Aphra Behn - Knowledge

475:, Behn gives herself the position of narrator and her first biographer accepted the assumption that Behn was the daughter of the lieutenant general of Surinam, as in the story. There is little evidence that this was the case, and none of her contemporaries acknowledge any aristocratic status. Her correspondence with Thomas Scot during the time of her stay in Surinam seems to provide evidence for her stay there. Also, later in her career when she found herself facing financial troubles in the Netherlands, her mother is said to have had audience with the King in an attempt to secure Aphra's way home, implying there may have been some form of connection with aristocracy, however small. There is also no evidence that Oroonoko existed as an actual person or that any such 33: 4462: 4699: 599: 410:, believes that the common religious upbringing at the time could have heavily influenced much of her work. She argued that, throughout Behn's writings, her experiences in church were not of religious fervour, but instead chances for her to explore her sexual desires, desires that will later be shown through her plays. In one of her last plays she writes, "I have been at the Chapel; and seen so many Beaus, such a Number of Plumeys, I cou'd not tell which I shou'd look on the most...". 435:

that was most likely not the case for Aphra Behn, based on the time she lived. Self-tuition was practised by European women during the 17th century, but it relied on the parents to allow that to happen. She most likely spent time copying poems and other writings, which not only inspired her but educated her. Aphra was not alone in her quest of self-tuition during this time period, and there are other notable women, such as the first female medical doctor

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Commonwealth... So tho' by different ways the fever seize...in all 'tis one and the same mad disease." This was Behn's reproach to parliament which had denied the king funds. The London audience, mainly Tory sympathisers, attended the plays in large numbers. But a warrant was issued for Behn's arrest on the order of King Charles II when she criticized

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that Behn could return to London, where a year's petitioning of Charles for payment was unsuccessful. It may be that she was never paid by the crown. A warrant was issued for her arrest, but there is no evidence it was served or that she went to prison for her debt, though apocryphally it is often given as part of her history.

1131:, an author of scholarly works on the English drama of the 17th century, published a six-volume collection of her work, in hopes of rehabilitating her reputation. Summers was fiercely passionate about the work of Behn and found himself incredibly devoted to the appreciation of 17th century literature. 434:

Although Behn's writings show some form of education, it is not clear how she obtained the education that she did. It was somewhat taboo for women at the time to receive a formal education, Janet Todd notes. Although some aristocratic girls in the past had been able to receive some form of education,

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All women together, ought to let flowers fall upon the grave of Aphra Behn... for it was she who earned them the right to speak their minds... Behn proved that money could be made by writing at the sacrifice, perhaps, of certain agreeable qualities; and so by degrees writing became not merely a sign

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Messrs. S. Price, R. Cross, J. Potts, L. Flin, T. Walker, W. Wilson, C. Jenkin, J. Exshaw, J. Beatty, L. White, M, DCC, LXXIX. . Eighteenth Century Collections Online, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CW0101002305/ECCO?u=maine_orono&sid=bookmark-ECCO&xid=b35feb3c&pg=1. Accessed 20 September 2021.

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The current project of the Canterbury Commemoration Society is to raise a statue to Canterbury born Aphra Behn to stand in the city. In partnership with local organisations, Canterbury Christ Church University announced, in September 2023, plans for a year long celebration of Behn's connection to

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from a woman's perspective. Critics Lisa Zeitz and Peter Thoms contend that the poem "playfully and wittily questions conventional gender roles and the structures of oppression which they support". One critic, Alison Conway, views Behn as instrumental to the formation of modern thought around the

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Behn's exploits were not profitable, however; the cost of living shocked her, and she was left unprepared. One month after arrival, she pawned her jewellery. King Charles was slow in paying (if he paid at all), either for her services or for her expenses whilst abroad. Money had to be borrowed so

713:, failed, Behn falls off the public record for three years. It is speculated that she went travelling again, possibly in her capacity as a spy. She gradually moved towards comic works, which proved more commercially successful, publishing four plays in close succession. In 1676–77, she published 617:

players as a scribe. She had, however, written poetry up until this point. While she is recorded to have written before she adopted her debt, John Palmer said in a review of her works that, "Mrs. Behn wrote for a livelihood. Playwriting was her refuge from starvation and a debtor's prison." The

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Alexander, William. The history of women, from the earliest antiquity, to the present time; giving some account of almost every interesting particular concerning that sex, among all nations, ancient and modern. By William Alexander, M.D. In two volumes. ... Vol. 2, printed by J.A. Husband, for

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who also lacked knowledge of Greek or Latin, who said "you shall not find my English, Greek, here; nor hard cramping Words, such as will stop you in the middle of your Story to consider what is meant by them...". Later in life, Aphra would make similar gestures to ideas revolving around formal

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The criticism of Behn's poetry focuses on the themes of gender, sexuality, femininity, pleasure, and love. A feminist critique tends to focus on Behn's inclusion of female pleasure and sexuality in her poetry, which was a radical concept at the time she was writing. Like her contemporary male

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noted that Behn "has a lethal combination of obscurity, secrecy and staginess which makes her an uneasy fit for any narrative, speculative or factual. She is not so much a woman to be unmasked as an unending combination of masks". Her name is not mentioned in tax or church records. During her

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did not believe succession should be altered in any way. Behn supported the Tory position and in the two years between 1681 and 1682 produced five plays to discredit the Whigs. Behn often used her writings to attack the parliamentary Whigs claiming, "In public spirits call’d, good o' th'

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in Kent; her brother Edward died when he was six and a half years old. She is said to have been betrothed to a man named John Halse in 1657. It is suggested that this association with the Halse family is what gave her family the colonial connections that allowed them to travel to

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by the Dutch). He was said to die on the journey, with his wife and children spending some months in the country, though there is no evidence of this. During this trip Behn said she met an African slave leader, whose story formed the basis for one of her most famous works,

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Information regarding Behn's life is scant, especially regarding her early years. This may be due to intentional obscuring on Behn's part. One version of Behn's life tells that she was born to a barber named John Amis and his wife Amy; she is occasionally referred to as

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was performed in Dublin and London. Women had been excluded from performing on the public stage before the English Civil War, but in Restoration England professional actresses played the women's parts. In 1668, plays by women began to be staged in London.

3398:"Lycidus, or, The lover in fashion being an account from Lycidus to Lysander, of his voyage from the Island of Love : from the French / by the same author of The voyage to the Isle of Love; together with a miscellany of new poems, by several hands" 1178:, that she was "a very gifted woman, compelled to write for bread in an age in which literature... catered habitually to the lowest and most depraved of human inclinations," and that, "Her success depended upon her ability to write like a man." 4070:

Trofimova, Violetta. "First Encounters of Europeans and Africans with Native Americans in Aphra Behn's Oroonoko: White Woman, Black Prince and Noble Savages." SEDERI. Sociedad Española De Estudios Renacentistas Ingleses, vol. 28, no. 28, 2018,

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Krueger, Misty, Diana Epelbaum, Shelby Johnson, Grace Gomashie, Pam Perkins, Ula L. Klein, Jennifer Golightly, Alexis McQuigge, Octavia Cox, and Victoria Barnett-Woods. Transatlantic Women Travelers, 1688–1843, 2021. Internet

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female gender and sexuality: "Behn wrote about these subjects before the technologies of sexuality we now associate were in place, which is, in part, why she proves so hard to situate in the trajectories most familiar to us".

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Until the mid-20th century Behn was repeatedly dismissed as a morally depraved minor writer and her literary work was marginalised and often dismissed outright. In the 18th century her literary work was scandalised as lewd by

284:. As one of the first English women to earn her living by her writing, she broke cultural barriers and served as a literary role model for later generations of women authors. Rising from obscurity, she came to the notice of 4066:

Wallace, David S. "The White Female as Effigy and the Black Female as Surrogate in Janet. Schaw's Journal of a Lady of Quality and Jane Austen's Mansfield Park." Studies in the Literary Imagination, vol. 47, no. 2, 2014,

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was seriously considered by literary scholars. This book, published in 1688, is regarded as one of the first abolitionist and humanitarian novels published in the English language. In 1696 it was adapted for the stage by

312:, she wrote an epilogue and prologue that brought her legal trouble; she thereafter devoted most of her writing to prose genres and translations. A staunch supporter of the Stuart line, Behn declined an invitation from 439:

who made efforts to self-educate. In some of her plays, Aphra Behn shows disdain towards this English ideal of not educating women formally. She also, though, seemed to believe that learning Greek and Latin, two of the

583:, a regicide who had been executed in 1660. Scot was believed to be ready to become a spy in the English service and to report on the doings of the English exiles who were plotting against the King. Behn arrived in 515:

Shortly after her supposed return to England from Surinam in 1664, Behn may have married Johan Behn (also written as Johann and John Behn). He may have been a merchant of German or Dutch extraction, possibly from

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who was later arrested for his Catholicism, would have aroused suspicions during the anti-Catholic fervour of the 1680s. She was a monarchist, and her sympathy for the Stuarts, and particularly for the Catholic

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was successfully staged. Again, Behn used the play to comment on the harmful effects of arranged marriages. Behn did not hide the fact that she was a woman, instead she made a point of it. When in 1673 the

1241: 981:. The inscription on her tombstone reads: "Here lies a Proof that Wit can never be Defence enough against Mortality." She was quoted as stating that she had led a "life dedicated to pleasure and poetry." 847:

in 1686. In response to the criticism levelled at the play, she articulated a long and passionate defence of women writers in the preface of the play when it was published in the following year. Her play

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was published. This succession of box-office successes led to frequent attacks on Behn. She was attacked for her private life, the morality of her plays was questioned and she was accused of plagiarising

520:. He died or the couple separated soon after 1664; however, from this point the writer used "Mrs Behn" as her professional name. In correspondence, she occasionally signed her name as Behne or Beane. 3963: 698:. She argued that women had been held back by their unjust exclusion from education, not their lack of ability. Critics of Behn were provided with ammunition because of her public liaison with 783:

Because Charles II had no heir, a prolonged political crisis ensued. Behn became heavily involved in the political debate about the succession. Mass hysteria commenced as in 1678 the rumoured

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Marshall, Alan. "Memorialls for Mrs Affora": Aphra Behn and the Restoration Intelligence World." Women's Writing : The Elizabethan to Victorian Period, vol. 22, no. 1, 2015, pp. 13–33.

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Project Continua is a web-based multimedia resource dedicated to the creation and preservation of women's intellectual history from the earliest surviving evidence into the 21st Century.

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In her last four years, Behn's health began to fail, beset by poverty and debt, but she continued to write ferociously, though it became increasingly hard for her to hold a pen.

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and was staged by the Duke's Company in September 1670. The performance ran for six nights, which was regarded as a good run for an unknown author. Six months later Behn's play

912:, her best-known prose work, was published less than a year before her death. It is the story of the enslaved Oroonoko and his love Imoinda, possibly based on Behn's travel to 4080:

Dominique, Lyndon J. Imoinda's Shade: Marriage and the African Woman in Eighteenth-Century British Literature, 1759–1808. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2012. Print.

406:, the "Daughter to a Barber". In some accounts the profile of her father fits Eaffrey Johnson. Although not much is known about her early childhood, one of her biographers, 1116:

and continuously performed throughout the 18th century. In 1745 the novel was translated into French, going through seven French editions. It is credited as precursor to

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By the late 1670s Behn was among the leading playwrights of England. During the 1670s and 1680s she was one of the most productive playwrights in Britain, second only to

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decided that Behn's writings were unfit to read, because they were corrupt and deplorable. Among the few critics who believed that Behn was an important writer were

1009:. Three posthumous collections of her prose, including a number of previously unpublished pieces attributed to her, were published by the bookseller Samuel Briscoe: 5388: 4441: 1395: 2006: 1717: 2909: 456:, a child of the political tensions of the time. One version of Behn's story has her travelling with a Bartholomew Johnson to the small English colony of 3332: 5398: 4538: 1632: 955: 4083:

Benítez-Rojo, Antonio. "The Caribbean: From a Sea Basin to an Atlantic Network." The Southern Quarterly, vol. 55, no. 4, 2018, pp. 196–206.

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she argued that she was being singled out because she was a woman, while male playwrights were free to live the most scandalous lives and write

4495: 1444: 859: 184: 4573: 1760:. In recognition of her pioneering role in women's literature, Behn was featured during the "Her Story" video tribute to notable women on 5383: 760:. Her plays were staged frequently and attended by the King. Behn became friends with notable writers of the day, including John Dryden, 4002: 1021:(1700). Greer considers Briscoe to have been an unreliable source and it's possible that not all of these works were written by Behn. 4449: 4094:

Waller, Gary F. The Female Baroque in Early Modern English Literary Culture: From Mary Sidney to Aphra Behn, 2020. Internet resource.

1404: 579:, a name under which she later published many of her writings. Her chief role was to establish an intimacy with William Scot, son of 333:: "All women together ought to let flowers fall upon the tomb of Aphra Behn which is, most scandalously but rather appropriately, in 1619: 937: 2225: 1567: 924: 527:

upbringing. She once commented that she was "designed for a nun," and the fact that she had so many Catholic connections, such as

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penned the famous lines "The stage how loosely does Astrea tread, Who fairly puts all characters to bed!". In the 19th century

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Canterbury which would involve talks, a one-woman show, walks, and exhibitions, some hosted within the Canterbury Festival.

721: 4313: 642: 5448: 5233: 4257: 3013: 754: 471:. It is possible that she acted as a spy in the colony. There is little verifiable evidence to confirm any one story. In 444:

at the time, was not as important as many authors thought it to be. She may have been influenced by another writer named

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in July 1666, probably with two others, as London was wracked with plague and fire. Behn's job was to turn Scot into a

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ethics were reversed in the fashionable society of London. The King associated with playwrights that poured scorn on

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Another version of her life says she was born as Aphra Johnson, daughter to Bartholomew and Elizabeth Johnson of

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Aphra Behn und ihre Londoner Komödien: Die Dramatikerin und ihr Werk im England des ausgehenden 17. Jahrhunderts

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Only one section deals with Behn, but it served as a starting point for the feminist rediscovery of Behn's role.

5428: 280: 14 December 1640 – 16 April 1689) was an English playwright, poet, prose writer and translator from the 5438: 5418: 3871: 3842: 3638: 3422: 863:, anonymously published between 1684 and 1687. The novels were inspired by a contemporary scandal, which saw 694:, critics sabotaged the play on the grounds that the author was a woman. Behn tackled the critics head on in 560: 3896:. 7 vols. Ohio State University Press, 1992–1996. (Currently most up-to-date edition of her collected works) 5408: 4725: 4717: 4417: 1358: 4797: 945:

written as a novel in a form similar to her own work, but with her new, religiously oriented preface; and

575:. This is the first well-documented account we have of her activities. Her code name is said to have been 5458: 5433: 4559: 3229:

Zeitz, Lisa M.; Thoms, Peter (1997). "Power, Gender, and Identity in Aphra Behn's "The Disappointment"".

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As audience numbers declined, theatres staged mainly old works to save costs. Nevertheless, Behn staged

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had broken out between England and the Netherlands in 1665, and she was recruited as a political spy in

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Goreau, Angeline (1983). "Aphra Behn: A scandal to modesty (c. 1640–1689)". In Spender, Dale (ed.).

4643: 4385: 4306: 2031: 1304: 1070: 457: 337:, for it was she who earned them the right to speak their minds." Her grave is not included in the 4234: 4137: 3786: 2076: 5315: 5157: 4957: 4941: 4829: 4813: 4433: 1381: 1320: 1171: 1026: 868: 850: 4280: 742:. Behn countered these public attacks in the prefaces of her published plays. In the preface to 5413: 5330: 5254: 5187: 5149: 4965: 4877: 4749: 4519: 4337: 3808: 3295: 3098: 3066: 1923: 1745: 1474: 1234: 1205: 1038: 913: 900: 765: 699: 671: 564: 528: 461: 386:. Colonel Thomas Colepeper, the only person who claimed to have known her as a child, wrote in 329: 317: 149: 32: 1935: 857:

In the 1680s, she began to publish prose. Her first prose work might have been the three-part

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Britland, Karen (2021). "Aphra Behn's First Marriage?". The Seventeenth Century, 36:1. 33–53.

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to him after he had been exiled for the second time. Behn was dedicated to the restored King

285: 281: 2546: 1823: 1693: 5368: 5363: 5141: 5117: 5077: 4781: 4757: 4698: 4192: 3996: 3973: 1117: 1074: 382:(1696) states that Behn was born to Bartholomew Johnson, a barber, and Elizabeth Denham, a 125: 5259: 4187: 4074:

Holmesland, Oddvar. Utopian Negotiation: Aphra Behn & Margaret Cavendish, 2013. Print.

3918:. e-journal sponsored by the Aphra Behn Society and the University of South Florida. 2011– 1789:

The first wholly scholarly new biography of Behn; the first to identify Behn's birth name.

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The life and times of Behn were recounted by a long line of biographers, among them Dyce,

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were now re-opening under Charles II, plays enjoying a revival. Under Charles, prevailing

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Sams, Initial design & architecture by Carl Uebelhart. Further development by Aaron.

3639:"The history of oracles, and the cheats of the pagan priests in two parts / made English" 1902: 1698: 1093: 813: 792: 305: 3310:"Canterbury Commemoration Society – Championing Aphra Behn and other heritage projects'" 4765: 4582: 4180: 3576: 3273: 3246: 3102: 3094: 2603: 2471: 2425: 2145: 1907: 1883:

A comprehensively researched biography of Behn, with new material on her life as a spy.

1865: 1794: 1729: 1704: 1683: 773: 676: 650: 441: 293: 153: 3448:"The fair jilt, or, The history of Prince Tarquin and Miranda written by Mrs. A. Behn" 959:. In her final days, she translated "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), the sixth and final book of 5264: 5125: 5101: 4997: 4909: 4893: 4688: 4623: 4603: 4425: 4377: 4276: 4205: 4036: 3977: 3948: 3816: 3765: 3695: 3618: 3568: 3370:"Poems upon several occasions with, A voyage to the island of love / by Mrs. A. Behn" 3194: 3150: 3125: 3106: 3086: 3043: 2948: 2887: 2860: 2832: 2807: 2782: 2754: 2729: 2702: 2677: 2652: 2609: 2579: 2550: 2539: 2496: 2459: 2449: 2429: 2417: 2376: 2258: 2207: 2149: 2137: 1963: 1891: 1872: 1846: 1827: 1816: 1800: 1373: 1296: 1030: 1002: 998: 990: 978: 843: 733: 662: 614: 610: 453: 436: 334: 100: 4461: 3171: 3082: 426:, in the 1660s seems to corroborate her stories of her time in the American colony. 5294: 5169: 5061: 5021: 5005: 4949: 4805: 4668: 4613: 4409: 4369: 4214: 3560: 3238: 3078: 2914: 2409: 2397: 2129: 1947: 1350: 1280: 1128: 1113: 1089: 727: 654: 572: 356: 338: 309: 242: 178: 2926: 2413: 2133: 1979: 1005:

acknowledged Behn as their most vital predecessor, who opened up public space for

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By 1666, Behn had become attached to the court, possibly through the influence of

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Conway, Alison (2003). "Flesh on the Mind: Behn Studies in the New Millennium".

3017: 2448:. Jean Spence, Sarah Jane Aiston, Maureen M. Meikle. New York: Routledge. 2010. 875:

was very popular and eventually went through more than 16 editions before 1800.

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was staged and published in 1687; it became one of her longest-running plays.

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Aphra Behn studies: More for seeing than hearing: Behn and the use of theatre

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She inherited this name from her German husband; the German pronunciation is

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critics and writers. Behn was rediscovered as a significant female writer by

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The Rover: The Feigned Courtesans; The Lucky Chance; The Emperor of the Moon

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Histories, Novels, and Translations Written by the Most Ingenious Mrs. Behn

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Todd, Janet; Todd, Professor of English Literature Janet (28 March 1996).

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Two chapters deal with Aphra Behn with emphasis on her character as a poet

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She also translated from the French and Latin, publishing translations of

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The Works of Aphra Behn: v. 4: Seneca Unmask'd and Other Prose Translated

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lifetime she was also known as Ann Behn, Mrs Behn, agent 160 and Astrea.

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by Christopher VanderArk. She is one of the characters in the 2010 play

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Aphra Behn Online: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830

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Aphra Behn Online: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830

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Aphra Behn: An Annotated Bibliography of Primary and Secondary Sources

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on behalf of King Charles II, possibly under the auspices of courtier

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Staging gender in behn and centlivre: Women's comedy and the theatre

3664:"A discovery of new worlds from the French, made English by A. Behn" 3336:: 4. September 2023 – via Canterbury Christ Church University. 1015:

All the Histories and Novels Written by the Late Ingenious Mrs. Behn

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Cerae: An Australasian Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies

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Forced by debt and her husband's death, Behn began to work for the

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She died on 16 April 1689, and was buried in the East Cloister of

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Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage

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of folly and a distracted mind but was of practical importance.

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Since the 1970s Behn's literary works have been re-evaluated by

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Gainor, J. Ellen, Stanton B. Garner, Jr., and Martin Puchner.

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libertines, she wrote freely about sex. In the infamous poem "

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and Brilhac. The two translations of Fontenelle's work were:

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published two volumes of plays, and in 1663 a translation of

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Behn's life has been adapted for the stage in the 2014 play

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but lies in the East Cloister near the steps to the church.

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A view of Behn more sympathetic and laudatory than Woolf's.

1764:'s North American tour in 2017 for the 30th anniversary of 1531: 631: 265: 257: 61: 4006:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 292:. Upon her return to London and a probable brief stay in 5342: 5177: 4274:

ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830

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is a small village a few miles north-east of the city of

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Feminist theorists: Three centuries of key women thinkers

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Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art

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Miscellany, Being a Collection of Poems by Several Hands

1425:

Miscellany, Being a Collection of Poems by Several Hands

1011:

The Histories and Novels of the Late Ingenious Mrs. Behn

380:

The Histories and Novels of the Late Ingenious Mrs. Behn

378:. Another story has Behn born to a couple named Cooper. 4442:

The Widdow Ranter, or, the History of Bacon in Virginia

1761: 221: 4049:, Susquehanna University Press, Selinsgrove, PA, 1999. 3216:

British Authors Before 1800: A Biographical Dictionary

2605:

Reconstructing Aphra: A Social Biography of Aphra Behn

1796:

Reconstructing Aphra: a social biography of Aphra Behn

989:

Following Behn's death, new female dramatists such as

268: 251: 3923:

Virtue of necessity: English women's writing 1649–88

3191: