182:
similar White schools. For instance, Delaware, in 1896, gave $ 1.66 per capita for White students, and $ 0.81 for Black students. As well, it was uncovered that
African Americans were responsible for providing most of the funds to support their schools. There was even an unequal distribution of money for salaries; white teachers earned significantly more than black teachers at the time. Though this may be in part due to differences in education levels achieved, racism still could have been a cause of this as many teachers were required to have the same basic skills. Many Southern states reported, during this study, that the cost of running schools for blacks was entirely supported by donations from African Americans. Upon learning about this, Du Bois called for increased state and national support of these Negro schools.
167:
program of objective and scientific inquiry into social, economic, and political conditions of
African Americans. Another notable problem that the Atlanta University Studies encountered was Bradford's lack of social science background, especially dealing with racial problems. Bradford was a Boston businessman who graduated from Harvard in finance, so was not experienced enough to perfect his studies of black Americans and Atlanta University. The president of Atlanta University, Horace Bumstead, eventually searched for a more qualified figure to lead the research program at the university.
197:
adequately supervise local Black schools. This poor supervision is outlined in a quotation by Mr. W. K. Tate, who was the state supervisor of elementary rural schools of South
Carolina in 1911. He said: "It has been my observation that the Negro schools of South Carolina are for the most part without supervision of any kind. Frequently the county superintendent does not know where they are located and sometimes the district board cannot tell where the Negro school is taught.".
132:
Georgia gave no funding to the school, because many of the
Georgia state lawmakers actively resisted educational opportunities for black citizens. In fact, Atlanta University, as well as other private schools in the city, were the only options for black high school education, although multiple white public high schools existed in the city.
136:
so he was permitted to work there. Du Bois, as a member of the
African American community, recognized and deeply cared about the threats that were posed against them. He decided to hold the Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems to discuss various solutions to these problems, whilst contributing to the formation of a more equal society.
166:
Du Bois thought that the biggest problem with the early
Atlanta University Studies was Bradford's efforts to replicate the Hampton and Tuskegee models. He was determined to execute at Atlanta University what he had previously been unable to get administrators and white institutions to try. This was a
162:
The first
Conference of Negro Problems at Atlanta University focused on the morality of African Americans in cities. Bradford invited the Department of Labour to help him carry out the study, to tabulate and publish the results. The statistics they collected became the basis of a serious dealing with
131:
and whites resided at
Atlanta University in 1897; though many universities were similar in that respect, Atlanta University was unique in that black students and white faculty used the same dormitories and dining hall, and the smaller number of white students used the same space as well. The state of
139:
Several graduates of
Atlanta University told various faculty and trustee members of the school information that made them aware of the need for a thorough investigation into the conditions of living in the Negro populations of cities. As a result, Bumstead and Bradford proposed annual investigations
135:
W. E. B. Du Bois came to
Atlanta University as a professor. Many people believed that he was not religious enough (or did not practice the right religion) to teach at the university. Du Bois promised that he would use the Episcopal prayer book whenever he needed to fulfill his student chapel duties,
181:
One of the most significant results of the studies of the conference included increased state and national aid for African American high schools, resulting from the 1901 study. This study uncovered that the money allocated to maintaining and running Black schools was less than the money allotted to
158:
The first two Atlanta University Conferences of Negro Problems were held by George C. Bradford, in 1896 and 1897. Even though he co-founded the Atlanta University Studies and directed these first two conferences, Bradford's contributions to these events have still not been fully investigated. It is
185:
Change was not immediate, however. Du Bois reinvestigated high school education amidst African Americans a decade later, and found that little change had actually occurred. For example, in 1911, Houston County, Georgia, educated about 3200 blacks and 1050 whites, but funding for Black schools was
123:
The purpose of the Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems was to outline the many difficulties that the black community faced, to suggest solutions to these problems, and to publicize grievances with modern social protocols. This organization attempted to come up with solutions for the then-current
196:
public schools for African American and white students acceptable, but although the school systems were supposed to be equal, in practice, they were separate and unequal. Black teachers still earned considerably less than white teachers. To further the inequality, many superintendents did not
144:. It was quickly approved by the Atlanta University Board of Trustees, and a conference was set to take place later in the year, during the Atlanta Exposition, guided by Bradford. Later discussion caused the conference to be rescheduled for the spring of 1896.
793:
558:
186:
about $ 4,500, compared to $ 10,700 for white schools. During this time, Georgia's funding of public schools was based on a variety of state and local reactions to different laws and court rulings.
813:
788:
679:
514:
828:
732:
818:
390:
The Atlanta Negro Conference Industrial Condition Facts. Springfield Republican (Springfield, Massachusetts). Wednesday, May 28, 1902, Issue: 54 Page: 11
803:
808:
833:
140:
of the social, economic, and physical condition of Black Americans. The "investigation" would be developed into a department called the
823:
798:
418:
173:
attended the Conference at least occasionally, and was well received when he gave the final address at the seventh conference in 1902.
763:
838:
614:
684:
783:
758:
753:
727:
622:
566:
456:
451:
441:
153:
141:
778:
411:
773:
768:
495:
462:
251:
221:
404:
720:
674:
256:
108:
84:
649:
582:
508:
700:
598:
590:
574:
294:
Rudwick, Elliot M. (1957). "W. E. B. Du Bois and the Atlanta University Studies on the Negro".
713:
487:
541:
503:
369:
170:
8:
536:
311:
193:
188:
233:
225:
211:
159:
often W. E. B. DuBois who gets the credit for the founding of the annual conference.
128:
468:
427:
303:
217:
207:
112:
94:
706:
531:
747:
656:
237:
794:
African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement
630:
559:
The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America
479:
315:
606:
307:
396:
216:. Atlanta university publications,no. 5. Atlanta University Press.
229:
473:
370:"W. E. B. Du Bois and the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory"
163:
the social and economic conditions of African Americans.
680:
W.E.B. Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award
515:
W. E. B. Du Bois Memorial Centre for Pan African Culture
733:
African American founding fathers of the United States
814:Defunct organizations based in the United States
789:African-American history of Georgia (U.S. state)
745:
829:1914 disestablishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
412:
819:1896 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
419:
405:
363:
361:
359:
357:
355:
353:
351:
349:
347:
345:
289:
287:
285:
115:, and held every year from 1896 to 1914.
804:History of African-American civil rights
343:
341:
339:
337:
335:
333:
331:
329:
327:
325:
293:
206:
809:Cultural heritage of the United States
746:
615:Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil
367:
282:
16:Academic conference series (1896–1914)
400:
322:
124:problems facing the black community.
834:Organizations disestablished in 1914
447:Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems
426:
105:Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems
22:Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems
685:W. E. B. Du Bois Research Institute
13:
14:
850:
824:Organizations established in 1896
799:African-American cultural history
517:(home, burial site, and memorial)
107:was an annual conference held at
764:Conferences in the United States
728:W.E.B. Du Bois Clubs of America
623:Black Reconstruction in America
567:The Study of the Negro Problems
457:The Exhibit of American Negroes
452:Atlanta Sociological Laboratory
442:W.E.B. Du Bois Boyhood Homesite
200:
176:
154:Atlanta Sociological Laboratory
142:Atlanta Sociological Laboratory
839:Organizations based in Atlanta
384:
296:The Journal of Negro Education
269:
1:
277:W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography
463:First Pan-African Conference
252:Colored Conventions Movement
7:
245:
10:
855:
151:
147:
118:
693:
667:
641:
550:
524:
434:
90:
80:
72:
57:
42:
34:
26:
21:
784:Clark Atlanta University
759:20th-century conferences
754:19th-century conferences
675:W. E. B. Du Bois Library
368:Wright, Earl II (2005).
262:
257:Hampton Negro Conference
583:The Souls of Black Folk
509:Fisk University protest
222:2027/mdp.39015004123231
701:Shirley Graham Du Bois
591:The Negro in the South
575:The Philadelphia Negro
213:The College-Bred Negro
779:Political conferences
714:Encyclopedia Africana
192:, for instance, made
774:Cultural conferences
769:Academic conferences
542:Double consciousness
504:Pan-African Congress
171:Booker T. Washington
489:The Brownies' Book
194:separate but equal
189:Plessy v. Ferguson
109:Atlanta University
85:Atlanta University
741:
740:
721:The Negro Problem
208:Du Bois, W. E. B.
129:African Americans
101:
100:
846:
469:Niagara Movement
428:W. E. B. Du Bois
421:
414:
407:
398:
397:
391:
388:
382:
381:
365:
320:
319:
291:
280:
273:
241:
113:W. E. B. Du Bois
95:Atlanta, Georgia
68:
66:
53:
51:
19:
18:
854:
853:
849:
848:
847:
845:
844:
843:
744:
743:
742:
737:
707:Yolande Du Bois
689:
663:
637:
546:
520:
430:
425:
395:
394:
389:
385:
374:Sociation Today
366:
323:
308:10.2307/2293494
292:
283:
274:
270:
265:
248:
203:
179:
156:
150:
121:
111:, organized by
97:, United States
64:
62:
49:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
852:
842:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
739:
738:
736:
735:
730:
725:
717:
710:
704:
697:
695:
691:
690:
688:
687:
682:
677:
671:
669:
665:
664:
662:
661:
653:
645:
643:
639:
638:
636:
635:
627:
619:
611:
603:
595:
587:
579:
571:
563:
554:
552:
548:
547:
545:
544:
539:
534:
532:Talented Tenth
528:
526:
522:
521:
519:
518:
512:
506:
501:
493:
485:
477:
471:
466:
460:
454:
449:
444:
438:
436:
432:
431:
424:
423:
416:
409:
401:
393:
392:
383:
321:
302:(4): 466–476.
281:
279:, 2009, p 158.
275:Lewis, David,
267:
266:
264:
261:
260:
259:
254:
247:
244:
243:
242:
210:, ed. (1900).
202:
199:
178:
175:
149:
146:
120:
117:
99:
98:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
59:
55:
54:
44:
40:
39:
36:
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
851:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
749:
734:
731:
729:
726:
723:
722:
718:
716:
715:
711:
708:
705:
703:(second wife)
702:
699:
698:
696:
692:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
670:
666:
659:
658:
657:Dark Princess
654:
651:
647:
646:
644:
640:
633:
632:
628:
625:
624:
620:
617:
616:
612:
609:
608:
604:
601:
600:
596:
593:
592:
588:
585:
584:
580:
577:
576:
572:
569:
568:
564:
561:
560:
556:
555:
553:
549:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
527:
523:
516:
513:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
498:
494:
492:
490:
486:
484:
482:
478:
475:
472:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
437:
433:
429:
422:
417:
415:
410:
408:
403:
402:
399:
387:
379:
375:
371:
364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
352:
350:
348:
346:
344:
342:
340:
338:
336:
334:
332:
330:
328:
326:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
290:
288:
286:
278:
272:
268:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
198:
195:
191:
190:
183:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
145:
143:
137:
133:
130:
125:
116:
114:
110:
106:
96:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
60:
56:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
719:
712:
655:
631:Dusk of Dawn
629:
621:
613:
605:
597:
589:
581:
573:
565:
557:
496:
488:
480:
476:(co-founder)
446:
386:
377:
373:
299:
295:
276:
271:
212:
201:Publications
187:
184:
180:
177:Consequences
169:
165:
161:
157:
138:
134:
126:
122:
104:
102:
724:(1903 book)
551:Non-fiction
511:(1924–1925)
91:Location(s)
748:Categories
709:(daughter)
599:John Brown
537:Color line
481:The Crisis
152:See also:
38:conference
650:The Comet
607:The Negro
499:newspaper
238:504552532
73:Frequency
652:" (1920)
525:Concepts
491:magazine
483:magazine
246:See also
230:01010149
76:Annually
694:Related
642:Fiction
497:Freedom
316:2293494
148:Conduct
119:Purpose
63: (
48: (
30:defunct
668:Honors
660:(1928)
634:(1940)
626:(1935)
618:(1920)
610:(1915)
602:(1909)
594:(1907)
586:(1903)
578:(1899)
570:(1898)
562:(1894)
465:(1900)
459:(1900)
314:
236:
228:
43:Begins
27:Status
474:NAACP
312:JSTOR
263:Notes
127:Both
81:Venue
35:Genre
435:Life
380:(1).
234:OCLC
226:LCCN
103:The
65:1914
61:1914
58:Ends
50:1896
46:1896
304:doi
218:hdl
750::
376:.
372:.
324:^
310:.
300:26
298:.
284:^
232:.
224:.
648:"
420:e
413:t
406:v
378:3
318:.
306::
240:.
220::
67:)
52:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.