27:
1422:: "In the case of Aratta, where no inscriptions or texts are currently available to favor any one site, the mechanics of identification depend largely on inductive inquiry. At best such methods provide indications from which a location may be postulated as being reasonable or possible. But one cannot assume too much, for then the hypothesis becomes subjective rather than objective."
239:, Anshan, and "five, six, seven" mountains before approaching Aratta. Aratta in turn wants grain in exchange. However Inana transfers her allegiance to Uruk, and the grain gains the favor of Aratta's people for Uruk, so the lord of Aratta challenges Enmerkar to send a champion to fight his champion. Then the god
234:
pleases her more than does the lord of Aratta, who is not named in this epic. Enmerkar wants Aratta to submit to Uruk, bring stones down from the mountain, craft gold, silver and lapis lazuli, and send them, along with "kugmea" ore to Uruk to build a temple. Inana bids him send a messenger to Aratta,
321:
and then to Uruk, where Inana helps him. She advises
Enmerkar to carry off Aratta's "worked metal and metalsmiths and worked stone and stonemasons" and all the "moulds of Aratta will be his". Then the city is described as having battlements made of green lapis lazuli and bricks made of "tinstone dug
287:'s successor. Enmerkar's army travels through mountainous territory to wage war against rebellious Aratta. Lugalbanda falls ill and is left in a cave, but he prays to the various gods, recovers, and must find his way out of the mountains.
535:
in 1973, it was found to be 600 km south-east of Uruk, far removed from any northerly routes or watercourses from Uruk, and posing the logistical improbability of getting a 27th-century BC Sumerian army through 550 km of
1092:
1120:"it is indeed strange that the name of such an important trade center should as yet remain unknown to us from any economic, administrative or other non-literary texts from the Ur III or Old Babylonian period"
124:
269:
where he bewitches
Enmerkar's livestock, but a wise woman outperforms his magic and casts him into the Euphrates; En-suhgir-ana then admits the loss of Inanna, and submits his kingdom to Uruk.
554:
By 1973, archaeologists were noting that there was no archaeological record of Aratta's existence outside of myth, and in 1978 Hansman cautions against over-speculation.
1089:
989:
739:
714:
939:
1187:
1014:
1039:
889:
864:
814:
789:
1064:
914:
839:
964:
764:
1572:
Gordon, Edmund I. (1967). "The
Meaning of the Ideogram KASKAL.KUR = "Underground Water-Course" and its Significance for Bronze Age Historical Geography".
48:
41:
261:), challenges Enmerkar of Uruk to submit to him over the affections of Inanna, but he is rebuffed by Enmerkar. A sorcerer from the recently defeated
394:
2017:
482:
thought that a "Mount Hurum" in a
Lugalbanda myth (which he titled "Lugalbanda on Mount Hurrum" at the time) might have referred to the
557:
Writers in other fields have continued to hypothesize potential Aratta locations. A "possible reflex" has been suggested in
Sanskrit
498:, is today read "mountain cave", and Kramer subsequently introduced the title "Lugalbanda, the Wandering Hero" for this story.
1527:
Black, J.A.; Cunningham, G.; Ebeling, J.; Flückiger-Hawker, E.; Robson, E.; Taylor, J. & Zólyomi, G. (1998–2006).
1992:
1966:
1888:
1808:
1667:
1517:
1482:
110:
91:
1876:
63:
1823:
1613:
1235:
274:
217:
1199:
1195:
70:
292:
1574:
1536:
1796:
351:"When the authorities are wise, and the poor are passed by, it is the effect of the blessing of Aratta."
77:
1776:
1659:
1556:
248:
1651:
1333:
345:"When the authorities are wise, and the poor are loyal, it is the effect of the blessing of Aratta."
1509:
445:
have speculated on possible locations where Aratta could have been, using criteria from the myths:
59:
1976:
1956:
1532:
1503:
1211:
1191:
689:
664:
636:
611:
572:
37:
363:"In Aratta he (Enki?) has placed E-zagin (the lapis lazuli temple) at her (Nisaba's) disposal."
266:
1800:
357:"So that Aratta will be overwhelmed (?), Lugalbanda stands by at your (Hendursanga's) behest."
1560:
1450:
1435:
1369:, p. 59 Cohen also notes that the farthest east that any Assyrian king ever went was
317:'s aid. He crosses through the mountains, into the flat land, from the edge to the top of
8:
506:
502:
1848:
1840:
1784:
1768:
1748:
1740:
1700:
1638:
1630:
1599:
1591:
479:
154:
1988:
1984:
1962:
1884:
1860:
1852:
1818:
1804:
1789:
1752:
1720:
1663:
1642:
1603:
1513:
1478:
544:
1921:
Potts, Daniel T. (2004). "Exit Aratta: Southeastern Iran and the Land of
Marhashi".
433:; however that is no longer seen to be the case. Although Aratta is known only from
84:
1832:
1732:
1692:
1622:
1583:
1312:
543:
Nevertheless, there have been speculations referring to eastern Iran as well. Dr.
1383:
1329:
1096:
528:
454:
318:
128:
123:
1564:
1190:; Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (1990) vol. 7,
265:
then arrives in Aratta, and offers to make Uruk submit. The sorcerer travels to
1431:
548:
442:
1210:
Reallexikon der
Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (1990) vol. 7,
520:
Anshan, which had not yet been located then, was assumed to be in the central
460:
It is a source of, or has access to valuable gems and minerals, in particular
2011:
532:
438:
138:
1904:
1872:
1526:
1474:
1223:
461:
178:
1267:
1231:
567:
510:
378:"the shrine of my heart which I (Nanna) have founded in joy like Aratta"
1744:
1704:
1595:
1466:
1304:
1227:
571:
and other texts. Alternatively, the name is compared with the toponym
487:
298:
280:
146:
1844:
1773:
Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta: A Sumerian Epic Tale of Iraq and Iran
1634:
1451:"Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts"
426:
1736:
1696:
1587:
309:'s army is faced with a setback, Lugalbanda volunteers to return to
181:
and other precious materials, as well as the artisans to craft them.
26:
1836:
1626:
1251:
306:
284:
227:
199:
142:
474:
It is close enough to march a 27th-century BC Sumerian army there.
1399:
1370:
1287:
483:
1528:
1407:
576:
521:
501:
Other speculations referred to the early gem trade route, the "
262:
240:
223:
174:
1981:
Reallexikon der
Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie
1683:
Hansman, John F. (1972). "Elamites, Achaemenians and Anshan".
1332:
is well documented beyond literary texts (c.f. Hansman (1985)
430:
314:
188:
1955:
Vanstiphout, Herman L. J. (2003). Cooper, Jerrold S. (ed.).
537:
514:
468:
450:
434:
310:
236:
235:
who ascends and descends the "Zubi" mountains, and crosses
231:
203:
192:
170:
150:
1961:. Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 110–111, etc.
325:
305:
bird, and asks it to help him find his army again. When
333:"I filled it with treasures like those of holy Aratta."
165:
Aratta is described as follows in
Sumerian literature:
1723:(1968). "Lapis Lazuli: The Early Phase of its Trade".
1425:
600:"Aratta became a epithet for "abundance" and "glory"."
367:
The building of
Ninngirsu's temple (Gudea cylinder):
1611:Hansman, John F. (1978). "The Question of Aratta".
1529:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
1065:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
1040:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
1015:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
990:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
965:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
940:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
915:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
890:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
865:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
840:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
815:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
790:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
765:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
740:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
715:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
690:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
665:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
637:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
612:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
1788:
210:
2009:
1652:"Anshan in the Elamite and Archaemenian Periods"
1934:Reiner, Erica (1973). "The Location of Anšan".
322:out in the mountains where the cypress grows".
1345:Reiner, Erica (1973) "The Location of Anšan",
191:, who transfers her allegiance from Aratta to
160:
1958:Epics of Sumerian Kings: The Matter of Aratta
1111:
1109:
1917:cited in Mallowan (1985) p. 401, note 1
1954:
421:Early 20th century scholars initially took
149:, two early and possibly mythical kings of
1945:
1865:Jiroft: the Earliest Oriental Civilization
1859:
1817:
1762:
1710:
1403:
1395:
1350:
1271:
1162:
1106:
486:, and hence speculated Aratta to be near
169:It is a fabulously wealthy place full of
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1903:
1871:
1719:
1437:Aryan and non-Aryan Names in Vedic India
1316:
1308:
1266:, p. 54. South or southeast of the
1263:
1150:
384:"the inaccessible mountain range Aratta"
253:- The lord of Aratta, who is here named
122:
1949:
1714:
1682:
1649:
1610:
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2010:
1933:
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1300:
1247:
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659:
657:
429:related to its local name for the god
425:to be an epithet of the Sumerian city
416:
47:Please improve this article by adding
1920:
1758:
1550:
1501:
1366:
1283:
1139:
1115:
595:
471:by watercourse, yet remote from Uruk.
355:Hymn to Hendursanga (Hendursanga A):
326:Other mentions in Sumerian literature
1465:
184:It is remote and difficult to reach.
20:
2018:Locations in Mesopotamian mythology
1471:Legend: The Genesis of Civilisation
654:
540:territory to wage war with Aratta.
339:"Aratta, full-laden with treasures"
16:Land that appears in Sumerian myths
13:
1909:Proceedings of the British Academy
1539:from the original on 11 April 2008
390:"they know the way even to Aratta"
388:Gilgamesh and Huwawa (Version B):
331:Praise Poem of Shulgi (Shulgi Y):
14:
2029:
449:Land travelers must pass through
25:
1824:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1614:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1553:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
1495:
1459:
1444:
1413:
1389:
1382:Hansman, John F. (1972, 1978).
1376:
1360:
1339:
1322:
1293:
1277:
1257:
1241:
1216:
1204:
1184:Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave
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1032:
1007:
982:
957:
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907:
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857:
832:
807:
496:Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave
403:The Kesh Temple Hymn: Aratta is
275:Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave
218:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
211:Mentions in Sumerian literature
1821:(1976). "The Land of Aratta".
1090:Early Babylonia and its Cities
782:
757:
732:
707:
682:
629:
604:
589:
1:
1881:The Cambridge History of Iran
1656:The Cambridge History of Iran
582:
513:, which ran through northern
293:Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird
49:secondary or tertiary sources
1907:(1969). "Elamite Problems".
1575:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
1118:, p. 61. Cohen states:
7:
1797:University of Chicago Press
464:, that are crafted on site.
369:"pure like Kesh and Aratta"
361:Hymn to Nisaba (Nisaba A):
337:Shulgi and Ninlil's barge:
243:makes Aratta's crops grow.
161:Role in Sumerian literature
10:
2034:
1777:University of Pennsylvania
1660:Cambridge University Press
1557:University of Pennsylvania
1250:, p. 72, note 9. The
1226:for the ancient world was
1101:Cambridge Ancient History.
490:. However, "Mount Hurum",
249:Enmerkar and En-suhgir-ana
187:It is home to the goddess
137:is a land that appears in
1650:Hansman, John F. (1985).
409:Lament for Ur: Aratta is
1510:Cornell University Press
1349:67, pp. 57-62 (cited in
494:, in what is now called
349:Unprovenanced Proverbs:
1533:Oxford University Press
1505:Reading Sumerian Poetry
1328:In contrast to Aratta,
1319:, p. 401, note 1).
226:resides in Aratta, but
1502:Black, Jeremy (1998).
1441:People.fas.harvard.edu
153:also mentioned on the
131:
36:relies excessively on
1987:. 1990. p. 121.
1923:Name-ye Iran-e Bastan
1775:. University Museum,
1303:, p. 72 note 9.
1198:; Vanstiphout (2003)
1173:Kramer (1963) p. 275.
1103:Accessed 19 Dec 2010.
1088:Langdom, Stephen H. "
1069:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
1044:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
1019:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
994:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
969:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
944:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
919:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
894:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
869:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
844:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
819:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
794:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
769:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
744:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
719:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
694:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
669:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
641:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
616:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
492:"hur-ru-um kur-ra-ka"
126:
1936:Revue d'Assyriologie
1691:: 118, footnote 97.
1347:Revue d'Assyriologie
1315:territory (cited in
598:, p. 55 notes:
467:It is accessible to
453:and the mountainous
1785:Kramer, Samuel Noah
1769:Kramer, Samuel Noah
1551:Cohen, Sol (1973).
1222:The only source of
507:Himalayan Mountains
503:Great Khorasan Road
457:region to reach it.
417:Location hypotheses
411:"weighty (counsel)"
376:to Suen (Nanna I):
313:to ask the goddess
198:It is conquered by
1861:Majidzadeh, Yousef
1819:Majidzadeh, Yousef
1721:Herrmann, Georgina
1662:. pp. 25–35.
1559:. pp. 55–61.
1475:Century Publishing
1286:, p. 60. The
1234:(see Clark (1986)
1095:2011-10-05 at the
531:was identified as
480:Samuel Noah Kramer
283:, who will become
155:Sumerian king list
132:
1985:Walter de Gruyter
1946:Majidzadeh (1976)
1877:"Cyrus the Great"
1763:Majidzadeh (1976)
1711:Majidzadeh (1976)
1404:Majidzadeh (2004)
1396:Majidzadeh (1976)
1351:Majidzadeh (1976)
1272:Majidzadeh (1976)
1163:Majidzadeh (1976)
565:mentioned in the
551:could be Aratta.
545:Yousef Majidzadeh
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1317:Mallowan (1985)
1311:, p. 256.
1309:Mallowan (1969)
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1264:Herrmann (1968)
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1200:p.110-111, etc.
1194:; Black (1998)
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1932:
1928:
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1905:Mallowan, Max
1902:
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101:December 2018
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62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
44:
43:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
1998:. Retrieved
1980:
1977:"Lugalbanda"
1957:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1908:
1894:. Retrieved
1880:
1864:
1828:
1822:
1790:
1772:
1759:Cohen (1973)
1728:
1724:
1688:
1684:
1673:. Retrieved
1655:
1618:
1612:
1579:
1573:
1552:
1541:. Retrieved
1504:
1496:Bibliography
1470:
1461:
1453:
1446:
1436:
1427:
1415:
1391:
1378:
1367:Cohen (1973)
1362:
1346:
1341:
1324:
1295:
1284:Cohen (1973)
1279:
1259:
1243:
1224:lapis lazuli
1218:
1206:
1183:
1178:
1169:
1146:
1140:Cohen (1973)
1127:
1119:
1116:Cohen (1973)
1100:
1084:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1043:
1034:
1022:. Retrieved
1018:
1009:
997:. Retrieved
993:
984:
972:. Retrieved
968:
959:
947:. Retrieved
943:
934:
922:. Retrieved
918:
909:
897:. Retrieved
893:
884:
872:. Retrieved
868:
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847:. Retrieved
843:
834:
822:. Retrieved
818:
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797:. Retrieved
793:
784:
772:. Retrieved
768:
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747:. Retrieved
743:
734:
722:. Retrieved
718:
709:
697:. Retrieved
693:
684:
672:. Retrieved
668:
644:. Retrieved
640:
631:
619:. Retrieved
615:
606:
599:
596:Cohen (1973)
591:
566:
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542:
526:
519:
500:
495:
491:
477:
462:lapis lazuli
422:
420:
410:
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398:
397:: Aratta is
395:Temple Hymns
389:
383:
377:
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179:lapis lazuli
164:
141:surrounding
134:
133:
127:"ARATTA" in
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
35:
18:
1467:Rohl, David
1268:Caspian Sea
1232:Afghanistan
1074:30 December
1049:30 December
1024:30 December
999:30 December
974:30 December
949:30 December
924:30 December
899:30 December
874:30 December
849:30 December
824:30 December
799:30 December
774:30 December
749:30 December
724:30 December
699:30 December
674:30 December
646:30 December
621:30 December
568:Mahabharata
511:Mesopotamia
505:" from the
405:"important"
399:"respected"
2000:2008-03-15
1896:2005-03-15
1799:. p.
1675:2005-03-15
1543:2008-03-15
1439:1999, p. 8
1305:Kermanshah
1270:(cited in
1228:Badakhshan
583:References
488:Lake Urmia
343:Proverbs:
299:Lugalbanda
281:Lugalbanda
147:Lugalbanda
71:newspapers
38:references
1944:cited in
1853:162240805
1757:cited in
1753:130955760
1709:cited in
1643:162250050
1604:163463497
1582:: 70–88.
1565:302716331
1555:(Ph.D.).
1334:pp. 25-35
1313:Bakhtiari
1182:see e.g.
478:In 1963,
427:Shuruppak
2012:Category
1942:: 57–62.
1875:(1985).
1863:(2004).
1787:(1963).
1771:(1952).
1561:ProQuest
1537:Archived
1469:(1998).
1252:Sanandaj
1093:Archived
484:Hurrians
307:Enmerkar
285:Enmerkar
228:Enmerkar
200:Enmerkar
143:Enmerkar
60:"Aratta"
1929:: 1–11.
1745:4199836
1705:4300468
1596:1359360
1400:Shahdad
1371:Hamadan
1288:Hamadan
538:Elamite
437:, some
85:scholar
1991:
1965:
1887:
1851:
1845:545195
1843:
1807:
1751:
1743:
1703:
1666:
1641:
1635:544047
1633:
1602:
1594:
1563:
1516:
1481:
1408:Jiroft
1330:Anshan
1212:p. 121
1196:p. 136
1192:p. 121
577:Urartu
573:Ararat
563:Arāṭṭa
559:Āraṭṭa
529:Anshan
522:Zagros
455:Anshan
423:Aratta
319:Anshan
263:Hamazi
241:Ishkur
224:Inanna
175:silver
135:Aratta
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
1849:S2CID
1841:JSTOR
1749:S2CID
1741:JSTOR
1701:JSTOR
1639:S2CID
1631:JSTOR
1600:S2CID
1592:JSTOR
1299:e.g.
1290:area.
1254:area.
1236:p. 67
431:Enlil
315:Inana
303:Anzud
267:Eresh
189:Inana
92:JSTOR
78:books
1989:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1885:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1725:Iraq
1713:and
1685:Iran
1664:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1479:ISBN
1454:EJVS
1076:2018
1051:2018
1026:2018
1001:2018
976:2018
951:2018
926:2018
901:2018
876:2018
851:2018
826:2018
801:2018
776:2018
751:2018
726:2018
701:2018
676:2018
648:2018
623:2018
515:Iran
469:Uruk
451:Susa
441:and
435:myth
374:Tigi
311:Uruk
257:(or
237:Susa
232:Uruk
204:Uruk
193:Uruk
171:gold
151:Uruk
145:and
64:news
1927:4/1
1833:doi
1801:275
1733:doi
1693:doi
1623:doi
1584:doi
1099:."
575:or
561:or
509:to
230:of
202:of
40:to
2014::
1979:.
1948:,
1940:67
1938:.
1925:.
1913:LV
1911:.
1879:.
1847:.
1839:.
1829:35
1827:.
1803:.
1795:.
1761:,
1747:.
1739:.
1729:30
1727:.
1699:.
1689:10
1687:.
1654:.
1637:.
1629:.
1619:37
1617:.
1598:.
1590:.
1580:21
1578:.
1535:.
1531:.
1508:.
1477:.
1473:.
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1134:;
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892:.
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656:^
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1487:.
1434:(
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1122:.
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