1207:. With regards to Ardi's body composition, archaeologists note that she is unique in that she possesses traits that are characteristic of both extinct primates and early hominids. It is still a point of debate whether Ardi was capable of bipedal movement. Ardi's divergent big toes are not characteristic of a biped. However, the found remains of her legs, feet, pelvis, and hands suggested that she walked upright when on the ground but was a quadruped when moving around trees. Her big toe, for example, spreads out quite a bit from her foot to better grasp tree limbs. Unlike chimpanzees, however, her foot contains a unique small bone inside a tendon which kept the big toe stronger. When seen along with Ardi's other bone structures, this unique bone would have helped her
2046:
1270:. This opposable hallux is believed to have been used to aid in tree climbing. On the outside, Ardi's foot may look like it belongs with other Apes, but on the inside, Ardi's foot contains a bone called the os peroneum, which allows the bottom of the foot to be more rigid. The rigidity of the bottom of the foot was believed to allow Ardi to walk upright, and the other four toes that were aligned performed the "toe off" action during a bipedal motion. The combination of features found in Ardi's and other
2058:
2022:
2034:
1241:
all later hominids is a separate growth site for the anterior inferior iliac spine. A similar ischial structure is a characteristic found in Ardi and in extant
African apes. This mixture of characteristics indicates Ardi's bipedality was an earlier version of bipedalism compared to later hominids like
1240:
species, had the ability to walk upright. The shift to bipedality is only beginning to emerge in Ardi because there are characteristics in Ardi's pelvis that are both found in all later hominids and characteristics that are found in extant
African apes. A characteristic that is found in Ardi and in
1235:
had more ancestral hands, feet, and limbs, Ardi's pelvis gives a different perspective. The parts of Ardi's pelvis that were recovered include her left hip, her right ilium, and a fragment of her distal sacrum. A shorter ilium and a curve in the lower spine were the characteristics gathered from
1187:
Ardi weighed about 50 kg (110 lb), and could be up to 120 cm (3.9 ft) tall. Although she is a biped, Ardi had both opposable big toes and thumbs in order to climb trees. It is speculated that her bipedality impeded movement, but enabled her to bear more offspring.
1265:
specimens that can be studied includes "a talus, medial and intermediate cuneiforms, cuboid, first, second, third, and fifth metatarsals, and several phalanges." The foot of Ardi contains an opposable hallux (big toe) that is similar to
1211:
bipedally, though less efficiently than Lucy. Her wrist bones also provided her with flexibility but the palm bones were short. This suggests that Ardi did not walk on her knuckles and only used her palms to move along tree branches.
1173:
1719:
41:
1223:, and increased parental investment. "Thus fundamental reproductive and social behavioral changes probably occurred in hominids long before they had enlarged brains and began to use stone tools."
185:
and its environment. Her fossils were also found near animal remains which indicated that she inhabited a forest type of environment, contrary to the theory that bipedalism originated in
1605:
1723:
1396:
1525:
1274:
foot bones captures a moment in time where these primitive primates were beginning to leave the trees and spending longer periods of time on the ground.
1215:
Some of Ardi's teeth are still connected to her jawbone and show enamel wear suggesting a diet consisting of fruit and nuts. The canine teeth of
1429:
1615:
1991:
1977:
1846:
White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009-10-02).
1311:
1003:
163:, when he uncovered a partial piece of a hand bone. The discovery was made by a team of scientists led by UC Berkeley anthropologist,
873:
1983:
1471:
893:
262:
1752:
1249:
was well underway by 4.4 million years ago, even with the ability for arboreal locomotion still present in the hands and limbs.
853:
1257:
Ardi's foot is a special area of interest when examining the evolution of bipedalism in early
Hominids, and the bipedality of
2004:
1497:
833:
1519:
1043:
1406:
2083:
168:
1996:
483:
255:
125:, thought to be an early human-like female anthropoid 4.4 million years old. It is the most complete early
2038:
232:
129:
specimen, with most of the skull, teeth, pelvis, hands and feet, more complete than the previously known
2012:
1363:
1245:. Regardless of how ancestral Ardi's bipedality was, these characteristics found in Ardi's pelvis show
1219:
are smaller, and equal in size between males and females. This suggests reduced male-to-male conflict,
936:
670:
662:
654:
131:
774:
1430:"'Ardi' may rewrite the story of humans: 1.4 million-year-old primate helps bridge evolutionary gap"
2078:
1610:
1579:
178:
2000:
1289:
1242:
744:
248:
160:
136:
108:
1172:
959:
703:
1643:
475:
27:
220:, suggesting that Ardi lived on the ground and was the root of the family tree of humanity.
1932:
1859:
1799:
1757:
1678:
1112:
913:
760:
629:
614:
121:
63:
40:
1920:
1847:
1787:
1786:
Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; Spurlock, Linda; Asfaw, Berhane; White, Tim D. (2009-10-02).
8:
2050:
1919:
Lovejoy, C. Owen; Latimer, Bruce; Suwa, Gen; Asfaw, Berhane; White, Tim D. (2009-10-02).
1585:
1434:
1936:
1863:
1803:
1682:
1460:
1956:
1875:
1823:
1702:
1663:
1023:
1637:
1090:
1980:
Radio interview of
Stanley Ambrose, Professor of Anthropology, University of Illinois
1948:
1815:
1694:
1371:
1337:
1320:
173:
1960:
1879:
1827:
1706:
1546:
1940:
1867:
1807:
1686:
1589:
1329:
695:
644:
152:
82:
1751:
Shook, Beth; Nelson, Katie; Aguilera, Kelsie; Braff, Lara; Eds (9 December 2019).
1261:
because all five toes do not line up. The remains of the foot from Ardi and other
1401:
1204:
728:
497:
453:
1788:"The Pelvis and Femur of Ardipithecus ramidus: The Emergence of Upright Walking"
1333:
2062:
2026:
549:
536:
466:
440:
2072:
1375:
1180:
1068:
736:
217:
1944:
1871:
1811:
1690:
1952:
1819:
1698:
1341:
1283:
1220:
1199:
1193:
1144:
718:
685:
599:
523:
510:
164:
119:(ARA-VP-6/500) is the designation of the fossilized skeletal remains of an
1493:
1197:, the discovery is of great significance and added much to the debate on
1047:
790:
414:
167:, and was analyzed by an international group of scientists that included
156:
86:
16:
Designation of the fossilized skeletal remains of an
Ardipithecus ramidus
1921:"Combining Prehension and Propulsion: The Foot of Ardipithecus ramidus"
1712:
1267:
1246:
20:
2057:
1128:
805:
2021:
1177:
979:
427:
401:
197:
186:
90:
1208:
584:
576:
562:
386:
126:
2033:
139:". In all, 125 different pieces of fossilized bone were found.
1845:
1191:
Although it is not yet clear how Ardi's species is related to
1848:"Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids"
1664:"Reexamining human origins in light of Ardipithecus ramidus"
200:
in 1992, but it took 17 years to assess their significance.
1528:, The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program, 2010
1466:
1161:
181:
collection of eleven articles, detailing many aspects of
171:
heading the biology team. On 1 October 2009, the journal
1900:
Shreeve, Jamie (2010-07-01). "The Birth of
Bipedalism".
1785:
1750:
1918:
2010:
1362:
Lemonick, Michael D.; Dorfman, Andrea (2009-10-01).
1722:. National Geographic. October 2009. Archived from
227:
1236:these partial remains that indicate Ardi, and the
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1303:
2070:
1655:
1526:Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History
1597:
1395:Lemonick, M. D.; Dorfman, D. (1 October 2009).
1394:
1361:
1292: – 3.2-million-year-old fossilized hominid
196:to come to light. The first ones were found in
1564:
1397:"Ardi is a new piece for the evolution puzzle"
1364:"Ardi Is a New Piece for the Evolution Puzzle"
1606:"Oldest Modern Human Outside of Africa Found"
256:
1593:. Vol. 218, no. 1. pp. 38–67.
1388:
1454:
1452:
1309:
1978:Human Origins and the Fossil Skeleton Ardi
263:
249:
159:in Ethiopia in 1994 by a college student,
45:The recovered fragments of Ardi's skeleton
39:
1720:"Oldest Skeleton of Human Ancestor Found"
1427:
1449:
1171:
1899:
1661:
1603:
1577:
2071:
1157:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1494:"Online extras: Ardipithecus ramidus"
241:
1992:Discovering Ardi - Discovery Channel
1458:
1100:
1078:
1056:
1032:
1012:
992:
968:
948:
925:
902:
882:
862:
842:
822:
230:
1539:
1500:from the original on 5 October 2009
1474:from the original on 6 October 2009
13:
2005:National Museum of Natural History
1908:(1): 61–67 – via Ebsco Host.
1886:
1834:
1772:
1737:
212:means "ground floor" and the word
14:
2095:
1971:
1635:
1461:"Fossil finds extend human story"
1286: – Extinct genus of hominins
192:Ardi was not the first fossil of
2056:
2044:
2032:
2020:
1428:Achenbach, J. (2 October 2009).
1912:
1662:Lovejoy, C. Owen (2009-10-02),
1629:
1547:"Who's Who in Human Evolution"
1512:
1486:
1421:
1355:
1310:Ann Gibbons (2 October 2009).
821:
223:
155:in the arid badlands near the
1:
1604:Shreeve, Jamie (2009-10-01).
1296:
19:For the village in Iran, see
1997:Human Timeline (Interactive)
1578:Shreeve, Jamie (July 2010).
203:
142:
7:
1459:Amos, J. (1 October 2009).
1334:10.1126/science.326.5949.36
1277:
1158:
380:
151:skeleton was discovered at
10:
2100:
132:Australopithecus afarensis
25:
18:
1312:"A new kind of ancestor:
1226:
104:
96:
78:
70:
58:
50:
38:
1987:-Science Journal Article
273:
1945:10.1126/science.1175832
1872:10.1126/science.1175802
1812:10.1126/science.1175831
1691:10.1126/science.1175834
1580:"The Evolutionary Road"
1252:
1145:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1004:Dispersal beyond Africa
161:Yohannes Haile-Selassie
109:Yohannes Haile-Selassie
1184:
276:−10 —
2084:Neogene fossil record
1644:The Australian Museum
1259:Ardipithecus ramidus,
1175:
366:−1 —
356:−2 —
346:−3 —
336:−4 —
326:−5 —
316:−6 —
306:−7 —
296:−8 —
286:−9 —
28:Ardi (disambiguation)
2039:Evolutionary biology
1985:Ardipithecus ramidus
1758:University of Hawaii
1639:Ardipithecus Ramidus
1521:Ardipithecus Ramidus
1272:Ardipithecus ramidus
1263:Ardipithecus ramidus
1238:Ardipithecus ramidus
960:Earliest stone tools
216:means "root" in the
122:Ardipithecus ramidus
64:Ardipithecus ramidus
26:For other uses, see
1937:2009Sci...326...72L
1902:National Geographic
1864:2009Sci...326...75W
1804:2009Sci...326...71L
1683:2009Sci...326...74L
1618:on October 27, 2010
1611:National Geographic
1586:National Geographic
1435:The Washington Post
1183:' rendition of Ardi
35:
1726:on October 4, 2009
1185:
761:H. heidelbergensis
33:
1203:and its place in
1170:
1169:
1162:million years ago
1121:
1120:
1099:
1098:
1077:
1076:
1069:Earliest rock art
1055:
1054:
1031:
1030:
1024:Earliest language
1011:
1010:
991:
990:
967:
966:
947:
946:
937:Earliest sign of
924:
923:
914:Earliest sign of
901:
900:
881:
880:
861:
860:
841:
840:
484:Ou. macedoniensis
135:specimen called "
114:
113:
74:4.4 million years
2091:
2061:
2060:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2025:
2024:
2016:
1965:
1964:
1931:(5949): 72e1–8.
1916:
1910:
1909:
1897:
1884:
1883:
1843:
1832:
1831:
1798:(5949): 71e1–6.
1783:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1753:"Early Hominins"
1748:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1668:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1614:. Archived from
1601:
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1561:
1559:
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1535:
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1505:
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1479:
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1447:
1446:
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1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1405:. Archived from
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1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1307:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1133:
1131:
1115:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1091:Earliest clothes
1084:
1079:
1071:
1062:
1057:
1038:
1033:
1018:
1013:
998:
993:
980:Earliest sign of
974:
969:
954:
949:
939:Australopithecus
931:
926:
908:
903:
894:Earliest bipedal
888:
883:
874:Chimpanzee split
868:
863:
848:
843:
828:
823:
809:
808:
794:
793:
777:
763:
749:
721:
708:
688:
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647:
645:Australopithecus
634:
619:
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234:Hominin timeline
228:
79:Place discovered
43:
36:
32:
2099:
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2094:
2093:
2092:
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2089:
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2079:Hominin fossils
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2045:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2011:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1917:
1913:
1898:
1887:
1858:(5949): 64–86.
1844:
1835:
1784:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1749:
1738:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1713:
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1426:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1409:on June 1, 2010
1393:
1389:
1380:
1378:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1328:(5949): 36–40.
1308:
1304:
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1255:
1229:
1205:human evolution
1166:
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1129:H o m i n i d s
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498:Chororapithecus
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97:Date discovered
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2007:(August 2016).
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1972:External links
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1677:(74): 74e1–8,
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1181:Jay Matternes
1179:
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1163:
1156:
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1146:
1132:
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1114:
1113:Modern humans
1108:
1103:
1102:
1092:
1086:
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1080:
1070:
1064:
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1049:
1045:
1044:Earliest fire
1040:
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994:
985:
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933:
928:
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910:
905:
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870:
865:
864:
855:
854:Gorilla split
850:
845:
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835:
830:
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824:
807:
792:
779:
778:
776:
764:
762:
748:
746:
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738:
732:
730:
729:H. antecessor
723:
722:
720:
707:
705:
699:
697:
690:
689:
687:
674:
672:
671:Au. anamensis
666:
664:
663:Au. afarensis
658:
656:
655:Au. africanus
649:
648:
646:
633:
631:
618:
616:
604:
603:
601:
588:
586:
585:O. tugenensis
580:
578:
566:
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487:
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218:Afar language
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177:published an
176:
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105:Discovered by
103:
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81:
77:
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69:
66:
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61:
57:
53:
49:
42:
37:
29:
22:
2051:Paleontology
1984:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1905:
1901:
1855:
1851:
1795:
1791:
1762:. Retrieved
1756:
1728:. Retrieved
1724:the original
1714:
1674:
1670:
1657:
1647:, retrieved
1638:
1631:
1620:. Retrieved
1616:the original
1609:
1599:
1583:
1555:. Retrieved
1550:
1541:
1532:November 17,
1530:, retrieved
1520:
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1464:
1439:. Retrieved
1433:
1423:
1411:. Retrieved
1407:the original
1400:
1390:
1379:. Retrieved
1367:
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1325:
1319:
1314:Ardipithecus
1313:
1305:
1284:Ardipithecus
1271:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1237:
1233:Ardipithecus
1232:
1230:
1221:pair-bonding
1216:
1214:
1200:Ardipithecus
1198:
1194:Homo sapiens
1192:
1190:
1186:
1141:
1126:
982:
938:
916:Ardipithecus
915:
834:Earlier apes
791:Neanderthals
775:Homo sapiens
772:
771:
758:
742:
734:
726:
716:
715:
701:
693:
683:
682:
668:
660:
652:
642:
641:
627:
612:
600:Ardipithecus
597:
596:
582:
574:
560:
547:
534:
524:Sivapithecus
521:
511:Oreopithecus
508:
495:
481:
473:
464:
451:
438:
426:
412:
399:
384:
213:
209:
207:
193:
191:
182:
172:
169:Owen Lovejoy
165:Tim D. White
148:
146:
130:
120:
116:
115:
62:
2001:Smithsonian
1764:13 December
1496:. Science.
1268:chimpanzees
1178:paleoartist
1176:Scientific
737:H. ergaster
630:Ar. ramidus
615:Ar. kadabba
577:O. praegens
415:Pleistocene
244:This box:
224:Description
179:open-access
157:Awash River
51:Common name
2073:Categories
1730:2009-10-01
1649:2016-12-01
1622:2016-12-01
1557:2009-10-08
1504:October 6,
1478:October 6,
1441:October 3,
1413:October 6,
1381:2017-10-01
1297:References
1247:bipedalism
1217:A. ramidus
806:Denisovans
745:Au. sediba
719:H. erectus
686:H. habilis
476:Ou. turkae
194:A. ramidus
183:A. ramidus
21:Ardi, Iran
1376:0040-781X
1316:unveiled"
1231:Although
704:Au. garhi
208:The word
204:Etymology
187:savannahs
143:Discovery
1961:26778544
1953:19810198
1880:20189444
1828:19505251
1820:19810197
1707:42790876
1699:19810200
1498:Archived
1472:Archived
1347:June 23,
1342:19797636
1278:See also
428:Hominini
402:Pliocene
198:Ethiopia
91:Ethiopia
2063:Science
2027:Biology
2013:Portals
1933:Bibcode
1925:Science
1860:Bibcode
1852:Science
1800:Bibcode
1792:Science
1679:Bibcode
1671:Science
1321:Science
1105:←
1083:←
1061:←
1048:cooking
1037:←
1017:←
997:←
973:←
953:←
930:←
907:←
887:←
867:←
847:←
827:←
563:Orrorin
388:Miocene
371:–
361:–
351:–
341:–
331:–
321:–
311:–
301:–
291:–
281:–
174:Science
127:hominid
59:Species
1959:
1951:
1878:
1826:
1818:
1705:
1697:
1374:
1340:
1227:Pelvis
816:
153:Aramis
83:Aramis
1957:S2CID
1876:S2CID
1824:S2CID
1703:S2CID
1667:(PDF)
1590:Print
1553:. PBS
214:ramid
1949:PMID
1816:PMID
1766:2023
1695:PMID
1584:The
1551:NOVA
1534:2016
1506:2009
1480:2009
1465:The
1443:2009
1415:2009
1402:Time
1372:ISSN
1368:Time
1349:2013
1338:PMID
1290:Lucy
1253:Foot
1243:Lucy
1209:walk
983:Homo
264:edit
257:talk
250:view
210:Ardi
149:Ardi
147:The
137:Lucy
117:Ardi
100:1994
87:Afar
54:Ardi
34:Ardi
1941:doi
1929:326
1906:218
1868:doi
1856:326
1808:doi
1796:326
1687:doi
1675:326
1467:BBC
1330:doi
1326:326
71:Age
2075::
2003:,
1999:–
1955:.
1947:.
1939:.
1927:.
1923:.
1904:.
1888:^
1874:.
1866:.
1854:.
1850:.
1836:^
1822:.
1814:.
1806:.
1794:.
1790:.
1774:^
1755:.
1739:^
1701:,
1693:,
1685:,
1673:,
1669:,
1642:,
1608:.
1588:,
1582:.
1566:^
1549:.
1524:,
1470:.
1463:.
1451:^
1432:.
1399:.
1370:.
1366:.
1336:.
1324:.
1318:.
1046:/
189:.
89:,
85:,
2015::
1963:.
1943::
1935::
1882:.
1870::
1862::
1830:.
1810::
1802::
1768:.
1733:.
1689::
1681::
1625:.
1560:.
1508:.
1482:.
1445:.
1417:.
1384:.
1351:.
1332::
1164:)
1160:(
747:)
743:(
739:)
735:(
731:)
727:(
706:)
702:(
698:)
694:(
673:)
669:(
665:)
661:(
657:)
653:(
632:)
628:(
617:)
613:(
587:)
583:(
579:)
575:(
486:)
482:(
478:)
474:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
