Archaeology of Iowa

350: 690: 126: 27: 590: 732: 507: 192: 546: 754:(1808–1813), the first American settlement and the first American fort in Iowa, was partially excavated in 1965. American settlement began in earnest in the 1830s, and the official removal of American Indians from Iowa was completed by 1852. Several of these historical sites have been excavated, including Gilbert’s Trading Post. and Fort Atkinson. Archaeologists have also studied historical American settlements, including excavations at the 533:

sites along major stream terraces, increased reliance on agriculture combined with hunting and gathering, substantial pit earth lodges, and a transition from Late Woodland to Late Prehistoric ceramic forms. Overall, Great Oasis appears to have been a regional adaptation of new forms of farming and settlement patterns, including seasonal occupation of different ecological zones, that includes aspects of Late Woodland and the subsequent

296:. Grasslands expanded east, forests became less common, and many Iowa lakes shrank or disappeared. Humans responded by diversifying their subsistence strategy: eastern Iowa saw a shift towards river resources, and western Iowa towards Plains resources. Excavated sites in eastern and central Iowa include the Brash Site, the Gast Spring Site, and the Ed’s Meadow Site. Western Iowa sites include the Turin Site, Horizon I of the 2951: 214:

for their large stone points. While Paleoindians were traditionally viewed as big game hunters, more recent research suggests much of their subsistence was derived from small game and wild plants. Paleoindian points are found throughout Iowa, but almost no intact Paleoindian sites have been excavated, probably because they were ephemeral and are now either destroyed by plowing or are very deeply buried in river valleys.

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are the complex earthworks and long-distance trade networks, but this does not appear to be a cultural collapse, since Late Woodland sites and artifact types overlap with and transition from Middle Woodland sites. Technical changes of the Late Woodland include the use of true arrow heads, thinner and larger ceramics with less elaborate decorations, and the adaptation of new crops, including

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muskrat, and turtle. There was little evidence of long-distance trade. The Rainbow and M.A.D. sites provide a glimpse into the Late Archaic of western Iowa. At Rainbow, a large house was excavated, showing evidence of reuse and possible joint occupation by two families. Mound building became more common during the Late Woodland Period, large groups of mounds appeared including the

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population, combined with the potential for surplus and growing tensions over control of territory, appears to have led to large nucleated settlements throughout the eastern U.S. Although this manifested itself earliest along the Mississippi south of Iowa, the earliest Late Prehistoric cultures appeared in the western part of the state.

155:’s Department of Sociology and Anthropology, which formed the Office of the State Archaeologist (OSA) in 1959. The OSA maintains an extensive list of more than 23,000 recorded archaeological sites in Iowa, and conducts survey and excavation across the state. Other institutions conducting archaeological research in Iowa include the 661:, and sites along the Upper Iowa River, including several large earthwork enclosures. After the decline of the Mill Creek and Glenwood cultures in western Iowa, Oneota cultures appeared across the state. It is widely accepted that the Oneota were the ancestors of modern American Indian tribes associated with Iowa, including the 494:. Like most mounds in Iowa, excavation reveals that these mounds were commonly used as sacred burial locations but contain few artifacts. Recent ground-penetrating radar survey of selected mounds at Effigy Mounds National Monument reveal that many are badly disturbed, but others appear to be comparatively intact. The 312:. The number of Late Archaic Sites increased in Iowa, perhaps reflective of increased populations allowed by climate change and new subsistence strategies. The Late Archaic sees the first indication of mound building in Iowa, as well as direct evidence of domesticated plants, and large, long-term settlements. The 706:

occasionally documented American Indians along the Mississippi in Iowa, but it was not until the early 19th century that regular written accounts of American Indians in Iowa became common. American Indians in the early Protohistoric period continued many aspects of Oneota culture, but soon almost all

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in Wisconsin. In Iowa, there is little evidence of Mississippian occupation, and the Late Woodland lasts longer in the east than in the west. This is puzzling, given the proximity to Mississippian cultures; it is possible that the nearby presence of the large, hierarchal Mississippian trading network

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sites appeared in the Missouri River drainage, and have attributes of both Late Woodland and Late Prehistoric cultures. Great Oasis cultures extended through the eastern Plains from Iowa to South Dakota. Developing independently from the eastern Mississippian cultures, Great Oasis sites display large

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appears to have been the catalyst for change in the Late Prehistoric period in Iowa. While maize had been a minor crop in the Woodland Period, many archaeologists believe new varieties of maize were introduced to the region that produced higher yields, allowing for a population boom. This increase in

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excavations revealed a complex settlement associated with a midden of refuse 100 m in diameter. Large storage and food processing pits, trash middens, and other features were excavated. Occupants utilized acorns, other nuts and fruits, goosefoot, little barley, maygrass, sunflower, fish, birds, deer,

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The Late Woodland Period was once considered to be relatively unimportant and uninteresting compared to earlier and later periods, but recent research shows unexpected cultural complexity. Late Woodland sites are more dispersed than Middle Woodland sites, but they are apparently more numerous. Gone

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glacial period. At the time the state was covered by tundra, conifer forests, and deciduous forests. Areas immediately north of Des Moines extending to Minnesota were covered by the receding Des Moines Lobe, a large glacier system. Highly mobile, their sites are scattered across Iowa and are noted

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In northwestern Iowa, Great Oasis underwent dramatic changes as Mill Creek sites appeared. While Mill Creek has many stylistic similarities with Great Oasis and some Mill Creek sites contain Great Oasis ceramic forms, Mill Creek sites are substantially different. Mill Creek sites became nucleated,

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The Archaic is the longest period of Iowa prehistory, lasting about 8,000 years. Overall, populations appear to have increased in Iowa during the Archaic, despite a changing climate. During this time American Indians transitioned from highly mobile hunters and gatherers with large ranges towards a

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period led to dramatic population shifts and economic and social upheaval, with the arrival of new tribes and early European explorers and traders. During the Historical period European traders and American Indians in Iowa gave way to American settlers and Iowa was transformed into an agricultural

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During the Early Archaic period regional variation in point forms is seen in Iowa, and Indians adapted to more localized forms of hunting and gathering while probably maintaining seasonal movements from camp to camp. Common stone tool types are Corner-notched St. Charles points and Thebes Knives.

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points, large lanceolate points found occasionally in all parts of the state except for the Des Moines Lobe. Possible sources of game were giant Pleistocene megafauna, including mammoth, mastodon, and giant forms of bison, all of which are now extinct. While widespread, only two Clovis sites have

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The Early Woodland period saw the introduction of ceramics to Iowa, including Marion Thick and Black Sand types. Marion Thick may have originated with the nucleated Late Archaic cultures of the Upper Midwest, and was widespread in distribution. Early Woodland Indians in eastern Iowa built large

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The Middle Woodland Indians of eastern Iowa participated at the edge of the Havana and Hopewell interaction networks. This cultural connection to the East is seen in the construction of large mounds, earthworks, and the trade of exotic goods over very long distances. There were several large

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Archaeologists have studied the prehistory of Iowa since the mid-19th century, when large American Indian mounds were first observed along the Mississippi. Early archaeologists such as S.V. Proudfit and Theodore Lewis documented large sites such as earthworks, mounds, and earthlodges. Truly

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appearing in Middle Woodland Iowa sites. Sites in eastern Iowa appeared to nucleate, vacating much of the hinterlands. Western Iowa appears to have been not directly involved in this exchange network, and the Havana-Hopewell flourishing did not extend much above the

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pots, which typically have strap handles and incised designs. Pots of this kind were well designed for the cooking of porridge and foods made from the various cultivated foods of the area. Important Oneota sites in Iowa include Kingston, Mckinney, Christenson,

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in Coralville, the Gast Spring Site, and the Sand Run Slough West Site. In western Iowa, Late Archaic sites are common, however large bison killing or processing sites are less common than before, and there is little evidence for the use of domesticated plants.

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Protohistoric refers to the period when American Indians were exposed to European trade items and large population shifts occurred because of introduced European diseases and warfare, but there is very little direct written documentation. Explorers such as

88:(10,500–2,800 years ago) American Indians adapted to local environments and ecosystems, slowly becoming more sedentary as populations increased. More than 3,000 years ago, during the Late Archaic period, American Indians in Iowa began utilizing 457:. Numerous regional variations and phases have been defined in Iowa, based in large extent on differences of ceramic form and decoration. Excavations at Late Woodland sites are common, some of these sites showing surprising complexity. The 142:

and Ellison Orr’s surveys and excavations beginning in the 1920s. Documenting hundreds of sites, often just before they disappeared under the plow, Keyes’ and Orr’s work led to the formation of the Iowa Archaeological Survey, the

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been excavated in Iowa. The Rummells-Maske site is a Clovis site in Cedar County; unfortunately, this site was damaged by plowing, although 20 points and point fragments were recovered. The Carlisle Clovis Cache Site in

179:, and private archaeological firms. Professional archaeologists in Iowa are represented by the Association of Iowa Archaeologists. Iowa archaeology grew dramatically beginning in the 1960s with the introduction of 262:. Humans were still highly mobile, and by this time most of the Pleistocene megafauna had gone extinct. As with the Early Paleoindian period, no intact Late Paleoindian sites have been excavated in Iowa. 403:

earthwork enclosures in Iowa along the Mississippi that date to the Middle Woodland period, but none in the interior of the state, indicating Iowa is the western edge of Havana-Hopewell influence. The

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cultures to the west than with the Mississippian cultures to the southeast. Around 1300 AD Mill Creek and Glenwood sites in Iowa disappeared, replaced by the rapidly spreading Oneota cultures.

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The earliest European forts and settlements were established by traders beginning in the 1680s. Almost none of these ephemeral early historical sites have been located archaeologically.

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burial mounds in the Mississippi River region, and participated in long-distance trade of exotic raw material. This long-distance trade may have been the forerunner of the later Havanna-

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appeared in northeast Iowa, associated with copper artifacts and mound building. Numerous Late Archaic sites have been excavated in eastern Iowa, some showing the gradual adaptation of

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Shott, Michael J., Joseph A. Tiffany, John F. Doershuk, and Jason Titcomb (2002) The Reliability of Surface Assemblages: Recent Results from the Gillett Grove Site, Clay County, Iowa.

1621:"The Blood Run Site - Maps, Material Culture, and Memory: On the Trail of the Ioway: Iowa Archaeology Month: The Office of the State Archaeologist at the University of Iowa since 1959" 1294: 234:

Other Iowa Early Paleoindian points include Gainey, a point that appears to be intermediate between Clovis and Folsom. Gainey points were also recovered at Rummells-Maske. While

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explorers visited Iowa, American Indians were largely settled farmers with complex economic, social, and political systems. This transformation happened gradually. During the

750:’s Mines of Spain settlement and adjacent Meskwaki village occupied in the late 18th century and early 19th century, has been the subject of numerous archaeological surveys. 407:

in Louisa County included a large octagonal earthen enclosure that covered several acres; earthworks of this style are indicative of the monumental construction once seen in

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During the Woodland period, many American Indians in Iowa shifted away from hunting and gathering and used more domesticated plants, although wild food was still important.

534: 640:, was a large cultural manifestation that covered the Upper Midwest at the edge of the Mississippian cultures. Oneota sites are easily identifiable by the globular, 1736:"Iowaville and the Lower des Moines River - Maps, Material Culture, and Memory: On the Trail of the Ioway - the University of Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist" 1220:

Whittaker, William E., Michael T. Dunne, Joe Alan Artz, Sarah E. Horgen, and Mark L. Anderson (2007) Edgewater Park: A Late Archaic Campsite along the Iowa River.

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Whittaker, William E., and Glenn R. Storey (2008) Ground-Penetrating Radar Survey of the Sny Magill Mound Group, Effigy Mounds National Monument, Iowa.

2080: 394:. Numerous Early Woodland sites have been excavated in Iowa, including the Gast Spring Site, and many sites which have not been formally published. 1322: 458: 2085: 280:

Soon Hardin and Kirk points appear in Iowa as well. Excavated Early Archaic sites in Iowa include the Soldow Site, Horizons IIIa and II of the

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Dunne, Michael T., and William Green (1998) Terminal Archaic and Early Woodland Plant Use at the Gast Spring Site (13LA152), Southeast Iowa.

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sites in southwest Iowa near the Missouri River appear to be unrelated to the earlier Great Oasis sites, and are notable for their large

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Perry, Michael J. (1998) An Archeological Survey of the Lower Pony Creek Valley: Implications for Glenwood Locality Settlement Pattern.

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Anderson, Adrian D. (1961) The Glenwood Sequence: a Local Sequence for a Series of Archaeological Manifestations in Mills County, Iowa.

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Charlton, Thomas H., Cynthia O. Charlton, Stephen C. Lensink, and James A. Sartain (1988) Historical Archaeology at Plum Grove.

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and social changes led to social flourishing and nucleated settlements. The arrival of European trade goods and diseases in the

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This article is about the buried remains of human cultures in Iowa. For studies of rocks, fossils, paleontology, and soils, see

2997: 977:"Crops of Ancient Iowa - Iowa's Earliest Residents: The Office of the State Archaeologist at the University of Iowa since 1959" 2992: 2987: 1827: 1780: 231:

contained 38 unfinished stone tools that appear to date to the Clovis period, but these results have not yet been published.

620:. Cahokia appears to have dominated trade in the upper Mississippi, with satellite or closely aligned settlements as far as 654: 1893: 1383:, ed. T. E. Emerson, D. L. McElrath, and A. C. Fortier, pp. 429–496. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska 1016:"Crops of Ancient Iowa - Rummells-Maske Site: The Office of the State Archaeologist at the University of Iowa since 1959" 924: 796: 1707:

Tiffany, Joseph A. and Duane Anderson (1993) The Milford Site (13DK1): A Postcontact Oneota Village in Northwest Iowa.

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Horton (2007) A Star Explodes! A.D. 1054: Did Prehistoric Native Iowans Witness and Record this Titanic Stellar Event?

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and bison hunting, show substantial evidence of long-distance trade, and appear to have been occupied year-round. The

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appeared in eastern Iowa, displaced from their homelands in the east. Important protohistoric sites include Milford;

1197:"Crops of Ancient Iowa - Cast of Plants: The Office of the State Archaeologist at the University of Iowa since 1959" 707:

indigenous technology disappeared, including ceramics and stone tool production. It was during this period that the

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populations expanded in complexity, developing large nucleated villages and their own trading network, known as

3032: 2178: 2141: 1994: 482:, large, low mounds shaped like animals such as birds and bears. Effigy mounds are distributed across southern 386:

trading sphere. In north-central Iowa, Early Woodland peoples appear to have interacted more directly with the

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focus on local resources and ecosystems. Domesticated plants appeared in Iowa towards the end of the Archaic.

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Digital Mapping and Ground-Penetrating Radar Survey of the Folkert Mound Group (13HA30), Hardin County, Iowa.

180: 1925: 108:, and specialized subsistence. During the Late Prehistoric period (beginning about AD 900) increased use of 2260: 1953: 463: 1267:

Alex 2000:88; Klippel, Walter E. (1972) An Early Woodland Period Manifestation in the Prairie Peninsula.

771: 650: 630: 1920: 899: 2831: 2232: 2217: 1142:

Collins, James M. (1995) Lithic Technology and Temporal Variation at a Chert Workshop in Central Iowa.

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are found throughout Iowa, especially western Iowa, none have been excavated in a well-preserved site.

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along the Illinois River and sites in the Ohio River drainage including Chillicothe and Newark, Ohio.

2195: 2119: 1077:"The University of Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist: The Late Paleoindian/Early Archaic Period" 755: 498:

in central Iowa contains an enigmatic cruciform mound that may or may not be astronomically aligned.

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Catlinite pipe, probably Ioway, from the Protohistoric Wanampito Site (13BM16), Bremer County, Iowa.

3027: 2526: 2496: 2438: 2222: 2200: 2173: 2045: 1514:

Green, William (1991) The Paul Rowe Archaeological Collection: A Key to Central Plains Prehistory.

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Frankforter, W. D., and George A. Agogino (1960) The Simonsen Site: Report for the Summer of 1959.

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inhibited local development. After the decline of the Cahokia network after AD 1250 the local Late

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Reeves, Brian (1973) The Concept of an Altithermal Cultural Hiatus in Northern Plains Prehistory.

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Flanders, Richard E. (1977) The Soldow Site, 13HB1: An Archaic Component from North Central Iowa.

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Contract Completion Report 1395. Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City

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legislation that required archaeological survey and excavation at many federal projects in Iowa.

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Temperatures rose in the mid-continent during the Middle Archaic, a warming trend known as the

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Anderson, Adrian D., and Joseph A. Tiffany (1972) Rummells-Maske: A Clovis Find-Spot in Iowa.

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Epoch, humans in Iowa utilized projectile point found throughout the mid-continent, including

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hunters and gatherers were the first occupants of Iowa, entering the state at the end of the

176: 168: 2911: 2891: 2801: 2751: 2746: 2716: 2701: 2686: 2646: 2636: 2621: 2606: 2596: 2576: 2556: 2551: 2511: 2506: 2466: 2358: 739: 1200: 373:, and evidence of political and social hierarchy became common at Woodland sites in Iowa. 8: 2936: 2896: 2876: 2856: 2781: 2776: 2756: 2731: 2711: 2691: 2666: 2651: 2631: 2626: 2566: 2541: 2501: 2486: 2471: 2255: 2163: 2109: 1833: 1786: 1667:

Whittaker, William E. (2008). "Prehistoric and Historic Indians in Downtown Des Moines".

1080: 980: 735: 495: 337: 297: 281: 228: 31: 1866:

Whittaker, William E. (1999) Production of Animal Commodities at Plum Grove, Iowa City.

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McKusick, Marshall B. (2009). "Fort Madison, 1808–1813". In William E. Whittaker (ed.).

1739: 1624: 1045: 1042:"The University of Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist: The Early Paleoindian Period" 860: 490:, and northeast Iowa. A large concentration of mounds in several groups is preserved at 2931: 2906: 2881: 2866: 2861: 2851: 2766: 2736: 2706: 2661: 2611: 2601: 2571: 2521: 2481: 2451: 2446: 2393: 2348: 2227: 2055: 2050: 1987: 1314: 621: 577:

sites. Glenwood sites appear to have been more oriented in lifeways and trade with the

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The Cherokee Excavations: Holocene Ecology and Human Adaptations in Northwestern Iowa.

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Research Report 2. Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City

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Steinacher, Terry L., and Gayle F. Carlson (1998) The Central Plains Tradition. In

1493: 1306: 641: 637: 570: 408: 325: 259: 172: 139: 1614:

Green, William, and Clare Tolmie (2004) Analysis of Plant Remains from Blood Run.

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In the Late Archaic the climate became more similar to modern with the end of the

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Late Woodland Societies: Tradition and Transformation across the Midcontinent

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Fisher, Alton K. (1985) Turin: A Middle Archaic Burial Site in Western Iowa.

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Woodland Cultures on the Western Prairies: The Rainbow Site Investigations.

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Benn, David W., and William Green (2000) Late Woodland Cultures in Iowa. In

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area (1839), showing Native American villages and early American settlement.

612:, and extreme social hierarchy. The earliest large Mississippian center was 589: 2388: 2328: 2207: 2114: 2065: 1568:

Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest.

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Report 18. Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City

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Henning, Dale R. (2005) The Evolution of the Plains Village Tradition. In

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Tiffany, Joseph A. (2002) Archaeological Perspectives on Southwest Iowa.

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first arrived in what is now Iowa more than 13,000 years ago, they were

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Schoen, Christopher M. (2005) A Point of Land and Prehistoric Peoples.

670: 658: 594: 574: 511: 58: 50: 1310: 545: 2305: 2280: 1544:, W. R. Wood (ed.), pp. 235–268. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence 720: 674: 617: 483: 391: 329: 129:

Ellison Orr’s and Theodore Lewis’ 1910 sketch of effigy mounds near

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http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3904/is_200704/ai_n19433705

708: 666: 609: 487: 416: 317: 247: 1967: 1685:

Wedel, Mildred Mott. (1959) Oneota Sites on the Upper Iowa River.

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Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862

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Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862

613: 77: 62: 46: 1972: 1950: 1159:

Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City

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Alex 2000:49–50; Morrow, Julie, "The Early Paleoindian Period"

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African-American community, and the Bowen’s Prairie community.

633: 424: 1940: 336:. Sites with evidence for early cultigens in Iowa include the 662: 558: 517: 454: 370: 109: 101: 43: 3008:

Former Native American populated places in the United States

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Benn, David W. (1991) The Christenson Oneota Site, 13PK407.

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Anderson, Duane C., and Holmes A. Semken, Jr. (eds.) (1980)

903: 884:

3:271–280; Lewis, Theodore H. (1885) Effigy Mounds in Iowa.

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Excavation of the Oneota component of the Birds Run Site in

2007: 1496:

and D. D. Loren (eds.), pp. 161–186. Blackwell, Boston

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Effigy Mounds: A Guide to Effigy Mounds National Monument.

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Proudfit, S. V. (1880) Antiquities of the Missouri Bluffs.

54: 1112: 1110: 1074:

Morrow, Toby; "The Late Paleoindian/Early Archaic Period"

925:"Association of Iowa Archaeologists: Membership Directory" 900:"The University of Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist" 1951:

Department of Anthropology, Iowa State University Website

287: 274: 1295:"Early and Middle Woodland Earthwork Enclosures in Iowa" 1157:

Phase III Excavations at the Ed’s Meadow Site (13DM712).

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State Historical Society of Iowa Archaeological Website

1775:. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. pp. 55–74. 1107: 303: 1946:

Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa Website

1292: 540: 217: 1963:

Department of Anthropology, Grinnell College Website

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The Late Woodland in Iowa is perhaps best known for

241: 1968:Department of Anthropology, Luther College Website 510:Map of archaeology of Fort Des Moines in downtown 397: 1288: 1286: 557:often fortified, had a much higher dependence on 376: 2969: 1879:Gradwohl, David M., and Nancy M. Osborn (1984) 1409:Eastern National, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 604:centers appeared around AD 1000, with enormous 2983:History of indigenous peoples of North America 1921:Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist Website 1570:University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois 1566:Emerson, T. E., and R. B. Lewis (eds.) (1991) 1283: 501: 447: 138:systematic recording of Iowa sites began with 133:, now part of Effigy Mounds National Monument. 1988: 1603:The Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 524: 100:and social complexity, with increased use of 1762: 1669:Newsletter of the Iowa Archeological Society 1446:Newsletter of the Iowa Archeological Society 726: 684: 415:trading networks were quite extensive, with 848: 846: 844: 842: 840: 838: 836: 1995: 1981: 1941:Association of Iowa Archaeologists Website 1293:Whittaker, William; William Green (2010). 859:. University of Iowa Press. Archived from 834: 832: 830: 828: 826: 824: 822: 820: 818: 816: 16:Aspect of archaeology in the United States 1883:. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa 1855:Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 1815: 1809: 1666: 1660: 1555:Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 1477:Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 1269:Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 1144:Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 1102:Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 1768: 951:"The Association of Iowa Archaeologists" 897:Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist, 730: 688: 588: 544: 505: 357:, Sny Magill Unit, Clayton County, Iowa. 348: 190: 124: 25: 1822:. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 813: 636:. Oneota, named by Charles Keyes for a 222:The oldest artifacts found in Iowa are 2970: 2296:Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area 288:Middle Archaic (7,500–5,000 years ago) 275:Early Archaic (10,500–7,500 years ago) 120: 42:is the study of the buried remains of 1976: 1238:Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 1222:Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 584: 246:At the beginning of the glacial-free 187:Paleoindian (13,500–10,500 years ago) 948:Association of Iowa Archaeologists, 852: 304:Late Archaic (5,000–2,800 years ago) 198:from the Rummells-Maske Cache Site, 1926:Iowa Archaeological Society Website 1816:Whittaker, William E., ed. (2009). 797:Iowa Historic Preservation Alliance 549:Reconstructed Glenwood earthlodge, 541:Mill Creek and Glenwood (1100–1300) 96:saw an increase on the reliance on 13: 344: 218:Clovis and other Early Paleoindian 14: 3044: 2002: 1914: 265: 242:Dalton and other Late Paleoindian 2949: 792:State Historical Society of Iowa 473: 157:State Historical Society of Iowa 30:Excavations at the Late Archaic 3018:Archaic period in North America 2978:Native American history of Iowa 1886: 1873: 1860: 1847: 1800: 1753: 1727: 1714: 1701: 1692: 1679: 1647: 1638: 1608: 1595: 1586: 1573: 1560: 1547: 1542:Archaeology on the Great Plains 1534: 1521: 1508: 1499: 1482: 1469: 1460: 1451: 1438: 1425: 1412: 1399: 1386: 1373: 1364: 1355: 1346: 1337: 1274: 1261: 1252: 1243: 1230: 1214: 1188: 1175: 1162: 1149: 1136: 1123: 1094: 1068: 1059: 802:Effigy Mounds National Monument 492:Effigy Mounds National Monument 398:Middle Woodland (200 BC–400 AD) 355:Effigy Mounds National Monument 149:Effigy Mounds National Monument 1033: 1007: 994: 968: 942: 917: 891: 874: 377:Early Woodland (800 BC–200 BC) 1: 2998:Pre-statehood history of Iowa 1431:Collins and Whittaker (2007) 807: 181:Cultural Resources Management 2993:Pre-Columbian cultural areas 2988:Archaeological sites in Iowa 2261:Des Moines metropolitan area 1392:Benn, David W. (ed.) (1990) 1299:North American Archaeologist 569:sites are classic examples. 7: 1896:. Uiowa.edu. Archived from 974:Iowa's Earliest Residents, 927:. Uiowa.edu. Archived from 772:Iowa Archaeological Society 765: 502:Late Prehistoric (900–1600) 448:Late Woodland (400–1250 AD) 353:Woodland conical mounds at 300:, and the Pony Creek Site. 10: 3049: 1687:The Missouri Archaeologist 1529:Central Plains Archaeology 1490:North American Archaeology 1405:Lenzendorf, Dennis (2000) 856:Iowa's Archaeological Past 657:, three sites in downtown 525:Great Oasis (ca. 900–1100) 161:Iowa Archeological Society 145:Iowa Archeological Society 18: 2945: 2437: 2314: 2246: 2026: 2014: 1931:The Crops of Ancient Iowa 1655:Iowa Heritage Illustrated 1581:The Kingston Oneota Site. 1579:Straffin, Dean F. (1971) 756:Plum Grove Historic House 727:Historical (1800–present) 685:Protohistoric (1600–1800) 535:Middle Missouri Tradition 284:, and the Simonsen Site. 147:, and the designation of 2213:Secretary of Agriculture 1120:Academic Press, New York 579:Central Plains Tradition 3003:Protected areas of Iowa 2071:Congressional districts 1881:Exploring Buried Buxton 1194:Crops of Ancient Iowa, 1183:American Anthropologist 1155:Morrow, Toby A. (1998) 638:river in northeast Iowa 92:plants. The subsequent 80:landscape. By the time 1868:Historical Archaeology 853:Alex, Lynn M. (2000). 743: 694: 597: 553: 514: 431:, and shells from the 405:Toolesboro Mound Group 358: 203: 134: 35: 3033:Mississippian culture 2266:Dissected Till Plains 1722:Plains Anthropologist 1709:Plains Anthropologist 1616:Plains Anthropologist 1516:Plains Anthropologist 1170:Plains Anthropologist 1131:Plains Anthropologist 1002:Plains Anthropologist 734: 719:; Gillett Grove; and 692: 592: 548: 509: 468:Fish Farm Mound Group 352: 194: 169:Iowa State University 128: 71:hunters and gatherers 29: 1013:The Carlisle Cache, 882:American Antiquarian 740:Council Bluffs, Iowa 2256:Coteau des Prairies 1361:Benn and Green 2000 736:Pierre-Jean De Smet 631:Upper Mississippian 496:Folkert Mound Group 338:Edgewater Park Site 298:Cherokee Sewer Site 282:Cherokee Sewer Site 121:Iowa archaeologists 40:archaeology of Iowa 32:Edgewater Park Site 2238:Treasurer of State 2218:Secretary of State 1956:2008-05-15 at the 1325:on 28 January 2013 744: 695: 598: 585:Oneota (1250–1700) 554: 515: 464:Slinde Mound Group 359: 204: 200:Cedar County, Iowa 165:University of Iowa 153:University of Iowa 135: 65:periods. When the 57:from the earliest 36: 2963: 2962: 2186:Political parties 1829:978-1-58729-831-8 1806:Alex 2000:234–235 1782:978-1-58729-831-8 1698:Alex 2000:211–226 1644:Alex 2000:206–207 1592:Alex 2000:197–198 1466:Alex 2000:138–139 1457:Alex 2000:142–145 1370:Alex 2000:115–118 1352:Alex 2000:112–115 1343:Alex 2000:100–109 1311:10.2190/NA.31.1.b 314:Red Ocher Culture 61:through the late 3040: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2286:Iowa Great Lakes 2276:Great River Road 2179:Native Americans 2051:Auditor of State 2046:Attorney General 1997: 1990: 1983: 1974: 1973: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1890: 1884: 1877: 1871: 1864: 1858: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1841: 1832:. Archived from 1813: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1785:. Archived from 1766: 1760: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1738:. Archived from 1731: 1725: 1718: 1712: 1705: 1699: 1696: 1690: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1664: 1658: 1651: 1645: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1623:. Archived from 1612: 1606: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1577: 1571: 1564: 1558: 1551: 1545: 1538: 1532: 1525: 1519: 1512: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1494:Timothy Pauketat 1486: 1480: 1473: 1467: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1442: 1436: 1429: 1423: 1416: 1410: 1403: 1397: 1390: 1384: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1353: 1350: 1344: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1321:. Archived from 1290: 1281: 1278: 1272: 1265: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1247: 1241: 1234: 1228: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1209: 1208: 1199:. Archived from 1192: 1186: 1179: 1173: 1166: 1160: 1153: 1147: 1140: 1134: 1127: 1121: 1114: 1105: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1079:. Archived from 1072: 1066: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1044:. Archived from 1037: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1027: 1018:. Archived from 1011: 1005: 998: 992: 991: 989: 988: 979:. Archived from 972: 966: 965: 963: 962: 953:. Archived from 946: 940: 939: 937: 936: 921: 915: 914: 912: 911: 902:. Archived from 895: 889: 878: 872: 871: 869: 868: 850: 606:earthen pyramids 571:Glenwood culture 409:Havana, Illinois 173:Grinnell College 140:Charles R. Keyes 67:American Indians 3048: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3028:Woodland period 2968: 2967: 2964: 2959: 2956:Iowa portal 2950: 2948: 2941: 2433: 2429:West Des Moines 2310: 2242: 2135:Historic Places 2086:Representatives 2022: 2010: 2001: 1958:Wayback Machine 1917: 1912: 1903: 1901: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1878: 1874: 1865: 1861: 1852: 1848: 1839: 1837: 1830: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1792: 1790: 1783: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1745: 1743: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1719: 1715: 1711:38(145):283–206 1706: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1684: 1680: 1665: 1661: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1630: 1628: 1619: 1613: 1609: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1578: 1574: 1565: 1561: 1552: 1548: 1539: 1535: 1526: 1522: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1487: 1483: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1443: 1439: 1430: 1426: 1417: 1413: 1404: 1400: 1391: 1387: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1328: 1326: 1291: 1284: 1280:Alex 2000:87–98 1279: 1275: 1266: 1262: 1258:Alex 2000:78–79 1257: 1253: 1249:Alex 2000:76–77 1248: 1244: 1235: 1231: 1219: 1215: 1206: 1204: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1180: 1176: 1167: 1163: 1154: 1150: 1141: 1137: 1128: 1124: 1115: 1108: 1099: 1095: 1086: 1084: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065:Alex 2000:50–53 1064: 1060: 1051: 1049: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1025: 1023: 1014: 1012: 1008: 999: 995: 986: 984: 975: 973: 969: 960: 958: 949: 947: 943: 934: 932: 923: 922: 918: 909: 907: 898: 896: 892: 879: 875: 866: 864: 851: 814: 810: 787:History of Iowa 782:Geology of Iowa 777:Indians of Iowa 768: 729: 687: 587: 543: 527: 504: 476: 450: 400: 379: 347: 345:Woodland Period 306: 290: 277: 268: 244: 220: 189: 123: 94:Woodland period 24: 21:Geology of Iowa 17: 12: 11: 5: 3046: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3023:Mound Builders 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2961: 2960: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2443: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2359:Council Bluffs 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2316:Largest cities 2312: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2271:Driftless Area 2268: 2263: 2258: 2252: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2144: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2061:Climate change 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2032: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1985: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1916: 1915:External links 1913: 1911: 1910: 1885: 1872: 1859: 1846: 1828: 1808: 1799: 1781: 1761: 1752: 1726: 1713: 1700: 1691: 1678: 1659: 1646: 1637: 1607: 1594: 1585: 1572: 1559: 1546: 1533: 1520: 1507: 1498: 1481: 1468: 1459: 1450: 1437: 1424: 1420:Geoarchaeology 1411: 1398: 1385: 1372: 1363: 1354: 1345: 1336: 1282: 1273: 1260: 1251: 1242: 1229: 1213: 1187: 1174: 1161: 1148: 1135: 1122: 1106: 1093: 1067: 1058: 1032: 1006: 993: 967: 941: 916: 890: 888:6(146):453–454 873: 811: 809: 806: 805: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 767: 764: 748:Julien Dubuque 738:'s map of the 728: 725: 686: 683: 655:Lane Enclosure 642:shell-tempered 586: 583: 551:Glenwood, Iowa 542: 539: 526: 523: 503: 500: 475: 472: 459:Gast Farm Site 449: 446: 442:Missouri River 399: 396: 378: 375: 346: 343: 334:barnyard grass 305: 302: 289: 286: 276: 273: 267: 266:Archaic Period 264: 243: 240: 219: 216: 188: 185: 177:Luther College 131:McGregor, Iowa 122: 119: 86:Archaic period 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3045: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2966: 2958: 2957: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2832:Pottawattamie 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 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2249: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2228:Supreme Court 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2019: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1900:on 2012-10-06 1899: 1895: 1889: 1882: 1876: 1869: 1863: 1856: 1850: 1836:on 2009-08-05 1835: 1831: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1812: 1803: 1789:on 2009-08-05 1788: 1784: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1765: 1759:Alex 2000:227 1756: 1742:on 2008-05-05 1741: 1737: 1730: 1723: 1717: 1710: 1704: 1695: 1688: 1682: 1674: 1670: 1663: 1656: 1650: 1641: 1627:on 2012-01-06 1626: 1622: 1617: 1611: 1604: 1598: 1589: 1582: 1576: 1569: 1563: 1556: 1550: 1543: 1537: 1530: 1524: 1517: 1511: 1502: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1478: 1472: 1463: 1454: 1447: 1441: 1434: 1428: 1421: 1415: 1408: 1402: 1395: 1389: 1382: 1376: 1367: 1358: 1349: 1340: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1289: 1287: 1277: 1270: 1264: 1255: 1246: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1203:on 2010-04-10 1202: 1198: 1191: 1184: 1178: 1171: 1165: 1158: 1152: 1145: 1139: 1132: 1126: 1119: 1113: 1111: 1103: 1097: 1083:on 2008-05-16 1082: 1078: 1071: 1062: 1048:on 2008-05-16 1047: 1043: 1036: 1022:on 2010-04-10 1021: 1017: 1010: 1003: 997: 983:on 2010-04-10 982: 978: 971: 957:on 2008-07-09 956: 952: 945: 931:on 2009-07-16 930: 926: 920: 906:on 2008-05-25 905: 901: 894: 887: 883: 877: 863:on 2009-11-20 862: 858: 857: 849: 847: 845: 843: 841: 839: 837: 835: 833: 831: 829: 827: 825: 823: 821: 819: 817: 812: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 769: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 741: 737: 733: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 705: 701: 691: 682: 680: 676: 672: 669:(Winnebago), 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 643: 639: 635: 632: 628: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 602:Mississippian 596: 591: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 552: 547: 538: 536: 531: 522: 519: 513: 508: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 480:effigy mounds 474:Effigy Mounds 471: 469: 465: 460: 456: 445: 443: 439: 434: 430: 429:Lake Superior 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 395: 393: 389: 388:Prairie Lakes 385: 374: 372: 371:burial mounds 368: 367:bow and arrow 364: 356: 351: 342: 339: 335: 331: 327: 326:little barley 323: 319: 315: 311: 301: 299: 295: 285: 283: 272: 263: 261: 257: 253: 249: 239: 237: 236:Folsom points 232: 230: 229:Warren County 225: 215: 212: 208: 201: 197: 196:Clovis points 193: 184: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 141: 132: 127: 118: 115: 114:Protohistoric 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 45: 41: 34:in Coralville 33: 28: 22: 3013:Clovis sites 2965: 2947: 2394:Marshalltown 2349:Cedar Rapids 2035: 2016: 1902:. 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