Scunthorpe Steelworks

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steelworks. Its upland site necessitated inter alia building large water mains up from the River Trent – steelworks use a huge amount of water. The design included modernistic features, such as the facility to burn gases from the blast furnace beneath the steel furnaces, but this was not proceeded with in practice. Upon completion, S. H. Meakin then managed the new Normanby Park steelworks for a year. However his primary interest was new design, rather than production, so he resigned and moved to Sheffield where he took charge of the design offices of Firth-Brown. S. H. Meakin's hobby was studying and mounting diatoms, for which activity – paradoxically – he is far better known today. (See Google, S. H. Meakin : the preceding Normanby Park details are taken from an interview in 2020 with Harry Meakin's grandson, Christopher Meakin, citing known family history).

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Scunthorpe were planned under several phases for Scunthorpe, under a scheme known as the "Anchor Project", which had its basis in an £80 million proposal made by the Appleby-Frodingham company in 1966 to the regulating Iron and Steel Board for LD converter conversion with a capacity of around 2 million tons pa, plus a 2 million ton pa slab mill and investment increasing light plate production to 1 million tons pa; foreign ore would also be used to increase productivity. When accepted by BSC in 1969 the expanded project had a cost of £130 million (rising to £230 million by 1971), and included three 300 ton LD converters, as well as a continuous plate mill later rejected, and other improvements. During the formulation of the plan the option of relocating the Scunthorpe-based steel production to a coastal site (i.e.

656:(5.2 m) in three; capacities of the four modern furnaces were two at 2,300 tons, one at 2,000 tons and one at 1,650 tons per week. Blast furnace gas was used at both sites to power electrical generators, and further energy recovery from the residual hot gas obtained from water tube boilers heated by the gas, or for heating in the steel works. Both works contained similar melting shops – the Appleby works had five tilting furnaces (open hearth) of 250- or 300-ton capacity. Employment over both sites was 6,500 in 1937. In the context of the wider United Steel group, rationalisation during the 1930s led the Appleby Frodingham works to be specialised in plates and heavy sections, whilst lighter section, bars, rod and wire were produced at the group's 4072: 642: 872: 677:

plant were constructed on former ironstone quarry land. The new 27 and 28.5 feet (8.2 and 8.7 m) furnaces were official opened in mid 1954, and older plant abandoned, with total capacity increased from 900,000 to 1,250,000 tons pa. The blast furnaces were named "Queen Anne" (No.3, 27 ft) and "Queen Victoria" (No.4, 28.5 ft). In addition to the new plant new sinter equipment was constructed, allowing the works to operate on near 100% sinter use in the blast furnaces – part of the rationale for the sinter investment was the deterioration of the quality of the locally mined ore, resulting in increasing quantities of

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made even more efficient than was possible in Wrexham, told him to do the drawings anyway then keep them where they were unlikely to be found, or even understood. In due course (in about 1907) Darby then won a contract from the Lysaght Brothers to build a brand new steelworks in Scunthorpe, which he confidently asserted would be more efficient than anything seen before. That was destined to become Normanby Park. He then told Harry Meakin "I want you to join me on the new project, but my contract precludes me from poaching staff from Brymbo. So you will have to get yourself dismissed."

792: 364: 848:(BSC) in 1967. Scunthorpe was chosen by the corporation as one of the five main production centres, formally within the Midland regional division of BSC, and designated as a general steel producers. Placing the three steel producers in the town under shared ownership gave opportunities for rationalisation and greater efficiency – excess liquid steel and sinter were transferred between the works by rail. Within the whole of BSC the 7 ft plate mill at Appleby-Frodingham (and at West Hartlepool) was closed and production transferred to 221: 3985: 723: 915:) contributed to large scale reduction in the BSC workforce overall, to under a third of the 180,000 employed in the UK industry as a whole in 1975; this in combination with loss of certain privileges and management requests for flexible working, reduction in manning, and wage cuts or wage freezes led to large scale conflict in the industry as a whole over several years. A national strike (led by the 594:. A second mine, Dragonby, was also opened in the post war period. Both mines were worked on the room and pillar system, with approximately 20 to 23 feet (6 to 7 m) height of extraction within the seams, leaving some ironstone for roof support (about 8 feet 2 inches (2.5 m) depth) and roadway. Drilling and blasting were used for extraction with much of the work mechanised. 945:. with all liquid steel production at the site ended by 1979. In 1982 works employment was 8,900. In 1967 ore production at Scunthorpe had been 4.7 million tons pa; from 1981 to 1987 local ore production had dropped to around 1 million tons and then to 120,000 tons with only one quarry (Yarborough) in operation. Underground mining ended in 1981. 536:, north of Scunthorpe, was made by the Chief Engineer, Samuel Henry 'Harry' Meakin. He was originally offered a site acquired by the Lysaght's at Flixborough on the River Trent, but pointed out that the geological strata were not strong enough to bear the weight of blast furnaces. He needed to build on hard ground, which of course hills always are. 852:, North Yorkshire in around 1970. Under the rationalisation scheme known as the 'Heritage Programme' closures corresponding to 1.59 and 0.81 million tons of ingot steel were announced for Appleby-Frodingham and Redbourn works to take effect in 1973/4 and 1972/3 respectively. The Dragonby and Santon mines were worked as a single unit from 1969. 332:

uniformity, and the general low value of the land on which it stood led to rapid development of open ore workings. The lime content of the ore rendered it self-fluxing, but its high lime content and basic nature were problematic and led to the practice of using it in combination with silica containing ores (for

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Key components of the Normanby Park Works had in practice been designed in the drawing offices of Brymbo Steelworks in Wrexham, which S. H. Meakin had redesigned during 1905–1908. John Darby, the man in charge of that project, listened to Meakin's professional views on how a steelworks could be

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produced, and its basic nature, its corrosive effect on the refractories in the furnace, as well as the large amount of water content in the ore, and carbon dioxide release tending to damp the fire in the furnace. The primary solution to the basic ore was to co-fire with an imported silica containing

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After closure the underground ironstone working caused serious subsidence in some areas due to washing out of clay causing delayed collapse. Parts of the surface ironstone workings were restored using company and governmental contributed funds during the late 20th century; some workings such as

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exists primarily due to the development of the iron ore and steel industry in the area, changing the character of the area from almost entirely rural to one of a large heavy industrial enterprise and town in a rural setting. As a consequence most of the buildings in the town date to the late 19th or

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In 2011 a billet caster and bloom mill were closed, replaced by a new £55 million casting machine, ordered in 2005. The Queen Bess furnace was relit in early 2014, to maintain production whilst the Queen Anne furnace was shut down and relined at a cost of around £30 million. The Queen Anne

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In the early 1970s the UK government announced £3 billion investment plan to modernise the companies main steel production sites (Scunthorpe, Lackenby, Llanwern, Ravenscraig, Port Talbot), increasing productivity by 50%, and reducing the total workforce by 50,000. Changes and modernisation at

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The Redbourn works was originally supplied by two hand charged furnaces built 1875. Furnaces 3 and 4 were added in 1909 and 1919. In 1951/2 the 1875 furnaces were replaced by a single furnace. No.4 furnace was closed in 1977, and No.3 furnace was closed in 1979; the last furnace, No.2 was shut down

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in 1866, supported by Lancashire capitalists; the business was supplied with ore from Winn's own mines. Over the next decade three more works were established: the Redbourn Hill Company, and the Lincolnshire Iron Smelting Company were supported by capital from Birmingham; the Appleby Iron works was

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In the early 1950s the company expanded two of its blast furnaces to 25 feet (7.6 m) diameter (named "Queen Mary", No.9; and "Queen Bess"), and in 1951 took the decision to start the construction of two further new furnaces to a similar diameter. The new furnaces together with addition sinter

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to the south most of the housing expansion associated with the growth of the industry took place around the former village of Scunthorpe – by the beginning of the 20th century Scunthorpe had grown to town sized, and incorporated schools; churches; clubs; a cemetery; and a courthouse, bank and

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as potential buyer; the acquisition process was ended mid 2015 by Klesch with no sale. In 2015 Tata announced the loss of 900 jobs at the Scunthorpe site, with reductions including the closure/mothballing of the plate mill (350 persons), and closure of the Dawes Lane coke ovens (140 persons). The

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After merger the adjacent Appleby and Frodingham works both produced pig iron, with the Frodingham works specialising in bars and sections, and the Appleby works plates and slabs. In 1937 each site had four blast furnaces, each with two relatively modern builds, with a maximum diameter of 17 feet

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of the 1930s the works was reconstructed at a cost of £400,000 to specialise outside general mass market steels – as a result capacity utilising was at 80% compared to an industry average of nearer 50%, though with very low profit margins. During this period the works was primary supplier to the

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nodules, much affected by water weathering; local variations within the ore bed included bands with iron content as high as 40%, down to 12%, with an average iron content of 25%, excluding spoil. The ironstone bed dipped slightly towards the east – the bed's proximity to the surface, its fair

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the three of the six works were converting all of their iron production to steel, whilst much of the remainder was supplied to associated steel companies. Total pig iron production in 1917 was nearly 520,000 tons. Immediately preceding the war (1916) plans had been made to increase UK steel

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According to Harry Meakin's son Frank: "My father – who was 32 years old at the time – then played ducks and drakes at Brymbo for six months until they were forced to sack him." Harry Meakin then moved to Scunthorpe and joined John Darby again, whereupon he took charge of designing the new

446:, transported there by water. In 1862 the Dawes began to build the first blast furnace in the area, which became operational in 1864, operating as the Trent Iron Company. The Frodingham Iron Company also opened in 1864, established by Joseph Cliff, a firebrick manufacturer from 828:

considered to establish a continuous strip mill at their Redbourn works, but under government pressure in the context of difficult economic conditions and unemployment in South Wales reversed their decision and instead place the development at the EbbVale ironworks sites.

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period), below which is the 'Frodingham Ironstone' once mined at Scunthorpe. At Frodingham the ironstone existed in a bed up to 35 feet (11 m) thick, covered by loose sand. The ore was found in the form of a calcareous hydrated oxide, with some

556:; the two firms were formally amalgamated into the Appleby-Frodingham Steel Company in 1934. In 1931/2 the former North Lincolnshire Ironworks became part of the group, followed by the Trent Ironworks in 1936. The Redbourn Iron Works became part of 576:

production by 2 million tons. In the Lincolnshire district 2 new blast furnaces and 6 steel furnaces were sanction in 1916; and 2 blast and 3 steel in 1917/18. By 1918 production of pig iron in the district had risen to around 650,000 tons.

501:(Rotherham). By 1875 several businesses were extracting iron ore in the area including Cliff and Sons (Frodingham); the Kiveton Park Company; W.H. and G. Dawes; Cliff and Sons (Leeds); the Park Gate Iron Company (Frodingham); and Charles Winn. 879:

The development of an ore terminal as part of the Anchor project was authorised; use of local or regionally imported ores ceased or was greatly reduced, as a consequence of increased importation of foreign ores of far greater iron content. The

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works in Yorkshire, with rails and ferroalloys at the Workington site. In 1945 the works was the largest in Britain, with a capacity of 700 million tons pa (5.5% national production), and occupied a 1,700 acres (690 ha) site.

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By the mid 20th century Scunthorpe was expanding into a large town, to the west, north and south of the original village, and its extent now included the former villages of Crosby and Frodingham, and had reached as far south as

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In 2004 the Heavy Section Mill (HSM) was closed with the loss of about 150 jobs, Manufacture of sheet piling cease at the HSM in July 2004 at Scunthorpe and the company sold the remnants of its sheet piling business (sales) to

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and sinter plant were constructed on a site south of the earlier Appleby works, the location of the former North Lincolnshire Iron works. Here future expansion of the plant was focused replacing plant at the Frodingham works.

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In the early 1970s BSC planning considered the 5 million ingot steel tons pa Anchor site as a core asset, and the 1.1 million tons pa former Lysaght's Normanby works as marginal. The economic downturn following the

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At the around the beginning of the 1980s BSC made significant cutbacks to operations at Scunthorpe: all the ore mines closed; and most of the Redbourn works was shut, use of the Lysaght's Normanby Park site ended

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the steelworks had been entirely converted from the open hearth to basic oxygen steel making process – the works employed 7,300 persons and had a production capacity of around 5 million tons pa of steel.

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established with capital from Scotland. All six iron works were located adjacent to the ore workings, with the low iron content of the ore favouring local working rather than transportation to external sites.

104:(1860s) gave rail access to the area, local iron production rapidly expanded using local ironstone and imported coal or coke. The local ore was relatively poor in iron (around 25% average) and high in lime ( 1784:

Whittaker, B. N.; Smith, S. F. (1987), Szwilski, A. B.; Richards, M. J. (eds.), "Stability and Operational Aspects of Room and Pillar Mining in the U.K. Sedimentary Iron-Ore Deposits",

602:. The steelworks and ironworkings had expanded east and to the north. The population of Scunthorpe reached over 45 thousand in 1941, and was to increase to over 66 thousand by the beginning of the 1980s. 771:

Due to oversupply in the industry the blast furnaces were again temporarily shut down in 1938. In 1939 the company was notified by government official that the works work be required to supply steel for

520:, with the iron ore fields and irons works to the east, in an otherwise essentially rural landscape consisting of enclosed fields and coppices. With the exception of housing built at New Frodingham and 351:

Ironstone extraction was almost entirely east of a roughly north–south boundary passing through Scunthorpe between the town and steelworks – this boundary was itself east of the Lower Lias escarpment (

860:) had been considered but rejected. Work on the 1,000 acres (400 ha) former ore field site south and east of the older works began in early 1970. The new Anchor works including steelmaking, 3729: 3873: 494: 3777: 1093:

Jingye Group purchased British Steel in March 2020 and invested £330 million in capital projects during its first three years of ownership. British Steel now employs 4,300 in the UK.

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in the ore. The expansion led to the closure of the iron works at Frodingham and the North Lincs works; the last blast furnace in operation at Frodingham, No.1, was shut down in May 1954.

3681: 1085:, expected to be around a third more efficient than that it replaces, was announced. Other investment were also foreseen on the rolling mills, to produce high-quality rolled products. 173:

modernisation. Primary iron production was at four blast furnaces first established or expanded in the 1950s, and known as the four Queens: named Queen Anne, Bess, Victoria, and Mary.

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the works was temporarily closed – iron and steel production was resumed in 1922 but the works operated at under capacity for the remainder of the decade. At the beginning of the

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was installed. Facilities at the works in 1983 included a 300t basic oxygen steelmaker; billet, bloom and slab continuous casters; and desulphurisation and degassing equipment.

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plate mill ceased production in December 2015, and the Dawes Lane coke ovens ceased production in March 2016, with all coke production transferred to the Appleby coke ovens.

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During the post war period the works was planned to increase output to 500,000 ingot tons pa – by 1955 this figure had been exceeded with production at 600,000 tons pa. Two

435:. The line was fully opened by 1866, and enable rapid expansion of the iron business around Scunthorpe. A 0.25 miles (0.40 km) branch to further iron ore deposits near 2927: 3973: 260: 34: 2388: 485:

Iron ore production reached 248,329 tons, and iron production 31,000 tons by 1870, both rapid increases. In addition to local blast furnaces the ore was supplied to the

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on a lease of the iron ore containing land were made in 1905, and the decision was taken to establish a steelworks, with the estimated capital cost at under £350,000.

532:, built 1908–1915 when it then came on stream producing heavy steel products for the war effort, notably armour plate for warships. The choice of the uphill site at 740:

investigated opportunities to integrate backwards by producing steel for its rolling mills in South Wales. A number of schemes were considered including a works at

998:. In 2005 Corus announced an investment plan for its long products division: a £130 million investment at Scunthorpe into the medium section mill, focusing on 381:

is credited with (re-)discovering the iron ore in the area, and having it analysed and promoting its use. He suspected that the geology on his estate resembled the

745: 2093: 436: 163:(BSC), leading to a period of further consolidation – from the 1970s the use of local or regional ironstone diminished, being replaced by imported ore via the 4173: 583:

the three Scunthorpe works increase the share of UK steel production from 3 to 10%. In 1945 all steel produced in the Lincolnshire district was by the basic

229: 919:) took place from January to March 1980. In the wider business steel production ended at Shotton (1978), Consett (1980), Corby (1981) and Clydeside (1982). 2075: 978: 296: 3389:

Rhodes, Martin; Wright, Vincent (April 1988), "The European Steel Unions and the Steel Crisis, 1974–84: A Study in the Demise of Traditional Unionism",

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Experimental underground mining began in the 1930s, leading to the development of the Santon drift mine, with production beginning after the end of the

3006: 2847: 2828: 2735: 2773: 2705: 1170: 167:– much of the steelworks was re-established with equipment at or south and east of the Appleby-Frodingham works during the late 1960s as part of the 2686: 3966: 2949: 806: 517: 17: 2549: 271:

series/period, it is a nearly horizontal bed, 10 to 25 feet (3.0 to 7.6 m) thick, averaging 12 feet (3.7 m), and consists of calcareous

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In April 2016 the long products division including the Scunthorpe works as the only primary steel producer and main employer was sold by Tata to

533: 263:; iron deposits in Northern France and Southern Germany may also be from the same period and origin. The Lincolnshire ironstone is found in the 2899: 2594: 1071: 408: 1081:, a Chinese steelmaker, became the owner of the plant. Many investments were foreseen: for Scunthorpe site, the construction of a new 250 MW 678: 525:

hotel. By 1901 the local population was 11,167 increased from a combined rural population (Scunthorpe, Ashby, Brumby etc.) of 1,245 in 1851.

355:). Iron ore extraction was reduced in the later half of the 20th century, to be substituted by foreign imported ores of better quality. 2523: 4188: 521: 228:

It is thought that the iron deposits in Lincolnshire were worked sometime before the 19th and 20th century exploitations – forges at

3959: 2755: 606: 3981: 2800: 2613: 111:) requiring co-smelting with more acidic silicious iron ores. The growth of industry in the area led to the development of the town of 903:

system. At the Normanby Park site ore was supplied from the stockyards built for the Appleby-Frodingham Anchor project by a conveyor.

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On 4 November 1975 four workers were killed at the Queen Victoria furnace, and others badly injured following an explosion in a

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By 1875 there were 13 blast furnaces in operation, with others under construction. Coke (or coal) was used, supplied from the

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On 6 November 2023, British Steel announced the blast furnaces at Scunthorpe were to be decommissioned and replaced with two

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sought to sell much of its European steel operations. In 2014 Scunthorpe works were offered as part of Tata Steel Europe's

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and onwards by canal. Iron ore began to be commercially exploited in the area from 1859. A narrow gauge railway was opened

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was established in the mid 19th century, following the discovery and exploitation of middle Lias ironstone east of

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due to water ingress into the molten steel filled vessel. In total 11 persons eventually died due to their injuries.

477:. Initially the high lime content of the ore (up to 68%) caused production issues, through the amount and form of the 3455: 3437: 3380: 3348: 3330: 1456: 1429: 1152: 378: 1201:. The plant became known as the Lindsey or North Lindsey works after it was taken over by the Redbourn Hill Company. 4183: 2290:"'It was devastating': Steelworkers to remember tragic Scunthorpe explosion which killed 11 men 40 years ago today" 1745: 504:

Appleby Ironworks was established in 1875. By the 1880s the iron making district consisted of separate villages at

498: 4071: 2993: 1018: 2203:"British Steel Scunthorpe pictures of the past as Greybull plans to bring back historic name at Tata steelworks" 1025:

led to reduction in demand for steel and reduced profitability. The Queen Bess furnace was mothballed in 2008.

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W. H. and G. Dawes (Elsecar) were the first to utilise the ore which was tested at blast furnaces at

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took place from the late 1960s onwards, with an intermediate oxygen utilising open hearth process known as the

4001: 389:). Initially ore was extracted and exported from leases on his estate, and transported by horse power to the 382: 341: 256: 118:

From the early 1910s to the 1930s the industry consolidated, with three main ownership concerns formed – the

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Pocock, D. C. D. (1990), Ellis, S.; Crowther, D. R. (eds.), "The Development of Scunthorpe",

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became a key part of the overall infrastructure of the Scunthorpe steelworks as an importation point. The

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Geology of northern Lincolnshire. Near surface iron ore formations in red (NEIMME Transactions, v.24, 1875)

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A single 100 ton oxygen based (Oberhausen rotor) steelmaking converter was installed at Redbourn in 1961.

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Stace, R. (2015), Lu, Liming (ed.), "Iron Ore: Mineralogy, Processing and Environmental Sustainability",

825: 622: 565: 561: 153: 139: 3464: 1006:, UK; other investment included a new bloom caster, reheat furnace and breakdown mill for the rod mill. 306:

The geological strata in Lincolnshire includes a number of iron bearing rocks including (downwards) the

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In 1912 the Frodingham company absorbed the Appleby company, both of which in 1917 became part of the

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Winn then was instrumental in the promotion of a line to the ore fields, and with the support of the

1773:, no. 66, §7.2.2 Underground mining techniques in the North Lincolnshire mines, pp. 234–236 845: 756: 474: 428: 160: 2968: 2498:

Completed acquisition by Arcelor SA of Corus UK Limited's UK hot-rolled steel sheet piling business

614: 513: 462: 1536: 1330: 4046: 922: 885: 610: 412: 319: 164: 1123: 176:

Both the Normanby Park and the Redbourn works were closed by the early 1980s. Conversion to the

73: 4147: 4096: 4091: 4036: 2102:, Fig.14, "BSC Regional Divisions, 1967–70", p.152; Fig.15 "BSC Product Divisions, 1970", p155. 999: 956: 661: 657: 626: 618: 553: 529: 279:. The deposit is thought to have been originally created by the deposition by precipitation of 125: 3148: 3091: 1577: 1555: 2829:"TATA STEEL: Scunthorpe's plate mill will be mothballed and the Dawes Lane coke ovens closed" 1054: 987: 780: 704: 177: 2149: 1107:. Under the plans, one of the new furnaces would be located at Scunthorpe, and the other at 4132: 4031: 4021: 4011: 1104: 900: 791: 737: 703:. The AJAX furnaces functioned as a transition technology prior to the introduction of the 599: 505: 363: 143: 4051: 3302: 3283: 3264: 3245: 3226: 3207: 3188: 3169: 1671: 336:

formation). Iron produced from the bed including the fossiliferous lime contained over 1%

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Following privatisation in 1988, the company together with the rest of BSC became part of

8: 4137: 4117: 4061: 4006: 3935: 3138: 896: 692: 584: 181: 2446: 4152: 4142: 4056: 4016: 3925: 3549: 3536:

Daff, Trevor (November 1973), "The establishment of ironmaking at Scunthorpe 1858–77",

3507: 3414: 3406: 1144: 865: 861: 773: 749: 451: 311: 247:

period and forms part of a series of ironstones found in eastern England found in the

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to establish the business. Both produced iron from their own local ironstone leases.

196: 105: 2900:"Tata Steel Scunthorpe closing down Dawes Lane coke ovens today – the end of an era" 2032:

Triumph of the South: A Regional Economic History of Early Twentieth Century Britain

4086: 3545: 3499: 3425: 3398: 1151:(Scunthorpe, Llanwern, Port Talbot, Redcar) was the biggest industrial polluter of 1060: 760: 591: 486: 470: 315: 307: 220: 204: 2929:

Tata Steel UK agrees sale and purchase agreement for long products Europe business

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In 1939 two 22 feet (6.7 m) diameter blast furnaces together with associated

3121: 3007:"British Steel proposes to close coking ovens in move that could cut 260 UK jobs" 2875:"END OF AN ERA: Scunthorpe plate mill ceases production at Tata Steel – pictures" 1076: 1022: 908: 572: 192: 97: 2969:"Britain finds a buyer for one Tata steel plant, saving a third of jobs at risk" 2736:"Tata Steel Scunthorpe production disrupted by ALL furnaces being out of action" 748:(Wiltshire); or a new works near Scunthorpe. Discussions and agreement with Sir 419:

was obtained in 1861. The new line connected with the SYR via a bridge over the

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operated in the interim – conversion to LD operation was complete by the 1990s.

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The explosion at the Appleby-Frodingham steelworks, Scunthorpe 4 November 1975

2076:"The death of ironmaking at Redbourn: Today marks anniversary of historic day" 1990:, pp.116–7; Table 6, "Oxygen Steelmaking Plants in the United Kingdom", p.114. 4167: 3889: 3875: 3841: 3827: 3793: 3779: 3745: 3731: 3697: 3683: 3649: 3635: 1037: 931: 691:

onwards the Appleby-Frodingham works pioneered the use of a variation of the

415:(SYR) as equal third partners; an act of parliament for a new main line, the 386: 233: 200: 50: 36: 722: 605:

In 1951 much of the British steel industry was briefly nationalised, as the

236:, and archaeological evidence has been found of iron working at Scunthorpe. 2848:"900 jobs to go and plate mill to be mothballed at Scunthorpe's Tata Steel" 2307: 2138:, Table 12, "Major Closures Announced Under the Heritage Programme", p.172. 2002:

The Economic History of Steelmaking 1867–1939 : A study in competition

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production, with the a corresponding end to rail production at its site in

912: 700: 185: 90: 3490:

Kendall, O. D. (July 1938), "Iron and Steel Industry of Scunthorpe",

4041: 2801:"Tata Steel Scunthorpe sale: Queen Anne furnace relit after £30m rebuild" 2774:"Tata Steel creating 400 contracting jobs with £30m blastfurnace rebuild" 2047:

Ribbon of Fire. How Europe Adopted and Developed US Strip Mill Technology

1174: 1082: 926:

Queen Victoria Blast Furnace Disaster Memorial, North Lincolnshire Museum

820:

In 1933 a bar mill was transferred from the parent company's bar mill at

580: 420: 390: 352: 323: 252: 3518:

Pocock, D. C. D. (June 1963), "Iron and Steel at Scunthorpe",

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The History of the Iron Industry in Scunthorpe – the Appleby Connection

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The History of the Iron Industry in Scunthorpe – the Appleby Connection

1444: 1417: 1132: 1067: 1033: 1010: 1003: 509: 337: 248: 112: 86: 3511: 3410: 3339:

Heal, David W. (1974), "The Steel Industry in Post War Britain",

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The iron and steel industry of the United Kingdom under war conditions

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A new force in the metals industry – background to the proposed merger

1754:, p.40; Fig.6 Production of Ingot Steel By Process and District, p.41. 633:

re-acquired its former steel interests including those at Scunthorpe.

2017:

Business, Banking, and Politics: The Case of British Steel, 1918–1939

1629: 1627: 1625: 1167:, single industry towns, common under centrally planned soviet Russia 1063:

for a nominal sum of £1. The business was renamed British Steel Ltd.

817:) in 1907/8. Initially the works functioned as a source of pig iron. 765: 669: 345: 284: 272: 240: 3588: 2396:, British Steel / Koninklijke Hoogovens, 7 June 1999, archived from 2362:

Mitchell, Jonathan (May 1983), "Scunthorpe completes concast trio",

2062:, Table 6, "Oxygen Steelmaking Plants in the United Kingdom", p.114. 287:. Characteristic fossils found in the ironstone beds included large 3503: 3044: 3040:"British Steel set to cut up to 2,000 jobs in furnace closure plan" 1164: 1108: 849: 844:

Nationalisation of UK steel operations led to the formation of the

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which had been discovered and exploited in northern Yorkshire (see

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Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining Engineers

1622: 3323:

Economic History of the British Iron and Steel Industry 1784–1879

3122:"Some Remarks on the Beds of Ironstone Occurring in Lincolnshire" 2706:"End of an era as Tata Steel works' Bloom and Billet Mill closes" 2687:"Bloom and billet mill on Tata Steel works will close in October" 1342: 995: 645:

Bucket excavator at Frodingham Iron and Steel Company's quarries

401: 300: 1815:

Ordnance Survey 1:10560 Sheets 18NE, 18SE, 19NW, 19SW, 10SE 1948

875:

Immingham Bulk Terminal at the Port of Immingham est.1970 (2007)

3356: 2614:"Tata Steel in Talks to Sell European Business to Klesch Group" 2313: 2049:, Pendragon, Closure of the "Old Works" and The Brassert Report 1097: 839: 696: 424: 328: 3556:"Appleby-Frodingham Works as Reshaped by the Anchor Project", 3071: 2167: 1591: 1589: 1898: 1469: 1467: 1291: 528:

The last business to establish an iron works in the area was

359:

Establishment of iron ore extraction and smelting (1859–1912)

275:; near the surface the ores are converted to a hydrous form, 243:

in Lincolnshire is thought to have been laid down during the

115:

in a formerly sparsely populated entirely agricultural area.

1961:

Jones, Edgar (1990), "The Growth of a Business, 1918–1945",

1771:

Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering

1303: 1269: 1267: 783:

converters of 60 tons capacity each were installed in 1964.

3011: 2595:"Tata Steel Starts Debt Clean-Up After Corus Purchase Mess" 1886: 1586: 478: 333: 283:

containing waters, followed by oxidation via weathering to

2593:

Shanker, Abhishek; Singh, Rajesh Kumar (27 October 2014),

1874: 1484: 1482: 1464: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1100:

was announced in February 2023 with the loss of 260 jobs.

3428:; Harris, John; Antram, Nicholas (1989), "Lincolnshire", 3149:"Iron-Depositing Bacteria and their Geological Relations" 2950:"Tata Selling U.K. Steel Plant in Scunthorpe to Greybull" 1388: 1386: 1279: 1264: 1173:, supplier of limestone to works from a nearby quarry in 630: 318:

period); the Lincoln ironstone; the Caythorpe ironstone (

2756:"Tata Steel Scunthorpe boosts output with third furnace" 2270: 2224: 2222: 1711: 1709: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 159:

In 1967 all three works became part of the nationalised

1524: 1479: 1371: 1354: 1845: 1582:, HMSO, 1874, List of Mines 1873 and 1874, pp.254–263 1383: 1320: 1318: 1252: 1140:

the Winterton quarry were utilised as landfill sites.

255:

that also includes ironstone formations making up the

207:

with Scunthorpe as the primary steel production site.

3284:"The British Iron and Steel Industry in 1953 (No.II)" 3227:"The British Iron and Steel Industry in 1952 (No.II)" 2948:

Biesheuvel, Thomas; Christie, Naomi (11 April 2006),

2369: 2219: 2105: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1823: 1821: 1706: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1639: 1494: 1398: 1240: 899:(NCB). Ore was to be supplied to the steelworks by a 564:). The Lysaght's Normanby Park works became part of 96:

Initially iron ore was exported to iron producers in

3448:

Humber Perspectives : A region through the ages

3265:"The British Iron and Steel Industry in 1953 (No.I)" 2932:(press release), Tata, 11 April 2016, archived from 2319: 824:

South Wales to the Redbourn site. Later in the 1930

717: 3424: 3065: 2343: 2331: 2246: 2179: 2117: 1918:"Progress led town's No 1 furnace to be cast aside" 1733: 1721: 1633: 1315: 1115:1.25bn and result in the loss of up to 2,000 jobs. 1048: 982:

Basic oxygen and continuous casting building (2006)

864:and rolling mills was officially opened in 1974 by 707:(basic oxygen) for steel production by the company 2967:Faulconbridge, Guy; Young, Sarah (11 April 2016), 2966: 2947: 2632:"Klesch abandons Tata Steel's Long Products talks" 2267:, Table 13, "BSC Plant Configuration 1980", p.179. 1969: 1857: 1833: 1818: 1689: 457:North Lincolnshire Iron Works, was established by 3162:Great Britain : Essays in Regional Geography 1556:"Progress of the Lincolnshire Ironstone District" 617:) and the nationalisation decision reversed. The 4165: 973: 636: 3033: 3031: 3029: 1783: 1610:Ordnance Survey 1:10560 Sheets 18NE, 19NW 1885 409:Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway 3967: 3940:(special edition), Scunthorpe Telegraph, 2014 3303:"The British Iron and Steel Industry in 1954" 3282: 3263: 3225: 3208:"The British Iron and Steel Industry in 1952" 3187: 3038:Jack, Simon; Hooker, Lucy (6 November 2023). 2994:Jingye completes acquisition of British Steel 2004:, Cambridge University Press, p.338, footnote 1892: 1801:An Industrial Island: A History of Scunthorpe 1235:An Industrial Island: A History of Scunthorpe 1222:An Industrial Island: A History of Scunthorpe 805:The Redbourne Hill works shares were held by 4174:Metallurgical industry of the United Kingdom 3388: 3301: 3244: 3206: 3168: 3119: 3026: 2592: 2276: 2044: 1904: 1880: 1595: 1542: 1473: 1336: 1309: 1297: 1285: 1273: 840:British Steel Corporation period (1967–1999) 547: 3766:, North Lincolnshire Iron Works (historic) 2867: 2196: 2194: 2070: 2068: 607:Iron and Steel Corporation of Great Britain 560:of South Wales in 1917 (after 1948 part of 3974: 3960: 3164:(2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press 3037: 2892: 2504:, Office of Fair Trading, 9 September 2004 2147: 2045:Ranieri, Ruggero; Aylen, Jonathan (2012), 1032:As a consequence of reduced profitability 786: 736:At the beginning of the 20th century 625:was re-created with the separation of the 587:, with no Bessemer or electric arc plant. 203:division of Tata Steel Europe was sold to 2917: 2818: 2725: 2611: 2585: 2583: 2473:"Corus jobs pain grows with mill closure" 1811: 1809: 1787:Underground Mining Methods and Technology 1619:Ordnance Survey 1:10560 Sheet 18NE 1905-6 1606: 1604: 1570: 1118: 215: 3757:North Lincolnshire Iron Works (historic) 3565:"Developments at BSC Scunthorpe Works", 3357:The Health and Safety Executive (1976), 3004: 2361: 2191: 2065: 2014: 1447:(1962), "Dominion of Watkin 1864–1899", 1122: 977: 921: 870: 790: 721: 640: 362: 219: 72: 3910:, John Lysaght's Iron Works (historic) 3814:, Redbourn Hill Iron Works (historic) 3489: 3159: 3089: 3005:Iordache, Ruxandra (22 February 2023). 1420:(1959), "The Progenitors (1813–1869)", 1246: 895:as a joint venture between BSC and the 726:Blast furnaces at John Lysaght's works 100:. Later, after the construction of the 14: 4179:Buildings and structures in Scunthorpe 4166: 3721: 3517: 3445: 3146: 2651: 2580: 2531:(presentation), Corus, pp. 24, 28 2375: 2200: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1806: 1658: 1601: 1530: 1507: 1488: 1404: 1377: 1365: 1348: 1258: 1194: 809:(Warrington) in 1905, but sold to the 744:, South Wales; the acquisition of the 450:who used experienced iron makers from 27:Industrial complex in northern England 3955: 3937:150 Years of Ironmaking in Scunthorpe 3923: 3625: 3370: 3320: 3246:""Seraphim" Extensions at Scunthorpe" 3136: 3077: 2557:, Corus, 28 June 2005, pp. 9, 16 2521: 2422:"History of Britain's steel industry" 2349: 2325: 2148:Clay, Rob; Harman, Chris (May 1973), 2029: 1960: 1768: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1739: 1727: 1715: 1392: 1324: 948:In late 1982 a continuous caster for 83:Iron and Steel Industry in Scunthorpe 3901:John Lysaght's Iron Works (historic) 3535: 3391:British Journal of Political Science 3338: 3189:"The Scunthorpe Steel Works (No.II)" 3160:Ogilvie, Alan G., ed. (1958) , 3092:"Incinerator cancer threat revealed" 2753: 2337: 2314:The Health and Safety Executive 1976 2264: 2252: 2228: 2185: 2173: 2141: 2135: 2123: 2111: 2099: 2059: 1999: 1987: 1975: 1965:, vol. 2, pp. 31–33, 51–54 1868: 1851: 1839: 1827: 1751: 1700: 495:West Yorkshire Coal and Iron Company 4189:Ironworks and steelworks in England 3817: 3805:Redbourn Hill Iron Works (historic) 3769: 3170:"The Scunthorpe Steel Works (No.I)" 2793: 2612:MacDonald, Alex (15 October 2014), 2470: 2447:"Steel firm cuts 236 jobs at plant" 1947: 1545:, "Further discussion", pp.159–164. 1443: 1416: 1339:, "Further discussion", pp.157–158. 1029:furnace was relit in October 2014. 917:Iron and Steel Trades Confederation 811:Cwmfelin Steel and Tinplate Company 417:Trent, Ancholme and Grimsby Railway 102:Trent, Ancholme and Grimsby Railway 24: 3989:Steel plants in the United Kingdom 3865: 3718:, Frodingham Iron Works (historic) 3673: 3550:10.1111/j.1467-8586.1973.tb00330.x 3482: 2676: 1757: 1579:Reports of the Inspectors of Mines 1424:, vol. 1, pp. 200, 246, 990:of the Netherlands to form Corus. 955:BSC was privatised in 1988 by the 439:was authorised and opened 1872/3. 427:to the west, giving access to the 25: 4200: 3917: 3155:, no. Professional Paper 113 3066:Pevsner, Harris & Antram 1989 2551:Investor Visit – Scunthorpe Works 1803:(Scunthorpe Borough Museum, 1983) 1634:Pevsner, Harris & Antram 1989 1237:(Scunthorpe Borough Museum, 1983) 1224:(Scunthorpe Borough Museum, 1983) 1197:refers to this enterprise as the 718:Normanby Park works, John Lysaght 431:; and to the MSLR in the east at 374:(NEIMME Transactions, v.24, 1875) 367:Ironstone working and production 4070: 3983: 3927:Industrial History of Scunthorpe 3709:Frodingham Iron Works (historic) 3575: 3083: 2998: 2987: 1127:Former ironstone workings (2009) 1049:British Steel period (2016–2020) 121:Appleby-Frodingham Steel Company 18:Appleby-Frodingham Steel Company 3862:, Appleby Iron Works (historic) 3670:, Trent Iron Works (historic) 3153:United States Geological Survey 3120:Daglish, J.; Howse, R. (1875), 2568: 2542: 2515: 2489: 2464: 2439: 2414: 2381: 2355: 2282: 2234: 2201:Fisher, Nigel (14 April 2016), 2038: 2023: 2008: 1993: 1935: 1910: 1793: 1777: 1664: 1613: 1548: 1513: 1451:, vol. 2, pp. 29–32, 1437: 1410: 1188: 1111:. The move is expected to cost 344:, as well as a few per cent of 3090:Boseley, Sarah (18 May 2000), 2754:Cole, Nick (13 January 2015), 1799:Armstrong M. Elizabeth (ed.), 1233:Armstrong M. Elizabeth (ed.), 1227: 1220:Armstrong M. Elizabeth (ed.), 1214: 180:(LD) of steel making from the 13: 1: 4002:Barrow Hematite Steel Company 3853:Appleby Iron Works (historic) 3538:Bulletin of Economic Research 3147:Harder, Edmund Cecil (1919), 1208: 1066:In March 2020, following the 974:Corus/Tata period (1999–2016) 963: 939: 889: 796: 795:Extended Redbourn Hill works 727: 708: 685: 646: 637:Applebly Frodingham ironworks 394: 368: 3463: 2659:"Corus furnace to shut down" 2471:Gow, David (28 April 2004), 1672:"A Steel Works Amalgamation" 1519: 613:government was elected (see 77:Scunthorpe steelworks (2006) 7: 3661:Trent Iron Works (historic) 3613:GPX (secondary coordinates) 2000:Burn, Duncan Lyall (1961), 1158: 1019:Financial crisis of 2007–08 826:Richard Thomas and Baldwins 623:Richard Thomas and Baldwins 566:Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds 562:Richard Thomas and Baldwins 340:, similar to that from the 261:Northamptonshire ironstones 154:Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds 140:Richard Thomas and Baldwins 10: 4205: 3373:Humberside in the Eighties 3371:Symes, David, ed. (1987), 3137:Hatch, F. H. (1919), 3112: 2176:, pp. 119–120, 174–6. 1088: 1052: 609:. However, in late 1951 a 558:Richard Thomas and Company 210: 136:Richard Thomas and Company 4110: 4079: 4068: 3994: 3608:GPX (primary coordinates) 3583:Map all coordinates using 3403:10.1017/s0007123400005056 3259:: 237–238, 13 August 1954 2150:"British Steel in Crisis" 2015:Tolliday, Steven (1987), 846:British Steel Corporation 548:Consolidation (1912–1966) 475:South Yorkshire coalfield 429:South Yorkshire coalfield 161:British Steel Corporation 3591:Download coordinates as: 3527:"Scunthorpe and After", 3520:East Midlands Geographer 3469:, Appleby Parish Council 3430:The Buildings of England 3325:, Taylor & Francis, 3316:: 53–54, 14 January 1955 3202:: 324–326, 19 March 1937 3183:: 311–312, 12 March 1937 3080:, pp. 33–34, 72–75. 2522:Varin, Philippe (2005), 2277:Rhodes & Wright 1988 1685:: 301, 28 September 1934 1543:Daglish & Howse 1875 1474:Daglish & Howse 1875 1337:Daglish & Howse 1875 1310:Daglish & Howse 1875 1298:Daglish & Howse 1875 1286:Daglish & Howse 1875 1274:Daglish & Howse 1875 1181: 986:In 1999 BSC merged with 684:During the decade after 615:Third Churchill ministry 571:At the beginning of the 497:(West Ardsley), and the 4184:Economy of Lincolnshire 4047:Skinningrove Steelworks 3297:: 66–68, 8 January 1954 3278:: 27–28, 1 January 1954 3240:: 65–68, 9 January 1953 3221:: 29–31, 2 January 1953 2154:International Socialism 1155:in the United Kingdom. 886:Immingham Bulk Terminal 787:Redbourn Hill Ironworks 413:South Yorkshire Railway 165:Immingham Bulk Terminal 4148:Port Talbot Steelworks 4097:Ravenscraig steelworks 4092:Clydebridge Steelworks 4037:Sheffield Forgemasters 3890:53.612722°N 0.658773°W 3842:53.595275°N 0.605050°W 3794:53.586635°N 0.613511°W 3746:53.586360°N 0.618064°W 3698:53.589787°N 0.632483°W 3650:53.593465°N 0.629560°W 1128: 1119:Legacy and environment 1009:Corus was acquired by 983: 957:British Steel Act 1988 927: 876: 802: 738:John Lysaght & Co. 733: 658:Steel, Peech and Tozer 652: 627:Steel Company of Wales 619:United Steel Companies 554:United Steel Companies 499:Park Gate Iron Company 375: 225: 216:Background and Geology 138:of South Wales (later 126:United Steel Companies 78: 51:53.581944°N 0.607860°W 4027:Scunthorpe Steelworks 3603:GPX (all coordinates) 3343:, David and Charles, 3321:Birch, Alan (2006) , 2030:Scott, Peter (2007), 1126: 1105:electric arc furnaces 1055:British Steel Limited 988:Koninklijke Hoogovens 981: 925: 874: 794: 781:Linz-Donawitz process 757:Depression of 1920–21 746:Westbury Iron Company 725: 705:Linz-Donawitz process 644: 366: 232:are mentioned in the 223: 178:Linz-Donawitz process 76: 62:Scunthorpe Steelworks 4133:Ebbw Vale Steelworks 4032:Sheerness Steelworks 4022:Round Oak Steelworks 3895:53.612722; -0.658773 3847:53.595275; -0.605050 3799:53.586635; -0.613511 3751:53.586360; -0.618064 3703:53.589787; -0.632483 3655:53.593465; -0.629560 3450:, pp. 332–344, 2904:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2879:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2833:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2805:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2778:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2760:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2740:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2710:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2691:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2663:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2294:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2207:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2080:Scunthorpe Telegraph 1922:Scunthorpe Telegraph 901:Merry-go-round train 257:Cleveland ironstones 199:(2007). In 2016 the 56:53.581944; -0.607860 4138:Llanwern steelworks 4118:Blaenavon Ironworks 4062:Teesside Steelworks 4007:Brown Bayley Steels 3924:Wells, Les (2012), 3885: / 3837: / 3789: / 3741: / 3693: / 3645: / 3068:, pp. 631–637. 1566:: 436, 21 June 1872 1136:20th century. 1096:The closure of the 1040:division, with the 897:National Coal Board 813:(owned by a son of 693:open hearth furnace 585:open hearth process 383:Cleveland ironstone 342:Cleveland ironstone 182:open hearth process 149:Normanby Park works 131:Redbourn Iron Works 46: / 4153:Trostre Steelworks 4143:Panteg Steel Works 4057:Teesside Beam Mill 4017:Firth Brown Steels 3492:Economic Geography 3341:Industrial Britain 2881:, 17 December 2015 1893:The Engineer 1954b 1854:, pp. 12, 29. 1789:, pp. 393–402 1351:, Fig.24.2, p.341. 1300:, pp. 24, 26. 1199:Lindsey Iron Works 1145:Environment Agency 1129: 1070:of British Steel, 984: 928: 877: 866:Queen Elizabeth II 862:continuous casting 803: 750:Berkeley Sheffield 734: 653: 452:Stockton-upon-Tees 376: 226: 79: 4161: 4160: 4128:Dowlais Ironworks 4123:Brymbo Steelworks 4102:Shotts Iron Works 3426:Pevsner, Nikolaus 2954:www.bloomberg.com 2854:, 20 October 2015 2852:Grimsby Telegraph 2835:, 20 October 2015 2807:, 16 October 2014 2712:, 20 October 2011 2665:, 24 October 2008 2576:Tata Steel Europe 2428:, 1 February 2001 2296:, 4 November 2015 2242:Port of Immingham 2231:, pp. 175–6. 2114:, pp. 163–4. 2082:, 12 October 2015 1907:, pp. 237–8. 1905:The Engineer 1954 1881:The Engineer 1953 1596:The Engineer 1937 1533:, pp. 334–5. 1491:, pp. 333–4. 1395:, pp. 347–8. 1380:, pp. 332–3. 1368:, pp. 336–7. 1312:, pp. 24–25. 1261:, pp. 54–57. 1149:British Steel plc 1143:According to the 1017:. Following the 1015:Tata Steel Europe 1013:in 2007, forming 882:Port of Immingham 858:Port of Immingham 836:in October 1979. 774:projectile Shells 491:Elsecar ironworks 197:Tata Steel Europe 16:(Redirected from 4196: 4087:Clyde Iron Works 4074: 3988: 3987: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3931: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3878: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3821: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3773: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3725: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3677: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3641: 3638: 3629: 3570: 3561: 3552: 3532: 3531:, September 1969 3523: 3514: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3460: 3442: 3421: 3385: 3367: 3365: 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3932: 3919: 3918:External links 3916: 3913: 3912: 3864: 3816: 3768: 3720: 3672: 3623: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3594: 3581: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3544:(2): 104–121, 3533: 3524: 3515: 3504:10.2307/141344 3498:(3): 271–281, 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3478: 3461: 3456: 3443: 3438: 3432:(2 ed.), 3422: 3397:(2): 171–195, 3386: 3381: 3368: 3354: 3349: 3336: 3331: 3318: 3299: 3280: 3261: 3242: 3223: 3204: 3185: 3166: 3157: 3144: 3134: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3082: 3070: 3058: 3025: 2997: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2964: 2945: 2916: 2906:, 8 March 2016 2891: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2844: 2817: 2792: 2790: 2789: 2780:, 8 March 2014 2770: 2751: 2724: 2722: 2721: 2702: 2675: 2650: 2648: 2647: 2628: 2609: 2579: 2567: 2541: 2514: 2488: 2463: 2438: 2413: 2380: 2378:, p. 337. 2368: 2354: 2342: 2340:, p. 125. 2330: 2328:, p. 353. 2318: 2306: 2281: 2269: 2257: 2255:, p. 176. 2245: 2233: 2218: 2190: 2188:, p. 175. 2178: 2166: 2140: 2128: 2126:, p. 169. 2116: 2104: 2092: 2064: 2052: 2037: 2022: 2007: 1992: 1980: 1968: 1946: 1934: 1924:, 14 July 2011 1909: 1897: 1885: 1873: 1856: 1844: 1832: 1817: 1805: 1792: 1776: 1756: 1744: 1732: 1720: 1705: 1688: 1663: 1661:, p. 336. 1638: 1636:, p. 631. 1621: 1612: 1600: 1598:, p. 311. 1585: 1569: 1547: 1535: 1523: 1512: 1510:, p. 334. 1493: 1478: 1463: 1457: 1436: 1430: 1409: 1407:, p. 333. 1397: 1382: 1370: 1353: 1341: 1329: 1327:, p. 348. 1314: 1302: 1290: 1278: 1263: 1251: 1249:, p. 197. 1239: 1226: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1186: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1168: 1160: 1157: 1120: 1117: 1090: 1087: 1050: 1047: 975: 972: 841: 838: 815:Richard Thomas 807:Monks and Hall 788: 785: 719: 716: 638: 635: 549: 546: 518:New Frodingham 459:Daniel Adamson 448:Wortley, Leeds 360: 357: 269:Lower Jurassic 217: 214: 212: 209: 195:(1999), later 124:, part of the 107: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4201: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 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2352:, p. 33. 2351: 2346: 2339: 2334: 2327: 2322: 2315: 2310: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2278: 2273: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2208: 2204: 2197: 2195: 2187: 2182: 2175: 2170: 2155: 2151: 2144: 2137: 2132: 2125: 2120: 2113: 2108: 2101: 2096: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2069: 2061: 2056: 2048: 2041: 2034:, p. 116 2033: 2026: 2019:, p. 133 2018: 2011: 2003: 1996: 1989: 1984: 1978:, p. 82. 1977: 1972: 1964: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1944: 1938: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1906: 1901: 1895:, p. 68. 1894: 1889: 1883:, p. 30. 1882: 1877: 1871:, p. 86. 1870: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1853: 1848: 1842:, p. 23. 1841: 1836: 1830:, p. 76. 1829: 1824: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1802: 1796: 1788: 1780: 1772: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1753: 1748: 1742:, p. 41. 1741: 1736: 1730:, p. 38. 1729: 1724: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1703:, p. 36. 1702: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1667: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1616: 1607: 1605: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1544: 1539: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1516: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1476:, p. 26. 1475: 1470: 1468: 1460: 1458:0-7110-1469-8 1454: 1450: 1449:Great Central 1446: 1440: 1433: 1431:0-7110-1468-X 1427: 1423: 1422:Great Central 1419: 1413: 1406: 1401: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1379: 1374: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1350: 1345: 1338: 1333: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1311: 1306: 1299: 1294: 1288:, p. 23. 1287: 1282: 1276:, p. 25. 1275: 1270: 1268: 1260: 1255: 1248: 1243: 1236: 1230: 1223: 1217: 1213: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1125: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1094: 1086: 1084: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1056: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1038:long products 1035: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 991: 989: 980: 971: 960: 958: 953: 951: 946: 935: 933: 924: 920: 918: 914: 910: 904: 902: 898: 893: 1970-2 887: 883: 873: 869: 867: 863: 859: 853: 851: 847: 837: 833: 830: 827: 823: 818: 816: 812: 808: 793: 784: 782: 777: 775: 769: 767: 762: 758: 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 724: 715: 706: 702: 698: 694: 682: 680: 674: 671: 666: 663: 659: 643: 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 601: 595: 593: 588: 586: 582: 577: 574: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 545: 541: 537: 535: 534:Normanby Park 531: 526: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 483: 480: 476: 472: 467: 464: 460: 455: 453: 449: 445: 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 392: 388: 387:Middlesbrough 384: 380: 365: 356: 354: 349: 347: 343: 339: 335: 330: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 237: 235: 234:Domesday Book 231: 222: 208: 206: 202: 201:long products 198: 194: 189: 187: 183: 179: 174: 172: 171: 166: 162: 157: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 137: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 116: 114: 110: 103: 99: 94: 92: 88: 84: 75: 71: 68: 30: 19: 4052:Stocksbridge 4026: 3942:, retrieved 3936: 3926: 3867: 3819: 3771: 3723: 3675: 3627: 3590: 3589: 3582: 3566: 3557: 3541: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3495: 3491: 3471:, retrieved 3465: 3447: 3429: 3394: 3390: 3372: 3359: 3340: 3322: 3313: 3310:The Engineer 3309: 3294: 3291:The Engineer 3290: 3275: 3272:The Engineer 3271: 3256: 3253:The Engineer 3252: 3237: 3234:The Engineer 3233: 3218: 3215:The Engineer 3214: 3199: 3196:The Engineer 3195: 3180: 3177:The Engineer 3176: 3161: 3152: 3139: 3129: 3125: 3100:, retrieved 3096:The Guardian 3095: 3085: 3073: 3061: 3049:. Retrieved 3043: 3016:. Retrieved 3010: 3000: 2989: 2976:, retrieved 2972: 2957:, retrieved 2953: 2938:, retrieved 2934:the original 2928: 2919: 2908:, retrieved 2903: 2894: 2883:, retrieved 2878: 2869: 2856:, retrieved 2851: 2837:, retrieved 2832: 2820: 2809:, retrieved 2804: 2795: 2782:, retrieved 2777: 2763:, retrieved 2759: 2744:, retrieved 2739: 2727: 2714:, retrieved 2709: 2695:, retrieved 2690: 2678: 2667:, retrieved 2662: 2653: 2640:, retrieved 2635: 2621:, retrieved 2617: 2602:, retrieved 2598: 2570: 2559:, retrieved 2550: 2544: 2533:, retrieved 2524: 2517: 2506:, retrieved 2497: 2491: 2480:, retrieved 2477:The Guardian 2476: 2466: 2455:, retrieved 2450: 2441: 2430:, retrieved 2426:The Guardian 2425: 2416: 2405:, retrieved 2398:the original 2389: 2383: 2371: 2363: 2357: 2345: 2333: 2321: 2309: 2298:, retrieved 2293: 2284: 2272: 2260: 2248: 2236: 2210:, retrieved 2206: 2181: 2169: 2158:, retrieved 2153: 2143: 2131: 2119: 2107: 2095: 2084:, retrieved 2079: 2055: 2046: 2040: 2031: 2025: 2016: 2010: 2001: 1995: 1983: 1971: 1962: 1943:AJAX furnace 1937: 1926:, retrieved 1921: 1912: 1900: 1888: 1876: 1847: 1835: 1800: 1795: 1786: 1779: 1770: 1747: 1735: 1723: 1682: 1679:The Engineer 1678: 1666: 1615: 1578: 1572: 1563: 1560:The Engineer 1559: 1550: 1538: 1526: 1515: 1448: 1439: 1421: 1412: 1400: 1373: 1344: 1332: 1305: 1293: 1281: 1254: 1247:Ogilvie 1958 1242: 1234: 1229: 1221: 1216: 1198: 1190: 1142: 1138: 1131:The town of 1130: 1102: 1095: 1092: 1072:Jingye Group 1065: 1058: 1042:Klesch Group 1031: 1027: 1008: 992: 985: 961: 954: 947: 936: 929: 913:Steel crisis 905: 878: 854: 843: 834: 831: 819: 804: 778: 770: 768:in Newport. 754: 735: 701:AJAX furnace 683: 675: 667: 654: 611:Conservative 604: 596: 589: 578: 570: 551: 542: 538: 527: 503: 489:(Barnsley), 484: 468: 456: 441: 406: 377: 350: 305: 299:, and other 267:band in the 264: 238: 227: 190: 186:AJAX furnace 175: 169: 168: 158: 148: 147: 144:John Lysaght 130: 129: 120: 119: 117: 95: 93:, England. 91:Lincolnshire 82: 80: 31: 29: 4042:Shelton Bar 3893: / 3845: / 3797: / 3749: / 3701: / 3653: / 3569:, July 1984 3567:Steel Times 3560:, June 1975 3558:Steel Times 3529:Steel Times 2618:www.wsj.com 2376:Pocock 1990 2364:Steel Times 2156:(58): 15–16 1659:Pocock 1990 1531:Pocock 1990 1508:Pocock 1990 1489:Pocock 1990 1405:Pocock 1990 1378:Pocock 1990 1366:Pocock 1990 1349:Pocock 1990 1259:Harder 1919 1195:Pocock 1990 1175:Melton Ross 1083:power plant 1075: [ 1021:the global 967: 1990 943: 1981 932:torpedo car 800: 1918 755:During the 731: 1911 712: 1966 689: 1957 650: 1918 581:interbellum 579:During the 421:River Trent 398: 1861 391:River Trent 379:Roland Winn 372: 1865 353:Trent Cliff 324:Middle Lias 253:rock strata 54: / 4168:Categories 3899: ( 3877:53°36′46″N 3851: ( 3829:53°35′43″N 3803: ( 3781:53°35′12″N 3755: ( 3733:53°35′11″N 3707: ( 3685:53°35′23″N 3659: ( 3637:53°35′36″N 3078:Symes 1987 2350:Symes 1987 2326:Symes 1987 2160:16 October 1740:Hatch 1919 1728:Hatch 1919 1716:Hatch 1919 1393:Birch 2006 1325:Birch 2006 1209:References 1133:Scunthorpe 1098:coke plant 1068:bankruptcy 1053:See also: 1034:Tata Group 1011:Tata Steel 1004:Workington 764:company's 699:named the 695:utilising 670:coke ovens 662:Samuel Fox 522:New Brumby 514:Frodingham 510:Scunthorpe 338:phosphorus 265:Lower Lias 249:Lias Group 152:, part of 134:, part of 113:Scunthorpe 87:Scunthorpe 60: ( 38:53°34′55″N 3880:0°39′32″W 3832:0°36′18″W 3784:0°36′49″W 3736:0°37′05″W 3688:0°37′57″W 3640:0°37′46″W 3419:154646067 2923:Sources: 2824:Sources: 2731:Sources: 2682:Sources: 2599:Bloomberg 2589:Sources: 2338:Heal 1974 2265:Heal 1974 2253:Heal 1974 2229:Heal 1974 2186:Heal 1974 2174:Heal 1974 2136:Heal 1974 2124:Heal 1974 2112:Heal 1974 2100:Heal 1974 2060:Heal 1974 1988:Heal 1974 1976:Heal 1974 1869:Heal 1974 1852:Heal 1974 1828:Heal 1974 1752:Heal 1974 1701:Heal 1974 766:Orb Works 568:in 1919. 530:Lysaght's 346:manganese 320:Caythorpe 303:species. 289:Ammonites 285:Iron(III) 273:haematite 241:ironstone 41:0°36′28″W 4080:Scotland 3944:20 April 3930:(essays) 3473:20 April 3098:, London 3051:19 March 3045:BBC News 3018:19 March 2978:19 April 2959:19 April 2940:19 April 2910:19 April 2885:19 April 2858:19 April 2839:19 April 2811:19 April 2784:19 April 2765:19 April 2746:19 April 2716:19 April 2697:19 April 2669:19 April 2642:19 April 2636:BBC News 2623:19 April 2604:19 April 2561:19 April 2535:19 April 2508:19 April 2482:19 April 2457:19 April 2451:BBC News 2432:19 April 2407:19 April 2300:19 April 2212:19 April 2086:19 April 1928:19 April 1840:Heal1974 1165:Monotown 1159:See also 1147:(2000), 1109:Teesside 850:Lackenby 822:Tredegar 444:Barnsley 433:Barnetby 297:Cardinia 293:Gryphaea 281:Iron(II) 277:limonite 245:Jurassic 3995:England 3113:Sources 3102:9 April 1445:Dow, G. 1418:Dow, G. 1153:dioxins 1089:Present 996:Arcelor 950:billets 742:Newport 473:or the 402:Gunness 329:oolitic 301:mollusc 211:History 142:); and 3512:141344 3510: 3454: 3436: 3417: 3411:193906 3409: 3379: 3366:, HMSO 3347: 3329: 1455: 1428: 697:oxygen 629:; and 600:Brumby 506:Crosby 437:Santon 425:Keadby 312:Claxby 291:, and 170:Anchor 128:; the 4111:Wales 4012:Corby 3508:JSTOR 3415:S2CID 3407:JSTOR 3364:(PDF) 3306:(PDF) 3287:(PDF) 3268:(PDF) 3249:(PDF) 3230:(PDF) 3211:(PDF) 3192:(PDF) 3173:(PDF) 2555:(PDF) 2529:(PDF) 2502:(PDF) 2401:(PDF) 2394:(PDF) 1675:(PDF) 1182:Notes 1079:] 911:(see 679:fines 482:ore. 230:Stowe 193:Corus 3946:2016 3475:2016 3452:ISBN 3434:ISBN 3377:ISBN 3345:ISBN 3327:ISBN 3104:2010 3053:2024 3020:2024 3012:CNBC 2980:2016 2961:2016 2942:2016 2912:2016 2887:2016 2860:2016 2841:2016 2813:2016 2786:2016 2767:2016 2748:2016 2718:2016 2699:2016 2671:2016 2644:2016 2625:2016 2606:2016 2574:See 2563:2016 2537:2016 2510:2016 2484:2016 2459:2016 2434:2016 2409:2016 2302:2016 2240:See 2214:2016 2162:2016 2088:2016 1941:See 1930:2016 1453:ISBN 1426:ISBN 1000:rail 660:and 516:and 479:slag 334:slag 259:and 239:The 106:CaCO 81:The 3598:KML 3546:doi 3500:doi 3399:doi 3314:199 3295:197 3276:197 3257:198 3238:195 3219:195 3200:163 3181:163 1683:158 962:By 631:GKN 461:of 423:at 400:to 251:of 146:'s 4170:: 3542:25 3540:, 3506:, 3496:14 3494:, 3413:, 3405:, 3395:18 3393:, 3375:, 3312:, 3308:, 3293:, 3289:, 3274:, 3270:, 3255:, 3251:, 3236:, 3232:, 3217:, 3213:, 3198:, 3194:, 3179:, 3175:, 3151:, 3130:24 3128:, 3124:, 3094:, 3042:. 3028:^ 3009:. 2971:, 2952:, 2902:, 2877:, 2850:, 2831:, 2803:, 2776:, 2758:, 2738:, 2708:, 2689:, 2661:, 2634:, 2616:, 2597:, 2582:^ 2475:, 2449:, 2424:, 2292:, 2221:^ 2205:, 2193:^ 2152:, 2078:, 2067:^ 1949:^ 1920:, 1859:^ 1820:^ 1808:^ 1759:^ 1708:^ 1691:^ 1681:, 1677:, 1641:^ 1624:^ 1603:^ 1588:^ 1564:33 1562:, 1558:, 1496:^ 1481:^ 1466:^ 1385:^ 1356:^ 1317:^ 1266:^ 1077:nl 964:c. 959:. 940:c. 890:c. 868:. 797:c. 776:. 728:c. 714:. 709:c. 686:c. 647:c. 512:, 508:, 404:. 395:c. 369:c. 348:. 322:, 314:, 295:, 156:. 89:, 3975:e 3968:t 3961:v 3903:) 3855:) 3807:) 3759:) 3711:) 3663:) 3548:: 3502:: 3401:: 3055:. 3022:. 2316:. 2279:. 1177:. 1113:£ 310:( 108:3 64:) 20:)

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Scunthorpe Steelworks

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