35:
498:
381:
5540:
526:, consisting of two identical subunits, each with approximately 400 amino acid residues and a molecular weight of approximately 45 kD. Each subunit is composed of a large and a small domain, as well as a third domain consisting of the N-terminal residues 3-14; these few residues form a strand, which links and stabilizes the two subunits of the dimer. The large domain, which includes residues 48-325, binds the PLP cofactor via an
557:. In the first half-reaction, amino acid 1 (e.g., L-Asp) reacts with the enzyme-PLP complex to generate ketoacid 1 (oxaloacetate) and the modified enzyme-PMP. In the second half-reaction, ketoacid 2 (α-ketoglutarate) reacts with enzyme-PMP to produce amino acid 2 (L-Glu), regenerating the original enzyme-PLP in the process. Formation of a racemic product (D-Glu) is very rare.
565:
552:
Aspartate transaminase, as with all transaminases, operates via dual substrate recognition; that is, it is able to recognize and selectively bind two amino acids (Asp and Glu) with different side-chains. In either case, the transaminase reaction consists of two similar half-reactions that constitute
396:(PMP) form. The amino group transfer catalyzed by this enzyme is crucial in both amino acid degradation and biosynthesis. In amino acid degradation, following the conversion of α-ketoglutarate to glutamate, glutamate subsequently undergoes oxidative deamination to form
4937:
4932:
295:) that was first described by Arthur Karmen and colleagues in 1954. AST catalyzes the reversible transfer of an α-amino group between aspartate and glutamate and, as such, is an important enzyme in amino acid metabolism. AST is found in the
1437:
Goldberg JM, Kirsch JF (April 1996). "The reaction catalyzed by
Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase has multiple partially rate-determining steps, while that catalyzed by the Y225F mutant is dominated by ketimine hydrolysis".
560:
The specific steps for the half-reaction of Enzyme-PLP + aspartate ⇌ Enzyme-PMP + oxaloacetate are as follows (see figure); the other half-reaction (not shown) proceeds in the reverse manner, with α-ketoglutarate as the substrate.
5184:
5070:
4995:
4967:
5189:
5075:
920:
Aminotransferase clearance is carried out within the liver by sinusoidal cells. The half-life in the circulation is about 47 hours for ALT, about 17 hours for total AST and, on average, 87 hours for mitochondrial
4914:
5164:
5286:
4983:
1663:
Inoue K, Kuramitsu S, Okamoto A, Hirotsu K, Higuchi T, Kagamiyama H (August 1991). "Site-directed mutagenesis of
Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase: role of Tyr70 in the catalytic processes".
584:
Transaldimination: The internal aldimine then becomes an external aldimine when the ε-amino group of Lys258 is displaced by the amino group of aspartate. This transaldimination reaction occurs via a
635:
cells. The difference is that ALT is found predominantly in the liver, with clinically negligible quantities found in the kidneys, heart, and skeletal muscle, while AST is found in the liver, heart (
1251:
Kamitori S, Hirotsu K, Higuchi T, Kondo K, Inoue K, Kuramitsu S, et al. (September 1988). "Three-dimensional structure of aspartate aminotransferase from
Escherichia coli at 2.8 A resolution".
501:
Structure of the aspartate transaminase dimer from chicken heart mitochondria. The large and small domains are coloured blue and red, respectively with the N-terminal residues highlighted in green.
4855:
936:
Kirsch JF, Eichele G, Ford GC, Vincent MG, Jansonius JN, Gehring H, Christen P (April 1984). "Mechanism of action of aspartate aminotransferase proposed on the basis of its spatial structure".
537:
The two independent active sites are positioned near the interface between the two domains. Within each active site, a couple arginine residues are responsible for the enzyme's specificity for
662:
AST was defined as a biochemical marker for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in 1954. However, the use of AST for such a diagnosis is now redundant and has been superseded by the
1634:
Kondo K, Wakabayashi S, Yagi T, Kagamiyama H (July 1984). "The complete amino acid sequence of aspartate aminotransferase from
Escherichia coli: sequence comparison with pig isoenzymes".
5010:
5130:
534:. The small domain consists of residues 15-47 and 326-410 and represents a flexible region that shifts the enzyme from an "open" to a "closed" conformation upon substrate binding.
1291:
Danishefsky AT, Onnufer JJ, Petsko GA, Ringe D (February 1991). "Activity and structure of the active-site mutants R386Y and R386F of
Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase".
1086:
Okamoto A, Kato R, Masui R, Yamagishi A, Oshima T, Kuramitsu S (January 1996). "An aspartate aminotransferase from an extremely thermophilic bacterium, Thermus thermophilus HB8".
5025:
5291:
4848:
3832:
2547:
5276:
5061:
217:
2923:
5323:
5403:
4841:
669:
Laboratory tests should always be interpreted using the reference range from the laboratory that performed the test. Example reference ranges are shown below:
518:
studies have been performed to determine the structure of aspartate transaminase from various sources, including chicken mitochondria, pig heart cytosol, and
5110:
4975:
3525:
588:
by the deprotonated amino group of Asp and proceeds through a tetrahedral intermediate. As this point, the carboxylate groups of Asp are stabilized by the
5300:
3549:
3505:
3020:
1605:
Kuramitsu S, Okuno S, Ogawa T, Ogawa H, Kagamiyama H (April 1985). "Aspartate aminotransferase of
Escherichia coli: nucleotide sequence of the aspC gene".
598:
formation: The hydrogen attached to the a-carbon of Asp is then abstracted (Lys258 is thought to be the proton acceptor) to form a quinonoid intermediate.
1175:
McPhalen CA, Vincent MG, Jansonius JN (May 1992). "X-ray structure refinement and comparison of three forms of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase".
388:
As a prototypical transaminase, AST relies on PLP (Vitamin B6) as a cofactor to transfer the amino group from aspartate or glutamate to the corresponding
5514:
544:
In terms of secondary structure, AST contains both α and β elements. Each domain has a central sheet of β-strands with α-helices packed on either side.
449:
These isoenzymes are thought to have evolved from a common ancestral AST via gene duplication, and they share a sequence homology of approximately 45%.
5340:
5100:
4401:
834:
Ladue JS, Wroblewski F, Karmen A (September 1954). "Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity in human acute transmural myocardial infarction".
4522:
5518:
5510:
5174:
541:
substrates: Arg386 interacts with the substrate's proximal (α-)carboxylate group, while Arg292 complexes with the distal (side-chain) carboxylate.
5125:
2886:
1742:
1326:
McPhalen CA, Vincent MG, Picot D, Jansonius JN, Lesk AM, Chothia C (September 1992). "Domain closure in mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase".
3825:
3110:
2540:
5085:
2820:
236:
5436:
5169:
5105:
3554:
2916:
1212:"Refinement and comparisons of the crystal structures of pig cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase and its complex with 2-methylaspartate"
5033:
5015:
4481:
3818:
3544:
3500:
3350:
3015:
2533:
2223:
1475:"Conformational change in aspartate aminotransferase on substrate binding induces strain in the catalytic group and enhances catalysis"
17:
1562:
5388:
5248:
4503:
4471:
3606:
3115:
2855:
2850:
2218:
5243:
3346:
2791:
2309:
1891:
229:
5230:
4394:
2909:
1977:
5572:
4427:
3067:
1595:
983:
180:
3207:
3030:
1786:
1735:
1039:"Purification and characterization of aspartate aminotransferase from the halophile archaebacterium Haloferax mediterranei"
4192:
530:
linkage to the ε-amino group of Lys258. Other residues in this domain – Asp 222 and Tyr 225 – also interact with PLP via
4531:
4486:
4130:
3720:
3317:
3040:
619:. However, it has been shown that the substrate binding step (transaldimination) drives the catalytic reaction forward.
4891:
3520:
3010:
2673:
2592:
2077:
2012:
4564:
4387:
3515:
3432:
3341:
2022:
1847:
347:
1586:, Vincent (1987). "Structural basis for catalysis by aspartate aminotransferase". In Jurnak FA, McPherson A (eds.).
5048:
4461:
2901:
2348:
2146:
1781:
479:
3045:
1002:
Hayashi H, Wada H, Yoshimura T, Esaki N, Soda K (1990). "Recent topics in pyridoxal 5'-phosphate enzyme studies".
3187:
2515:
2343:
2007:
1728:
639:), skeletal muscle, kidneys, brain, and red blood cells. As a result, ALT is a more specific indicator of liver
3579:
3060:
3055:
2830:
2660:
2648:
2597:
2338:
2124:
2082:
174:
156:
404:. In the reverse reaction, aspartate may be synthesized from oxaloacetate, which is a key intermediate in the
5562:
4720:
4331:
4087:
3730:
3725:
3442:
3105:
2669:
604:
formation: The quinonoid is reprotonated, but now at the aldehyde carbon, to form the ketimine intermediate.
161:
5506:
5383:
4882:
2656:
1928:
1870:
1760:
4023:
3985:
3668:
3619:
3086:
1982:
241:
5530:
5378:
5263:
5253:
4476:
4364:
3374:
3090:
2991:
2986:
2156:
2151:
1955:
1821:
149:
4821:
4808:
4795:
4782:
4769:
4756:
4743:
4705:
4466:
3915:
3715:
3710:
3663:
3624:
3269:
2757:
1881:
84:
1532:
Gaze DC (September 2007). "The role of existing and novel cardiac biomarkers for cardioprotection".
1361:
Hirotsu K, Goto M, Okamoto A, Miyahara I (2005). "Dual substrate recognition of aminotransferases".
5469:
5310:
4715:
4669:
4612:
4418:
4065:
3673:
3250:
2752:
2712:
2587:
2072:
1950:
1703:
483:
289:
67:
34:
3592:
3574:
1699:
522:. Overall, the three-dimensional polypeptide structure for all species is quite similar. AST is
177:
5456:
5350:
4617:
4060:
3928:
3893:
3404:
3379:
3307:
3289:
3070:– this diagram does not include the pathway for β-leucine synthesis via leucine 2,3-aminomutase)
3050:
2777:
2693:
2604:
2119:
1906:
497:
101:
4833:
1709:
5441:
5080:
4947:
4326:
4075:
4018:
3980:
3584:
3437:
2652:
1771:
1123:"Escherichia coli mutants deficient in the aspartate and aromatic amino acid aminotransferases"
393:
3614:
2685:
1715:
4874:
4871:
4638:
4557:
4120:
4097:
4082:
4013:
3786:
3150:
2630:
2488:
2228:
2104:
1940:
1918:
644:
616:
515:
787:"A note on the spectrometric assay of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase in human blood serum"
5418:
4710:
4456:
4379:
4318:
4175:
4163:
4140:
4070:
3995:
3863:
3457:
3231:
2964:
2954:
2940:
2801:
2731:
2619:
2329:
2235:
2092:
2041:
1987:
843:
710:
628:
595:
466:
335:
316:
1618:
1558:
1264:
1099:
137:
8:
5474:
5408:
5363:
5281:
4674:
4156:
4151:
4048:
3888:
3601:
3597:
3510:
3395:
3025:
2881:
585:
554:
281:
79:
43:
4959:
2525:
1015:
847:
113:
5431:
4922:
4607:
4512:
3952:
3873:
3643:
3192:
2936:
2772:
2259:
2027:
1901:
1414:
1397:
1063:
1038:
648:
564:
72:
1473:
Hayashi H, Mizuguchi H, Miyahara I, Nakajima Y, Hirotsu K, Kagamiyama H (March 2003).
1147:
1122:
906:
881:
811:
786:
762:
737:
380:
363:
192:
5567:
4258:
4237:
3905:
3900:
3035:
2560:
2249:
2052:
1833:
1680:
1651:
1647:
1622:
1591:
1541:
1496:
1455:
1419:
1378:
1343:
1339:
1308:
1268:
1233:
1192:
1188:
1152:
1103:
1068:
1019:
979:
953:
949:
911:
859:
816:
767:
538:
503:
405:
168:
48:
3810:
2931:
1210:
Rhee S, Silva MM, Hyde CC, Rogers PH, Metzler CM, Metzler DE, Arnone A (July 1997).
338:
of total AST in the circulation approximates 17 hours and, on average, 87 hours for
5446:
5207:
5139:
4653:
4648:
4622:
4550:
4348:
4005:
3760:
2723:
2577:
2062:
1855:
1672:
1643:
1614:
1486:
1447:
1409:
1370:
1335:
1300:
1260:
1223:
1184:
1142:
1134:
1095:
1058:
1050:
1011:
945:
901:
893:
851:
806:
798:
757:
749:
652:
531:
343:
4202:
1138:
643:
than AST, as AST may be elevated also in diseases affecting other organs, such as
5393:
5090:
4700:
4684:
4597:
4341:
4336:
3336:
3212:
3095:
1967:
1860:
1583:
1566:
855:
680:
304:
4207:
196:
5544:
5479:
5154:
5095:
4738:
4679:
4249:
4105:
3878:
3868:
428:
212:
5556:
5487:
5398:
5332:
5149:
5115:
5000:
4927:
4909:
4643:
4602:
4292:
4271:
4185:
4110:
4043:
3697:
3477:
3125:
1751:
1228:
1211:
716:
663:
656:
523:
442:
320:
187:
4592:
4431:
4297:
4266:
4169:
3858:
3782:
3654:
3482:
3100:
2796:
2782:
2704:
2384:
2359:
2017:
1896:
1809:
1545:
1500:
1491:
1474:
1382:
915:
863:
820:
771:
640:
367:
285:
1684:
1655:
1626:
1459:
1423:
1347:
1312:
1272:
1237:
1196:
1107:
1072:
1023:
957:
5373:
5202:
5197:
5179:
5038:
4942:
4904:
4816:
4751:
4587:
4410:
4115:
4055:
3990:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3850:
3462:
3428:
1720:
897:
632:
589:
578:
1676:
1398:"Mechanism of racemization of amino acids by aspartate aminotransferase"
1304:
1156:
486:
416:
Two isoenzymes are present in a wide variety of eukaryotes. In humans:
5144:
4867:
4035:
3975:
3962:
3883:
3842:
3769:
3745:
3564:
3535:
3384:
3077:
2968:
2932:
2640:
2556:
2136:
1798:
636:
608:
377:
L-Aspartate (Asp) + α-ketoglutarate ↔ oxaloacetate + L-glutamate (Glu)
328:
292:
125:
1514:
1451:
1374:
1054:
802:
753:
507:
52:
5368:
5159:
4864:
4790:
4764:
4197:
4125:
3923:
3773:
3634:
3453:
3449:
3424:
3312:
3298:
3284:
3260:
2582:
2067:
460:
371:
359:
324:
611:: Finally, the ketimine is hydrolyzed to form PMP and oxaloacetate.
5539:
5020:
5005:
4414:
4287:
4219:
3970:
3737:
3701:
3688:
3420:
3365:
3241:
3203:
3160:
3129:
2614:
2213:
2087:
601:
574:
527:
397:
389:
581:
linkage with the aldehyde carbon to generate an internal aldimine.
4863:
4227:
3741:
3327:
3222:
3199:
3174:
3165:
3001:
2373:
2368:
2288:
454:
452:
AST has also been found in a number of microorganisms, including
424:
308:
144:
39:
1472:
315:, red blood cells and gall bladder. Serum AST level, serum ALT (
5221:
4803:
4573:
4232:
3491:
3178:
2977:
2944:
2563:
2478:
2473:
2443:
2438:
2318:
2298:
2293:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
224:
120:
108:
96:
5231:
1633:
1036:
4777:
3355:
2865:
2860:
2498:
2493:
2483:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2189:
2176:
1325:
1290:
432:
312:
300:
296:
4409:
1662:
392:. In the process, the cofactor shuttles between PLP and the
5120:
4491:
4449:
4444:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2825:
2815:
2608:
1250:
1037:
Muriana FJ, Alvarez-Ossorio MC, Relimpio AM (August 1991).
478:
gene and has also been shown to exhibit the activity of an
438:
420:
401:
132:
4892:
4542:
1360:
2555:
1085:
1001:
5049:
1604:
1174:
935:
358:
Aspartate transaminase catalyzes the interconversion of
577:
formation: First, the ε-amino group of Lys258 forms a
875:
873:
5528:
3840:
879:
833:
735:
631:(ALT) in that both enzymes are associated with liver
615:
This mechanism is thought to have multiple partially
3550:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
3506:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
3021:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
1636:
1209:
870:
592:
groups of the enzyme's Arg386 and Arg 292 residues.
5264:
1590:. Vol. 3. New York: Wiley. pp. 187–285.
973:
880:Giannini EG, Testa R, Savarino V (February 2005).
3158:
882:"Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians"
736:Karmen A, Wroblewski F, Ladue JS (January 1955).
568:Reaction mechanism for aspartate aminotransferase
5554:
5311:
2887:Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase
1582:
1120:
384:Reaction catalyzed by aspartate aminotransferase
5457:
5351:
3111:Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase
2792:Complex III/Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase
1395:
42:aspartate aminotransferase bound with coenzyme
5236:Tooltip Glutamine aminohydrolase (glutaminase)
1552:
1436:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1170:
1168:
1166:
969:
967:
4849:
4558:
4395:
3826:
2917:
2541:
1736:
997:
995:
931:
929:
5419:
1466:
1354:
445:isoenzyme is present predominantly in liver.
3555:3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
1430:
1389:
1319:
1279:
1244:
1203:
1163:
964:
5515:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators
4897:Tooltip Excitatory amino acid transporters
4856:
4842:
4565:
4551:
4482:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
4402:
4388:
3833:
3819:
3545:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
3501:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
3016:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
2924:
2910:
2548:
2534:
2224:Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
1750:
1743:
1729:
1079:
1030:
992:
926:
33:
3526:Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase
1702:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1490:
1413:
1227:
1146:
1114:
1062:
905:
810:
761:
270:(serum) glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
5519:GABA metabolism and transport modulators
5511:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators
5054:Tooltip Vesicular glutamate transporters
3116:Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
2219:Mitochondrial membrane transport protein
1588:Biological Macromolecules and Assemblies
1534:Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs
659:, musculoskeletal diseases, and trauma.
622:
563:
496:
379:
327:for liver health. The tests are part of
27:Enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism
3347:1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase
1396:Kochhar S, Christen P (February 1992).
1121:Gelfand DH, Steinberg RA (April 1977).
974:Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2006).
14:
5555:
3607:Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
1978:Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme
784:
738:"Transaminase activity in human blood"
323:) are commonly measured clinically as
5091:Amido black 10B (naphthol blue black)
4837:
4546:
4383:
3814:
3068:Template:Leucine metabolism in humans
2905:
2529:
1724:
1716:AST: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
1619:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a135173
1559:GPnotebook > reference range (AST)
1265:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122464
1100:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021198
791:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
742:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
4472:Kynurenine—oxoglutarate transaminase
3208:Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase
1531:
4131:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
3721:4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
3318:Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase
3041:Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase
1892:Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase
1479:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1216:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1016:10.1146/annurev.bi.59.070190.000511
24:
5269:Tooltip Aspartate aminotransferase
3521:3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase
3011:3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
2778:Complex II/Succinate dehydrogenase
2674:Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
2078:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
2013:Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
1575:
1415:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16584.x
978:. W.H. Freeman. pp. 656–660.
25:
5584:
3516:3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase
3433:Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase
3342:Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase
2023:Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II
1693:
5538:
5316:Tooltip Alanine aminotransferase
4532:Pyridoxine 5'-phosphate synthase
2147:Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
1787:Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase
1782:Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
1402:European Journal of Biochemistry
480:aromatic-amino-acid transaminase
5462:Tooltip Glutamate decarboxylase
5356:Tooltip Glutamate dehydrogenase
4487:Alanine—glyoxylate transaminase
3188:Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
2802:Complex IV/Cytochrome c oxidase
2008:Glutamate aspartate transporter
1525:
1507:
474:, the enzyme is encoded by the
5447:Phosphinothricin (glufosinate)
3602:Homocysteine methyltransferase
3580:Methionine adenosyltransferase
3061:Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase
3056:Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
2649:Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
2125:Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
2083:Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase
827:
778:
729:
427:isoenzyme derives mainly from
13:
1:
5507:Receptor/signaling modulators
4088:Comprehensive metabolic panel
3731:Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
3726:Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
3443:Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
3106:3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase
3046:α-Ketoisocaproate dioxygenase
2670:Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
1139:10.1128/JB.130.1.429-440.1977
1004:Annual Review of Biochemistry
722:
411:
5573:Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
5424:Tooltip Glutamine synthetase
2773:Complex I/NADH dehydrogenase
1929:Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
1648:10.1016/0006-291X(84)90439-X
1340:10.1016/0022-2836(92)90691-C
1328:Journal of Molecular Biology
1189:10.1016/0022-2836(92)90935-D
1177:Journal of Molecular Biology
950:10.1016/0022-2836(84)90333-4
938:Journal of Molecular Biology
856:10.1126/science.120.3117.497
547:
492:
400:ions, which are excreted as
7:
4572:
4024:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
3986:Total iron-binding capacity
3669:Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase
3620:Cystathionine beta synthase
3087:Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
1983:Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase
704:
353:
10:
5589:
4477:Ornithine aminotransferase
4365:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
3593:regeneration of methionine
3575:generation of homocysteine
3375:Ornithine aminotransferase
3091:Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
2992:Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase
2987:Saccharopine dehydrogenase
2593:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
2157:N-Acetylglutamate synthase
2152:Ornithine transcarbamylase
1956:Glycerol phosphate shuttle
1822:monoamine neurotransmitter
319:) level, and their ratio (
262:aspartate aminotransferase
18:Aspartate aminotransferase
5500:
5455:
5417:
5349:
5309:
5262:
5229:
5220:
5150:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
5116:Aspartic acid (aspartate)
5047:
4971:-CCG-III ((2S,3S,4R)-CCG)
4928:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
4910:Aspartic acid (aspartate)
4890:
4881:
4729:
4721:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
4693:
4662:
4631:
4580:
4521:
4502:
4467:Tyrosine aminotransferase
4426:
4357:
4317:
4310:
4280:
4257:
4248:
4218:
4139:
4096:
4034:
4004:
3961:
3914:
3849:
3768:
3758:
3716:Tyrosine aminotransferase
3711:Phenylalanine hydroxylase
3696:
3686:
3664:Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
3652:
3633:
3625:Cystathionine gamma-lyase
3563:
3534:
3490:
3475:
3413:
3393:
3364:
3326:
3297:
3282:
3270:L-threonine dehydrogenase
3259:
3240:
3221:
3173:
3149:
3124:
3076:
3000:
2976:
2963:
2951:
2874:
2765:
2758:oxidative phosphorylation
2749:
2721:
2702:
2683:
2638:
2629:
2570:
2511:
2382:
2357:
2327:
2307:
2257:
2248:
2209:
2202:
2185:
2165:
2133:
2101:
2049:
2040:
1996:
1964:
1937:
1915:
1882:oxidative phosphorylation
1878:
1869:
1846:
1818:
1795:
1768:
1759:
1561:Retrieved on Dec 7, 2009
785:Karmen A (January 1955).
553:what is referred to as a
235:
223:
211:
206:
202:
186:
167:
155:
143:
131:
119:
107:
95:
90:
78:
66:
61:
32:
5470:3-Mercaptopropionic acid
4979:-Serine-O-sulphate (SOS)
4613:Diffusion-limited enzyme
3674:Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
3251:D-cysteine desulfhydrase
2753:electron transport chain
2713:Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
2588:Isocitrate dehydrogenase
2073:Isocitrate dehydrogenase
1951:Malate-aspartate shuttle
1704:Medical Subject Headings
1229:10.1074/jbc.272.28.17293
5277:2-Amino-3-butenoic acid
5071:6-(4'-Phenylstyryl)-QDC
4955:-3-Hydroxyaspartic acid
3894:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
3405:Glutamate dehydrogenase
3380:Ornithine decarboxylase
3308:Histidine ammonia-lyase
3051:Leucine 2,3-aminomutase
2694:Glutamate dehydrogenase
2605:Succinate dehydrogenase
2598:Succinyl CoA synthetase
2120:Glutamate dehydrogenase
1907:Succinate dehydrogenase
1607:Journal of Biochemistry
1253:Journal of Biochemistry
1127:Journal of Bacteriology
1088:Journal of Biochemistry
1043:The Biochemical Journal
5442:Methionine sulfoximine
5029:-3-Methylglutamic acid
4440:Aspartate transaminase
4327:Elevated transaminases
4019:Thyroid function tests
3981:Transferrin saturation
3841:Clinical biochemistry
3792:Aspartate transaminase
3615:conversion to cysteine
3585:Adenosylhomocysteinase
3438:Glutathione synthetase
2737:Aspartate transaminase
2516:mitochondrial diseases
2115:Aspartate transaminase
1772:fatty acid degradation
1700:Aspartate+Transaminase
1565:7 January 2017 at the
1492:10.1074/jbc.M209235200
617:rate-determining steps
569:
512:
394:pyridoxamine phosphate
385:
254:Aspartate transaminase
4706:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
4639:Allosteric regulation
4506:: Oximinotransferases
4121:Lactate dehydrogenase
4083:Basic metabolic panel
4014:ACTH stimulation test
3787:Asparagine synthetase
2955:Essential amino acids
2229:Mitochondrial carrier
2105:anaplerotic reactions
1941:mitochondrial shuttle
1919:pyrimidine metabolism
645:myocardial infarction
623:Clinical significance
567:
516:X-ray crystallography
500:
383:
44:pyridoxal 5-phosphate
5563:Liver function tests
5296:-Methylene-aspartate
4716:Lineweaver–Burk plot
4457:Alanine transaminase
4141:Liver function tests
3996:Transferrin receptor
3458:Glutamine synthetase
3232:Alanine transaminase
2732:Pyruvate carboxylase
2620:Malate dehydrogenase
2236:Translocator protein
2093:Malate dehydrogenase
1988:Aldosterone synthase
898:10.1503/cmaj.1040752
711:Alanine transaminase
629:alanine transaminase
317:alanine transaminase
5409:Pyridoxal phosphate
5111:Chicago sky blue 6B
5076:6-Biphenyl-4-yl-QDC
4157:Serum total protein
4152:Human serum albumin
3598:Methionine synthase
3511:Enoyl-CoA hydratase
3396:alpha-ketoglutarate
3313:Urocanate hydratase
3026:Enoyl-CoA hydratase
2882:Alternative oxidase
2686:α-ketoglutaric acid
1848:Intermembrane space
1677:10.1021/bi00245a019
1305:10.1021/bi00221a035
1222:(28): 17293–17302.
848:1954Sci...120..497L
657:acute renal disease
586:nucleophilic attack
555:ping-pong mechanism
282:pyridoxal phosphate
5432:2-Aminoadipic acid
5301:Hydrazinosuccinate
4675:Enzyme superfamily
4608:Enzyme promiscuity
4513:Oximinotransferase
3929:Arterial blood gas
3644:Threonine aldolase
3193:Serine dehydratase
2937:Protein metabolism
2203:Other/to be sorted
2168:alcohol metabolism
2028:Uncoupling protein
1902:NADH dehydrogenase
1712:- Lab Tests Online
649:acute pancreatitis
627:AST is similar to
570:
513:
386:
5526:
5525:
5496:
5495:
5482:
5216:
5215:
5134:
5131:Erythro-4-methyl-
5065:
4986:
4978:
4970:
4962:
4950:
4831:
4830:
4540:
4539:
4462:GABA transaminase
4377:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4306:
4305:
4259:Blood sugar level
4238:Pancreatic lipase
4076:Total cholesterol
3906:Serum osmolal gap
3901:Plasma osmolality
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3754:
3753:
3682:
3681:
3471:
3470:
3278:
3277:
3145:
3144:
3036:HMG-CoA reductase
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2745:
2744:
2561:Citric acid cycle
2523:
2522:
2507:
2506:
2250:Mitochondrial DNA
2244:
2243:
2198:
2197:
2053:citric acid cycle
2036:
2035:
1842:
1841:
1834:Monoamine oxidase
1671:(31): 7796–7801.
1597:978-0-471-85142-4
1485:(11): 9481–9488.
1452:10.1021/bi952138d
1446:(16): 5280–5291.
1375:10.1002/tcr.20042
1055:10.1042/bj2780149
985:978-0-7167-8724-2
842:(3117): 497–499.
803:10.1172/JCI103055
754:10.1172/jci103055
702:
701:
664:cardiac troponins
539:dicarboxylic acid
406:citric acid cycle
251:
250:
247:
246:
150:metabolic pathway
16:(Redirected from
5580:
5543:
5542:
5534:
5480:
5463:
5459:
5425:
5421:
5357:
5353:
5341:Propargylglycine
5335:
5327:
5317:
5313:
5295:
5270:
5266:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5208:Xanthurenic acid
5132:
5101:Benzopurpurin 4B
5063:
5055:
5051:
4984:
4976:
4968:
4960:
4948:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4835:
4834:
4711:Hanes–Woolf plot
4654:Enzyme activator
4649:Enzyme inhibitor
4623:Enzyme catalysis
4567:
4560:
4553:
4544:
4543:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4381:
4380:
4349:Hyperproteinemia
4315:
4314:
4255:
4254:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3812:
3811:
3766:
3765:
3694:
3693:
3488:
3487:
3295:
3294:
3171:
3170:
3156:
3155:
2974:
2973:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2763:
2762:
2724:oxaloacetic acid
2636:
2635:
2578:Citrate synthase
2550:
2543:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2387:
2362:
2332:
2312:
2262:
2255:
2254:
2207:
2206:
2170:
2140:
2108:
2063:Citrate synthase
2056:
2047:
2046:
2001:
1971:
1944:
1922:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1856:Adenylate kinase
1827:
1803:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1688:
1659:
1630:
1613:(4): 1259–1262.
1601:
1569:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1299:(7): 1980–1985.
1288:
1277:
1276:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1172:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1066:
1034:
1028:
1027:
999:
990:
989:
971:
962:
961:
933:
924:
923:
909:
877:
868:
867:
831:
825:
824:
814:
782:
776:
775:
765:
733:
681:Reference ranges
672:
671:
655:, severe burns,
653:hemolytic anemia
532:hydrogen bonding
510:
348:sinusoidal cells
344:Aminotransferase
284:(PLP)-dependent
264:, also known as
204:
203:
55:
37:
30:
29:
21:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5537:
5529:
5527:
5522:
5492:
5461:
5451:
5423:
5413:
5394:Hexachlorophene
5355:
5345:
5333:
5325:
5315:
5305:
5293:
5268:
5258:
5235:
5212:
5175:Reactive blue 2
5053:
5043:
4896:
4877:
4862:
4832:
4827:
4739:Oxidoreductases
4725:
4701:Enzyme kinetics
4689:
4685:List of enzymes
4658:
4627:
4598:Catalytic triad
4576:
4571:
4541:
4536:
4517:
4498:
4422:
4408:
4378:
4369:
4353:
4342:Hypoalbuminemia
4337:Hypoproteinemia
4302:
4276:
4250:Small molecules
4244:
4214:
4135:
4092:
4030:
4000:
3957:
3947:
3910:
3845:
3839:
3809:
3796:
3750:
3678:
3648:
3629:
3559:
3530:
3481:
3467:
3409:
3389:
3360:
3337:Proline oxidase
3322:
3290:α-ketoglutarate
3288:
3274:
3255:
3236:
3217:
3213:Creatine kinase
3163:
3141:
3120:
3096:Arylformamidase
3072:
2996:
2959:
2957:are in Capitals
2947:
2943:and catabolism
2930:
2900:
2891:
2870:
2812:
2786:
2756:
2751:
2741:
2717:
2698:
2679:
2625:
2566:
2554:
2524:
2519:
2503:
2383:
2378:
2358:
2353:
2328:
2323:
2308:
2303:
2258:
2240:
2194:
2181:
2166:
2161:
2134:
2129:
2102:
2097:
2050:
2032:
1997:
1992:
1968:steroidogenesis
1965:
1960:
1938:
1933:
1916:
1911:
1879:
1865:
1861:Creatine kinase
1838:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1796:
1791:
1769:
1755:
1749:
1696:
1691:
1598:
1578:
1576:Further reading
1573:
1572:
1567:Wayback Machine
1557:
1553:
1530:
1526:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1471:
1467:
1435:
1431:
1394:
1390:
1363:Chemical Record
1359:
1355:
1324:
1320:
1289:
1280:
1249:
1245:
1208:
1204:
1173:
1164:
1119:
1115:
1084:
1080:
1035:
1031:
1000:
993:
986:
972:
965:
934:
927:
878:
871:
832:
828:
783:
779:
734:
730:
725:
713:(ALT/ALAT/SGPT)
707:
625:
550:
502:
495:
467:T. thermophilus
461:H. mediterranei
429:red blood cells
414:
364:α-ketoglutarate
356:
305:skeletal muscle
57:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5586:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5548:
5547:
5524:
5523:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5428:
5426:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5360:
5358:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5330:
5320:
5318:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5240:
5238:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5155:Kynurenic acid
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5135:-glutamic acid
5128:
5126:Direct blue 71
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5096:Bafilomycin A1
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5058:
5056:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4981:
4973:
4965:
4957:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4912:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4861:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4838:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4812:
4799:
4786:
4773:
4760:
4747:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4663:Classification
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4436:
4434:
4424:
4423:
4407:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4195:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4145:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4106:Cardiac marker
4102:
4100:
4098:Cardiovascular
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4049:Hemoglobin A1c
4040:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3879:Renal function
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3838:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3763:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3691:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3570:
3568:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3485:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3292:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3168:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3074:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2971:
2961:
2960:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2760:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2668:(regulated by
2665:
2664:
2645:
2643:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2612:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1873:
1871:Inner membrane
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1763:
1761:Outer membrane
1757:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1695:
1694:External links
1692:
1690:
1689:
1660:
1631:
1602:
1596:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1551:
1540:(9): 711–717.
1524:
1519:www.rnceus.com
1506:
1465:
1429:
1408:(3): 563–569.
1388:
1369:(3): 160–172.
1353:
1334:(1): 197–213.
1318:
1278:
1259:(3): 317–318.
1243:
1202:
1183:(2): 495–517.
1162:
1133:(1): 429–440.
1113:
1094:(1): 135–144.
1078:
1049:(1): 149–154.
1029:
991:
984:
963:
944:(3): 497–525.
925:
892:(3): 367–379.
869:
826:
797:(1): 131–133.
777:
748:(1): 126–131.
727:
726:
724:
721:
720:
719:
714:
706:
703:
700:
699:
696:
692:
691:
688:
684:
683:
678:
637:cardiac muscle
624:
621:
613:
612:
605:
599:
593:
582:
549:
546:
494:
491:
447:
446:
436:
413:
410:
355:
352:
350:in the liver.
346:is cleared by
266:AspAT/ASAT/AAT
249:
248:
245:
244:
239:
233:
232:
227:
221:
220:
215:
209:
208:
200:
199:
190:
184:
183:
172:
165:
164:
159:
153:
152:
147:
141:
140:
135:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5585:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5499:
5489:
5488:Semicarbazide
5486:
5484:
5483:-Allylglycine
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5422:
5416:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5404:Palmitoyl-CoA
5402:
5400:
5399:Hydroxylamine
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5354:
5348:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5314:
5308:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
5001:Maslinic acid
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4982:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4847:
4845:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4680:Enzyme family
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4644:Cooperativity
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4603:Oxyanion hole
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4432:Transaminases
4429:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4400:
4398:
4393:
4391:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:Hyperuricemia
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4272:Hyperglycemia
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4186:AST/ALT ratio
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4170:transaminases
4167:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:Troponin test
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4071:Triglycerides
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4044:Blood glucose
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3831:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3698:PHENYLALANINE
3695:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3479:
3478:propionyl-CoA
3474:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3126:PHENYLALANINE
3123:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:HMG-CoA lyase
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2750:Mitochondrial
2748:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1752:Mitochondrial
1746:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
996:
987:
981:
977:
970:
968:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
930:
922:
917:
913:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
876:
874:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
830:
822:
818:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
781:
773:
769:
764:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
732:
728:
718:
717:Transaminases
715:
712:
709:
708:
697:
694:
693:
689:
686:
685:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
670:
667:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
620:
618:
610:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
587:
583:
580:
576:
572:
571:
566:
562:
558:
556:
545:
542:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
509:
505:
499:
490:
488:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
463:
462:
457:
456:
450:
444:
443:mitochondrial
440:
437:
434:
430:
426:
422:
419:
418:
417:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
382:
378:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
351:
349:
345:
341:
340:mitochondrial
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
321:AST/ALT ratio
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
243:
240:
238:
234:
231:
228:
226:
222:
219:
216:
214:
210:
205:
201:
198:
194:
191:
189:
188:Gene Ontology
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
166:
163:
160:
158:
154:
151:
148:
146:
142:
139:
136:
134:
130:
127:
126:NiceZyme view
124:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
103:
100:
98:
94:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
60:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
5550:
5503:
5502:
5336:-Cycloserine
5190:
5086:Acid red 114
5062:4-Methylene-
5026:
4988:
4952:
4915:
4817:Translocases
4814:
4801:
4788:
4775:
4762:
4752:Transferases
4749:
4736:
4593:Binding site
4439:
4332:Elevated ALP
4298:Hypouricemia
4267:Hypoglycemia
4203:Unconjugated
4180:
4168:
3851:Electrolytes
3791:
3783:Asparaginase
3761:oxaloacetate
3655:succinyl-CoA
3613:
3591:
3573:
3483:succinyl-CoA
3101:Kynureninase
3065:
2953:
2808:
2797:Cytochrome c
2736:
2705:succinyl-CoA
2513:
2360:ATP synthase
2167:
2135:
2114:
2103:
2051:
2018:ATP synthase
1998:
1966:
1939:
1917:
1897:Cytochrome c
1880:
1820:
1810:Kynureninase
1797:
1770:
1668:
1665:Biochemistry
1664:
1642:(1): 62–67.
1639:
1635:
1610:
1606:
1587:
1584:Jansonius JN
1554:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1443:
1440:Biochemistry
1439:
1432:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1296:
1293:Biochemistry
1292:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1180:
1176:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1007:
1003:
976:Biochemistry
975:
941:
937:
919:
889:
885:
839:
835:
829:
794:
790:
780:
745:
741:
731:
676:Patient type
675:
668:
661:
641:inflammation
626:
614:
559:
551:
543:
536:
519:
514:
475:
471:
465:
459:
453:
451:
448:
415:
387:
376:
368:oxaloacetate
357:
339:
333:
329:blood panels
286:transaminase
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:
114:BRENDA entry
5374:Chloroquine
5203:Valinomycin
5198:Trypan blue
5180:Rose bengal
5165:NPPB (N144)
5039:WAY-213,613
4943:Kainic acid
4905:Amphetamine
4883:Transporter
4588:Active site
4415:nitrogenous
4411:Transferase
4281:Nitrogenous
4116:CPK-MB test
4056:Lipid panel
3991:Transferrin
3939:Bicarbonate
3934:Base excess
3843:blood tests
3463:Glutaminase
3429:glutathione
3138:(see below)
2814:synthesis:
2631:Anaplerotic
2310:Complex III
633:parenchymal
590:guanidinium
579:Schiff base
441:/mAST, the
423:/cAST, the
102:IntEnz view
62:Identifiers
5557:Categories
5437:JFD01307SC
5170:Ponceau SS
5145:Furosemide
5140:Evans blue
5106:Bumetamide
5066:-glutamate
4875:modulators
4868:metabolism
4791:Isomerases
4765:Hydrolases
4632:Regulation
4208:Conjugated
4036:Metabolism
3976:Serum iron
3963:Iron tests
3884:Creatinine
3770:asparagine
3746:Tyrosinase
3565:METHIONINE
3536:ISOLEUCINE
3385:Agmatinase
3078:TRYPTOPHAN
2969:acetyl-CoA
2933:Metabolism
2809:Coenzyme Q
2783:Coenzyme Q
2641:acetyl-CoA
2557:Metabolism
2330:Complex IV
2137:urea cycle
1825:metabolism
1801:metabolism
1799:tryptophan
1010:: 87–110.
723:References
698:6–34 IU/L
690:8–40 IU/L
609:hydrolysis
412:Isoenzymes
325:biomarkers
171:structures
138:KEGG entry
85:9000-97-9
5504:See also:
5369:Bithionol
5324:β-Chloro-
5160:Nigericin
4872:transport
4865:Glutamate
4670:EC number
4198:Bilirubin
4148:Proteins
4126:Myoglobin
3924:Anion gap
3916:Acid-base
3864:Potassium
3774:aspartate
3635:THREONINE
3454:glutamine
3450:glutamate
3425:glutamate
3299:HISTIDINE
3285:glutamate
3261:threonine
2941:synthesis
2583:Aconitase
2514:see also
2260:Complex I
2068:Aconitase
1515:"AST/ALT"
607:Ketimine
596:Quinonoid
573:Internal
548:Mechanism
493:Structure
425:cytosolic
372:glutamate
360:aspartate
336:half-life
91:Databases
5568:EC 2.6.1
5328:-alanine
5034:UCPH-101
5021:Theanine
5016:TFB-TBOA
5006:SYM-2081
4991:-2,4-PDC
4694:Kinetics
4618:Cofactor
4581:Activity
4417:groups (
4311:Proteins
4288:Azotemia
4220:Pancreas
4006:Hormones
3971:Ferritin
3869:Chloride
3738:tyrosine
3702:tyrosine
3689:fumarate
3421:cysteine
3366:arginine
3242:cysteine
3204:creatine
3161:pyruvate
3130:tyrosine
2615:Fumarase
2214:Frataxin
2088:Fumarase
1754:proteins
1563:Archived
1546:17729182
1501:12488449
1383:15889412
916:15684121
864:13195683
821:13221664
772:13221663
705:See also
651:, acute
602:Ketimine
575:aldimine
528:aldimine
487:2.6.1.57
398:ammonium
390:ketoacid
354:Function
288:enzyme (
280:), is a
242:proteins
230:articles
218:articles
175:RCSB PDB
5545:Biology
4804:Ligases
4574:Enzymes
4525:: Other
4228:Amylase
3953:Lactate
3948:content
3874:Calcium
3742:melanin
3351:ALDH4A1
3328:proline
3223:alanine
3200:glycine
3175:glycine
3166:citrate
3002:LEUCINE
2945:enzymes
2787:(CoQ10)
2766:Primary
2622:and ETC
2564:enzymes
2374:MT-ATP8
2369:MT-ATP6
2289:MT-ND4L
1685:1868057
1656:6378205
1627:3897210
1460:8611515
1424:1735441
1348:1522585
1313:1993208
1273:3071527
1238:9211866
1197:1593633
1108:8907187
1073:1909112
1064:1151461
1024:2197992
958:6143829
844:Bibcode
836:Science
524:dimeric
520:E. coli
511:
472:E. coli
455:E. coli
309:kidneys
293:2.6.1.1
197:QuickGO
162:profile
145:MetaCyc
80:CAS no.
73:2.6.1.1
56:
40:Chicken
5531:Portal
5389:GW5074
5249:CB-839
5222:Enzyme
5050:vGluTs
4778:Lyases
4523:2.6.99
4233:Lipase
3859:Sodium
3492:VALINE
3179:serine
2978:LYSINE
2856:COQ10B
2851:COQ10A
2479:MT-TS2
2474:MT-TS1
2444:MT-TL2
2439:MT-TL1
2349:MT-CO3
2344:MT-CO2
2339:MT-CO1
2319:MT-CYB
2299:MT-ND6
2294:MT-ND5
2284:MT-ND4
2279:MT-ND3
2274:MT-ND2
2269:MT-ND1
2042:Matrix
1706:(MeSH)
1683:
1654:
1625:
1594:
1544:
1499:
1458:
1422:
1381:
1346:
1311:
1271:
1236:
1195:
1155:
1148:235221
1145:
1106:
1071:
1061:
1022:
982:
956:
914:
907:545762
904:
862:
819:
812:438594
809:
770:
763:438594
760:
695:Female
464:, and
225:PubMed
207:Search
193:AmiGO
181:PDBsum
121:ExPASy
109:BRENDA
97:IntEnz
68:EC no.
5244:BPTES
5193:-ACDP
5191:trans
5081:7-CKA
5027:threo
4989:trans
4953:threo
4951:-(-)-
4938:HIP-B
4933:HIP-A
4918:-ACBD
4893:EAATs
4730:Types
4504:2.6.3
4428:2.6.1
4358:Other
3414:Other
3356:PYCR1
3066:(See
2875:Other
2866:PDSS2
2861:PDSS1
2571:Cycle
2499:MT-TY
2494:MT-TW
2489:MT-TV
2484:MT-TT
2469:MT-TR
2464:MT-TQ
2459:MT-TP
2454:MT-TN
2449:MT-TM
2434:MT-TK
2429:MT-TI
2424:MT-TH
2419:MT-TG
2414:MT-TF
2409:MT-TE
2404:MT-TD
2399:MT-TC
2394:MT-TA
2190:PMPCB
2177:ALDH2
1999:other
1157:15983
470:. In
433:heart
342:AST.
313:brain
301:heart
297:liver
260:) or
157:PRIAM
5475:AAOA
5379:EGCG
5364:AAOA
5282:AAOA
5185:SITS
5121:DIDS
5011:TBOA
4996:MPDC
4963:-αAA
4923:DHKA
4870:and
4822:list
4815:EC7
4809:list
4802:EC6
4796:list
4789:EC5
4783:list
4776:EC4
4770:list
4763:EC3
4757:list
4750:EC2
4744:list
4737:EC1
4492:AGXT
4450:GOT2
4445:GOT1
4421:2.6)
3889:Urea
3657:→TCA
3398:→TCA
2846:COQ9
2841:COQ7
2836:COQ6
2831:COQ5
2826:COQ4
2821:COQ3
2816:COQ2
2672:and
2609:SDHA
2385:tRNA
1681:PMID
1652:PMID
1623:PMID
1592:ISBN
1542:PMID
1497:PMID
1456:PMID
1420:PMID
1379:PMID
1344:PMID
1309:PMID
1269:PMID
1234:PMID
1193:PMID
1153:PMID
1104:PMID
1069:PMID
1020:PMID
980:ISBN
954:PMID
921:AST.
912:PMID
886:CMAJ
860:PMID
817:PMID
768:PMID
687:Male
508:7AAT
476:aspC
439:GOT2
431:and
421:GOT1
402:urea
370:and
362:and
334:The
278:SGOT
237:NCBI
178:PDBe
133:KEGG
53:7AAT
5458:GAD
5384:GTP
5352:GDH
5312:ALT
5287:AMB
5265:AST
5254:DON
5232:GAH
4916:cis
4319:LFT
4193:GGT
4181:AST
4176:ALT
4164:ALP
4066:HDL
4061:LDL
2722:to
2703:to
2684:to
2639:to
1710:AST
1673:doi
1644:doi
1640:122
1615:doi
1487:doi
1483:278
1448:doi
1410:doi
1406:203
1371:doi
1336:doi
1332:227
1301:doi
1261:doi
1257:104
1224:doi
1220:272
1185:doi
1181:225
1143:PMC
1135:doi
1131:130
1096:doi
1092:119
1059:PMC
1051:doi
1047:278
1012:doi
946:doi
942:174
902:PMC
894:doi
890:172
852:doi
840:120
807:PMC
799:doi
758:PMC
750:doi
504:PDB
489:).
366:to
274:GOT
268:or
258:AST
213:PMC
169:PDB
49:PDB
5559::
5517:•
5513:•
5509:•
5420:GS
5294:DL
5292:β-
4430::
4419:EC
4413::
3944:CO
3759:G→
3744::
3687:G→
3476:G→
3456::
3431::
3283:G→
3206::
3159:G→
2939:,
2935::
2811:10
2785:10
2661:E3
2659:,
2657:E2
2655:,
2653:E1
2559::
1679:.
1669:30
1667:.
1650:.
1638:.
1621:.
1611:97
1609:.
1536:.
1517:.
1495:.
1481:.
1477:.
1454:.
1444:35
1442:.
1418:.
1404:.
1400:.
1377:.
1365:.
1342:.
1330:.
1307:.
1297:30
1295:.
1281:^
1267:.
1255:.
1232:.
1218:.
1214:.
1191:.
1179:.
1165:^
1151:.
1141:.
1129:.
1125:.
1102:.
1090:.
1067:.
1057:.
1045:.
1041:.
1018:.
1008:59
1006:.
994:^
966:^
952:.
940:.
928:^
918:.
910:.
900:.
888:.
884:.
872:^
858:.
850:.
838:.
815:.
805:.
795:34
793:.
789:.
766:.
756:.
746:34
744:.
740:.
666:.
647:,
506::
484:EC
458:,
408:.
374:.
331:.
311:,
307:,
303:,
299:,
290:EC
276:,
195:/
51::
46:.
5533::
5481:L
5334:L
5326:L
5133:L
5064:L
4987:-
4985:L
4977:L
4969:L
4961:L
4949:L
4857:e
4850:t
4843:v
4824:)
4820:(
4811:)
4807:(
4798:)
4794:(
4785:)
4781:(
4772:)
4768:(
4759:)
4755:(
4746:)
4742:(
4566:e
4559:t
4552:v
4403:e
4396:t
4389:v
3946:2
3834:e
3827:t
3820:v
3785:/
3776:→
3772:→
3740:→
3704:→
3700:→
3653:→
3637:→
3617::
3600:/
3595::
3577::
3567:→
3538:→
3494:→
3480:→
3452:→
3427:→
3423:+
3394:→
3368:→
3349:/
3330:→
3301:→
3287:→
3263:→
3244:→
3225:→
3202:→
3181:→
3177:→
3164:→
3151:G
3132:→
3128:→
3089:/
3080:→
3004:→
2980:→
2967:→
2965:K
2925:e
2918:t
2911:v
2755:/
2676:)
2663:)
2651:(
2611:)
2607:(
2549:e
2542:t
2535:v
1744:e
1737:t
1730:v
1687:.
1675::
1658:.
1646::
1629:.
1617::
1600:.
1548:.
1538:8
1521:.
1503:.
1489::
1462:.
1450::
1426:.
1412::
1385:.
1373::
1367:5
1350:.
1338::
1315:.
1303::
1275:.
1263::
1240:.
1226::
1199:.
1187::
1159:.
1137::
1110:.
1098::
1075:.
1053::
1026:.
1014::
988:.
960:.
948::
896::
866:.
854::
846::
823:.
801::
774:.
752::
482:(
435:.
272:(
256:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
