683:. Because the distribution of these landforms are coterminous with this floor unit, they are thought to be indicative of the surface processes that formed the valley system. At least two different sets of these cones exist in the Athabasca Valles, in which some have wakes and others do not. Some researchers have proposed that the cones with wakes formed chronologically earlier than those without wakes. There are various interpretations that have been offered in the literature as to the formation of these features. These cones occur with single vents ("single cones"), with smaller cones within their vents ("double cones", which have only been observed to occur within the Athabasca Valles very near to the Cerberus Fossae fissure), and with multiple cones within a larger cone's vent (called by some researchers as "
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plains. Using new MGS data, the authors affirmed the initial Viking-era hypotheses that both water and lava features shaping the
Athabasca Valles may have erupted at different times from the Cerberus Fossae fissures, although diagnostic morphological signs had since been overprinted by later geological events in the fossae. The study also explored potential sources of the water thought to have formed the Athabasca Valles, reasoning that an extremely deep reservoir of water with some protective layer was necessary to concentrate efflux of fluid matter through the narrow Cerberus Fossae system and to delay the outflow of water to such a late part of the Amazonian. Aquifer recharge by precipitation, long-distance water transport in the
1088:. A volcanic interpretation does not permit this later resurfacing. Page criticized the researchers for cherry-picking observations to suit their hypothesis. The authors responded to Page's criticisms by pointing out that secondary impact craters are not always energetic enough to completely erase pre-existing landforms, and that his assertions about polygonal terrain are analogized from a region of Elysium Planitia that is very far and that is structurally distinct from the polygons observed within the Athabasca Valles. Jaeger and her co-workers also noted GRS, SHARAD and CRISM interpretations strongly suggesting that water ice has not been a major reshaping force in the geologic history of the Athabasca Valles.
980:(DLR) re-affirmed the earlier crater-age dates asserted in 2001 by Berman and Hartmann using MGS data (MOC and MOLA). The researchers asserted that the valley is older than previously believed, noting the presence of flood deposits past the Athabasca Valles' debouchment dating back to as early as 1.6 Ga. The authors interpreted the valley system as having experienced geologic activity for a very long period of time, with volcanic activity (most recently up to 3 Ma) dominant towards the most recent history of the valley system. The authors favored the choice of the Athabasca Valles as a chosen landing site for the
917:), also using recently published MGS data (MOC and MOLA). The authors critically compared the morphologies observed in the Athabasca Valles system to those of Washington state's Channeled Scablands and provided extensive descriptions of geomorphological features within the valley system. The authors favored a primarily hydrological explanation for the Athabasca Valles and the other regional outflow channels, contesting contemporary hypotheses relating to lava and glacier flow due to the distinctly Channeled Scabland-like morphologies witnessed across all valleys.
1059:– a large rayed crater in the neighborhood of the Athabasca Valles – and its associated secondary craters. The crater's rays were mapped using MOC and THEMIS data. The researchers noted that nearly 80% of the secondary craters mapped inside of the Athabasca Valles likely originated from Zunil. Having note that Zunil cross-cuts the extant floor of the Athabasca Valles, the authors placed the age of the system between 1.5 Ma and 200 Ma. This constraint was partially made based on the authors' assertion that Zunil is a strong candidate source for the
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the fissure vent; this morphology has been interpreted as a series of successive lava flows erupting from the fossae downstream before debouching into the
Cerberus Palus basin. These putative flows have ridged and polygonal textures that are consistent with a lava-based provenance, respectively suggestive of situations where lava began to bunch up, and where a solidified surface of lava collapsed as underlying molten rock continued to flow. In this interpretation, the streamlined island-like forms are interpreted to show a
928:) reported on the presence of streamlined forms and longitudinal grooves downstream of Cerberus Fossae on the valley floor of the Athabasca Valles as morphologies justifying a megaflooding hypothesis for the valley's formation. The authors predicted that this floodwater likely infiltrated fresh lava flows downstream in Cerberus Palus, suggesting that extant ice deposits may remain buried there. The authors discussed these ice deposits as a means for NASA to possibly facilitate a future landed expedition on Mars.
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580:
657:, which are streamlined and teardrop-shaped in all three dimensions. In the Athabasca Valles, many relict features (including crater rims) still appear on the top of streamlined forms. Because Martian gravity is weaker, Martian glaciers would have to be much thicker than their terrestrial counterparts in order to overcome frictional basal forces and begin flowing (with estimated thicknesses up to 4–5 km); such theoretical glaciers would have covered such landforms.
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lava erupting from
Cerberus Fossae. They re-interpreted all putative glacial features observed both in the Athabasca Valles and downstream in Cerberus Palus as volcanic in nature, directly challenging the periglacial hypothesis claimed by David Page and co-workers. David Page directly disputed the authors' volcanic interpretations of the pitted mounds and polygonal terrains in a later publication, noting that these features occasionally are found to superpose
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region, with particular counts from the
Athabasca Valles valley floor (comparing polygonized terrains to non-polygonized terrains) possibly misdated as nearly 40 times younger than they were initially estimated to be. The authors further argue that the progression of polygonal terrains to thermokarst terrains to pingo morphologies suggests (in analogy to terrestrial circumstances) an increasingly temperate climate into the late Amazonian.
752:. This causes the total collapse of the pingo and the formation of a depression (the third mentioned irregularly shaped flatter morphologies). Many of the mounds of the Athabasca Valles are surrounded by moats, which is a feature of pingoes observed at the Tuktoyaktuk analogue. The densely-packed distribution and irregular, intermelding shapes of the mounds in this area are also common characteristics observed in terrestrial pingo fields.
941:. Burr first noted that there were regions that were, according to her modeling, water might realistically pond around obstacles on the Athabasca Valles floor such as crater rims. She proposed that when later outbursts from Cerberus Fossae occurred, they would destroy these ponding deposits except in the eddy regions behind the obstacles. She proposed this as a new model by which streamlined forms likely formed in the valley system.
316:. Historically, some researchers have associated the outpouring of fluid from the Athabasca Valles with the downstream formations of Marte Vallis and the Grjotá Valles, but this perspective fell out of favor as higher-resolution MOC data became available, allowing updated crater counts (the age dates of each valley floor are asynchronous) and geomorphic interpretations (high-permeability fresh lava rock would have caused large-scale
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up to ten distinct layers exposed by later catastrophic erosion, with each layer having a thickness of up to 10m. They are often paralleled by grooves that are up to 10m tall, fading out from the streamlined forms within a few hundreds of meters. These grooves are interpreted to be depositional, and are dimensionally consistent with similar features observed within the
Channeled Scablands of Washington State.
452:. According to this interpretation, these streamlined landforms were created when passing floodwaters deposited sediment against protruding bedrock outcroppings, such as crater rims or bedrock mesas. (In the case of the Athabasca Valles, the vast majority of such streamlined forms arose around relict bedrock mesas.) The floodwater from the event that formed the Athabasca Valles is thought to have come from
29:
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phreatomagmatic effect, as they appear to have formed in depressions where water might have feasibly ponded. Because water ice was not stable in this region of Mars during the
Amazonian, the lava flows that formed these rootless cones must have reached ponded areas very soon after the occurrence of a megaflood. Opponents of this hypothesis have noted that moat features surrounding many of the mounds are
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around these bedrock obstacles would have then been carved again in subsequent megaflooding events, with the only surviving sections of these sedimentary deposits sitting in the regions behind the bedrock obstacles. For some of the upstream streamlined forms of the
Athabasca Valles, however, modern topography is not suggestive of a ponding event. Some researchers have proposed that they
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eruption over a span of weeks. This would be the first instance of a turbulently-deposited flood lava to have been documented anywhere in the Solar System. Four 1:500K geomorphic maps of the
Athabasca Valles were to be produced using CTX and HiRISE data, but funding ran short and the insights from the mapping effort were incorporated into the 2010 Jaeger
1016:(Spirit and Opportunity). By using this method to characterize surface slopes, Beyer was able to ascertain how hazardous each given landing site was, providing information to those debating the viability of the sites at landing site workshops. The Athabasca Valles site was among those upon which Beyer applied his photoclinometry method.
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low-viscosity flood lavas. This hypothesis – among other volcanic-aeolian and sedimentary hypotheses – ultimately received widespread acceptance in the
Martian planetary geology community. Plescia observed the outflow channels of Elysium Planitia, noting the presence of streamlined islands, but highlighted the absence of regional-scale
1176:(of Arizona State University) observed the presence of lava coil-like structures on fractured plates immediately downstream of the Athabasca Valles. These features strongly resemble those of Hawaii's pahoehoe flows, leading credence to the low-viscosity lava hypothesis for the formation of the outflow channel.
572:(where the lava level reached a maximum height) prior to the drainage and pooling of molten material downstream into Cerberus Palus. Nearly the entire surface of the Athabasca Valles floor has been interpreted by some authors to morphologically parallel the Roza Member of the Wanapum Basalt, a unit within the
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associated with this tectonic activity would penetrate the overlying cryosphere (in a dry and cold
Amazonian Mars); to compensate for its pressurization, reservoir fluids would be forced upwards through the fissure, forming the outflow channel morphologies observed on the surface. This interpretation
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regions where this ponding event was possible in the past, but later eruptions of lava from the fissure (by the same mechanisms as the floodwaters) may have shallowed out the topographic profile of the valley. As seen on Viking and MOC imagery, the streamlined forms of the Athabasca Valles often have
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spectral data that the Athabasca Valles floor is largely ultramafic and mafic in composition. This work refocused the initial 2007 finding by the researchers that a veneer of lava covered the entirety of the Athabasca Valley floor, proposing that this lava layer was deposited turbulently in a single
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echo signatures were found to coincide with terrains interpreted as volcanic in origin across the Martian surface. These signatures also spatially coincided very closely with the proposed volcanic flow unit reported by Jeffrey Plescia in 1990, including the floor of the Athabasca Valles, leading the
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camera. At the mesoscale, the floor of the valley remains relatively uneroded compared to other Martian outflow channels and those of the Channeled Scablands. The valley floor is characterized by overlapping fronts that become progressively younger towards Cerberus Fossae, concentrically surrounding
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However, the viability of this deep water-based model for the Athabasca Valles' formation has also been questioned from a hydrological modeling perspective, with various researchers noting that the region below Cerberus Fossae would require a fully saturated, exceedingly deep, and actively recharged
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mission that the flooding events thought to have formed the Athabasca Valles were interspersed with the formation of the plains units from lava in certain parts of the outflow channel, with some researchers believing that the floodwater could have been accommodated by significant permeability in the
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that have been found on Earth. The presence of these modern secondaries was initially thought to have skewed the very modern age dates based on crater counts on the Athabasca Valles floor. Zunil Crater is located due east of the Athabasca Valles network, extending along the southeastern trend beyond
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tool designed to correspond Martian mound-like structures to associated regional fracture zones in order to predict the extent of their source reservoirs. Among the features chosen for analysis, the researchers examined putative pingoes in the Athabasca Valles on HiRISE data, which were compared to
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attempted to reconcile the ongoing disagreements over the origin of the ring-mound landforms by evaluating the spatial distributions and unique morphologies of the different types of RMLs present in the valley. The researchers separated out the features based on number and arrangement of the cones'
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suggest that the outflow channel might have formed as recently as 20 Ma – the youngest-known of its kind on Mars – assuming the embaying lava units (upon which the crater dating was performed) were deposited contemporaneously with the outflow channel's formation. Explanations of its formation would
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and reassessed earlier interpretations of the Athabasca Valles system in light of the new available data. The researchers found that all the flood features in the Athabasca Valles are draped by lava flows, and concluded that the valley was most likely carved not by floodwaters but by low-viscosity
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In 2006, David P. Page and John B. Murray of the Open University contested the interpretation of pitted mounds in the distal region of the Athabasca Valles as rootless cones, offering an in-depth characterization of the pitted mound structures in the valley system when interpreted as pingoes. Page
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to hydrologically model outflow in the upstream reaches of the Athabasca Valles. Insights from her study manifested in three peer-reviewed publications, all of which addressed topics at least in part on the Athabasca Valles. In her research she clarified the chronological relationships between the
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to freezing conditions triggers the uplift as the water content of the saturated ground expands (leading to the formation of the observed circular mounds). As this uplift continues, tensional cracks form near the top of the mound, exposing the ice core of the mound, which loses mass due either to
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cones"). Occasionally, the RMLs are also encircled by radial trails of much smaller cone-like mounds. The "double" and "lotus fruit" RML morphologies are concentrated in flatter areas of the channel near Cerberus Fossae and are generally aligned parallel to the direction of the catastrophic flows
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Although researchers generally agree that the valley was formed by the catastrophic outpouring from the southernmost Cerberus Fossae fissure, the scientific community has not reached a consensus on the precise formation mechanism behind the Athabasca Valles – both in the nature of the fluids that
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Some authors have noted a series of large, km-wide fractured plates that appear southwest of the debouchment of the Athabasca Valles into the Cerberus Palus plains region. Some authors have interpreted these features as analogous to lava rafts expelled downstream from the Athabasca Valles system
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virtually all impact craters in this region, and are believed (according to comparative crater counts) to have obliterated many pre-existing craters. If the plains of Elysium Planitia are being actively resurfaced, this casts earlier crater count-based age estimates into doubt across the entire
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could feasibly offset the implausibly high porosities necessary to explain the modeled floodwater volumes seen in both regions, and numerically modeled the stress fields and displacements at depth of each source fossae. Models were made in the case that diking was involved in the release of the
625:(MOLA)), and (along with all the channels of central Elysium Planitia) do not closely resemble any of the lava surfaces analogously located on Earth. In terrestrial settings, lava erosion is extremely rare and only occurs when it a hot lava is concentrated in a narrow area (such as an insulated
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Some researchers have proposed that the formation of the streamlined forms in the Athabasca Valles may have been a result of bedrock obstacles (such as crater rims) persisting in areas of low elevation, where hydrological modeling suggests floodwaters might have ponded. The resulting deposition
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and the Athabasca Valles. The age estimates established for the floor of the Athabasca Valles suggested an upper age limit of 20 Ma, and a product of repeated flooding at many different times. The age of the valley floor was proposed to be up to several tens of Mya younger than the surrounding
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in England reported on the presence of extensional faulting off southern Cerberus Fossae, cross-cutting morphologies attributed to both the outflow channel and to subsequent lava cover. The authors noted that these faults are likely the most recent geologic feature in the Cerberus Fossae and
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was among the first to examine the origin of central Elysium Planitia in detail; at the time of his publication, he referred to this region informally as the "Cerberus Plains", and was the first to critically examine the hypothesis that this region was largely formed through the eruption of
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Some authors have proposed that a combination of mechanisms can satisfactorily explain the origin of the Athabasca Valles system – namely, the large-scale emplacement of low-viscosity lava flows on top of pre-existing glaciers. Apart from ice interactions, this large-scale low-viscosity
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in dimension and shape, and notably lack clear evidence of extrusive materials around the cones. Some proponents of the flood-formation hypothesis for the Athabasca Valles suggest that megaflood waters could have saturated the ground upon which lava could have later flowed, causing the
165:. Polygonal terrains of varying scales observed in the Athabasca Valles and downstream in Cerberus Palus have been proposed to have both and/or either volcanic and periglacial features. Interpretations on these terrains differ strongly even with respect to in what order these features
1207:) proposed that large regional-scale interactions between glaciers in central Elysium Planitia and the active formation of the lava flows constituting the plains were responsible for the geomorphologies observed in the Athabasca Valles and the other central Elysian outflow channels.
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formations of the Athabasca Valles, the Grjotá Valles, and Marte Vallis. She was not able to identify the precise mechanism by which floodwaters might catastrophically emerge from Cerberus Fossae but strongly favored floodwaters as the mechanism by which all three channels formed.
715:, this strongly suggests that some combination of sediment and ice comprises the valley floor. The conical landforms observed within the valley system take three distinctive forms—circular mounds, mounds with large central peaks, and irregularly-shaped flat depressions. As seen on
240:. The volcanic unit proposed to compose the floor of the Athabasca Valles (among other terrains) is hypothesized by some researchers to be the youngest and largest flood-emplaced lava unit on Mars, and the only instance of a flood lava unit that displays morphological evidence of
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flows of Hawaiʻi), a glacial origin, or some combination of the aforementioned mechanisms. The presence of pitted mounds on the valley floor has also been subject to debate and underpins the different hypotheses that have been proposed, and have variably been suggested to be
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region. He speculated that the streamlined islands were indicative of a relict bedrock floor that preceded the formation of the volcanic "Cerberus Plains", and that the characteristic anastomosing channels of the Chryse channels had been buried under flood lava flows.
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In 2003, Devon M. Burr of the University of Arizona published another report summing the results of a hydrological model of the Athabasca Valles intended to refresh older models of the outflow channel with new, higher-resolution MOLA topography data, and using a
646:(LIPs). Individual periods of volcanic activity constituting the modern Elysium Planitia region are thought to have lasted up to 1 Myr, with the rock in the vicinity of the Athabasca Valles being potentially deposited on a timescale of weeks or months. Given the
804:
published an examination of Elysium Planitia in 1991, including an updated geologic map of the region, proposing that Elysium Planitia was a basin that held a paleolake, interpreting the features in what they dubbed the "Elysium Basin" as sedimentary in origin.
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associated with compressive stresses emanating from the Elysium volcanic province. It emanates from its source at Cerberus Fossae in two channels that converge approximately 25 km southwest of the fissure; after a further 80 km, the valley becomes
356:, another very young large rayed crater in Zunil's neighborhood, are also suspected to superpose the Athabasca Valles valley floor, but the morphologies of these secondaries are uncertain and their alignment with the rays of Corinto might be coincidental.
207:, with some of its offshoots breaching the south-bounding wrinkle ridge. Geomorphic evidence of valley-affiliated deposits disappears at its southwestern end under recent lava flows. The materials forming the valley floor of the system are thought to be
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which have stagnated, forming a surface that hardens and then cracks. Gas escapes from lava around the peripheries of the resulting polygons, collapsing their edges and causing the centers of the polygons to bulge. Characteristic of such features are
244:. In total, the areal extent of the debouched lava flows that formed the Athabasca Valles system have been mapped as covering a region reaching completely across Elysium Planitia to the south, indistinctly disappearing into the northern margin of
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in age. Modern extensional near-source faulting associated with southern Cerberus Fossae has been found to postdate the formation of all features in the valley, and are likely the most geologically recent features of the Athabasca Valles system.
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is observed to have resurfaced the floor. Furthermore, large-scale extension and compression are evident in the Athabasca Valles floor unit, which may have been associated with earlier regional tectonic events or the emptying of an underlying
304:. The Athabasca Valles are the westernmost of the outflow channels in Elysium Planitia and the only one of the channel systems in this region that flows westwards. The other major outflow channels in this region are (from west to east) the
674:
Cones in the Athabasca Valles as seen by HiRISE. Larger cones in upper image were produced when water/steam forced its way through thicker layer of lava. Difference between highest elevation (red) to lowest (dark blue) is 170 m (558
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Researchers who favor a megaflooding hypothesis generally favor one sourced from a deep-seated subsurface reservoir. Based on hydrological modeling, some authors have noted that there are no other water-based mechanisms, including
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freshly-formed lava rock of Cerberus Palus. The interplay of fresh lavas and floodwaters could be responsible for rootless cones observed near the proposed sink region of the Athabasca Valles within the Cerberus Palus region.
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Opponents of the lava flow hypothesis historically noted that the valley floor of the Athabasca Valles did not appear to morphologically resemble an uneroded lava surface (as seen on the medium-resolution camera
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were created. Because evidence of fluvial erosion is present on both sides of the fissure, some authors have proposed that the outflow of floodwater from Cerberus Fossae was violent, forming a fountain akin to
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exists uphill to the northeast of the easternmost part of the valley and score the terrain in a perpendicular direction to the Athabasca Valles' trend. Downstream to the southwest of the valley system lies the
332:, long after most hydrological activity on the Martian surface is canonically thought to have ceased. The most recent flood to pass through the Athabasca Valles may have done so as recently as 2–8 Ma.
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violently degassed from the sediment flows upon which they were entrained, forming what are termed in the literature as "cryophreatic cones". The RMLs have been proposed by other authors to represent
33:
The Athabasca Valles, showing the flow direction of what are interpreted by some researchers to be floodwater-related morphologies. Note streamlined islands which show direction of flow to southwest.
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of Mars during this part of the Amazonian, it has been hypothesized that glaciers were likely actively accumulating in this region of Elysium Planitia at the same time as this period of volcanism.
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in the American Northwest; those researchers propose that the entire floor unit was deposited in a single eruptive event, with lavas in the area depositing turbulently as part of a flooding event.
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breach the entirety the thick protective cryosphere in order to allow groundwater to escape in sufficient quantities to hydrodynamically satisfy the Athabasca Valles' megaflood formation scenario.
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as not of a volcanic origin coincident with the plains' formation, but as a progressive resurfacing associated with glacial processes analogized to features witnessed across Earth dating to the
1000:
In 2004, Ross A. Beyer published his dissertation under the supervision of advisor Alfred McEwen at the University of Arizona. In his dissertation, among other topics, he invented a novel point
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The floor of the Athabasca Valles is peppered with thousands of small cones and rings which exist only on the geomorphic unit on the floor of the valley. They are referred to by some authors as
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In support of the megaflooding hypothesis, some authors have interpreted the platy and ridged terrains (described by others as characteristic lava textures) as relict sections of the underlying
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Other authors have noted certain morphological features in the Athabasca Valles as inconsistent with the megaflooding hypothesis, based on very high resolution visual data collected using the
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built up gradually in the vicinity of Cerberus Fossae, any tectonic activity would relieve this extensional stress, causing a relative compression that would pressurize the reservoir. Nearby
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can manifest as plates of a similar size, shape, and distribution, there are no known glacial mechanisms that can create the coiled morphologies observed downstream of the Athabasca Valles.
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groundwater flow or the magmatic melting of ground ice, which could explain the volume of water required to carve the Athabasca Valles. Because there is no evidence of near-surface
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There are competing interpretations regarding the formation of the Athabasca Valles system. The different hypotheses and supporting and competing evidences are described below.
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systems on Mars, and has historically been understood to have formed as the result of megaflooding. Distinctive streamlined teardrop-shaped landforms, branching channels, and
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than those typically observed in terrestrial settings. However, some authors have argued that the implausibly high porosity requirement could be overlooked if extremely high
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Jaeger, W.L.; Keszthelyi, L.P.; Skinner, J.A.; Milazzo, M.P.; McEwen, A.S.; Titus, T.N.; Rosiek, M.R.; Galuszka, D.M.; Howington-Kraus, E.; Kirk, R.L.; HiRISE Team (2010).
629:) and is running down a steep slope. These conditions are inconsistent with the observed conditions in the Athabasca Valles and the other outflow channels in this region.
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tracked through the valley, and in terms of later geologic events that have since resurfaced the region. Researchers concurrently propose a floodwater origin (akin to the
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mission. Elysium Planitia was one of the chosen sites, with the Athabasca Valles' putative hydrothermal origin a major motivation for proposing the Elysium landing site.
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formed from deposited ice blocks. This interpretation is consistent with the hypothesis that the Athabasca Valles were formed by the erosive action of a mobile glacier.
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and stretching across a wide swath of Cerberus Palus in the east-west sense, canvassing a region nearly as wide as the Elysium Rise. This flood lava unit is as large as
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Supporters of the megaflood hypothesis note that the streamlined forms seen in the Athabasca Valles are inconsistent with a glacial hypothesis. They are unlikely to be
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In 2007, Windy L. Jaeger, Lazlo P. Keszthelyi, Alfred McEwen, Patrick S. Russell and Colin S. Dundas (University of Arizona) examined very high resolution images from
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spectral data was used to confirm the composition of the geomorphic units mapped in the course of this effort, and reaffirmed earlier large-scale assertions using
1503:"Large-scale lava-ice interactions on Mars: Investigating its role during Late Amazonian Central Elysium Planitia volcanism and the formation of Athabasca Valles"
776:
Modern Elysium Planitia (including the Athabasca Valles) and the Elysium Rise were first extensively mapped in the 1970s and 1980s using orbital imagery from the
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cones" which have more than two cones within the moat). The double cones and lotus fruit cones described by the authors were analogized to the rootless cones of
1124:; the authors noted, then, that the topography of the Cerberus Fossae alone cannot be used to infer the volume of the fluid that carved the Athabasca Valles.
852:, James W. Rice and David H. Scott (of Ames and of the US Geological Survey, respectively) narrowed down 11 candidate landing sites for the now-canceled NASA
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data to map flood lavas in the Athabasca Valles region. The extent of this flood lava unit was found to be approximately the size of the American state of
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data, these morphologies are consistent in size and shape with different stages of the pingo lifecycle observed on Earth in the Russian federal subject of
120:. They are part of a network of outflow channels in this region that are understood to emanate from large fissures in the Martian surface rather than the
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Harmon, J.K.; Sulzer, M.P.; Perillat, P.J.; Chandler, J.F. (1992). "Mars Radar Mapping: Strong Backscatter from the Elysium Basin and Outflow Channel".
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plain. The outflow channel's route during its formation likely followed a pre-existing southwest-trending pathway, as it is bounded to the south by a
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185:, the second most significant volcanic province on the planet Mars. It lies within the southern Martian highlands in a diffuse part of the planet's
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264:. A knobby terrain lies to the northwest of the debouchment of the Athabasca Valles and has been dated by crater counting to be the oldest extant
546:, however, would add large amounts of material into the vicinity of the reservoir, compressing it and rapidly pressurizing it. Any rupturing and
956:, including the Athabasca Valles. This included assessment of terrains in central Elysium Planitia using MOC and MOLA data, and the design of a
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Ryan, A.J.; Christensen, P.R. (2012). "Coils and Polygonal Crust in the Athabasca Valles Region, Mars, as Evidence for a Volcanic History".
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Vetterlein, J.; Roberts, G.P. (2009). "Postdating of flow in Athabasca Valles by faulting of the Cerberus Fossae, Elysium Planitia, Mars".
1120:, with HiRISE and THEMIS used to provide context. This subsidence was decisively attributed to faulting and not to a local collapse in the
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as steam is expelled through the solidifying lava flow. The RMLs strongly resemble rootless cones that have been analogously observed in
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study instead. A single 1:1M resolution map was later funded to bring this quadrangle to completion, with an abstract published for the
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Of the outflow channels on Mars, the Athabasca Valles have been of particular interest to the Martian planetary geological community as
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1149:
420:(interpreted to have formed under water) are all found within the valley system, and are morphologically similar to those found in the
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748:"). If the pingo formed over a stable lens of groundwater, this collapse may cause that overpressured water source to erupt as a
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Also in 2018, a collaboration of Italian, German and French researchers including Barbara de Toffoli developed and validated a
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has been disputed, with counterclaims that the diking or extensional fracturing that formed Cerberus Fossae would have had to
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and Murray argued against the hypothesis that volcanism could have explained the formation of the Athabasca Valles system.
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De Toffoli, B.; Pozzobon, R.; Mazzarini, F.; Orgel, C.; Massironi, M.; Giacomini, L.; Mangold, N.; Cremonese, G. (2018).
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Page, D.P.; Murray, J.B. (2006). "Stratigraphical and morphological evidence of pingo genesis in the Cerberus plains".
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Berman, D.C.; Hartmann, W.K. (2002). "Recent Fluvial, Volcanic, and Tectonic Activity on the Cerberus Plains of Mars".
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828:) reported the creation of large-scale radar reflectivity maps made of the Martian surface when Mars and Earth were in
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140:
volcanic plain. The Athabasca Valles are widely understood to be the youngest outflow channel system on the planet.
6044:
4894:
2026:
376:
2520:
744:. Eventually, the core becomes unstable and collapses (forming the pitted mounds, referred to by some authors as "
4899:
2921:
2580:
1345:"Repeated Aqueous Flooding from the Cerberus Fossae: Evidence for Very Recently Extant, Deep Groundwater on Mars"
1048:
1039:
Also in 2005, Alfred McEwen and co-workers at the University of Arizona (in collaboration with others, including
801:
780:. Initial geophysical and tectonic interpretations of this region were proposed in the 1980s by various authors.
716:
642:
efflux is thought to have formed up to a third of the modern Martian surface and has been analogized to Earth's
4348:
4335:
2596:
741:
5502:
5807:
2841:
1393:
1027:
valles might have formed, given their apparent origination from fissures (respectively, Cerberus Fossae and
569:
328:
allow researchers to better constrain the hydrological conditions in this region of Mars well into the late
5982:
5867:
3299:
622:
606:
3432:
3393:
691:
The hypothesis that the Athabasca Valles were formed by a lava flow suggests that these RMLs are actually
456:
at 10°N and 157°E, where groundwater may have been trapped under an ice layer that was fractured when the
6165:
5912:
5847:
5802:
5782:
5742:
5687:
5622:
5477:
5427:
5352:
5177:
4971:
4799:
3553:
3174:
2733:
2688:
921:
885:, updating and challenging previous interpretations accordingly. They notably found crater age dates for
874:
573:
281:
182:
117:
2370:
6130:
5957:
5677:
5647:
5572:
5397:
5162:
5147:
4946:
4914:
4819:
4689:
4669:
4619:
4599:
4416:
3854:
3677:
3437:
3146:
2866:
2573:
2058:
1185:
1136:) and Alfred McEwen (University of Arizona) published a study in 2010 using high-resolution HiRISE and
920:
Also in 2002, Devon M. Burr, Alfred S. McEwen (University of Arizona) and Susan E. H. Sakimoto (NASA's
755:
Alternatively, some researchers also hypothesized that the RMLs of the Athabasca Valles were formed as
684:
5547:
5422:
3329:
1196:, noting that they lacked the slopes and tensile summit cracks characteristic of terrestrial pingoes.
6074:
5972:
5827:
5717:
5652:
5642:
5467:
5337:
5322:
5172:
4961:
4879:
4834:
4789:
4739:
4719:
3472:
3383:
2836:
2821:
2811:
2089:
Carr, M.H. (1979). "Formation of Martian flood features by release of water from confined aquifers".
1857:
1044:
973:
853:
784:
466:
1623:"Young (late Amazonian), near-surface, ground ice features near the equator, Athabasca Valles, Mars"
1117:
1060:
348:
6059:
6054:
5987:
5852:
5812:
5777:
5747:
5682:
5657:
5612:
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5447:
5382:
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4659:
4411:
3398:
3039:
2871:
2826:
2018:
914:
495:
317:
3427:
3417:
3354:
1622:
1132:
Researchers from the United States Geologic Survey (including Windy Jaeger, Lazlo Keszthelyi, and
189:. It is a valley that trends northeast-southwest at the southernmost end of the Elysium province.
6094:
5997:
5937:
5887:
5882:
5817:
5667:
5637:
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5492:
5407:
5332:
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5282:
5277:
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5242:
5212:
5207:
5182:
5132:
4859:
4844:
4639:
4551:
2876:
977:
756:
643:
1095:) reinterpreted a widespread polygonal plains texturation spanning much of Elysium Planitia and
534:
were supplied by tectonic activity associated with the concurrent formations of the Elysium and
252:
and is of a greater areal extent than the largest of the large igneous provinces on Earth – the
6039:
5892:
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5857:
5457:
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3704:
3373:
3183:
3059:
2981:
2956:
2861:
2831:
2816:
2233:
Noguchi, R.; Kurita, K. (2015). "Unique characteristics of cones in Central Elysium Planitia".
1756:
Jaeger, W.L.; Keszthelyi, L.P.; McEwen, A.S.; Titus, T.N.; Dundas, C.M.; Russell, P.S. (2008).
1104:
1013:
981:
583:
Lava flows downstream of the Athabasca Valles in Cerberus Palus in this HiRISE image. Putative
2310:"Mars Elysium Basin: Geologic/volumetric analyses of a young lake and exobiology implications"
894:
from the highlands, local burial of glacial ice under volcanics, and atmospheric recharge via
6002:
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5437:
5417:
5127:
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4159:
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3119:
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2856:
1032:
949:
910:
728:
449:
2539:
1979:"Tectonic pressurization of aquifers in the formation of Mangala and Athabasca Valles, Mars"
1521:
1116:
Athabasca Valles region. MOLA altimetric data was used to establish fault offset and graben
1036:
pressurized reservoir floodwaters, or in the case of gradual extensional tectonic activity.
605:, in which two fluids of differing velocity and/or density flow past each other and cause a
6024:
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5797:
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1410:
1359:
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957:
938:
882:
845:
841:
829:
478:
364:
232:
166:
1257:
Jaeger, W.L.; et al. (2007). "Athabasca Valles, Mars: A lava-draped channel system".
288:. The outflow channels of central Elysium Planitia are distinguished from those of circum-
8:
6144:
6089:
6019:
5537:
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In 2003, Devon M. Burr published her doctoral dissertation, undertaken under her advisor
870:
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1994:
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1052:
749:
429:
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1853:
731:. Terrestrial pingoes are observed to form from the uplift of the basin of a draining
395:. Such morphological features are interpreted to have been formed in megaflood events.
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3749:
3729:
3687:
3508:
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3154:
3136:
3064:
3054:
2998:
2976:
2543:
2475:
2409:
2351:
2290:
2242:
2192:
2150:
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1998:
1950:
1910:
1832:
1777:
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1645:
1594:
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1466:
1418:
1401:
1367:
1274:
1211:
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953:
353:
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109:
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4339:
4216:
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3962:
3942:
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3814:
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3513:
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3013:
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2693:
2678:
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2600:
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1023:
studied the mechanisms by which the outflow channel systems of the Athabasca and
1001:
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360:
324:
289:
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477:. Some researchers noted as early as on relatively low-resolution data from the
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4186:
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4079:
4034:
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4014:
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3528:
3523:
3518:
3259:
3179:
2708:
2653:
2638:
1758:"Response to Comment on "Athabasca Valles, Mars: A Lava-Draped Channel System""
1571:
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1216:
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1024:
969:
878:
777:
720:
639:
543:
340:
195:
162:
137:
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1529:
792:
in its channels, distinguishing them morphologically from those of the circum-
6154:
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5962:
5832:
5722:
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5702:
5587:
5302:
5262:
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5026:
5011:
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4704:
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4609:
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4471:
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4401:
4391:
4286:
4251:
4226:
4201:
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4176:
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4144:
4124:
4084:
4059:
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4019:
4004:
3922:
3887:
3829:
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3769:
3645:
3590:
3580:
3575:
3533:
3359:
3234:
3124:
3069:
3018:
2931:
2683:
2673:
2658:
2379:
1200:
1085:
906:
825:
692:
309:
301:
237:
199:
133:
132:
fissures and flow downstream to the southwest, constrained to the south by a
128:
outflow channels. The Athabasca Valles in particular emanate from one of the
121:
59:
46:
2196:
2110:
1782:
1757:
1730:
1705:
1394:"The rayed crater Zunil and interpretations of small impact craters on Mars"
1278:
5497:
5387:
5347:
5098:
5081:
5076:
4779:
4546:
4526:
4491:
4446:
4376:
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3084:
2713:
2668:
2643:
2633:
2204:
1739:
1470:
1371:
1286:
895:
886:
579:
507:
462:
313:
293:
285:
253:
204:
178:
2372:
Strategies and Recommended Targets for Mars Surveyor Program Landing Sites
2273:
Plescia, J.B. (1990). "Recent Flood Lavas in the Elysium Region of Mars".
1810:"Emplacement of the youngest flood lava on Mars: A short, turbulent story"
833:
660:
300:, etc.) because they appear to emanate from volcanic fissures rather than
5103:
4506:
4476:
4421:
4231:
4139:
4069:
3994:
3952:
3819:
3789:
3605:
3274:
3244:
2703:
2698:
2155:
2130:
2003:
1978:
1954:
1915:
1890:
813:
789:
724:
445:
297:
808:
In 1992, John K. Harmon, Michael P. Sulzer, Phillip J. Perillat (of the
153:
4431:
4291:
4134:
4029:
3957:
3947:
3912:
3862:
3655:
3254:
2383:
1121:
849:
736:
519:
514:, this source reservoir is interpreted to be located deep underground.
511:
344:
241:
212:
417:
320:
of errant floodwaters long before reaching the other valleys' heads).
3907:
3498:
3304:
3159:
2521:"Estimate of depths of source fluids related to mound fields on Mars"
647:
626:
602:
584:
437:
220:
3849:
1189:
587:
are observed in this image and are on a scale of meters in diameter.
5377:
3422:
3164:
2400:
Burr, D.M. (2003). "Hydraulic modeling of Athabasca Vallis, Mars".
2029:(IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). 2006
1706:"Comment on "Athabasca Valles, Mars: A Lava-Draped Channel System""
1391:
1340:
925:
902:
891:
610:
593:
527:
432:
state. The Channeled Scablands were formed during the catastrophic
269:
28:
1256:
1091:
In 2009, David P. Page, Matthew R. Balme, and Monica M. Grady (of
670:
632:
284:
a vast swath of plains land interpreted to be composed largely of
152:
of Washington state), a low-viscosity lava origin (similar to the
3412:
2718:
1621:
Burr, D.M.; Soare, R.J.; Wan Bun Tseung, JM; Emery, J.P. (2005).
1193:
1166:
700:
654:
535:
523:
474:
441:
375:. It was initially named "Athabasca Vallis" (singular form). The
372:
224:
2518:
1055:
of Arizona State University) reported their characterization of
4589:
3109:
1141:
1080:
1064:
821:
597:
564:
558:
470:
392:
368:
249:
1807:
1067:
of Martian origin that have been found and analyzed on Earth.
837:
researchers to lend support to Plescia's volcanic hypothesis.
538:
Rises, likely through the effects of extensional faulting. If
5992:
4344:
712:
425:
261:
158:
2333:
1620:
3224:
2604:
2495:"Completing the Geologic Mapping of Athabasca Valles, Mars"
1755:
898:
were all suggested as possible but uncertain explanations.
592:
during its formation. Such rafts have been observed in the
216:
113:
1854:"Martian Landform Observations Fill Special Journal Issue"
1338:
1891:"Continual geologic activity in Athabasca Valles, Mars"
1885:
1680:
Investigations into the Cerberus outflow channels, Mars
1111:
In 2009, Joyce Vetterlein and Gerald P. Roberts of the
661:
Geomorphological features of contentious interpretation
391:
A streamlined form in the Athabasca Valles, as seen by
2131:"Recent aqueous floods from the Cerberus Fossae, Mars"
352:
the Cerberus Fossae fissures. Secondaries from nearby
335:
Around 80% of the craters in the Athabasca Valles are
6128:
347:
on the Martian surface and a candidate source of the
177:
The Athabasca Valles system lies to the south of the
1184:
vents – single cones, concentric double cones, and "
407:
276:
The Athabasca Valles are located within the broader
2129:Burr, D.M.; McEwen, A.S.; Sakimoto, S.E.H. (2002).
1019:In 2005, Jeffrey C. Hanna and Roger J. Phillips of
901:A review was published concurrently by Devon Burr,
343:, which is the youngest-known +10 km-diameter
2128:
2595:
2395:
2393:
2124:
2122:
2120:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1751:
1749:
1199:In 2018, James Cassanelli (a graduate student of
215:in composition, characterized by an abundance of
136:for over 100 km, before debouching into the
6152:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
379:officially approved the feature's name in 1997.
2174:
2050:
881:to more recent higher-resolution data from the
633:Englacial and supraglacial lava flow hypothesis
2492:
2390:
2369:Rice, J.W.; Scott, D.H. (26–27 January 1998).
2268:
2266:
2264:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2117:
1923:
1746:
1699:
1697:
1569:
1500:
1448:
2581:
2512:
2502:Planetary Geologic Mappers' Meeting Abstracts
2232:
1976:
1881:
1879:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1570:Page, D.P.; Balme, M.R.; Grady, M.M. (2009).
1477:
1252:
518:reservoir of water preserved below an intact
412:The Athabasca Valles are the youngest of the
2386:: NASA Ames Research Center. pp. 81–82.
2378:. Mars Surveyor 2001 Landing Site Workshop.
2362:
2307:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1179:In 2015, Rina Noguchi and Kei Kurita of the
559:Low-viscosity lava flow formation hypothesis
2439:(PhD dissertation). University of Arizona.
2261:
2219:
2170:
2168:
2166:
1694:
1682:(PhD dissertation). University of Arizona.
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
818:Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
90:in Canada. (Changed from Athabasca Vallis.)
2588:
2574:
2457:
2437:Martian surface roughness and stratigraphy
2428:
2327:
2317:Proceedings of Lunar and Planetary Science
1876:
1848:
1846:
1790:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
800:David H. Scott and Mary G. Chapman of the
27:
2368:
2301:
2154:
2002:
1961:
1914:
1781:
1729:
1429:
1378:
1343:; McEwen, A.S.; Keszthelyi, L.P. (2002).
1229:
952:, characterizing the outflow channels of
2486:
2451:
2163:
2082:
1895:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
1656:
1103:. This polygonal terrain is observed to
766:
711:If the RMLs of the Athabasca Valles are
669:
578:
386:
2272:
2046:
2044:
1843:
1605:
1558:
1301:
984:mission (better-known to the public as
708:typical of terrestrial rootless cones.
665:
359:The Athabasca Valles are named for the
268:in the Athabasca Valles system, and is
6153:
1889:; van Gasselt, S.; Neukum, G. (2003).
382:
3460:
2907:
2615:
2569:
2493:Keszthelyi, L.P.; Huff, A.E. (2018).
2434:
1501:Cassanelli, J.P.; Head, J.W. (2018).
1215:terrestrial analogues in the Russian
1012:of candidate landing sites of NASA's
2399:
2088:
2041:
2011:
1977:Hanna, J.C.; Phillips, R.J. (2006).
1703:
1677:
2308:Scott, D.H.; Chapman, M.G. (1991).
2023:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
1159:Planetary Geologic Mappers' Meeting
783:In 1990, Jeffrey B. Plescia of the
13:
2402:Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques
1862:California Institute of Technology
1392:McEwen, A.S.; et al. (2005).
1021:Washington University in St. Louis
14:
6177:
3408:Martian meteorites found on Earth
735:. Sudden exposure of the melting
408:Megaflooding formation hypothesis
6138:
2027:International Astronomical Union
440:sourced from sudden breaches in
377:International Astronomical Union
2616:
2091:Journal of Geophysical Research
1983:Journal of Geophysical Research
1935:Journal of Geophysical Research
1572:"Dating martian climate change"
1049:United States Geological Survey
995:
976:and Stephan van Gasselt of the
877:compared initial data from the
816:) and John F. Chandler (of the
802:United States Geological Survey
3461:
2051:Michael H. Carr (2007-01-11).
909:and Laszlo Keszthelyi (of the
869:In 2002, Daniel C. Berman and
859:
771:
116:, located to the south of the
1:
1222:
1070:
621:(MOC) and the low-resolution
339:from the impact that created
2480:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.01.017
2356:10.1016/0019-1035(92)90197-f
2295:10.1016/0019-1035(90)90095-q
2135:Geophysical Research Letters
1837:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.09.011
1650:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.04.012
1599:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.05.012
1423:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.02.009
1172:In 2012, Andrew J. Ryan and
623:Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter
607:Kelvin-Helmholtz instability
399:
169:other events in the valley.
7:
6161:Valleys and canyons on Mars
2908:
2528:Planetary and Space Science
2414:10.1623/hysj.48.4.655.51407
2235:Planetary and Space Science
1510:Planetary and Space Science
922:Goddard Space Flight Center
875:Planetary Science Institute
840:At a 1998 NASA workshop at
681:ring-mound landforms (RMLs)
574:Columbia River Basalt Group
10:
6182:
2827:Mare Australe (South Pole)
2059:Cambridge University Press
1031:). They hypothesized that
1004:method used to assess the
508:gravitationally-controlled
498:that have been exhumed by
172:
4895:Eagle (Acidalia Planitia)
4545:
4334:
3848:
3703:
3471:
3467:
3456:
3200:
3190:Classical albedo features
3145:
2920:
2916:
2903:
2732:
2626:
2622:
2611:
2548:10.1016/j.pss.2018.07.005
2247:10.1016/j.pss.2015.03.007
1858:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1530:10.1016/j.pss.2018.04.024
1045:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
974:Free University of Berlin
785:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
467:Yellowstone National Park
219:and a relative dearth of
183:Elysium volcanic province
83:
75:
38:
26:
4900:Eagle (Meridiani Planum)
3369:Meteorites found on Mars
2832:Mare Boreum (North Pole)
1127:
915:Arizona State University
688:that formed the valley.
496:Medusae Fossae Formation
2540:2018P&SS..164..164D
2197:10.1126/science.1219437
2111:10.1029/JB084iB06p02995
1783:10.1126/science.1155124
1731:10.1126/science.1154849
1522:2018P&SS..158...96C
1279:10.1126/science.1143315
1014:Mars Exploration Rovers
978:German Aerospace Center
931:
864:
644:large igneous provinces
418:transverse ripple dunes
227:based on data from the
124:that source the circum-
16:Outflow channel on Mars
2957:Concentric crater fill
1901:(E12): 22–1 to 22–10.
1471:10.1006/icar.2002.6920
1372:10.1006/icar.2002.6921
1061:shergottite meteorites
982:Mars Exploration Rover
676:
588:
396:
349:shergottite meteorites
229:Gamma Ray Spectrometer
108:system in the central
3100:Swiss cheese features
1033:tectonic overpressure
950:University of Arizona
911:University of Arizona
767:Observational history
729:Northwest Territories
725:Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula
673:
582:
473:in the U.S. state of
450:glacial Lake Missoula
390:
363:, which runs through
4532:Angustus Labyrinthus
3130:discovery chronology
3075:Scalloped topography
3029:Lineated valley fill
2435:Beyer, R.A. (2004).
2156:10.1029/2001GL013345
2004:10.1029/2005JE002546
1955:10.1029/2009JE003356
1916:10.1029/2002JE002020
1113:University of London
1101:Last Glacial Maximum
1047:, Devon Burr of the
958:step-backwater model
939:step-backwater model
883:Mars Global Surveyor
842:Ames Research Center
666:Ring-mound landforms
540:extensional stresses
479:Mars Global Surveyor
365:Jasper National Park
325:crater age estimates
231:(GRS). Some aeolian
4487:Deuteronilus Mensae
3810:Syrtis Major Planum
3626:Syrtis Major Planum
3175:Observation history
3035:Lobate debris apron
2472:2006Icar..183...46P
2348:1992Icar...95..153H
2287:1990Icar...88..465P
2189:2012Sci...336..449R
2147:2002GeoRL..29.1013B
2141:(1): 13–1 to 13–4.
2103:1979JGR....84.2995C
2054:The surface of Mars
1995:2006JGRE..111.3003H
1947:2009JGRE..114.7003V
1907:2003JGRE..108.8081W
1829:2010Icar..205..230J
1774:2008Sci...320.1588J
1722:2008Sci...320.1588P
1704:Page, D.P. (2008).
1678:Burr, D.M. (2003).
1642:2005Icar..178...56B
1591:2009Icar..203..376P
1463:2002Icar..159....1B
1415:2005Icar..176..351M
1364:2002Icar..159...53B
1271:2007Sci...317.1709J
1265:(5845): 1709–1711.
1181:University of Tokyo
1093:The Open University
1041:Matthew P. Golombek
966:Stephanie C. Werner
871:William K. Hartmann
810:Arecibo Observatory
697:phreatomagmatically
619:Mars Orbiter Camera
422:Channeled Scablands
383:Geographic features
150:Channeled Scablands
79:285.0 km (177.1 mi)
56: /
23:
6166:Elysium quadrangle
5913:Teisserenc de Bort
4537:Noctis Labyrinthus
4517:Nilokeras Scopulus
2842:Margaritifer Sinus
2019:"Athabasca Valles"
1053:Philip Christensen
677:
589:
397:
21:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6117:
4565:Tithoniae Catenae
4502:Protonilus Mensae
4497:Nilosyrtis Mensae
4387:Hephaestus Fossae
3755:Eridania Planitia
3725:Amazonis Planitia
3715:Acidalia Planitia
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3413:Balsaltic Breccia
3115:Upper plains unit
3105:Terrain softening
3065:Ring mold craters
3040:North Polar Basin
2962:Dark slope streak
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2724:Vastitas Borealis
2664:Hyperboreae Undae
2183:(6080): 449–452.
2097:(B6): 2995–3007.
2068:978-0-521-87201-0
1864:. 11 January 2010
1097:Amazonis Planitia
1006:surface roughness
761:kettle hole lakes
500:aeolian processes
337:secondary craters
187:crustal dichotomy
94:
93:
6173:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6134:
4452:Tithonium Fossae
4362:Ceraunius Fossae
3978:Tithonium Chasma
3785:Meridiani Planum
3750:Elysium Planitia
3730:Arcadia Planitia
3688:Ceraunius Tholus
3509:Apollinaris Mons
3469:
3468:
3458:
3457:
3389:Meridiani Planum
3055:Outflow channels
3045:Ocean hypothesis
2918:
2917:
2905:
2904:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2525:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2270:
2259:
2258:
2230:
2217:
2216:
2172:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2126:
2115:
2114:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
1974:
1959:
1958:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1814:
1805:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1675:
1654:
1653:
1627:
1618:
1603:
1602:
1576:
1567:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1540:. Archived from
1507:
1498:
1475:
1474:
1446:
1427:
1426:
1398:
1389:
1376:
1375:
1349:
1336:
1299:
1298:
1254:
1212:fractal analysis
1205:Brown University
1174:Phil Christensen
1134:James A. Skinner
954:Elysium Planitia
832:in 1990. Strong
727:in the Canadian
522:– stored within
444:buttressing the
278:Elysium Planitia
258:Rajamundry Traps
148:that formed the
110:Elysium Planitia
98:Athabasca Valles
71:
70:
68:
67:
66:
61:
57:
54:
53:
52:
49:
31:
24:
22:Athabasca Valles
20:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6139:
6137:
6129:
6127:
6114:
4550:
4541:
4442:Tantalus Fossae
4427:Olympica Fossae
4417:Memnonia Fossae
4407:Mareotis Fossae
4397:Labeatis Fossae
4367:Cerberus Fossae
4357:Amenthes Fossae
4343:
4330:
3963:Juventae Chasma
3943:Hydraotes Chaos
3898:Coprates Chasma
3853:
3844:
3815:Utopia Planitia
3795:Planum Australe
3775:Isidis Planitia
3765:Hesperia Planum
3760:Hellas Planitia
3745:Daedalia Planum
3740:Chryse Planitia
3735:Argyre Planitia
3706:
3699:
3636:Tartarus Montes
3631:Tartarus Colles
3611:Nereidum Montes
3544:Charitum Montes
3539:Centauri Montes
3514:Ariadnes Colles
3494:Acidalia Colles
3487:
3480:
3476:
3463:
3444:
3384:Mackinac Island
3203:
3196:
3141:
3120:Valley networks
3014:Inverted relief
2989:Fretted terrain
2923:
2912:
2891:
2867:Phoenicis Lacus
2728:
2694:Sinus Meridiani
2679:Planum Australe
2618:
2607:
2594:
2564:
2563:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2456:
2452:
2433:
2429:
2398:
2391:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2332:
2328:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2271:
2262:
2231:
2220:
2173:
2164:
2127:
2118:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2049:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1975:
1962:
1931:
1924:
1884:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1812:
1806:
1791:
1768:(5883): 1588c.
1754:
1747:
1716:(5883): 1588b.
1702:
1695:
1676:
1657:
1625:
1619:
1606:
1574:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1505:
1499:
1478:
1447:
1430:
1396:
1390:
1379:
1347:
1337:
1302:
1255:
1230:
1225:
1130:
1073:
1029:Memnonia Fossae
1002:photoclinometry
998:
946:Victor R. Baker
934:
867:
862:
774:
769:
668:
663:
635:
561:
526:with a greater
454:Cerberus Fossae
434:Missoula Floods
414:outflow channel
410:
402:
385:
361:Athabasca River
246:Zephyria Planum
191:Cerberus Fossae
175:
146:Missoula Floods
130:Cerberus Fossae
106:outflow channel
64:
62:
58:
55:
50:
47:
45:
43:
42:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6179:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6148:
6147:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5243:Jarry-Desloges
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5094:Columbia Hills
5091:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5072:Apollo 1 Hills
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4930:Matijevic Hill
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4570:Tractus Catena
4567:
4562:
4560:Artynia Catena
4556:
4554:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4512:Claritas Rupes
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4482:Cydonia Mensae
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4462:Ulysses Fossae
4459:
4457:Tractus Fossae
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4437:Sirenum Fossae
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4412:Medusae Fossae
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4382:Elysium Fossae
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3985:List of valles
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3938:Hydaspis Chaos
3935:
3930:
3928:Gorgonum Chaos
3925:
3920:
3918:Galaxias Chaos
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3893:Chasma Boreale
3890:
3885:
3880:
3878:Atlantis Chaos
3875:
3873:Aromatum Chaos
3870:
3868:Arsia Chasmata
3865:
3859:
3857:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3835:Pityusa Patera
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3693:Uranius Tholus
3690:
3685:
3675:
3673:Ulysses Tholus
3670:
3668:Tyrrhenus Mons
3665:
3663:Tharsis Tholus
3660:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3641:Tharsis Montes
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3621:Phlegra Montes
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3586:Hadriacus Mons
3583:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3569:Hecates Tholus
3566:
3561:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3529:Avernus Colles
3526:
3524:Ausonia Montes
3521:
3519:Astapus Colles
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3484:list by height
3481:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3399:Shelter Island
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:Jake Matijevic
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3220:Bathurst Inlet
3208:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3080:Seasonal flows
3077:
3072:
3070:Rootless cones
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2914:
2913:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2837:Mare Tyrrhenum
2834:
2829:
2824:
2822:Mare Acidalium
2819:
2814:
2812:Ismenius Lacus
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:Terra Cimmeria
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2639:Aspledon Undae
2636:
2630:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2608:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2511:
2485:
2450:
2427:
2408:(4): 655–664.
2389:
2361:
2342:(1): 153–156.
2326:
2300:
2281:(2): 465–490.
2260:
2218:
2162:
2116:
2081:
2067:
2040:
2010:
1960:
1922:
1875:
1842:
1823:(1): 230–243.
1789:
1745:
1693:
1655:
1604:
1585:(2): 376–389.
1557:
1476:
1428:
1409:(2): 351–381.
1377:
1300:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1217:Kolyma Lowland
1129:
1126:
1086:impact craters
1072:
1069:
997:
994:
970:Gerhard Neukum
933:
930:
903:Jennifer Grier
879:Viking mission
866:
863:
861:
858:
778:Viking program
773:
770:
768:
765:
693:rootless cones
667:
664:
662:
659:
634:
631:
560:
557:
532:pore pressures
436:, a series of
409:
406:
401:
398:
384:
381:
354:Corinto crater
242:turbulent flow
196:Cerberus Palus
174:
171:
163:rootless cones
138:Cerberus Palus
122:chaos terrains
92:
91:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
40:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6178:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6146:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5112:
5111:Sleepy Hollow
5109:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4522:Olympus Rupes
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:Ausonia Mensa
4470:
4468:
4467:Aeolis Mensae
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4402:Mangala Fossa
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:Icaria Fossae
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Ganges Chasma
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3888:Candor Chasma
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Peneus Patera
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:Planum Boreum
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:Icaria Planum
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3702:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3678:Uranius group
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:Hellas Montes
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:Galaxius Mons
3579:
3577:
3576:Erebus Montes
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:Biblis Tholus
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3455:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3394:Oileán Ruaidh
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3300:Barnacle Bill
3298:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Ore resources
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:Chaos terrain
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:Brain terrain
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Sinus Sabaeus
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
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2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:Planum Boreum
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:Olympia Undae
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:Eridania Lake
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
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2431:
2423:
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2415:
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2407:
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2396:
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2385:
2381:
2380:Moffett Field
2374:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
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2337:
2330:
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2112:
2108:
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2096:
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2085:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2045:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2005:
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1996:
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1611:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1547:on 2018-10-14
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1495:
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1228:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1201:James W. Head
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
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1022:
1017:
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987:
983:
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959:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
929:
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
907:Alfred McEwen
904:
899:
897:
893:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
857:
855:
854:Mars Surveyor
851:
847:
843:
838:
835:
831:
827:
826:Massachusetts
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
803:
798:
795:
791:
786:
781:
779:
764:
762:
758:
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751:
747:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
702:
698:
695:, which form
694:
689:
686:
682:
672:
658:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
630:
628:
624:
620:
614:
612:
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586:
581:
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571:
566:
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554:
549:
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541:
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533:
529:
525:
521:
515:
513:
509:
503:
501:
497:
492:
489:
483:
480:
476:
472:
469:, which is a
468:
464:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
405:
394:
389:
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370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
310:Rahway Valles
307:
306:Grjotá Valles
303:
302:chaos terrain
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:flood basalts
283:
279:
274:
271:
267:
266:geologic unit
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:magma chamber
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
200:wrinkle ridge
197:
192:
188:
184:
180:
170:
168:
164:
160:
155:
151:
147:
141:
139:
135:
134:wrinkle ridge
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
60:8.6°N 205.0°W
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
6145:Solar System
5808:Schiaparelli
5753:Robert Sharp
5593:Orson Welles
4890:Du Martheray
4780:Chryse Alien
4775:Chincoteague
4615:Arkhangelsky
4527:Rupes Tenuis
4492:Ganges Mensa
4447:Tempe Fossae
4377:Cyane Fossae
4372:Coloe Fossae
4050:Green Valley
4009:
3973:Ophir Chasma
3968:Melas Chasma
3933:Hebes Chasma
3903:Echus Chasma
3883:Aureum Chaos
3840:Siloe Patera
3825:Orcus Patera
3805:Syria Planum
3780:Lunae Planum
3720:Aeolis Palus
3683:Uranius Mons
3616:Olympus Mons
3601:Libya Montes
3596:Jovis Tholus
3564:Albor Tholus
3559:Elysium Mons
3549:Echus Montes
3504:Anseris Mons
3428:Shergottites
3418:Chassignites
3374:Block Island
3312:
3292:
3267:
3212:
2877:Syrtis Major
2714:Terra Sabaea
2669:Ogygis Undae
2644:Arabia Terra
2634:Abalos Undae
2531:
2527:
2514:
2505:
2501:
2488:
2466:(1): 46–54.
2463:
2459:
2453:
2436:
2430:
2405:
2401:
2371:
2364:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2320:
2316:
2303:
2278:
2274:
2238:
2234:
2180:
2176:
2138:
2134:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2053:
2031:. Retrieved
2022:
2013:
1986:
1982:
1938:
1934:
1898:
1894:
1887:Werner, S.C.
1866:. Retrieved
1820:
1816:
1765:
1761:
1713:
1709:
1679:
1636:(1): 56–73.
1633:
1629:
1582:
1578:
1549:. Retrieved
1542:the original
1513:
1509:
1454:
1450:
1406:
1400:
1358:(1): 53–73.
1355:
1351:
1339:Burr, D.M.;
1262:
1258:
1209:
1198:
1192:in northern
1178:
1171:
1154:
1131:
1110:
1090:
1078:
1074:
1063:, which are
1057:Zunil Crater
1038:
1018:
999:
996:2004 to 2005
989:
985:
963:
943:
935:
919:
900:
896:condensation
887:Marte Vallis
868:
839:
807:
799:
782:
775:
754:
745:
710:
705:
690:
680:
678:
652:
636:
615:
590:
562:
552:
516:
504:
493:
487:
484:
463:Old Faithful
411:
403:
371:province of
358:
345:rayed crater
341:Zunil crater
334:
322:
318:infiltration
314:Marte Vallis
294:Kasei Valles
275:
260:of southern
205:distributary
181:peak of the
179:Albor Tholus
176:
142:
118:Elysium Rise
97:
95:
18:
6025:Vinogradsky
5983:Tycho Brahe
5933:Tikhonravov
5868:Spallanzani
5798:Santa Maria
5758:Roddenberry
4977:Flaugergues
4507:Sacra Mensa
4477:Capri Mensa
4422:Nili Fossae
3953:Ister Chaos
3820:Eden Patera
3790:Oxia Planum
3606:Mount Sharp
3379:Heat Shield
3335:Pot of Gold
3285:Last Chance
3268:Opportunity
3170:Volcanology
3004:Groundwater
2982:Nili Patera
2972:Dune fields
2952:Composition
2862:Phaethontis
2817:Lunae Palus
2734:Quadrangles
2704:Tempe Terra
2699:Siton Undae
2689:Quadrangles
2617:Cartography
2534:: 164–173.
1457:(1): 1–17.
1341:Grier, J.A.
1186:lotus fruit
1144:in extent.
990:Opportunity
860:Early 2000s
834:depolarized
814:Puerto Rico
790:anastomosis
772:Before 2000
746:pingo scars
742:sublimation
740:melting or
685:lotus fruit
609:. Although
446:Pleistocene
428:in eastern
298:Ares Vallis
280:region and
100:are a late
65:8.6; -205.0
63: /
39:Coordinates
6155:Categories
6090:Wislicenus
6045:Von Kármán
6020:Vinogradov
6013:Cape Verde
5848:Sklodowska
5803:Schaeberle
5783:Rutherford
5743:Richardson
5688:Ptolemaeus
5623:Perepelkin
5538:Montevallo
5533:Molesworth
5503:Milankovic
5478:McLaughlin
5428:Magelhaens
5353:Le Verrier
5178:Hipparchus
4972:Flammarion
4905:Eberswalde
4800:Copernicus
4715:Bonneville
4695:Boeddicker
4655:Barabashov
4432:Oti Fossae
4349:labyrinthi
4262:Shalbatana
4065:Her Desher
3958:Ius Chasma
3948:Iani Chaos
3913:Eos Chasma
3863:Aram Chaos
3462:Topography
3325:Home Plate
3320:Adirondack
3280:El Capitan
3255:Rocknest 3
3225:Coronation
3060:Polar caps
3024:Lava tubes
2937:Carbonates
2857:Oxia Palus
2384:California
2323:: 669–677.
2033:13 October
1989:(E03003).
1941:(E07003).
1868:23 October
1551:2018-10-13
1516:: 96–109.
1223:References
1203:, both of
1122:cryosphere
1071:Late 2000s
850:California
830:opposition
737:permafrost
603:lava coils
585:lava coils
520:cryosphere
512:subsidence
438:megafloods
430:Washington
282:cross-cuts
233:exhumation
209:ultramafic
112:region of
5958:Trouvelot
5698:Quenisset
5678:Priestley
5648:Pickering
5618:Penticton
5608:Pangboche
5573:Nicholson
5508:Millochau
5398:Lomonosov
5228:Ibragimov
5163:Helmholtz
5148:Heaviside
5138:Hargraves
5062:Grindavik
4947:Escalante
4937:Endurance
4925:Endeavour
4920:Emma Dean
4915:Ejriksson
4840:Danielson
4820:Crommelin
4730:Burroughs
4710:Bonestell
4690:Bianchini
4670:Becquerel
4635:Bakhuysen
4620:Arrhenius
4600:Antoniadi
4257:Scamander
4155:Marineris
4075:Huo Hsing
4055:Harmakhis
4010:Athabasca
3908:Eos Chaos
3499:Alba Mons
3478:volcanoes
3473:Mountains
3423:Nakhlites
3293:Sojourner
3213:Curiosity
3160:Hesperian
3155:Amazonian
3090:Spherules
2967:Dichotomy
2887:Thaumasia
2597:Geography
2556:126075621
2445:129347643
2422:128700349
2255:121814477
2241:: 44–54.
1295:128890460
1169:in 2018.
1163:Flagstaff
1105:overprint
964:In 2003,
757:volatiles
733:thaw lake
648:obliquity
627:lava tube
611:ice rafts
596:lavas of
570:highstand
553:uniformly
400:Formation
330:Amazonian
167:superpose
102:Amazonian
6075:Williams
6065:Weinbaum
6035:Vishniac
6008:Victoria
5973:Trumpler
5948:Tombaugh
5943:Timbuktu
5828:Sharonov
5823:Semeykin
5738:Reynolds
5728:Renaudot
5718:Rayleigh
5653:Playfair
5643:Phillips
5628:Peridier
5598:Oudemans
5518:Miyamoto
5468:Masursky
5378:Llanesco
5373:Liu Hsin
5338:Lampland
5323:Kunowsky
5173:Herschel
5158:Heinlein
5042:Gledhill
5007:Galdakao
4992:Fournier
4962:Fesenkov
4880:Douglass
4875:Dinorwic
4835:Da Vinci
4795:Columbus
4790:Coblentz
4740:Campbell
4720:Brashear
4217:Patapsco
4045:Granicus
3707:plateaus
3646:Ascraeus
3360:Monolith
3250:Rocknest
3230:Goulburn
3204:observed
3165:Noachian
3137:Yardangs
2999:Glaciers
2924:features
2847:Memnonia
2797:Eridania
2782:Coprates
2777:Cebrenia
2752:Amenthes
2747:Amazonis
2649:Cerberus
2213:39352082
2205:22539716
2074:21 March
1740:18566267
1688:28130793
1538:51777340
1287:17885126
1219:region.
1010:ellipses
926:Maryland
892:regolith
846:San Jose
723:and the
655:drumlins
640:volcanic
594:pahoehoe
548:faulting
528:porosity
524:aquifers
442:ice dams
369:Canadian
292:region (
270:Noachian
154:pāhoehoe
104:-period
51:205°00′W
6080:Winslow
6060:Wegener
6055:Wallace
5988:Tyndall
5978:Tugaske
5953:Tooting
5853:Slipher
5813:Schmidt
5778:Russell
5748:Ritchey
5683:Proctor
5658:Pollack
5613:Pasteur
5583:Nipigon
5578:Niesten
5513:Mitchel
5488:Mellish
5483:McMurdo
5473:Maunder
5453:Mariner
5448:Maraldi
5443:Mandora
5433:Maggini
5383:Lockyer
5343:Lassell
5328:Lambert
5308:Korolev
5288:Kinkora
5238:Janssen
5218:Huygens
5198:Huggins
5153:Heimdal
5143:Hartwig
5123:Haldane
5099:Husband
5082:Grissom
5077:Chaffee
5032:Gilbert
5002:Freedom
4987:Fontana
4967:Firsoff
4952:Eudoxus
4885:Dromore
4865:Denning
4815:Crivitz
4770:Chapais
4760:Cerulli
4750:Cassini
4725:Briault
4685:Bernard
4660:Barnard
4650:Bamberg
4645:Baltisk
4630:Bacolor
4605:Arandas
4580:Agassiz
4552:craters
4547:Catenae
4324:Warrego
4247:Sabrina
4187:Naktong
4150:Mangala
4130:Maʼadim
4080:Hypanis
4035:Enipeus
4025:Buvinda
4015:Auqakuh
3855:valleys
3850:Canyons
3705:Plains,
3651:Pavonis
3554:Elysium
3345:Big Joe
3341:Viking
3260:Tintina
3147:History
3095:Surface
3009:Gullies
2994:Geysers
2922:Surface
2910:Geology
2882:Tharsis
2852:Noachis
2807:Iapygia
2792:Elysium
2787:Diacria
2762:Arcadia
2719:Tharsis
2654:Cydonia
2627:Regions
2601:geology
2536:Bibcode
2508:(7012).
2468:Bibcode
2344:Bibcode
2283:Bibcode
2185:Bibcode
2177:Science
2143:Bibcode
2099:Bibcode
1991:Bibcode
1943:Bibcode
1903:Bibcode
1825:Bibcode
1770:Bibcode
1762:Science
1718:Bibcode
1710:Science
1638:Bibcode
1587:Bibcode
1518:Bibcode
1459:Bibcode
1411:Bibcode
1360:Bibcode
1267:Bibcode
1259:Science
1194:Iceland
1167:Arizona
1065:basalts
1043:of the
1025:Mangala
1008:in the
972:of the
948:at the
873:at the
721:Yakutia
713:pingoes
701:Iceland
536:Tharsis
475:Wyoming
373:Alberta
367:in the
173:Context
159:pingoes
6131:Portal
6095:Wright
6050:Vostok
6030:Virrat
5998:Vernal
5938:Tikhov
5908:Taytay
5903:Tarsus
5888:Stoney
5883:Stokes
5873:Srīpur
5838:Sinton
5818:Secchi
5793:Saheki
5773:Rudaux
5768:Rossby
5668:Porter
5638:Pettit
5633:Persbo
5603:Palana
5563:Newton
5558:Nereus
5553:Nansen
5548:Müller
5543:Moreux
5528:Mojave
5523:Mohawk
5493:Mendel
5423:Mädler
5408:Lowell
5358:Li Fan
5333:Lamont
5318:Kuiper
5298:Knobel
5293:Kipini
5283:Kepler
5278:Keeler
5273:Kaiser
5253:Jezero
5233:Inuvik
5213:Huxley
5208:Hutton
5203:Hussey
5188:Holmes
5183:Holden
5133:Halley
5118:Hadley
5104:McCool
4957:Fenagh
4942:Erebus
4860:Dejnev
4850:Davies
4845:Darwin
4755:Caxias
4735:Burton
4665:Beagle
4640:Baldet
4625:Asimov
4590:Airy-0
4340:mensae
4336:Fossae
4287:Tinjar
4252:Samara
4227:Rahway
4212:Paraná
4202:Nirgal
4192:Nanedi
4177:Mawrth
4172:Maumee
4145:Mamers
4125:Louros
4085:Iberus
4060:Hebrus
4040:Frento
4020:Bahram
4005:Asopus
3351:Other
3313:Spirit
3275:Bounce
3235:Hottah
3180:Canals
3110:Tholus
2802:Hellas
2772:Casius
2767:Argyre
2757:Arabia
2742:Aeolis
2554:
2460:Icarus
2443:
2420:
2336:Icarus
2275:Icarus
2253:
2211:
2203:
2065:
1817:Icarus
1738:
1686:
1630:Icarus
1579:Icarus
1536:
1451:Icarus
1402:Icarus
1352:Icarus
1293:
1285:
1190:Mývatn
1142:Oregon
1081:HiRISE
1051:, and
986:Spirit
822:Boston
794:Chryse
750:spring
717:THEMIS
675:feet).
598:Hawaii
565:HiRISE
544:diking
471:geyser
458:fossae
448:-aged
393:HiRISE
312:, and
308:, the
290:Chryse
254:Deccan
250:Oregon
126:Chryse
84:Naming
76:Length
48:8°36′N
6110:Zunil
6105:Zumba
6085:Wirtz
6070:Wells
6040:Vogel
5993:Udzha
5928:Thira
5923:Thila
5918:Terby
5898:Suzhi
5893:Suess
5878:Steno
5863:South
5858:Smith
5843:Sitka
5788:Sagan
5733:Reuyl
5708:Radau
5693:Puńsk
5673:Porth
5663:Poona
5568:Nhill
5463:Martz
5458:Marth
5413:Lyell
5403:Louth
5393:Lohse
5368:Lipik
5363:Liais
5313:Kufra
5268:Jones
5258:Jezža
5248:Jeans
5193:Hooke
5168:Henry
5087:White
5067:Gusev
5057:Green
5052:Graff
5022:Garni
5017:Galle
4982:Focas
4910:Eddie
4870:Dilly
4855:Dawes
4830:Curie
4825:Cruls
4810:Crewe
4805:Corby
4785:Clark
4765:Chafe
4745:Canso
4595:Aniak
4575:Adams
4345:rupes
4319:Verde
4314:Vedra
4302:Uzboi
4297:Tyras
4282:Tinia
4277:Tader
4272:Stura
4267:Simud
4242:Sabis
4237:Reull
4222:Peace
4207:Padus
4197:Niger
4182:Minio
4167:Marte
4160:Labes
4120:Licus
4115:Lethe
4110:Ladon
4105:Labou
4100:Kasei
4095:Ituxi
4090:Indus
4000:Arnus
3990:Apsus
3656:Arsia
3433:Other
3315:rover
3295:rover
3270:rover
3215:rover
3202:Rocks
3125:Water
3031:(LVF)
3019:Lakes
2977:Hagal
2947:Color
2552:S2CID
2524:(PDF)
2498:(PDF)
2441:S2CID
2418:S2CID
2376:(PDF)
2313:(PDF)
2251:S2CID
2209:S2CID
1813:(PDF)
1684:S2CID
1626:(PDF)
1575:(PDF)
1545:(PDF)
1534:S2CID
1506:(PDF)
1397:(PDF)
1348:(PDF)
1291:S2CID
1155:et al
1146:CRISM
1128:2010s
1118:throw
844:near
820:near
426:Earth
262:India
213:mafic
88:River
6100:Yuty
6003:Very
5968:Trud
5963:Troy
5833:Sibu
5763:Ross
5723:Redi
5713:Rahe
5703:Rabe
5588:Onon
5438:Main
5418:Lyot
5303:Koga
5263:Joly
5223:Iazu
5128:Hale
5047:Gold
5037:Gill
5027:Gasa
5012:Gale
4997:Fram
4705:Bond
4680:Belz
4675:Beer
4610:Argo
4585:Airy
4232:Ravi
4140:Maja
4070:Hrad
3995:Ares
3438:List
3355:Face
3330:Mimi
3305:Yogi
3245:Link
3184:list
3085:Soil
2605:Mars
2599:and
2506:2066
2201:PMID
2076:2011
2063:ISBN
2035:2018
1870:2018
1736:PMID
1283:PMID
988:and
968:and
932:2003
913:and
865:2002
488:were
256:and
223:and
161:and
114:Mars
96:The
5498:Mie
5388:Lod
5348:Lau
4700:Bok
4307:ULM
4292:Tiu
4135:Mad
4030:Dao
2603:of
2544:doi
2532:164
2476:doi
2464:183
2410:doi
2352:doi
2291:doi
2243:doi
2239:111
2193:doi
2181:336
2151:doi
2107:doi
1999:doi
1987:111
1951:doi
1939:114
1911:doi
1899:108
1833:doi
1821:205
1778:doi
1766:320
1726:doi
1714:320
1646:doi
1634:178
1595:doi
1583:203
1526:doi
1514:158
1467:doi
1455:159
1419:doi
1407:176
1368:doi
1356:159
1275:doi
1263:317
1161:in
1150:GRS
1138:CTX
992:).
924:in
812:in
706:not
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