459:
1268:) projectiles fired from high-velocity guns were able to penetrate about twice their calibre at close range (100 m). At longer ranges (500–1,000 m), this dropped 1.5–1.1 calibres due to the poor ballistic shape and higher drag of the smaller-diameter early projectiles. In January 1942 a process was developed by Arthur E. Schnell for 20 mm and 37 mm armour piercing rounds to press bar steel under 500 tons of pressure that made more even "flow-lines" on the tapered nose of the projectile, which allowed the shell to follow a more direct nose first path to the armour target. Later in the conflict, APCBC fired at close range (100 m) from large-calibre, high-velocity guns (75–128 mm) were able to penetrate a much greater thickness of armour in relation to their calibre (2.5 times) and also a greater thickness (2–1.75 times) at longer ranges (1,500–2,000 m).
1592:
penetration capability of an armour-piercing round increases with the projectile's kinetic energy, and with concentration of that energy in a small area. Thus, an efficient means of achieving increased penetrating power is increased velocity for the projectile. However, projectile impact against armour at higher velocity causes greater levels of shock. Materials have characteristic maximum levels of shock capacity, beyond which they may shatter, or otherwise disintegrate. At relatively high impact velocities, steel is no longer an adequate material for armour-piercing rounds. Tungsten and tungsten alloys are suitable for use in even higher-velocity armour-piercing rounds, due to their very high shock tolerance and shatter resistance, and to their high melting and boiling temperatures. They also have very high density. Aircraft and tank rounds sometimes use a core of
950:
640:
charge was to aid the number of fragments produced by the shell after armour penetration, the energy of the fragments coming from the speed of the shell after being fired from a high velocity anti-tank gun, as opposed to its bursting charge. There were some notable exceptions to this, with naval calibre shells put to use as anti-concrete and anti-armour shells, albeit with a much reduced armour penetrating ability. The filling was detonated by a rear-mounted delay fuze. The explosive used in APHE projectiles needs to be highly insensitive to shock to prevent premature detonation. The US forces normally used the explosive
758:
1425:
improving the penetration of the target armour. To prevent shattering on impact, a shock-buffering cap is placed between the core and the outer ballistic shell as with APC rounds. However, because the round is lighter but still the same overall size it has poorer ballistic qualities, and loses velocity and accuracy at longer ranges. The APCR was superseded by the APDS, which dispensed with the outer light alloy shell once the round had left the barrel. The concept of a heavy, small-diameter penetrator encased in light metal was later employed in small-arms armour-piercing incendiary and HEIAP rounds.
282:
1646:
732:
1113:. The effectiveness of such shells is independent of velocity, and hence the range: it is as effective at 1000 metres as at 100 metres. This is because HEAT shells do not lose penetrating ability over distance. The speed can even be zero in the case where a soldier places a magnetic mine onto a tank's armour plate. A HEAT charge is most effective when detonated at a certain, optimal distance in front of a target and HEAT shells are usually distinguished by a long, thin nose probe protruding in front of the rest of the shell and detonating it at a correct distance, e.g.,
914:
885:
856:
262:
1577:, 37 mm/25 mm for several 37 mm gun types) just before the French-German armistice of 1940. The Edgar Brandt engineers, having been evacuated to the United Kingdom, joined ongoing APDS development efforts there, culminating in significant improvements to the concept and its realization. The APDS projectile type was further developed in the United Kingdom between 1941 and 1944 by L. Permutter and S. W. Coppock, two designers with the Armaments Research Department. In mid-1944 the APDS projectile was first introduced into service for the UK's
592:
635:
producing a shell version. They had been using APHE since the invention of the 1.5% high-explosive
Palliser shell in the 1870s and 1880s, and understood the tradeoffs between reliability, damage, percentage of high explosive, and penetration, and deemed reliability and penetration to be most important for tank use. Naval APHE projectiles of this period, being much larger used a bursting charge of about 1–3% of the weight of the complete projectile, but in anti-tank use, the much smaller and higher velocity shells used only about 0.5% e.g.
1722:, etc, etc. To get away from this, APFSDS sub-projectiles instead use aerodynamic drag stabilization (no longitudinal axis rotation), by means of fins attached to the base of the sub-projectile, making it look like a large metal arrow. APFSDS sub-projectiles can thus achieve much higher length-to-diameter ratios than APDS-projectiles, which in turn allows for much higher sub-calibre ratios (smaller sub-calibre to the full-calibre), meaning that APFSDS-projectiles can have an extremely small frontal cross-section to decrease
1497:
projectile has a smaller overall cross-section. This gives it better flight characteristics with a higher sectional density, and the projectile retains velocity better at longer ranges than an undeformed shell of the same weight. As with the APCR, the kinetic energy of the round is concentrated at the core of impact. The initial velocity of the round is greatly increased by the decrease of barrel cross-sectional area toward the muzzle, resulting in a commensurate increase in velocity of the expanding propellant gases.
706:
1706:) requires a certain mass-ratio between length and diameter (calibre) for accurate flight, traditionally a length-to-diameter ratio less than 10 (more for higher density projectiles). If a spin-stabilized projectile is made too long it will become unstable and tumble during flight. This limits how long APDS sub-projectiles of can be in relation to its sub-calibre, which in turn limits how thin the sub-projectile can be without making the projectile mass too light for sufficient
1091:
828:
688:
1334:
291:
77:
1543:
36:
623:(APHE) projectiles, this could result in premature detonation of the high-explosive filling. Advanced and precise methods of differentially hardening a projectile were developed during this period, especially by the German armament industry. The resulting projectiles change gradually from high hardness (low toughness) at the head to high toughness (low hardness) at the rear and were much less likely to fail on impact.
1454:
179:
1702:(LRP), which has been outfitted with fixed fins at the back end for ballistic-stabilization (so called aerodynamic drag stabilization). The fin-stabilisation allows the APFSDS sub-projectiles to be much longer in relation to its sub-calibre thickness compared to the very similar spin-stabilized ammunition type APDS (armour-piercing discarding sabot). Projectiles using spin-stabilization (
790:(C, BC, CBC) are traditionally only applied to AP, SAP, APHE and SAPHE-type projectiles (see below) configured with caps, for example "APHEBC" (armour-piercing high explosive ballistic capped), though sometimes the HE-suffix on capped APHE and SAPHE projectiles get omitted (example: APHECBC > APCBC). If fitted with a tracer, a "-T" suffix is added (APC-T).
988:. This lowers the initial shock of impact to prevent the rigid projectile from shattering, as well as aiding the contact between the target armour and the nose of the penetrator to prevent the projectile from bouncing off in glancing shots. Ideally, these caps have a blunt profile, which led to the use of a further thin aerodynamic cap to improve long-range
1927:(APS) are unlikely to be able to defeat full-calibre AP rounds fired from a large-calibre anti-tank gun, because of the high mass of the shot, its rigidity, short overall length, and thick body. The APS uses fragmentation warheads or projected plates, and both are designed to defeat the two most common anti-armour projectiles in use today: HEAT and
1140:. HEAT rounds caused a revolution in anti-tank warfare when they were first introduced in the later part of World War II. One infantryman could effectively destroy any extant tank with a handheld weapon, thereby dramatically altering the nature of mobile operations. During World War II, weapons using HEAT warheads were known as having a
551:. This "cap" increased penetration by cushioning some of the impact shock and preventing the armour-piercing point from being damaged before it struck the armour face, or the body of the shell from shattering. It could also help penetration from an oblique angle by keeping the point from deflecting away from the armour face.
1627:). This combination allows the firing of a smaller diameter (thus lower mass/aerodynamic resistance/penetration resistance) projectile with a larger area of expanding-propellant "push", thus a greater propelling force and resulting kinetic energy. Once outside the barrel, the sabot is stripped off by a combination of
1525:, which could be attached or removed as necessary. The adaptor extended the usefulness of armoured cars and light tanks, which could not be upgraded with any gun larger than the QF 2 pdr. Although a full range of shells and shot could be used, changing an adaptor during a battle is usually impractical.
1156:, who exhibited the weapon before World War II. Before 1939, Mohaupt demonstrated his invention to British and French ordnance authorities. During the war, the French communicated the technology to the U.S. Ordnance Department, who then invited Mohaupt to the US, where he worked as a consultant on the
1496:
or studs along the outer projectile wall to increase the projectile diameter to a higher caliber. This caliber is the initial full-bore caliber, but the outer shell is deformed as it passes through the taper. Flanges or studs are swaged down in the tapered section so that as it leaves the muzzle the
582:
The rear cavity of these projectiles was capable of receiving a small bursting charge of about 2% of the weight of the complete projectile; when this is used, the projectile is called a shell, not a shot. The high-explosive filling of the shell, whether fuzed or unfuzed, had a tendency to explode on
1591:
The armour-piercing concept calls for more penetration capability than the target's armour thickness. The penetrator is a pointed mass of high-density material that is designed to retain its shape and carry the maximum possible amount of energy as deeply as possible into the target. Generally, the
1914:
round, is inherently capable of piercing armour, being of a small calibre and very high velocity. The entire projectile is not normally made of the same material as the penetrator because the physical characteristics that make a good penetrator (i.e. extremely tough, hard metal) make the material
1424:
40 and some Soviet designs resemble a stubby arrow), but the projectile is lighter: up to half the weight of a standard AP round of the same calibre. The lighter weight allows a higher muzzle velocity. The kinetic energy of the round is concentrated in the core and hence on a smaller impact area,
1283:
body that contained the burster charge and was fitted with a hardened steel nose intended to penetrate heavy armour. Striking a hardened steel plate at high velocity imparted significant force to the projectile and standard armour-piercing shells had a tendency to shatter instead of penetrating,
1231:
Armour-piercing solid shot for cannons may be simple, or composite, solid projectiles but tend to also combine some form of incendiary capability with that of armour-penetration. The incendiary compound is normally contained between the cap and penetrating nose, within a hollow at the rear, or a
639:
with only 0.2% high-explosive filling. This was due to much higher armour penetration requirements for the size of shell (e.g. over 2.5 times calibre in anti-tank use compared to below 1 times calibre for naval warfare). Therefore, in most APHE shells put to anti-tank use the aim of the bursting
634:
and this was dropped as it was found that the fuze tended to separate from the body during penetration. Even when the fuze did not separate and the system functioned correctly, damage to the interior was little different from the solid shot, and so did not warrant the additional time and cost of
1019:
shells of 75 mm calibre and larger, due to the similarity with the much larger naval armour-piercing shells already in common use. As the war progressed, ordnance design evolved so that the bursting charges in APHE became ever smaller to non-existent, especially in smaller calibre shells, e.g.
271:
619:-chromium-based alloy when those grades became scarce. The latter alloy, although able to be hardened to the same level, was more brittle and had a tendency to shatter on striking highly sloped armour. The shattered shot lowered penetration, or resulted in total penetration failure; for
1910:. Upon impact on a hard target, the copper case is destroyed, but the penetrator continues its motion and penetrates the target. Armour-piercing ammunition for pistols has also been developed and uses a design similar to the rifle ammunition. Some small ammunition, such as the
1420:. Tungsten compounds such as tungsten carbide were used in small quantities of inhomogeneous and discarded sabot round, but that element was in short supply in most places. Most APCR projectiles are shaped like the standard APCBC round (although some of the German
1218:
delivery system. While cumbersome, the weapon at last allowed
British infantry to engage armour at range; the earlier magnetic hand-mines and grenades required them to approach suicidally close. During World War II, the British referred to the Munroe effect as the
1011:) shells are armour-piercing shells containing an explosive filling, which were initially termed "shell", distinguishing them from non-explosive "shot". This was largely a matter of British usage, relating to the 1877 invention of the first of the type, the
1236:, the rear cavity is often used to house the tracer compound. For larger-calibre projectiles, the tracer may instead be contained within an extension of the rear sealing plug. Common abbreviations for solid (non-composite/hardcore) cannon-fired shot are;
1765:. However, as such guns have been taken out of service since the early 2000s onwards, rifled APFSDS mainly exist for small- to medium-calibre (under 60 mm) weapon systems, as such mainly fire conventional full-calibre ammunition and thus need rifling.
1749:. Basic APFSDS projectiles can traditionally not be fired from rifled guns, as the immense spinning caused by the rifling damages and destroys the fins of the projectile, etc. This can however be solved by the use of "slipping driving bands" on the
984:. Projectiles designed for this purpose have a greatly strengthened body with a specially hardened and shaped nose. One common addition to later projectiles is the use of a softer ring or cap of metal on the nose known as a penetrating cap, or
1151:
Claims for priority of invention are difficult to resolve due to subsequent historic interpretations, secrecy, espionage, and international commercial interest. Shaped-charge warheads were promoted internationally by the Swiss inventor
1275:
to reduce drag and improve impact velocities at medium to long range. The hollow ballistic cap would break away when the projectile hit the target. These rounds were classified as armour-piercing ballistic capped (APBC) rounds.
1188:
were introduced. The
Panzerfaust and Panzerschreck or 'tank terror' gave the German infantryman the ability to destroy any tank on the battlefield from 50–150 m with relative ease of use and training, unlike the UK PIAT.
1296:
was later fitted to reduce drag. The resulting rounds were classified as armour-piercing capped ballistic capped (APCBC). The hollow ballistic cap gave the rounds a sharper point which reduced drag and broke away on impact.
1288:
cap to the nose of the shells. The more flexible mild steel would deform on impact and reduce the shock transmitted to the projectile body. Shell design varied, with some fitted with hollow caps and others with solid ones.
1931:. Defeating HEAT projectiles can occur by damaging or detonating their explosive filling, or by damaging a shaped charge liner or fuzing system. Defeating kinetic energy projectiles can occur by inducing changes in
1788:
past the armour exposing non-oxidized metal, but both the metal's fragments and dust contaminate the battlefield with toxic hazards. The less toxic WHAs are preferred in most countries except the US and Russia.
493:, invented a method of hardening the head of the pointed cast-iron shot. By casting the projectile point downwards and forming the head in an iron mold, the hot metal was suddenly chilled and became intensely
1031:, such as APDS. Full-calibre armour-piercing shells are no longer the primary method of conducting anti-tank warfare. They are still in use in artillery above 50 mm calibre, but the tendency is to use
644:, otherwise known as ammonium picrate, for this purpose. Other combatant forces of the period used various explosives, suitably desensitized (usually by the use of waxes mixed with the explosive).
458:
1252:; where "T" stands for "tracer" and "I" for "incendiary". More complex, composite projectiles containing explosives and other ballistic devices tend to be referred to as armour-piercing shells.
1279:
Armour-piercing, capped projectiles had been developed in the early 1900s, and were in service with both the
British and German fleets during World War I. The shells generally consisted of a
1588:
anti-tank gun. The idea was to use a stronger and denser penetrator material with smaller size and hence less drag, to allow increased impact velocity and armour penetration.
1492:. This projectile design is very similar to the APCR-design - featuring a high-density core within a shell of soft iron or another alloy - but with the addition of soft metal
1015:
with 1.5% high explosive (HE). By the start of World War II, armour-piercing shells with bursting charges were sometimes distinguished by the suffix "HE"; APHE was common in
626:
APHE shells for tank guns, although used by most forces of this period, were not used by the
British. The only British APHE projectile for tank use in this period was the
1631:
and aerodynamic force, giving the shot low drag in flight. For a given calibre, the use of APDS ammunition can effectively double the anti-tank performance of a gun.
535:
steel armour became commonplace, initially only on the thicker armour of warships. To combat this, the projectile was formed of steel—forged or cast—containing both
1780:
was used for some early Soviet projectiles. DU alloys are cheaper and have better penetration than others, as they are denser and self-sharpening. Uranium is also
1757:
which rotates freely from the sabot). Such ammunition was introduced during the 1970s and 1980s for rifled high-calibre tank guns and similar, such as the
Western
1039:) shells, which have less anti-armour capability but far greater anti-materiel and anti-personnel effects. These still have ballistic caps, hardened bodies and
1518:. Although HE rounds were also put into service, they weighed only 93 grams and had low effectiveness. The German taper was a fixed part of the barrel.
1827:
were 800 kg (1,800 lb) armour-piercing bombs, modified from 41-centimeter (16.1 in) naval shells, which succeeded in sinking the battleship
1609:
1488:
weapons (also known as "tapered bore" weapons) – weapons featuring a barrel or barrel extension which taperes towards the muzzle – a system known as the
2336:
1640:
1168:
self-propelled gun (7.5 cm Gr.38 Hl/A, later editions B and C). In mid-1941, Germany started producing HEAT rifle grenades, first issued to
658:
2141:
Donald R. Kennedy,'History of the Shaped Charge Effect, The First 100 Years – USA – 1983', Defense
Technology Support Services Publication, 1983
1894:, and such cartridges are often called "hard-core bullets". Rifle armour-piercing ammunition generally carries its hardened penetrator within a
1857:
1734:. Velocity and kinetic energy both dictates how much range and penetration the projectile will have. This long thin shape also has increased
579:
treatment, which gave the required hardness/toughness profile (differential hardening) to the projectile body, was a closely guarded secret.
17:
1600:
and self-sharpening on impact, resulting in intense heat and energy focused on a minimal area of the target's armour. Some rounds also use
2241:
1160:
project. By mid-1940, Germany had introduced the first HEAT round to be fired by a gun, the 7.5 cm fired by the Kw.K.37 L/24 of the
141:
94:
49:
2105:
113:
1816:
1326:
in AP shot). They act as low-cost ammunition with worse penetration characteristics to contemporary high carbon steel projectiles.
1109:
used to defeat armoured vehicles. They are very efficient at defeating plain steel armour but less so against later composite and
317:: Perforated 110 mm (4.3 in) armour plate, penetrated by 105 mm (4.1 in) armour-piercing solid-shot projectile
120:
2341:
503:), while the remainder of the mold, being formed of sand, allowed the metal to cool slowly and the body of the shot to be made
200:
187:
1306:
2221:
127:
2267:
512:
These chilled iron shots proved very effective against wrought iron armour but were not serviceable against compound and
423:
and cause damage to their lightly-armoured interiors. From the 1920s onwards, armour-piercing weapons were required for
109:
1983:
solid shot – low-cost ammunition with worse penetration characteristics to contemporary high-carbon steel projectiles.
2312:
2181:
438:, anti-vehicle rounds began to use a smaller but dense penetrating body within a larger shell, firing at a very high
236:
218:
160:
63:
1703:
1537:
924:
1619:
Energy is concentrated by using a reduced-diameter tungsten shot, surrounded by a lightweight outer carrier, the
1345:
55:
1932:
98:
2352:
2005:
Type with a large explosive charge for major post-penetration damage at the cost of penetration. Designated
2444:
1214:
issued to the
British army in 1940. By 1943, the PIAT was developed; a combination of a HEAT warhead and a
419:
The first major application of armour-piercing projectiles was to defeat the thick armour carried on many
992:. Armour-piercing shells may contain a small explosive charge known as a "bursting charge". Some smaller-
949:
524:
by water took the place of the
Palliser shot. At first, these forged-steel rounds were made of ordinary
134:
996:
armour-piercing shells have an inert filling or an incendiary charge in place of the bursting charge.
1574:
1928:
1849:
1028:
596:
346:
196:
2464:
2051:
1924:
1085:
427:. AP rounds smaller than 20 mm are intended for lightly armoured targets such as body armour,
2474:
1012:
757:
516:
armour, which was first introduced in the 1880s. A new departure, therefore, had to be made, and
490:
87:
2347:
2237:
1873:
1824:
1820:
1585:
576:
568:
521:
495:
2199:
2124:
1745:(unrifled) barrels, as the fin-stabilization negates the need for spin-stabilization through
1578:
1046:
Common terms (and acronyms) for modern armour-piercing and semi-armour-piercing shells are:
631:
575:. The projectiles were finished in a similar manner to others described above. The final, or
1645:
2469:
2437:
1879:
1785:
1528:
The APCNR was superseded by the APDS design which was compatible with non-tapered barrels.
2095:
1043:, but tend to have far thinner body material and much higher explosive contents (4–15%).
1040:
731:
8:
1699:
985:
913:
884:
768:
716:
567:
steel that was melted in pots. They were forged into shape afterward and then thoroughly
532:
334:
281:
855:
261:
2019:
1681:
1601:
1522:
1440:
544:
474:
armour of considerable thickness. This armour was practically immune to both the round
591:
2407:
2318:
2308:
2217:
2177:
1968:
1758:
1735:
1695:
1628:
1605:
1489:
1413:
1323:
1292:
Since the best-performance penetrating caps were not very aerodynamic, an additional
1233:
428:
424:
367:
1546:
Swedish armour-piercing discarding sabot projectile, here seen with and without its
2090:
1944:
1891:
1773:
1750:
1673:
1613:
1593:
1561:
1547:
1473:
1417:
1405:
1397:
1211:
1021:
966:
934:
636:
547:
over the point of the shell – so called "Makarov tips" invented by
Russian admiral
486:
467:
447:
358:
2449:
1992:
Type with a small explosive charge for added post-penetration damage. Designated
1861:
1665:
1389:
1133:
1110:
479:
439:
705:
2263:
1949:
1883:
1777:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1502:
1444:
1137:
1027:
The primary projectile types for modern anti-tank warfare are discarding-sabot
981:
548:
413:
355:
1730:, while still having a long body to retain great mass by length, meaning more
2458:
2411:
2100:
1798:
1597:
1581:
1515:
1511:
1448:
1293:
1272:
1215:
1193:
1178:
1153:
1129:
1106:
777:
742:
572:
330:
2109:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 864–875.
1768:
APFSDS projectiles are usually made from high-density metal alloys, such as
2322:
1812:
1808:
1754:
1661:
1624:
1570:
1507:
1485:
1469:
1434:
1404:), is a projectile which has a core of high-density hard material, such as
1377:
1280:
1090:
980:
An armour-piercing projectile must withstand the shock of punching through
525:
471:
435:
405:
381:
2419:
1907:
1899:
1828:
1804:
1711:
1692:
1481:
1184:
1169:
827:
687:
560:
409:
343:
1333:
2202:
illustration at bottom of page on working principle of APCBC type shell
1980:
1781:
1742:
1500:
The Germans deployed their initial design as a light anti-tank weapon,
1319:
1285:
989:
608:
603:
During World War II, projectiles used highly alloyed steels containing
500:
401:
1569:). An early version was developed by engineers working for the French
1132:
to create a very high-velocity particle stream of metal in a state of
1836:
1784:
and may become opportunistically incendiary, especially as the round
1409:
1161:
1117:
bomb. HEAT shells are less effective when spun, as when fired from a
1016:
616:
505:
475:
377:
290:
528:, but as armour improved in quality, the projectiles followed suit.
76:
1911:
1887:
1769:
1727:
1719:
1649:
French armour-piercing, fin-stabilized, discarding sabot projectile
1551:
1542:
1388:) in US nomenclature, alternatively called "hard core projectile" (
1165:
1125:
564:
540:
443:
1864:
to assist in penetrating the armour of ships and similar targets.
1741:
Large calibre (105+ mm) APFSDS projectiles are usually fired from
1453:
1408:, surrounded by a full-bore shell of a lighter material (e.g., an
2094:
1846:
1842:
1746:
1689:
1573:, and was fielded in two calibres (75 mm/57 mm for the
1157:
1118:
993:
641:
612:
517:
420:
2367:
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare
2307:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 274–276.
1852:
were able to penetrate 130 mm (5.1 in) of armour. The
1664:, alternatively called "arrow projectile" or "dart projectile" (
1210:-inch (63.5 mm) cup launcher on the end of the barrel; the
270:
1915:
equally harmful to the barrel of the gun firing the cartridge.
1895:
1493:
1271:
In an effort to gain better aerodynamics, AP rounds were given
1192:
The first British HEAT weapon to be developed and issued was a
787:
604:
536:
2383:. Office of the Chief of Ordnance. 1 August 1945. p. 316.
2152:
Grenades and Mortars' Weapons Book #37, 1974, Ballantine Books
404:
designed to penetrate armour protection, most often including
305:: Solid-shot armour-piercing projectiles stuck in armour plate
2176:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–79, 90.
1762:
599:
capped armour-piercing shell with ballistic cap (APCBC), 1943
571:, the core bored at the rear and the exterior turned up in a
513:
2214:
The God of War of the Third Reich (Бог войны Третьего рейха)
2118:
2116:
1903:
1596:. Depleted-uranium penetrators have the advantage of being
1114:
1054:
1480:) or less commonly "armour-piercing super-velocity", is a
647:
442:. Modern penetrators are long rods of dense material like
1284:
especially at oblique angles, so shell designers added a
462:
Steel plates penetrated in tests by naval artillery, 1867
2162:
Western Hills Press, Cheviot Ohio Page 3-B May 30th 1968
2113:
2240:. Old Town, Hemel Hempstead: The Museum of Technology.
1075:– Semi-armour-piercing high-explosive incendiary tracer
583:
striking armour in excess of its ability to perforate.
1457:
German Armour-Piercing, Composite Non-Rigid projectile
478:
cannonballs then in use and to the recently-developed
1094:
Animation of a HEAT-shell functioning against armour.
2342:"The Destruction of the Battle Line at Pearl Harbor"
1610:
High explosive incendiary/armour piercing ammunition
1124:
HEAT shells were developed during World War II as a
2195:
2193:
2122:
1902:jacket, similar to the jacket which would surround
1232:combination of both. If the projectile also uses a
975:
611:, although in Germany, this had to be changed to a
485:The first solution to this problem was effected by
450:(DU) that further improve the terminal ballistics.
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2340:
2009:if filled with a high explosive incendiary charge.
1996:if filled with a high explosive incendiary charge.
1714:the projectile can be (smaller calibre means less
1710:(range and penetration), which in turn limits how
1608:tips to aid in the penetration of thicker armour.
1616:penetrator with an incendiary and explosive tip.
1558:An important armour-piercing development was the
1128:made of an explosive shaped charge that uses the
945:– Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot
2456:
2190:
1307:Glossary of British ordnance terms § S.A.P.
1172:and by 1942 to regular army units. In 1943, the
1069:– Semi-armour-piercing high-explosive incendiary
2398:Okun, Nathan F. (1989). "Face Hardened Armor".
1654:Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot
1641:Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot
659:Armour-piercing, capped, ballistic capped shell
1226:
370:(set with delay to explode inside the target)
2369:(London: Phoebus, 1978), Volume 10, p. 1037.
2261:
2212:Shirokorad, A. B. (Широкорад А. Б.) (2002).
1738:, in turn increasing penetration potential.
1472:, alternatively called "flange projectile" (
799:Projectile configurations (incomplete list)
27:Ammunition type designed to penetrate armour
2287:
543:. Another change was the introduction of a
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2424:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Ammunition
2305:Battleship Arizona: An Illustrated History
2211:
2089:
466:The late 1850s saw the development of the
323:: Diagram of capped armour-piercing shell:
2302:
1882:are usually built around a penetrator of
793:
753:– Armour-piercing capped ballistic capped
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
219:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
1644:
1541:
1452:
1089:
1024:with only 0.2% high-explosive filling.
652:
590:
457:
2365:Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. "Fritz-X", in
2292:. Jane's Information Group. p. 76.
648:Projectile composition and construction
14:
2457:
2200:Popular Science, December 1944, pg 126
2171:
559:Shot and shell used before and during
2123:Bonnier Corporation (February 1945).
2068:
1845:armour-piercing bomb and the derived
1063:– Semi-armour-piercing high-explosive
851:– Semi-armour-piercing high-explosive
2418:
2397:
2379:"Rocket-Propelled Bomb PC 1000 Rs".
2335:
2270:from the original on 9 November 2010
2244:from the original on 16 October 2010
2216:. M. AST (М.,ООО Издательство АСТ).
1815:and other armoured ships. Among the
1584:and later in September 1944 for the
1462:Armour-piercing, composite non-rigid
1328:
499:(resistant to deformation through a
172:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
70:
29:
1033:semi-armour-piercing high-explosive
531:During the 1890s and subsequently,
24:
2381:Catalog Of Enemy Ordnance Material
2131:. Bonnier Corporation. p. 66.
1521:In contrast, the British used the
1053:– High-explosive incendiary (base
909:– Armour-piercing discarding sabot
837: Solid or hollowed steel body
727:– Armour-piercing ballistic capped
311:: Projectile penetration animation
25:
2486:
2431:
1878:Armour-piercing rifle and pistol
1698:projectile, typically known as a
880:– Armour-piercing composite rigid
563:were generally cast from special
431:, and lightly armoured vehicles.
45:This article has multiple issues.
1538:armour-piercing discarding sabot
1332:
976:Armour-piercing non-solid shells
948:
912:
894: High-density hard material
883:
854:
846:– Armour-piercing high-explosive
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2288:Ogorkiewicz, Richard M (1991).
2281:
2255:
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2165:
2156:
2024:armour-piercing, super-velocity
2022:, ammunition was designated as
2012:
1792:
1523:Littlejohn squeeze-bore adaptor
1396:) or simply "core projectile" (
1370:Armour-piercing composite rigid
1318:) shot is a solid shot made of
959: Fin-stabilized penetrator
586:
501:Martensite phase transformation
434:As tank armour improved during
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2351:, vol. 103, no. 12,
2262:Jason Rahman (February 2008).
2144:
2135:
2044:
1999:
1986:
1974:
1962:
1575:75 mm Mle1897/33 anti-tank gun
1503:2.8 cm schwere Panzerbüchse 41
1136:, and used to penetrate solid
1005:Armour-piercing high-explosive
621:armour-piercing high-explosive
554:
13:
1:
2353:United States Naval Institute
2037:
1867:
1428:
1416:of the APCR resulted in high
1382:high-velocity armour-piercing
999:
18:Armor-piercing shot and shell
2052:"Armour-piercing projectile"
1364:
110:"Armour-piercing ammunition"
7:
1938:
1560:armour-piercing discarding
1227:Armour-piercing solid shots
1221:cavity effect on explosives
509:(resistant to shattering).
10:
2493:
2450:Armour piercing projectile
2125:"The Bazookas Grandfather"
1935:or by fracturing the rod.
1918:
1871:
1796:
1704:longitudinal axis rotation
1638:
1535:
1438:
1432:
1304:
1083:
1029:kinetic energy penetrators
656:
453:
394:Armour-piercing ammunition
253:Armour-piercing ammunition
1929:kinetic energy penetrator
1925:active protection systems
1805:bombs dropped by aircraft
1634:
1412:alloy). However, the low
1212:British No. 68 AT grenade
865: Hollowed steel body
347:kinetic energy penetrator
2303:Stillwell, Paul (1991).
1955:
1550:as well as its internal
1260:Early WWII-era uncapped
1099:High-explosive anti-tank
1086:High-explosive anti-tank
701:– Armour-piercing capped
191:may need to be rewritten
2106:Encyclopædia Britannica
2056:Encyclopedia Britannica
2018:In case of the british
1908:conventional projectile
1531:
1105:) shells are a type of
1079:
1874:Armour-piercing bullet
1825:attack on Pearl Harbor
1821:Imperial Japanese Navy
1772:heavy alloys (WHA) or
1696:high-sectional density
1685:
1677:
1669:
1650:
1555:
1510:, and followed by the
1477:
1458:
1401:
1393:
1300:
1095:
900: Deformable metal
871: Explosive charge
823:– Semi-armour-piercing
794:Penetrator and filling
600:
463:
2400:Warship International
2238:"Shells and Grenades"
2174:The Battle of Jutland
2172:Brooks, John (2016).
1850:precision-guided bomb
1797:Further information:
1648:
1545:
1456:
1439:Further information:
1305:Further information:
1255:
1093:
653:Cap and ballistic cap
594:
487:Major Sir W. Palliser
461:
1571:Edgar Brandt company
1312:Semi-armour-piercing
95:improve this article
2290:Technology of tanks
2266:. Avalanche Press.
1700:long rod penetrator
1623:(a French word for
1484:projectile used in
986:armour-piercing cap
800:
769:Armour-piercing cap
717:Armour-piercing cap
665:
664:Cap configurations
632:2 pdr anti-tank gun
520:rounds with points
335:armour-piercing cap
2096:"Ammunition"
2020:Littlejohn adaptor
1726:, thus increasing
1651:
1556:
1459:
1441:Littlejohn adaptor
1344:. You can help by
1096:
798:
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601:
464:
2339:(December 1977),
2223:978-5-17-015302-2
2091:Seton-Karr, Henry
1969:High-carbon steel
1858:a series of bombs
1807:were used during
1759:Royal Ordnance L7
1736:sectional density
1718:), thus limiting
1629:centrifugal force
1490:Gerlich principle
1414:sectional density
1394:Hartkernprojektil
1362:
1361:
1324:high-carbon steel
973:
972:
818:– Armour-piercing
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683:– Armour-piercing
429:bulletproof glass
425:anti-tank warfare
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1892:tungsten carbide
1803:Armour-piercing
1774:depleted uranium
1761:and the Eastern
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1872:Main article:
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1778:maraging steel
1732:kinetic energy
1724:air-resistance
1716:air-resistance
1708:kinetic energy
1670:Pfeil-Geschoss
1639:Main article:
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1445:2.8 cm sPzB 41
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1468:) in British
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1353:November 2023
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1793:Aerial bombs
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1678:pilprojektil
1662:nomenclature
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209:January 2022
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195:Please help
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93:Please help
88:verification
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47:Please help
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2470:Projectiles
2348:Proceedings
1971:solid shot.
1900:cupronickel
1712:aerodynamic
1693:sub-calibre
1612:combines a
1506:, early in
1482:sub-calibre
1185:Panzerfaust
642:Explosive D
561:World War I
555:World War I
410:body armour
344:Steel alloy
321:Lower right
2459:Categories
2441:'s channel
2274:2010-10-23
2248:2010-10-23
2150:Ian Hogg,
2061:2021-02-19
2038:References
1981:Mild steel
1880:cartridges
1868:Small arms
1782:pyrophoric
1743:smoothbore
1606:incendiary
1598:pyrophoric
1429:APCNR/APSV
1320:mild steel
1286:mild steel
1041:base fuzes
1000:APHE/SAPHE
990:ballistics
927:penetrator
609:molybdenum
607:-chromium-
402:projectile
315:Lower left
151:April 2018
121:newspapers
50:improve it
2412:0043-0374
1854:Luftwaffe
1837:Luftwaffe
1829:USS
1682:Norwegian
1602:explosive
1586:QF-17 pdr
1410:aluminium
1365:APCR/HVAP
1162:Panzer IV
1148:warhead.
1017:anti-tank
807:Schematic
672:Schematic
617:manganese
577:tempering
476:cast-iron
378:Bourrelet
309:Top right
56:talk page
2422:(1985).
2268:Archived
2242:Archived
2093:(1911).
1939:See also
1912:FN 5.7mm
1888:tungsten
1811:against
1770:tungsten
1728:velocity
1720:velocity
1688:), is a
1579:QF 6-pdr
1552:tungsten
1196:using a
1174:Püppchen
1166:Stug III
1126:munition
1073:SAPHEI-T
788:suffixes
630:for the
569:annealed
565:chromium
541:chromium
533:cemented
522:hardened
444:tungsten
421:warships
303:Top left
2445:YouTube
2323:2365447
2103:(ed.).
1919:Defense
1862:rockets
1847:Fritz X
1843:PC 1400
1831:Arizona
1823:in the
1813:capital
1747:rifling
1690:saboted
1674:Swedish
1494:flanges
1474:Swedish
1398:Swedish
1205:⁄
1158:bazooka
994:calibre
693:No cap
613:silicon
454:History
366:– Base-
135:scholar
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2007:SAPHEI
1896:copper
1834:. The
1786:shears
1776:(DU);
1666:German
1658:APFSDS
1635:APFSDS
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1390:German
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2099:. In
1994:APHEI
1956:Notes
1906:in a
1890:, or
1763:D-10T
1751:sabot
1621:sabot
1562:sabot
1548:sabot
1466:APCNR
1422:Pzgr.
1250:API-T
1121:gun.
1061:SAPHE
1037:SAPHE
967:Sabot
935:Sabot
849:SAPHE
751:APCBC
573:lathe
514:steel
506:tough
142:JSTOR
128:books
2408:ISSN
2404:XXVI
2319:OCLC
2309:ISBN
2218:ISBN
2178:ISBN
2028:APSV
1904:lead
1819:the
1567:APDS
1554:core
1532:APDS
1514:and
1386:HVAP
1374:APCR
1248:and
1242:AP-T
1182:and
1115:PIAT
1103:HEAT
1080:HEAT
1055:fuze
1009:APHE
907:APDS
878:APCR
844:APHE
804:Name
786:Cap
725:APBC
669:Name
539:and
496:hard
368:fuse
114:news
2443:on
1898:or
1604:or
1348:.
1316:SAP
1301:SAP
1246:API
1144:or
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376:–
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