829:I
4810:*
4804:*
4783:*
4697:N
4692:M
4687:L
4682:J
4677:G
4672:E
4667:D
4662:C
4657:B
4652:A
4599:I
4594:H
4589:G
4579:D
4574:B
4557:I
4421:C
4416:V
4406:I
4349:e
4342:t
4335:v
4263:1
4226:2
4165:3
4160:2
4052:2
4047:1
4035:D
4030:B
4025:A
4013:2
4008:1
3951:1
3904:A
3899:B
3847:V
3837:I
3815:1
3774:2
3769:K
3764:L
3732:U
3727:M
3722:L
3695:L
3690:M
3638:V
3591:3
3571:1
3537:3
3527:1
3431:I
3349:N
3344:M
3339:L
3334:J
3329:G
3324:E
3319:D
3314:C
3309:B
3304:A
3247:I
3242:H
3237:G
3227:D
3222:B
3205:I
3188:5
3183:4
3178:3
3173:2
3168:1
3108:3
3034:4
3029:2
2972:9
2887:2
2870:C
2754:C
2749:V
2739:I
2712:8
2702:7
2692:6
2682:5
2620:1
2593:3
2588:1
2521:1
2449:e
2442:t
2435:v
1685:e
1678:t
1671:v
1641:.
1615:.
1594:.
1550:.
1528:.
1500::
1492::
1465:.
1438:.
1412:.
1387:.
1362:.
1343:.
1332:.
1311:.
1292:.
1281:.
1233:)
1219:.
728:2
724:1
721:+
719:2
198:/
155:]
129:3
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