2072:
47:
504:, in which measurements are performed multiple times over a fixed time interval. Kinetic assay results may be visualized numerically (for example, as a slope parameter representing the rate of signal change over time), or graphically (for example, as a plot of the signal measured at each time point). For kinetic assays, both the magnitude and shape of the measured response over time provide important information.
420:
in order to selectively present the target in a discernible or measurable form to a discrimination/identification/detection system. It might involve a simple centrifugal separation or washing or filtration or capture by some form of selective binding or it may even involve modifying the target e.g.
375:
this literally meant analysis of the purity of the gold or silver (or whatever the precious component) that represented the true value of the coin. This might have translated later (possibly after the 14th century) into a broader usage of "analysis", e.g., in pharmacology, analysis for an important
409:
While the analytic steps of the assay itself get much attention, it is those that get less attention of the chain of users—the pre-analytic and post-analytic procedures—that typically accumulate the most errors; e.g., pre-analytic steps in medical laboratory assays may contribute 32–75% of all lab
397:
the handling of the specimen itself (the collecting, documenting, transporting, and processing done before beginning the assay) are pre-analytic steps. Similarly, after the assay is completed the results must be documented, verified and communicated—the post-analytic steps. As with any multi-step
1426:
i.e. number of assays done per unit time (usually expressed as per hour) etc. Organizations or laboratories that perform Assays for professional purposes e.g. medical diagnosis and prognostics, environmental analysis, forensic proceeding, pharmaceutical research and development must undergo well
1397:
When multiple assays measure the same target their results and utility may or may not be comparable depending on the natures of the assay and their methodology, reliability etc. Such comparisons are possible through study of general quality attributes of the assays e.g. principles of measurement
787:
When the absorbance of a specific wavelength of light while passing through a fixed path-length through a cuvette of liquid test sample is measured and the absorbance is compared with a blank and standards with graded amounts of the target compound. If the emitted light is of a specific visible
564:, i.e. assays that give the read-out in an approximate fashion rather than an exact number for the quantity of the substance. Generally they have a few more gradations than just two outcomes, positive or negative, e.g. scoring on a scale of 1+ to 4+ as used for blood grouping tests based on RBC
466:
may be done at any or all of the steps above. Since the more downstream a step/process during an assay, the higher the chance of carrying over noise from the previous process and amplifying it, multiple steps in a sophisticated assay might involve various means of signal-specific
453:
enzyme so that it can be discerned as a more prominent component compared to any other potential components. Sometimes the concentration of the analyte is too large and in that case the assay may involve sample dilution or some sort of signal diminution system which is a negative
1455:
and must document appropriate certifications from the relevant regulating bodies in order to establish the reliability of their assays, especially to remain legally acceptable and accountable for the quality of the assay results and also to convince customers to use their assay
574:, i.e. assays that give accurate and exact numeric quantitative measure of the amount of a substance in a sample. An example of such an assay used in coagulation testing laboratories for the most common inherited bleeding disease -
460:: A system of deciphering the amplified signal into an interpretable output that can be quantitative or qualitative. It can be visual or manual very crude methods or can be very sophisticated electronic digital or analog detectors.
425:. Generally there are multiple separate steps done before an assay and are called preanalytic processing. But some of the manipulations may be inseparable part of the assay itself and will not thus be considered pre-analytic.
1014:
blood cells. This is measured by different physical methods (light transmission, electric current change). But other methods use biochemical probing cell structure or physiology (stains). Another application is to monitor
445:: The presence and quantity of that analyte is converted into a detectable signal generally involving some method of signal amplification, so that it can be easily discriminated from noise and measured - e.g. in a
830:
where a measurement of the amount of light scattering that occurs when a beam of light is passed through the solution is used to determine size and/or concentration and/or size distribution of particles in the
392:
An assay (analysis) is never an isolated process, as it must be accompanied with pre- and post-analytic procedures. Both the communication order (the request to perform an assay plus related information)
431:: to discriminate from background (noise) of similar components and specifically identify a particular target component ("analyte") in a biological material by its specific attributes. (e.g. in a
258:, may be much more gross and less quantitative (e.g., counting death or dysfunction of an organism or cells in a population, or some descriptive change in some body part of a group of animals).
685:: Enzymes may be tested by their highly repeating activity on a large number of substrates when loss of a substrate or the making of a product may have a measurable attribute like color or
406:
system, the variation and errors in reporting final results entail not only those intrinsic to the assay itself but also those occurring in the pre-analytic and post-analytic procedures.
285:
sectors of professional industries. They have also undergone generations of development and sophistication. In some cases, they are protected by intellectual property regulations such as
234:), then their quantities are kept fixed (or in excess) so that the quantity and quality of the target are the only limiting factors. The difference in the assay outcome is used to
599:
and gradually increasing quantities of drug named ristocetin while measuring agglutination of the fixed platelets. A similar assay but used for a different purpose is called
558:, i.e. assays which generally give just a pass or fail, or positive or negative or some such sort of only small number of qualitative gradation rather than an exact quantity.
515:). Such assays are able to test large number of compounds or analytes or make functional biological readouts in response to a stimuli and/or compounds being tested.
1978:
Wang, Yanli; Bryant, Stephen H.; Cheng, Tiejun; Wang, Jiyao; Gindulyte, Asta; Shoemaker, Benjamin A.; Thiessen, Paul A.; He, Siqian; Zhang, Jian (4 January 2017).
1407:
1006:
A cell-counting assay may determine the number of living cells, the number of dead cells, or the ratio of one cell type to another, such as enumerating and typing
1422:, turn around time i.e. time taken to finish a whole cycle from the preanalytic steps till the end of the last post analytic step (report dispatch/transmission),
167:
for qualitatively assessing or quantitatively measuring the presence, amount, or functional activity of a target entity. The measured entity is often called the
588:, i.e. an assay that tries to quantify functioning of an active substance rather than just its quantity. The functional counterpart of the VWF antigen assay is
1411:
1403:
1444:
293:
and with automated organization of the procedure, from ordering an assay to pre-analytic sample processing (sample collection, necessary manipulations e.g.
1807:
254:
and involve greater difficulties in interpretation than an accurate chemical titration. On the other hand, older generation qualitative assays, especially
810:
of light may be used to measure e.g. clearing of opacity of a liquid created by suspended particles due to decrease in number of clumps during a platelet
1495:
1432:
1567:
1285:
1230:
839:
When color of light reflected from a (usually dry) sample or reactant is assessed e.g. the automated readings of the strip urine dipstick assays.
542:
enabled rapid, efficient sample testing in many fields, including immunology, cytochemistry, genetics/genomics, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology.
822:
when the opacity of straight-transmitted light passing through a liquid sample is measured by detectors placed straight across the light source.
603:
or RIPA, which tests response of endogenous live platelets from a patient in response to
Ristocetin (exogenous) & VWF (usually endogenous).
1563:
725:
384:
in a formulation that previously was measured only grossly by its observable action on an organism (e.g., a lethal dose or inhibitory dose).
538:
are used to simultaneously measure the presence, concentration, activity, or quality of multiple analytes in a single test. The advent of
1490:
2061:
1058:
489:
Depending on whether an assay just looks at a single time point or timed readings taken at multiple time points, an assay may be:
600:
511:
can be either an endpoint or a kinetic assay usually done on an automated platform in 96-, 384- or 1536-well microplate formats (
467:
sharpening/enhancement arrangements and noise reduction or filtering arrangements. These may simply be in the form of a narrow
1943:
1155:
1398:(including identification, amplification and detection), dynamic range of detection (usually the range of linearity of the
1368:
technique. The number of cells which secrete those particular substances can be determined using a related technique, the
250:
or phenomena that are intrinsically more complex in composition or behavior, or both. Thus, reading of an assay may be
208:
1682:
1653:
750:
130:
592:
Cofactor assay, which measures the functional activity of the VWF present in a patient's plasma by adding exogenous
238:
the unknown quality or quantity of the target in question. Some assays (e.g., biochemical assays) may be similar to
111:
83:
1829:
925:
1386:
2101:
1080:
593:
68:
1102:
1050:
321:
90:
1572:
1469:
Bioactivity databases correlate structures or other chemical information to bioactivity results taken from
1308:
1172:
745:
Assays may utilize a combination of the above and other amplification methods to improve sensitivity. e.g.
729:
676:
Depending on the nature of the signal amplification system assays may be of numerous types, to name a few:
449:
assay among a mixture of DNA sequences only the specific target is amplified into millions of copies by a
223:, functional activity in enzyme international units, degree of effect in comparison to a standard, etc.).
1278:
1281:
or survival assay or invasion assay to assess ability of pathogens (bacteria) to invade eukaryotic cells
30:
This article is about assays associated with biological applications. For assays of various metals, see
1440:
97:
802:
signals of another specific wavelength which is detected via very specific wavelength optical filters.
1419:
1415:
1312:
1209:
1097:
735:
446:
432:
1348:
formed by a viral inoculum is counted, from which the actual virus concentration can be determined.
1620:
1076:
962:
940:
690:
475:
reagent in a fluorescence detection system that prevents "autofluorescence" of background objects.
471:
optical filter, or a blocking reagent in a binding reaction that prevents nonspecific binding or a
403:
282:
266:
1024:
298:
79:
2067:
This includes a detailed, technical explanation of contemporaneous metallic ore assay techniques.
1068:
901:
811:
565:
57:
1886:
1859:
1266:
1213:
968:
575:
64:
17:
582:
antigen assay where the amount of VWF present in a blood sample is measured by an immunoassay.
281:, curbside, or field levels. Assays in high commercial demand have been well investigated in
2096:
1205:
705:
579:
364:
means "trial, test of quality, test of character" (from mid-14th century), from Anglo-French
325:
278:
251:
160:
35:
316:, and the results are verified and automatically returned to ordering service providers and
1605:
945:
770:
701:
655:
239:
289:
granted for inventions. Such industrial-scale assays are often performed in well-equipped
8:
1225:
1180:
1134:
Many cell assays have been developed to assess specific parameters or response of cells (
1020:
973:
843:
777:
421:
epitope retrieval in immunological assays or cutting down the target into pieces e.g. in
372:
235:
212:
148:
31:
2051:
2106:
2004:
1979:
1957:
1671:
1221:
995:
333:
1903:
1767:"A Review of Medical Errors in Laboratory Diagnostics and Where We Are Today: Table 1"
1139:
2009:
1949:
1939:
1908:
1747:
1678:
1649:
1615:
1428:
1197:
906:
854:
783:
422:
377:
329:
262:
204:
192:
164:
1961:
659:
when a ligand (usually a small molecule) binds a receptor (usually a large protein).
1999:
1991:
1931:
1898:
1778:
1737:
1234:
1084:
1040:
1011:
717:
274:
188:
104:
1698:
1296:
1252:
1239:
1064:
1054:
1001:
978:
950:
535:
1935:
1799:
1742:
1725:
551:
Depending on the quality of the result produced, assays may be classified into:
497:, in which a single measurement is performed after a fixed incubation period; or
413:
Assays can be very diverse, but generally involve the following general steps:
1272:
1201:
1192:
1164:
1151:
1007:
990:
885:
may be used directly or indirectly for many types of quantitative measurements.
850:
450:
247:
196:
2090:
2056:
1783:
1766:
1448:
1326:
1248:
835:
806:
721:
619:: when the response is biological activity of live objects. Examples include
270:
2076:
2065:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 776–778.
1119:
1027:). A cytotoxicity assay measures how toxic a chemical compound is to cells.
720:
and equilibrium dialysis assays and can be detected by the amplification in
612:
Depending on the general substrate on which the assay principle is applied:
2013:
1953:
1912:
1751:
1345:
1337:
1217:
1016:
826:
818:
712:
681:
436:
313:
184:
156:
1995:
1436:
1330:
1316:
878:
874:
799:
790:
663:
568:
in response to grouping reagents (antibody against blood group antigens).
399:
348:
means "to try, endeavor, strive, test the quality of"; from Anglo-French
2071:
762:
Depending on the nature of the
Detection system assays can be based on:
1423:
1176:
1168:
1147:
1122:
1115:
896:
882:
697:
686:
589:
479:
310:
294:
290:
1546:
to their metadata about experimental conditions and protocol designs.
868:: When the size statistics of cells is assessed by an image processor.
1625:
1543:
1470:
1452:
1381:
1260:
1244:
1135:
1031:
891:
864:
860:
Imaging assays, that involve image analysis manually or by software:
468:
381:
243:
227:
46:
1526:
1361:
1357:
1269:
measures the number of tumor cells that are killed by a cancer drug
1072:
929:
625:, whole organism (e.g. mouse or other subject injected with a drug)
596:
472:
317:
255:
216:
200:
914:
2027:
1582:
1505:
1369:
1256:
1191:) to enumerate B-Cells or antigen-specific cells, in solution by
1188:
1184:
1159:
435:
assay a specific oligonucleotide primer identifies the target by
306:
302:
231:
220:
1930:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1939. pp. 37–47.
1926:
Harris, JB (2019). "Post-processing of Large
Bioactivity Data".
794:, or it may involve specific wavelength of light e.g. by use of
739:
Assays that amplify a DNA (or RNA) target rather than the signal
439:
based on the specific nucleotide sequence unique to the target).
2050:
1837:
1610:
1521:
667:
when the response is an antigen antibody binding type reaction.
286:
152:
34:. For the French commune in the Indre-et-Loire department, see
1885:
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (November 1951).
1002:
Cell counting, viability, proliferation or cytotoxicity assays
842:
Viscoelastic measurements e.g. viscometry, elastography (e.g.
524:
Depending on how many targets or analytes are being measured:
1365:
1341:
1319:
795:
746:
696:
Light detection systems that may use amplification e.g. by a
336:, the physical autoanalyzer instruments, and other automata.
1723:
368:; and its meaning "analysis" is from the late 14th century.
1724:
Bonini, P; Plebani, M; Ceriotti, F; Rubboli, F (May 2002).
532:
which is usually the default unless it is called multiplex.
180:
1884:
1587:
1510:
933:
320:. These are made possible through the use of an advanced
1646:
The
American heritage dictionary of the English language
484:
429:
Target-specific discrimination/identification principle
1036:
Cell
Counting Kit-8 (WST-8 based cell viability assay)
773:: e.g. by multiplying bacteria or proliferating cells.
1356:
A wide range of cellular secretions (say, a specific
1344:
present in a sample. In this technique the number of
1091:
1808:
National Center for
Advancing Translational Sciences
1648:(4th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. 2006.
480:
Assay types based on the nature of the assay process
1977:
1887:"Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent"
376:component of a target inside a mixture—such as the
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1973:
1971:
1670:
643:part of an organ (e.g. a segment of an intestine).
1677:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1669:Abate, Frank (2001). J. Jewell, Elizabeth (ed.).
757:
2088:
1473:in literature, patents, and screening programs.
207:. An assay usually aims to measure an analyte's
1968:
1275:detect the presence of antigen specific T-cells
1046:CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay
915:Assay types based on the targets being measured
309:, etc.). Analytes are generally tested in high-
277:. Other businesses may also employ them at the
519:
1459:
888:Other physical property based assays may use
458:Signal detection (and interpretation) system
261:Assays have become a routine part of modern
147:is an investigative (analytic) procedure in
1797:
1800:"Assay Guidance Manual [Internet]"
1764:
1542:Protocol databases correlate results from
2003:
1902:
1830:"Multiplexed Assays in the Life Sciences"
1782:
1741:
1059:Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing
607:
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
1765:Hammerling, Julie A. (1 February 2012).
1464:
857:/impedance principle based cell counters
344:According to Etymology Online, the verb
1049:Cell counting instruments and methods:
689:at a particular wavelength or light or
671:
601:Ristocetin Induced Platelet Aggregation
443:Signal (or target) amplification system
14:
2089:
1925:
1351:
464:Signal enhancement and noise filtering
2048:
1827:
1699:"Online Etymology Dictionary - Assay"
1668:
1537:
1311:uses a proprietary, high-performance
485:Time and number of measurements taken
27:Measure the amount of a target entity
1173:ImmunoHistoChemistry or Fluorescence
1129:
246:. However, assays typically involve
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
179:of the assay. The analyte can be a
24:
1806:. Eli Lilly & Company and the
1673:The new Oxford American dictionary
1092:Environmental or food contaminants
873:Electric detection e.g. involving
418:Sample processing and manipulation
301:if necessary, storage, retrieval,
25:
2118:
2042:
1928:Bioinformatics and Drug Discovery
1290:
1150:, calcium signaling assays using
751:enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
2070:
2049:Blair, Andrew Alexander (1911).
1125:in water with a bluing reaction.
387:
45:
2020:
1980:"PubChem BioAssay: 2017 update"
1919:
1726:"Errors in laboratory medicine"
211:and express it in the relevant
56:needs additional citations for
1878:
1852:
1821:
1791:
1758:
1717:
1691:
1662:
1638:
1340:is to calculate the number of
1140:Techniques used to study cells
1108:
1081:Bacteriological water analysis
1079:(detect dead or dying cells),
853:cell or particle counters, or
758:Detection method or technology
716:labeled substrates as used in
631:body part (e.g. leg of a frog)
546:
13:
1:
2075:The dictionary definition of
1904:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6
1631:
1456:commercially/professionally.
1051:CASY cell counting technology
693:or electrical/redox activity.
322:laboratory informatics system
1828:Banks, Peter (7 June 2010).
1573:Collaborative Drug Discovery
1364:) can be detected using the
1309:HPCE-based viral titer assay
849:Counting assays: e.g. optic
788:wavelength it may be called
646:tissue (e.g. limulus lysate)
339:
7:
1936:10.1007/978-1-4939-9089-4_3
1599:
1302:
1279:Gentamicin protection assay
1146:reporter assays using i.e.
637:organ (e.g. heart of a dog)
528:Usual assays are simple or
520:Number of analytes detected
380:of a drug inside the inert
10:
2123:
1460:List of BioAssay databases
1441:analytical quality control
1420:negative predictive values
1392:
1010:versus different types of
956:
29:
1743:10.1093/clinchem/48.5.691
1387:Radioligand binding assay
1382:Testing for Illegal Drugs
1313:capillary electrophoresis
1023:of cell proliferation or
747:Enzyme-linked immunoassay
736:Polymerase Chain Reaction
513:High Throughput Screening
360:, "trial". Thus the noun
1798:Sittampalam, GS (2004).
1784:10.1309/LM6ER9WJR1IHQAUY
1621:Pharmaceutical chemistry
1375:
1077:Ethidium homodimer assay
963:Bicinchoninic acid assay
941:DNase footprinting assay
902:Ion Selective electrodes
691:Electrochemiluminescence
562:Semi-quantitative assays
356:(noun), from Old French
332:with end-users, central
283:research and development
2062:Encyclopædia Britannica
373:assay of currency coins
295:spinning for separation
1984:Nucleic Acids Research
1705:. Douglas Harper. 2016
1408:functional sensitivity
1267:Chemosensitivity assay
1214:Computational genomics
1167:of cells on slides by
1103:Aquatic toxicity tests
984:
969:Bradford protein assay
919:
608:Sample type and method
576:Von Willebrand disease
226:If the assay involves
2102:Laboratory techniques
2032:assay.biometadata.com
1465:Bioactivity databases
1431:procedures including
1329:is used to determine
1259:activity assays, and
1206:in situ hybridization
706:charge-coupled device
649:cell (e.g. platelets)
509:high throughput assay
185:biochemical substance
161:environmental biology
36:Assay, Indre-et-Loire
1606:Analytical chemistry
1412:analytic specificity
1404:analytic sensitivity
1315:system to determine
1138:, cell physiology).
946:Filter binding assay
924:Assays for studying
771:virtual colony count
702:photomultiplier tube
672:Signal amplification
656:Ligand binding assay
530:single target assays
65:improve this article
1996:10.1093/nar/gkw1118
1864:The Free Dictionary
1771:Laboratory Medicine
1445:proficiency testing
1352:Cellular secretions
1247:assays such as the
1226:Immunoprecipitation
1200:techniques such as
974:Lowry protein assay
844:thromboelastography
743:Combination Methods
572:Quantitative assays
275:forensic technology
248:biological material
149:laboratory medicine
32:metallurgical assay
1730:Clinical Chemistry
1538:Protocol databases
1222:Cell fractionation
996:Ribosome profiling
556:Qualitative assays
330:computer terminals
209:intensive property
1990:(D1): D955–D963.
1945:978-1-4939-9088-7
1616:Multiplex (assay)
1597:
1596:
1535:
1534:
1496:Jason Bret Harris
1433:method validation
1429:quality assurance
1198:Molecular biology
1187:(and its variant
1130:Other cell assays
1085:Clonogenic assays
907:Syndromic testing
784:spectrophotometry
718:radioimmunoassays
586:Functional assays
423:Mass Spectrometry
378:active ingredient
240:chemical analysis
165:molecular biology
141:
140:
133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
2114:
2074:
2066:
2054:
2052:"Assaying"
2036:
2035:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2007:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1882:
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1873:
1871:
1856:
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1814:
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1756:
1755:
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1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1676:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1642:
1583:PubChem-BioAssay
1568:BioAssay Express
1558:Initial release
1549:
1548:
1506:PubChem-BioAssay
1485:Initial release
1476:
1475:
1286:Metastasis Assay
1240:Secretion assays
1235:Chemotaxis assay
1231:Migration assays
1069:resazurin method
1065:viability assays
1041:Sulforhodamine B
798:and emission of
536:Multiplex assays
213:measurement unit
189:chemical element
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2087:
2086:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2026:
2025:
2021:
1976:
1969:
1946:
1924:
1920:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1840:Instruments Inc
1826:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1796:
1792:
1763:
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1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1697:
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1685:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1602:
1540:
1467:
1462:
1395:
1378:
1354:
1305:
1297:Crude oil assay
1293:
1253:Nicoletti assay
1202:DNA microarrays
1142:include :
1132:
1111:
1094:
1055:Coulter counter
1004:
987:
979:Secretion assay
959:
951:Gel shift assay
922:
917:
851:Flow cytometric
760:
674:
610:
549:
522:
495:end point assay
487:
482:
390:
342:
230:reactants (the
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2120:
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2057:Chisholm, Hugh
2044:
2043:External links
2041:
2038:
2037:
2019:
1967:
1944:
1918:
1877:
1866:. Farlex. 2016
1860:"Nephelometry"
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1400:standard curve
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1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
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1291:Petrochemistry
1289:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1273:Tetramer assay
1270:
1264:
1242:
1237:
1228:
1208:, combined to
1195:
1193:Flow cytometry
1183:including the
1165:Immunostaining
1162:
1152:Coelenterazine
1131:
1128:
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991:Nuclear run-on
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767:Colony forming
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730:phosphorimager
722:Gamma counters
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455:
454:amplification.
451:DNA polymerase
440:
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389:
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341:
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328:with multiple
271:pharmaceutical
139:
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1359:
1349:
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1346:viral plaques
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1327:Trofile assay
1323:
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1249:DNA laddering
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836:Reflectometry
833:
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820:
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813:
812:agglutination
809:
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807:Transmittance
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566:agglutination
563:
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541:
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531:
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502:kinetic assay
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402:handling and
401:
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388:General steps
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314:autoanalyzers
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82: –
81:
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76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2097:Biochemistry
2084:
2077:
2060:
2031:
2022:
1987:
1983:
1927:
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1894:
1890:
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1863:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1833:
1823:
1811:. Retrieved
1804:ncbi.nlm.com
1803:
1793:
1777:(2): 41–44.
1774:
1770:
1760:
1736:(5): 691–8.
1733:
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1719:
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1702:
1693:
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1664:
1645:
1640:
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1399:
1396:
1355:
1338:plaque assay
1335:
1324:
1306:
1284:
1218:Transfection
1133:
1025:cytotoxicity
1017:cell culture
1005:
926:interactions
923:
863:
834:
827:Nephelometry
825:
819:Turbidimetry
817:
805:
789:
782:
776:
766:
761:
742:
734:
726:X-ray plates
713:Radioisotope
711:
704:or a cooled
682:Enzyme assay
680:
675:
662:
654:
640:
634:
628:
622:
616:
611:
585:
571:
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555:
550:
540:multiplexing
539:
529:
523:
512:
508:
501:
494:
488:
463:
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442:
437:base pairing
428:
417:
412:
408:
404:transmission
394:
391:
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361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
343:
291:laboratories
260:
225:
176:
172:
168:
157:pharmacology
144:
142:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
1870:9 September
1564:BioMetaData
1437:calibration
1331:HIV tropism
1317:baculovirus
1251:assay, the
1177:microplates
1123:surfactants
1109:Surfactants
1098:Bisphenol F
965:(BCA assay)
879:Voltammetry
875:amperometry
800:fluorescent
791:colorimetry
664:Immunoassay
547:Result type
400:information
203:or organic
121:August 2016
2091:Categories
1834:biotek.com
1703:etymonline
1632:References
1435:, regular
1427:regulated
1424:throughput
1336:The viral
1189:FluoroSpot
1181:photometry
1169:Microscopy
1148:Luciferase
1136:biomarkers
1118:indicates
1116:MBAS assay
897:Viscometer
883:coulometry
778:Photometry
698:photodiode
687:absorbance
590:Ristocetin
382:excipients
326:interfaces
311:throughput
307:aspiration
299:aliquoting
279:industrial
91:newspapers
2107:Titration
1844:13 August
1813:12 August
1709:13 August
1626:Titration
1544:bioassays
1491:ScrubChem
1471:bioassays
1453:licensing
1261:Annexin V
1245:Apoptosis
1032:MTT assay
936:include:
892:Osmometer
865:Cytometry
814:reaction.
597:platelets
473:quenching
469:band-pass
340:Etymology
318:end-users
303:pipetting
256:bioassays
244:titration
228:exogenous
175:, or the
173:measurand
2014:27899599
1962:73493315
1954:30848455
1913:14907713
1752:11978595
1600:See also
1527:EMBL-EBI
1416:positive
1362:cytokine
1358:antibody
1303:Virology
1263:staining
1073:ATP test
930:proteins
749:or EIA,
617:Bioassay
410:errors.
232:reagents
217:molarity
201:organism
193:compound
2059:(ed.).
2005:5210581
1590:
1513:
1451:, test
1447:, test
1393:Quality
1372:assay.
1370:ELISPOT
1342:viruses
1257:caspase
1185:ELISpot
1160:Calcein
1120:anionic
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957:Protein
855:coulter
831:sample.
641:ex vivo
635:ex vivo
629:ex vivo
623:in vivo
352:, from
350:assaier
334:servers
287:patents
263:medical
221:density
169:analyte
105:scholar
80:"Assay"
2028:"Home"
2012:
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1960:
1952:
1942:
1911:
1838:BioTek
1750:
1681:
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1522:ChEMBL
1216:, and
1175:), on
1021:assays
273:, and
236:deduce
215:(e.g.
205:sample
199:in an
177:target
171:, the
153:mining
107:
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2078:assay
2055:. In
1958:S2CID
1593:2004
1577:2016
1552:Name
1531:2009
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1500:2016
1479:Name
1376:Drugs
1366:ELISA
1320:titer
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1063:Cell
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1012:white
932:with
796:laser
728:, or
700:or a
366:assai
362:assay
358:essai
354:assai
346:assay
324:that
252:noisy
195:, or
145:assay
112:JSTOR
98:books
2010:PMID
1950:PMID
1940:ISBN
1909:PMID
1872:2016
1846:2016
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1748:PMID
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1650:ISBN
1325:The
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1156:CFSE
371:For
242:and
197:cell
181:drug
163:and
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1779:doi
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1566:or
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1360:or
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1179:by
1158:or
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934:DNA
928:of
920:DNA
769:or
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447:PCR
433:PCR
395:and
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
