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1260:, and the federal government and state of Nigeria. The current oba believes that the royal family has legal claims to the artwork. Critics say that giving the artwork to a single family might not fare well since the royal family no longer has power. Meanwhile, the governor has plans for a museum. Critics argue that once the current governor Godwin Nogheghase Obaseki leaves office in 2024 the museum plans will be abandoned. The state of Nigeria believes that it has the rightful claim to the artwork, but many fear that corruption and mismanagement in Nigerian governments, citing, for instance, the 1973 incident when the head of state at the time,
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838:, and coralâare endowed with sacred power. The innate value of these materials within Benin and the time and skill that is invested in working them reflect the earthly and otherworldly influence of the Oba and the great wealth of his kingdom. Benin's royal arts belong to a tradition that favors convention even as it promotes creativity and innovation, especially as a reflection of royal prerogative. Through time, rulers have used the arts to interpret the history of the kingdom and to orient themselves with the past in an effort to support their own initiatives and define their images for posterity.
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569:â a divine ruler for whom the craftsmen produced a range of ceremonially significant objects. The full complexity of these works can be appreciated through the awareness and consideration of two complementary cultural perceptions of the art of Benin: the Western appreciation of them primarily as works of art, and their understanding in Benin as historical documents and as mnemonic devices to reconstruct history, or as
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by the
British caused impairment in the creation of the arts. On February 18, 1897, the British arrived in Benin City to punish a massacre. The possessions of the Oba and his court became spoils of war. The objects were rounded up with little regard for their associated meaning; no systematic record
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are examples of art related to rituals at court. They are called âdoubleâ gongs because of second, smaller resonating cups at their front. Typically, the central image is the Oba in coral regalia supported by the high priests Osa and Osuan, officials who tend the altars of the kingdom's two patron
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Despite his divine status, the Oba can not rule alone. He must rely on others to fulfill his destiny, a dependence that is physically expressed when he walks or sits with his arms supported at the elbows and wrists by attendants. They help him bear the weight of his regalia, a constant reminder of
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Private and public ceremonies mark many of the important moments in Benin's yearly calendar. In the past, an elaborate series of rites were performed throughout the year to secure otherworldly support for the kingdom's well-being and to celebrate decisive events in its history. For the sake of
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or "altar to the hand," which celebrates the accomplishments of exceptional individuals. The hand is associated with action and productivity, and is considered the source of wealth, status, and success for all those who depend on manual skill and physical strength. Altars of this kind are
1026:(New York City). This box was used to hold kola nuts presented to visitors in the royal court of Benin. Leopards are one of the most commonly portrayed animals in African art. Intelligent and courageous, they often serve as metaphors for powerful individuals or associations
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This ivory double bell (Egogo) is one of the oldest surviving
African ivory sculptures; only six of these ivory gongs are known. They were used by the oba during the Emobo ceremony to drive away evil spirits. Carved with the oba, supported by his military commander and his
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have returned or promised to return their pieces. With the returning of the stolen work, many worry about the fate of the art, as there is now a battle for possession with
Nigeria among three different parties: the descendant of the last oba, the current governor,
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of southern region
Nigeria affirm the centrality of the Oba, or divine king, portraying his divine nature. While recording the kingdom's significant historical events and the Oba's involvement with them, they also initiate the Oba's interactions with the
1032:
903:, an Oba's courtyard was the focal point for rituals in his honor. British troops reported 18 altars dedicated to previous Obas when they took possession of the palace in 1897. Today, all of the royal altars stand together in a single courtyard.
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gods. These gongs are still carried today by the Oba during Emobo, the last of the empowering rites of the Igue festival. The Oba gently taps the ivory instrument, creating a rhythmic sound to calm and dismiss unruly spirits from the kingdom.
1086:, the god of the waters and prosperity. Coral and red stones such as jasper and agate are also filled with supernatural energy, or ase, as are elephant ivory and brass, two other valuable materials that the Oba has historically controlled.
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to the northwest, and with later establishing a royal brass-casting guild. Others suggest brass casting developed independently in Benin and may have mutually benefited from exchange with Ile Ife. Casters in both regions used the
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dedicated to his father, commissioning the appropriate objects to adorn it and activating it on a regular basis with sacrifices of food or animal blood. The Oba does the same for his mother if she attained the title of
951:, which is held during the winter holidays to allow the greatest number of people to attend. Igue includes a sequence of rituals that renew the Oba's supernatural powers and cleanse the kingdom's unruly spirits.
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962:, the Festival of Beads, in which the Oba's coral and red stone regalia is bathed in cow's blood to reinvest it with spiritual force; Ugie Erha Oba, which honors the Oba's father and all paternal ancestors;
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and advancements of the country. Overall, the Benin culture is an extremely important part of history because it is a culture not based on literature, and it is a culture that had great power before the
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The Oba is referred to metaphorically as âthe leopard of the house,â and images of the beautiful, cunning, and immensely dangerous cat appear frequently in Benin's royal arts. Before the
892:, ivory tusks and commemorative brass heads are made specifically for royal altars. Associated with trade, ivory and brass are durable and valuable, and their colorsâwhite like sacred
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from the Sky. As a result, he ordered the village to build a mound of earth painted white that would serve as a remembrance of his power and creation. He then recognized a man as the
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in 1897, domesticated leopards were kept in the palace to demonstrate the Oba's mastery over the wilderness. Leopard imagery is also frequently linked to the Oba's military might.
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A motionless man was floating on water when he heard a voice from a spirit saying, "Open your eyes". As soon as the man opened his eyes he became one with the spirit. Soon after a
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model is formed over a clay core. When the model is complete, clay is carefully applied over the wax. It is then heated, melting the wax, which exits from a narrow channel. Next,
1232:, is asking for its art objects back, which are spread across Western Countries such as Britain, Germany, and the United States. In 2007, western museums joined Nigeria in the "
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in which Benin won. This war helped to establish unity and power in the Benin Empire. The wars Benin participated in and the people Benin conquered made Benin into an
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appear beside him, and the man then decided to whip the terrain he was on. A golden orb appeared, and this golden orb, which would later be known as the
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The origins of brass casting in Benin are debated. One popular story credits Oba Oguola (enthroned c. 1280) with sending for a master brass caster from
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649:: all of the history and stories we know of today from Benin were passed along from person to person from generation to generation. The so-called
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1848:"Oba with Animals, Altar to the Hand (Ikegobo) of Ezomo Ehenua [Nigeria; Edo peoples, court of Benin] (1991.17.113,1996.11)"
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2492:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Benin art
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Art in
Washington DC removed the Benin bronzes that they have from display and they say they have plans to repatriate them.
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Art of
Oceania, Africa, and the Americas from the Museum of Primitive Art: an exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
1082:. His coral crowns, shirts, aprons, necklaces, and accessories refer to those that Oba Ewuare is said to have stolen from
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1102:) are the highest-ranking craft guild within the hierarchical structure of the Iwebo society, followed by blacksmiths (
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is poured into the mold. Once cool, the hardened clay is chipped away, leaving behind an image now cast in bronze.
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1228:, most of pieces of Benin art were auctioned off in London. Today the Benin kingdom, located now in modern day
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1236:" to open discussion about the retrieval of the art pieces. The movement slowed until the recent wave of the
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2512:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF)
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2342:"Smithsonian Museum of African Art removes Benin bronzes from display and plans to repatriate them"
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553:(1440â1897), a pre-colonial African state located in what is now known as the Southern region of
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Given the stylistic differences, the art of Benin has been divided by some authors, including
2256:"The kingdom of Benin was obliterated by the British, who still have the evidence on display"
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by launching its military and conquering other lands. This also led to the formation of many
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Antiquities from the city of Benin and from other parts of West Africa in the
British Museum
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Inneh, David (2007). "The Guilds
Working for the Palace". In Plankensteiner, Barbara (ed.).
2498:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF)
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the Benin bronzes that their troops had looted from the
Kingdom of Benin. In late 2021 the
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2361:"Smithsonian's Museum of African Art Begins Process to Repatriate Its Benin Bronzes"
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The story of how the
Kingdom of Benin began as a culture and nation starts with the
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1696:"The British Conquest of Benin and the Oba's Return | The Art Institute of Chicago"
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is powerful, but Benin culture has not been given proper recognition by western
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to appear before him. Yet again, the man struck the earth with his whip, and a
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1387:. Exhibition catalogue Kunsthistoriches Museum Vienna mit MVK und OTM/Snoeck.
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was kept of their grouping or placement. Many of these objects were sold in
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1721:"Britain's pillaging of the Benin Bronzes begs for a reasonable resolution"
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The decline of Benin art occurred at the end of the 19th century when the
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are especially important to historians because they are a key part of the
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Gore, Charles (Summer 1997). "Casting Identities in Contemporary Benin".
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City of blood revisited : a new look at the benin expedition of 1897
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2203:"Nigeria demands unconditional return of looted artefacts from Germany"
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Box in the form of a leopard's head; 19th century; 17.1 x 14 cm (6
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objects. This original significance is of great importance in Benin.
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Work by Beninese artists at the University of Michigan Museum of Art
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2504:, a catalog from The British Museum (fully available online as PDF)
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2425:"Benin Dialogue Group Consolidates Plans for a Museum in Nigeria"
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2176:"What are the Benin bronzes, and why are they so controversial?"
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Blood and bronze : the British empire and the sack of Benin
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Figure of a leopard; 1550â1680; bronze; height: 39.4 cm (15
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2522:"This Art was Looted 123 Years Ago. Will It Ever Be Returned?"
2315:"Benin Bronzes: Germany to return looted artefacts to Nigeria"
2282:"This Art Was Looted 123 Years Ago. Will It Ever Be Returned?"
1931:"The Cultural Significance Of Coral Beads To The Benin People"
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clay and red like fire and coral beadsârelate to royal power.
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Although only popularly known to Western audiences after the
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The story of the origin of Benin was not transferred through
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Portrait of the king Osemwende; circa 1810; Rietberg Museum
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The materials used in Benin's royal artsâprimarily brass,
2013:"Benin Bronze casting: The story of power and royalty..."
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Current Issues Surrounding the Return of Looted Benin Art
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633:, and he ordered that the priest must always wear white.
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January 2020 article about the Benin Bronzes from the
2399:"Who Benefits When Western Museums Return Looted Art?"
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Art and oracle: African art and rituals of divination
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The Art Newspaper - International art news and events
1224:âs compound in retaliation for the murder of British
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A newly installed Oba is responsible for creating an
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full of people appeared. He then became known as the
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565:, Benin art was produced mainly for the court of the
1798:"altar; religious/ritual equipment | British Museum"
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The Oba's divine right to rule is reiterated in his
2062:Benin - Kings and Rituals. Court Arts from Nigeria
1561:"BeninâKings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria"
1385:Benin - Kings and Rituals. Court Arts from Nigeria
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888:. While bells and rattle staffs are placed on all
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2254:Wiggins, Nick; Fennell, Marc (29 November 2020).
1671:"The Royal Altars | The Art Institute of Chicago"
1272:and took one of the Benin heads and gifted it to
1216:Looted objects from the Benin Punative Raid, 1897
954:Benin's other important ritual festivals include
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2516:Benin Collections in the Archive of Folk Culture
1854:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2000
1773:"Benin collections at National Museums Scotland"
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697:to arrive in Benin were very impressed with the
1874:"Igue: Benin's New Year festival - Daily Trust"
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1986:"The Oba: Leopard of the House (Ekpen N'Owa)"
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1544:(in Romanian). Editura Meridiane. p. 48.
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947:, emphasizes the end-of-year festival called
906:One of the objects unique to Benin art is an
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1747:"Museum Insights / The Raid on Benin, 1897"
645:. In fact, Benin as a culture was based on
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1583:"Overview | The Art Institute of Chicago"
1330:"Benin | historical kingdom, West Africa"
1038:Leopard aquamanile; 17th century; brass;
919:, depending on the status of the patron.
2496:Royal Art of Benin: The Perls Collection
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2039:"Ile Ife, Nigeria (ca. 500 B.C.E.- ) âą"
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2359:Maximiliano Duron (5 November 2021).
2340:Catherine Hickley (28 October 2021).
2088:A Short History of Benin, 4th Edition
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2037:Egu, Ken Chiedozie (16 March 2011).
1540:MihÄilescu, Plutarh-Antoniu (1968).
1383:Barbara Plankensteiner, ed. (2007).
1248:. Many countries, universities, and
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982:Leopard imagery in the arts of Benin
693:-paying towns. Therefore, the first
681:(r. 1440â1473) that Benin became an
480:Third Generation of Nigerian writers
2518:, from the American Folklife Center
2036:
1220:After the British 1897 pillaged of
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13:
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2280:Marshall, Alex (23 January 2020).
2138:"The origins of the Benin bronzes"
1600:
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1310:from the original on 13 March 2023
1276:; that piece remains today in the
1146:Horse and rider; 16â17th century;
1117:, the capital city of the Ancient
943:convenience, the current monarch,
577:Importance of art in Benin culture
66:
14:
2988:
2471:
2397:Frum, David (14 September 2022).
1852:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
2870:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2638:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2136:Jeffreys, M. D. W. (June 1951).
1771:Arts, Global; Cultures; Design.
1646:"Benin Bronzes | British Museum"
1196:agreed to return to present-day
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1126:, in which a precisely detailed
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669:(1515â1516). The Idah war was a
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923:Art related to rituals at court
2478:Penn Museum â Benin Collection
2423:Berlin, Staatliche Museen zu.
2230:"What was life like in Benin?"
1563:. The Art Institute of Chicago
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1508:
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1347:
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1106:) and ivory and wood carvers (
929:Benin court and ceremonial art
814:Benin court and ceremonial art
1:
2201:Augoye, Jayne (8 July 2021).
1283:
1202:Smithsonian Museum of African
1040:Ethnological Museum of Berlin
970:Kingdom in the 16th century.
709:
2086:Egharevba, Jacob U. (1968).
1616:. Rowman & Littlefield.
7:
973:Finely carved ivory double
653:(they are actually made of
10:
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2090:. Ibadan University Press.
1542:ĂntĂąlnire cu arta africanÄ
1495:World History Encyclopedia
1066:Metropolitan Museum of Art
926:
867:, foreground, that of Oba
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811:
721:in the following periods:
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2154:10.1080/00020185108706840
1956:"Double-Gong and Striker"
1823:"Digital Benin - Ikáșčgobá»"
1777:National Museums Scotland
557:. Primarily made of cast
2623:Central African Republic
1991:Art Institute of Chicago
1961:Art Institute of Chicago
1908:Art Institute of Chicago
1451:Docherty, Paddy (2021).
1266:Nigerian National Museum
1255:Godwin Nogheghase Obasek
1182:Benin Expedition of 1897
1090:the burden of kingship.
843:Benin Expedition of 1897
50:This article is part of
1929:admin (29 March 2022).
1355:"Benin Standing Figure"
1334:Encyclopedia Britannica
1240:movement following the
1176:The Punitive Expedition
808:The royal arts of Benin
1610:Robert., Home (1983).
1516:"THE BENIN â IDAH WAR"
1298:"The Kingdom of Benin"
1242:murder of George Floyd
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855:Benin ancestral altars
827:and honor his deified
818:The royal arts of the
744:from the origins-1360
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2783:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2643:Republic of the Congo
1802:www.britishmuseum.org
1650:www.britishmuseum.org
1359:Peyton Wright Gallery
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812:Further information:
763:the Flowering Period
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225:Religion and folklore
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40:Bronze Head of Queen
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21:
1262:General Yakubu Gowon
1234:Benin Dialogue Group
213:World Heritage Sites
2913:Plazas de soberanĂa
2859:States with limited
1303:National Geographic
1246:subsequent protests
796:the Decline Period
752:the Ancient Period
741:the Archaic Period
719:Boris de Rachewiltz
2483:2009-06-15 at the
2286:The New York Times
1935:The Street Journal
1903:"Rituals at Court"
1727:. 21 December 2018
1491:"Kingdom of Benin"
1489:Cartwright, Mark.
1459:C. Hurst & Co.
1264:, walked into the
1238:Black Lives Matter
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785:the "Renaissance"
774:the Apogee Period
613:, and this caused
500:Nigeria portal
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60:Culture of Nigeria
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34:
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2658:Equatorial Guinea
2065:. Ghent: Snoeck.
1700:archive.artic.edu
1675:archive.artic.edu
1587:archive.artic.edu
1467:978-1-78738-456-9
1074:The Oba's regalia
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407:New Yam Festivals
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2109:(3): 54â61, 93.
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1880:. 8 January 2023
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911:commissioned in
901:British conquest
890:ancestral altars
865:ancestral altars
849:Ancestral altars
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663:history of Benin
583:Kingdom of Benin
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31:Benin ivory mask
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2321:. 30 April 2021
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2182:. 16 April 2021
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2018:. 10 April 2010
2011:
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1361:. 11 March 2015
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1098:Brass casters (
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1068:(New York City)
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2016:Vanguard News
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1094:Brass casting
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20:
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2944:Saint Helena
2886:Dependencies
2808:South Africa
2798:Sierra Leone
2603:Burkina Faso
2525:
2508:
2457:. Retrieved
2453:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2428:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2403:The Atlantic
2402:
2364:
2354:
2345:
2335:
2323:. Retrieved
2318:
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2285:
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2259:
2249:
2237:. Retrieved
2234:BBC Bitesize
2233:
2224:
2212:. Retrieved
2206:
2196:
2184:. Retrieved
2179:
2170:
2148:(2): 87â92.
2145:
2141:
2131:
2106:
2103:African Arts
2102:
2096:
2087:
2081:
2061:
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2015:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1989:
1965:. Retrieved
1959:
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1934:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1906:
1882:. Retrieved
1877:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1851:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:
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1754:. Retrieved
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1741:
1729:. Retrieved
1724:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1699:
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
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1653:. Retrieved
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1640:
1612:
1590:. Retrieved
1586:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1541:
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1523:. Retrieved
1519:
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1494:
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1453:
1384:
1363:. Retrieved
1358:
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1333:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1280:of Britain.
1219:
1191:
1179:
1132:molten metal
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825:supernatural
817:
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716:Egyptologist
713:
704:16th century
687:trade routes
657:) and other
636:
596:
591:origin story
580:
567:Oba of Benin
538:
537:
301:Architecture
290:
263:Folk beliefs
236:Christianity
208:Miss Nigeria
198:Coat of arms
175:Video gaming
123:Architecture
22:Benin bronze
15:
2892:territories
2861:recognition
2813:South Sudan
2703:Ivory Coast
2567:African art
2408:22 November
1156:Switzerland
1119:Ife Kingdom
1104:igun ematon
915:, wood, or
899:Before the
886:queenmother
603:snail shell
561:and carved
354:Pounded yam
319:Jollof rice
2926:(Portugal)
2875:Somaliland
2793:Seychelles
2758:Mozambique
2743:Mauritania
2728:Madagascar
2683:The Gambia
2618:Cape Verde
2260:abc.net.au
1940:24 January
1500:24 January
1476:1242465258
1457:. London:
1314:24 January
1284:References
1108:igbesanwan
913:terracotta
869:Akenzua II
799:1691â1819
788:1648â1691
777:1575â1648
766:1500â1575
755:1360â1500
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679:Oba Ewuare
639:literature
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258:Secularism
253:Irreligion
158:Television
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2748:Mauritius
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2162:0002-0184
1632:795371327
1226:diplomats
1042:(Germany)
960:Ugie Ivie
829:ancestors
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695:Europeans
587:scholars.
545:from the
539:Benin art
381:Festivals
369:Puff-puff
286:Igbo-Ukwu
246:Igbo Jews
138:Festivals
95:Languages
85:Nigerians
2971:Category
2950: /
2946: /
2939:(France)
2933: /
2911: /
2907: /
2903: /
2848:Zimbabwe
2823:Tanzania
2673:Ethiopia
2668:Eswatini
2648:Djibouti
2613:Cameroon
2598:Botswana
2481:Archived
2365:Art News
2319:BBC News
1308:Archived
871:'s, 1936
667:Idah war
659:artworks
643:writings
619:wildlife
397:Imo Awka
105:Religion
100:Holidays
52:a series
2935:RĂ©union
2931:Mayotte
2922:Madeira
2917:(Spain)
2909:Melilla
2833:Tunisia
2803:Somalia
2788:Senegal
2773:Nigeria
2763:Namibia
2753:Morocco
2718:Liberia
2713:Lesotho
2663:Eritrea
2633:Comoros
2608:Burundi
2583:Algeria
2325:12 July
2299:12 July
2265:12 July
2239:10 July
2214:12 July
2186:12 July
2123:3337500
2022:10 July
1997:10 July
1858:3 April
1567:2 April
1365:11 June
1339:10 July
1250:museums
1230:Nigeria
1198:Nigeria
1194:Germany
1115:Ile Ife
1080:regalia
1059:⁄
1017:⁄
1007:⁄
964:Oduduwa
908:Ikegobo
691:tribute
623:village
615:forests
555:Nigeria
541:is the
313:Cuisine
241:Judaism
187:Symbols
133:Cuisine
90:History
79:Society
2954:
2937:
2924:
2915:
2890:other
2843:Zambia
2838:Uganda
2778:Rwanda
2733:Malawi
2693:Guinea
2588:Angola
2459:4 July
2434:4 July
2292:
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2121:
2069:
2044:4 July
1967:9 July
1914:9 July
1884:4 July
1832:4 July
1807:4 July
1782:4 July
1756:4 July
1731:4 July
1705:4 July
1680:24 May
1655:6 July
1630:
1620:
1592:24 May
1525:4 July
1474:
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1391:
1187:London
1152:ZĂŒrich
1084:Olokun
1064:in.);
1022:in.);
894:kaolin
699:wealth
683:empire
631:priest
571:ritual
559:bronze
455:Yoruba
432:Oronna
412:Olokun
402:Golibe
329:Abacha
296:Yoruba
203:Anthem
170:Sports
128:Cinema
117:Topics
2905:Ceuta
2818:Sudan
2768:Niger
2723:Libya
2708:Kenya
2688:Ghana
2678:Gabon
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2593:Benin
2119:JSTOR
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427:Umatu
422:Sango
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364:Egusi
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231:Islam
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148:Media
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2738:Mali
2628:Chad
2461:2024
2436:2024
2410:2022
2327:2021
2301:2021
2290:ISSN
2267:2021
2241:2021
2216:2021
2188:2021
2158:ISSN
2067:ISBN
2046:2024
2024:2021
1999:2021
1969:2021
1942:2023
1916:2021
1886:2024
1860:2013
1834:2024
1809:2024
1784:2024
1758:2024
1733:2024
1707:2024
1682:2021
1657:2024
1628:OCLC
1618:ISBN
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1569:2013
1527:2024
1502:2023
1472:OCLC
1462:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1367:2022
1341:2021
1316:2023
1244:and
968:Idah
956:Ague
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863:Two
727:No.
689:and
627:Lord
617:and
601:and
599:whip
581:The
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387:Igue
281:Arts
193:Flag
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2888:and
2346:CNN
2150:doi
2111:doi
1268:in
1128:wax
1110:).
1012:x 5
641:or
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549:or
543:art
465:Edo
349:Owo
339:Eba
275:Art
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