224:. In order to let the gyro very slowly orient itself to the direction of gravity while in operation, the typical vacuum powered gyro has small pendulums on the rotor casing that partially cover air holes. When the gyro is out of level with respect to the direction of gravity, the pendulums will swing in the direction of gravity and either uncover or cover the holes, such that air is allowed or prevented from jetting out of the holes, and thereby applying a small force to orient the gyro towards the direction of gravity. Electric powered gyros may have different mechanisms to achieve a similar effect.
251:
164:
59:
344:
50:
185:
193:
242:
335:
220:
with, they often have slightly more weight in the bottom, so that when the aircraft is resting on the ground they will hang level and therefore they will be level when started. But once they are started, that pendulous weight in the bottom will not pull them level if they are out of level, but instead its pull will cause the gyro to
204:(gyro) that spins at high speed, from either an electric motor, or through the action of a stream of air pushing on rotor vanes placed along its periphery. The stream of air is provided by a vacuum system, driven by a vacuum pump, or a venturi. Air passing through the narrowest portion of a venturi has lower air pressure through
219:
Attitude indicators have mechanisms that keep the instrument level with respect to the direction of gravity. The instrument may develop small errors, in pitch or bank during extended periods of acceleration, deceleration, turns, or due to the earth curving underneath the plane on long trips. To start
175:
Most
Russian-built aircraft have a somewhat different design. The background display is colored as in a Western instrument, but moves up and down only to indicate pitch. A symbol representing the aircraft (which is fixed in a Western instrument) rolls left or right to indicate bank angle. A proposed
362:
The
Attitude Direction Indicator (ADI), or Flight Director Indicator (FDI), is an AI integrated with a Flight Director System (FDS). The ADI incorporates a computer that receives information from the navigation system, such as the AHRS, and processes this information to provide the pilot with a 3-D
171:
The essential components of the AI include a symbolic miniature aircraft mounted so that it appears to be flying relative to the horizon. An adjustment knob, to account for the pilot's line of vision, moves the aircraft up and down to align it against the horizon bar. The top half of the instrument
320:
With most AHRS systems, if an aircraft's AIs have failed there will be a standby AI located in the center of the instrument panel, where other standby basic instruments such as the airspeed indicator and altimeter are also available. These mostly mechanical standby instruments may remain available
227:
Older AIs were limited in the amount of pitch or roll that they would tolerate. Exceeding these limits would cause the gyro to tumble as the gyro housing contacted the gimbals, causing a precession force. Preventing this required a caging mechanism to lock the gyro if the pitch exceed 60° and the
277:
from an
Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The FDAI can be configured to use known positions relative to Earth or the stars, so that the engineers, scientists and astronauts can communicate the relative position, attitude, and orbit of the craft.
172:
is blue to represent the sky, while the bottom half is brown to represent the ground. The bank index at the top shows the aircraft angle of bank. Reference lines in the middle indicate the degree of pitch, up or down, relative to the horizon.
363:
flight trajectory cue to maintain a desired path. The cue takes the form of V steering bars. The aircraft is represented by a delta symbol and the pilot flies the aircraft so that the delta symbol is placed within the V steering bars.
109:, and gives an immediate indication of the smallest orientation change. The miniature aircraft and horizon bar mimic the relationship of the aircraft relative to the actual horizon. It is a primary instrument for flight in
208:. The gyro is mounted in a double gimbal, which allows the aircraft to pitch and roll as the gyro stays vertically upright. A self-erecting mechanism, actuated by gravity, counteracts any
321:
even if the electronic flight instruments fail, although the standby attitude indicator may be electrically driven and will, after a short time, fail if its electrical power fails.
595:
574:
216:. It may take a few minutes for the erecting mechanism to bring the gyros to a vertical upright position after the aircraft engine is first powered up.
560:
520:
1016:
556:
798:
273:(FDAI), where they indicate the craft's yaw angle (nose left or right), pitch (nose up or down), roll, and orbit relative to a fixed-space
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1239:
1972:
948:
452:
424:
372:
766:
480:
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968:
110:
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1398:
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1653:
17:
707:
582:
1009:
387:
943:
791:
1423:
136:. Proposals of such devices based on gyroscopes, or spinning tops, date back to the 1740s, including the work of
1623:
1221:
907:
866:
1916:
228:
roll exceeded 100°. Modern AIs do not have this limitation and therefore do not require a caging mechanism.
1906:
1747:
1002:
382:
1977:
784:
737:
148:. In the 2010s, remnants of an artificial horizon using liquid mercury were recovered from the wreck of
1628:
1583:
1274:
912:
902:
613:
495:
38:
1814:
1658:
1608:
513:
353:
260:
176:
hybrid version of the
Western and Russian systems would be more intuitive, but has never caught on.
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1151:
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927:
274:
205:
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1901:
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871:
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302:
120:(°). However, inner workings such as sensors, data and calculations may use a mix of degrees and
68:
1941:
1742:
1638:
1463:
1279:
973:
509:
From
Bohnenberger's Machine to Integrated Navigation Systems. 200 Years of Inertial Navigation.
298:
102:
1921:
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8:
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897:
828:
807:
27:
Flight instrument which displays the aircraft's orientation relative to Earth's horizon
1967:
1881:
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1946:
1911:
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1931:
1791:
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117:
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679:
163:
71:
reference lines (left) and the AI relationship to aircraft orientation (right)
1961:
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Attitude indicators are also used on crewed spacecraft and are called
1891:
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1201:
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833:
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776:
310:
293:, that can be shared with multiple devices in the aircraft, such as "
201:
184:
49:
31:
496:
https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aircraft/
1804:
1777:
1752:
1518:
1498:
1359:
1289:
1206:
1131:
1101:
1037:
978:
738:"Apollo Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GNC) Hardware Overview"
460:. U.S. Dept. of Transportation, FAA. 2016. p. 8-16,8-18,8-19.
352:
ADI (left) with yellow V steering bars, and an AI integrated with
1578:
1229:
1211:
1136:
917:
611:
192:
145:
106:
132:
Before the advent of aviation, artificial horizons were used in
1284:
1191:
1166:
1096:
124:, as scientists and engineers may prefer to work with radians.
121:
708:"Apollo Flight Journal - Apollo Operations Handbook. Volume 1"
575:"Which way is up for Eastern and Western artificial horizons?"
241:
1707:
1309:
1161:
432:. U.S. Dept. of Transportation, FAA. 2012. p. 5-17,5-19.
98:
563:, Wrecks of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site
301:). Rather than using a spinning gyroscope, modern AHRS use
286:
37:"Artificial Horizon" redirects here. For the U2 album, see
470:
454:
Pilot's
Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, FAA-H-8083-25B
281:
614:"AMT Handbook - Chapter 10. Aircraft Instrument Systems"
596:
Safety expert proposes low-cost loss of control fixes
334:
498:
AMT Handbook - Aircraft
Instrument Systems page 10-56
259:
Apollo Flight
Director Attitude Indicator (left) and
231:
289:
are able to provide three-axis information based on
1024:
116:Attitude is always presented to users in the unit
1959:
144:, were based on bubble levels and attached to a
324:
1010:
792:
287:Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (AHRS)
735:
356:glide slope and localizer indicators (right)
547:, Oxford University Press, 2016, pp. 22, 77
1017:
1003:
799:
785:
426:Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15B
572:
545:The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea
191:
183:
162:
612:Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
473:Guided Flight Discovery Private PilotJe
140:. Later implementations, also known as
14:
1960:
806:
736:Interbartolo, Michael (January 2009).
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
419:
417:
415:
413:
411:
409:
373:Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
282:Attitude and Heading Reference Systems
998:
780:
969:Integrated standby instrument system
111:instrument meteorological conditions
471:Jeppesen, A Boeing Company (2007).
436:
406:
271:Flight Director Attitude Indicators
24:
700:
680:"Flight-Director/Atitude [
672:
652:
626:
605:
232:Flight Director Attitude Indicator
25:
1989:
464:
388:Peripheral vision horizon display
188:Vacuum system using a vacuum pump
944:Air data inertial reference unit
342:
333:
249:
240:
57:
48:
1973:Navigational flight instruments
759:
729:
646:
620:
573:Learmount, David (2009-02-09),
543:I.C.B. Dear, Peter Kemp (ed.):
526:from the original on 2007-07-06
1927:In-flight entertainment system
1624:Horizontal situation indicator
908:Horizontal situation indicator
867:Horizontal situation indicator
589:
566:
550:
537:
501:
489:
13:
1:
745:NASA Technical Reports Server
399:
196:Vacuum system using a venturi
1907:Environmental control system
767:"NTSB Safety Recommendation"
383:Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509
325:Attitude Direction Indicator
179:
7:
514:"Photogrammetric Week 2005"
475:. Jeppesen. pp. 2–66.
366:
297:" primary flight displays (
10:
1994:
1584:Course deviation indicator
1275:Electro-hydraulic actuator
913:Inertial navigation system
903:Course deviation indicator
127:
39:Artificial Horizon (album)
36:
29:
1874:
1853:
1815:Conventional landing gear
1786:
1682:
1517:
1383:
1220:
1036:
936:
890:
847:
814:
511:Photogrammetric Week 05.
261:Inertial Measurement Unit
200:The heart of the AI is a
85:), formerly known as the
1599:Flight management system
275:inertial reference frame
30:Not to be confused with
1902:Emergency oxygen system
1664:Turn and slip indicator
1459:Leading-edge droop flap
1429:Drag-reducing aerospike
1404:Adaptive compliant wing
1399:Active Aeroelastic Wing
872:Turn and slip indicator
394:Turn and slip indicator
303:solid-state electronics
1942:Passenger service unit
1743:Self-sealing fuel tank
1639:Multi-function display
974:Primary flight display
197:
189:
168:
158:
1922:Ice protection system
1840:Tricycle landing gear
1830:Landing gear extender
1047:Aft pressure bulkhead
291:ring laser gyroscopes
206:Bernoulli's principle
195:
187:
166:
1887:Auxiliary power unit
1295:Flight control modes
923:Satellite navigation
378:Air India Flight 855
134:celestial navigation
105:relative to Earth's
1866:Escape crew capsule
1773:War emergency power
1644:Pitot–static system
1489:Variable-sweep wing
1197:Vertical stabilizer
585:on October 29, 2014
1978:Technology systems
1574:Attitude indicator
1554:Airspeed indicator
1549:Aircraft periscope
898:Aircraft periscope
857:Attitude indicator
829:Airspeed indicator
808:Flight instruments
198:
190:
169:
91:artificial horizon
79:attitude indicator
18:Artificial horizon
1955:
1954:
1882:Aircraft lavatory
1619:Heading indicator
1564:Annunciator panel
1544:Air data computer
1454:Leading-edge cuff
992:
991:
862:Heading indicator
482:978-0-88487-429-4
97:that informs the
95:flight instrument
16:(Redirected from
1985:
1937:Navigation light
1917:Hydraulic system
1892:Bleed air system
1820:Drogue parachute
1494:Vortex generator
1112:Interplane strut
1019:
1012:
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918:Magnetic compass
877:Turn coordinator
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727:
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714:. Archived from
712:history.nasa.gov
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684:] Indicator"
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507:Jörg F. Wagner:
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214:bearing friction
101:of the aircraft
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1947:Ram air turbine
1912:Flight recorder
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1763:Thrust reversal
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1649:Radar altimeter
1614:Head-up display
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1513:
1409:Anti-shock body
1391:
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1240:Artificial feel
1222:Flight controls
1216:
1082:Fabric covering
1032:
1028:components and
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964:Head-up display
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653:murphy, alan.
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561:2018 Artifacts
557:2015 Artifacts
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1320:Rudder pedals
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1177:Trailing edge
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1157:Stressed skin
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959:Glass cockpit
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769:. 2010-11-08.
768:
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732:
718:on 2015-12-24
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315:magnetometers
312:
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296:
295:glass cockpit
292:
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279:
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263:(IMU) (right)
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51:
40:
33:
19:
1897:Deicing boot
1825:Landing gear
1768:Townend ring
1758:Thrust lever
1733:NACA cowling
1698:Autothrottle
1690:fuel systems
1688:devices and
1573:
1479:Stall strips
1449:Krueger flap
1419:Channel wing
1365:Wing warping
1355:Stick shaker
1350:Stick pusher
1270:Dual control
1255:Centre stick
1122:Leading edge
1092:Flying wires
1052:Cabane strut
891:Navigational
856:
816:Pitot-static
761:
749:. Retrieved
744:
731:
720:. Retrieved
716:the original
711:
702:
691:. Retrieved
687:
681:
674:
662:. Retrieved
658:
648:
636:. Retrieved
632:
622:
607:
602:, 2011-03-04
600:FlightGlobal
591:
583:the original
578:
568:
552:
544:
539:
528:. Retrieved
508:
503:
491:
472:
466:
453:
425:
361:
319:
285:
270:
268:
226:
218:
199:
174:
170:
151:
141:
131:
115:
90:
87:gyro horizon
86:
82:
78:
76:
1845:Tundra tire
1728:Intake ramp
1659:Transponder
1444:Gurney flap
1385:Aerodynamic
1300:Fly-by-wire
1182:Triple tail
305:, low-cost
167:AI interior
138:John Serson
103:orientation
1962:Categories
1835:Oleo strut
1723:Inlet cone
1718:Gascolator
1684:Propulsion
1674:Yaw string
1669:Variometer
1525:instrument
1504:Wing fence
1439:Gouge flap
1414:Blown flap
1370:Yaw damper
1345:Stabilator
1330:Side-stick
1265:Dive brake
1152:Stabilizer
1127:Lift strut
1117:Jury strut
984:Yaw string
849:Gyroscopic
839:Variometer
751:12 October
722:2016-12-01
693:2016-12-01
530:2022-12-04
400:References
311:rate gyros
210:precession
1810:Autobrake
1738:NACA duct
1713:Fuel tank
1703:Drop tank
1686:controls,
1569:Astrodome
1559:Altimeter
1424:Dog-tooth
1389:high-lift
1340:Spoileron
1325:Servo tab
1305:Gust lock
1260:Deceleron
1245:Autopilot
1202:Wing root
1187:Twin tail
1172:Tailplane
1107:Hardpoint
1077:Empennage
1040:structure
834:Machmeter
824:Altimeter
202:gyroscope
180:Operation
32:altimeter
1968:Avionics
1778:Wet wing
1753:Throttle
1499:Vortilon
1360:Trim tab
1290:Flaperon
1280:Elevator
1235:Airbrake
1207:Wing tip
1132:Longeron
1102:Fuselage
1038:Airframe
1026:Aircraft
979:V speeds
664:22 March
638:22 March
521:Archived
367:See also
67:AI with
1788:Landing
1579:Compass
1527:systems
1519:Avionic
1509:Winglet
1392:devices
1335:Spoiler
1230:Aileron
1212:Wingbox
1137:Nacelle
1087:Fairing
1030:systems
222:precess
212:due to
146:sextant
128:History
122:radians
118:degrees
107:horizon
93:, is a
1523:flight
1484:Strake
1315:Rudder
1285:Elevon
1250:Canard
1192:V-tail
1167:T-tail
1097:Former
1057:Canopy
747:. NASA
479:
390:(PVHD)
313:, and
152:Erebus
1708:FADEC
1594:EICAS
1469:Slats
1310:HOTAS
1162:Strut
741:(PDF)
655:"4-5"
629:"4-4"
524:(PDF)
517:(PDF)
458:(PDF)
430:(PDF)
99:pilot
1790:and
1654:TCAS
1634:ISIS
1589:EFIS
1534:ACAS
1521:and
1474:Slot
1434:Flap
1387:and
1375:Yoke
1147:Spar
1072:Dope
954:EFIS
949:ECAM
928:SIGI
753:2018
666:2018
640:2018
477:ISBN
299:PFDs
150:HMS
77:The
1629:INS
1609:GPS
1464:LEX
1142:Rib
682:sic
354:ILS
159:Use
89:or
1964::
743:.
710:.
686:.
657:.
631:.
598:,
577:,
559:,
519:.
438:^
408:^
317:.
309:,
155:.
113:.
83:AI
1018:e
1011:t
1004:v
800:e
793:t
786:v
755:.
725:.
696:.
668:.
642:.
616:.
533:.
485:.
81:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
