3717:
302:. The IOC felt that expelling a member required a greater degree of due process than mere exclusion from the Games. At its 1969 conference it appointed a committee to investigate and produce specific charges of violation of the Olympic Charter. The committee's report at the 1970 conference in Amsterdam detailed seven allegations of discrimination, as well as the unauthorised use of the
142:'s ban on discrimination. Reginald Honey, South Africa's IOC member, contended that nonwhite competitors had not been selected because none were of Olympic standard, and promised that any selected in future would be given passports. Brundage felt the discrimination rule only applied at the Olympics itself, not at domestic competition, and so South Africa was allowed to
392:. Within South Africa, in each sport there were competing race-specific and multi-racial bodies, which would have to merge into one in order to affiliate into both a nonracial NOC and the IF for its sport. ANOCA took the lead in negotiations in 1990 and early 1991, and an Interim National Olympic Committee of South Africa (INOCSA) was formed with
277:
was worried that its Games would be a fiasco and asked the IOC to reconsider. Brundage flew to South Africa in an unsuccessful bid to ask it to withdraw voluntarily. The IOC executive board met on 21 April 1968 to seek a diplomatic formula under which to exclude South Africa, finally agreeing that
260:
not at all. To
Killanin's surprise, a postal ballot of IOC members decided in February that SANOC had made sufficient progress in to be invited to the 1968 Games, on the understanding that its team would be multiracial and remaining discrimination would be ended by the 1972 Games. This verdict
170:
announced a ban on South
Africans appearing in mixed-race competition inside or outside the country. In 1963, Dennis Brutus founded the South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee (SANROC) which lobbied the IOC to expel SAONGA. Brutus was subjected to
232:. Separate racial committees would nominate athletes for each race to the combined team. Members from different races could compete against each other at the Games, though not in South Africa. The IOC deferred decision till its meeting at the
195:
to the South
African delegate. To bypass its own ban on mixed-race competition, SANOC was prepared to stage its Olympic trials abroad, but the events would still be segregated. The IOC voted to revoke SANOC's invitation to the
388:, the SCSA, and SANROC. While SANOC agreed it could not seek readmission to the IOC until apartheid was abolished, negotiations to prepare the way for South Africa's reintegration into world sport proceeded in tandem with the
102:
from the late 1950s, NOCs from newly independent states opposed to apartheid began affiliating to the IOC. However, the IOC itself was not representative of NOCs but rather a group of co-opted individuals, still mostly from
137:
and others founded the South
African Sports Association (SASA), which campaigned to allow non-white athletes to represent South Africa. The same year, IOC delegates questioned whether SAOCGA's operation violated the
252:
Killanin later recalled that
Ademola was repeatedly snubbed in South Africa, and that of whites they interviewed, athletes favoured integrated competition, administrators less so, and politicians
447:
of white sports teams. These decisions were unpopular with white South
Africans, and as a concession the green-and-gold colours were adopted. NOCSA in 2004 merged with other bodies to form the
1602:
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213:
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separate, took no action. From 1948, black athletes and their federations complained to the IOC about their exclusion, but were told to take the matter up with the SAOCGA.
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unless it declared its opposition to the government's policy. SANOC did not do so and was excluded from the Games, although it remained affiliated to the IOC.
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1181:
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220:(ANOCA) allowed SANROC to affiliate in place of SANOC. (Brundage later made SANROC change "Olympic" to "Open" in its name.) At the 1967 IOC conference in
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278:"due to the international climate, the executive committee was of the opinion it would be most unwise for South Africa to participate".
3721:
3163:
2519:
2140:
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240:, a future IOC president, who resigned from the Irish Anti-Apartheid Society to forestall allegations of bias; the other members were
3547:
3408:
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2621:
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216:(SCSA), which committed itself to expelling South Africa from the Olympics and to boycott the Games if South Africa was present. The
3689:
3477:
3212:
2544:
416:
147:
143:
128:
124:
43:
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at the South
African Open Games. IOC members voted to expel SANOC, by 35 to 28, with 3 abstentions. The conference coincided with
236:
in
Grenoble. In September 1967, a three-member IOC commission visited South Africa, reporting back in January 1968. It was led by
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3317:
3275:
3023:
2904:
2487:
2022:
1960:
335:
314:. Reginald Honey stated his intention to resign from the IOC, but because he personally opposed SANOC's policies, SCSA president
208:
In 1965, SANROC was banned by the South
African government, and Dennis Brutus re-established it in exile in London. In 1966, the
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162:. SAOCGA was renamed SAONGA (the South African Olympic and National Games Association) as it was no longer eligible for the
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The IOC adopted a declaration against "apartheid in sport" on 21 June 1988, for the total isolation of apartheid sport.
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Sport, the Third
Millennium: Proceedings of the International Symposium, Quebec City, Canada, May 21-25, 1990
411:, and in July an INOCSA delegation met with the Apartheid and Olympism Commission at the IOC headquarters in
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was segregated by race, with separate clubs and governing bodies. Only white bodies were affiliated to the
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995:
415:. The IOC recognised INOCSA on 9 July 1991, such that the "interim" was removed from its name (NOCSA).
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2112:
2011:
543:"Apartheid and Olympism: on the Abolishment of Institutionalized Discrimination in International Sport"
31:
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In response to its exclusion from the 1968 Games, SANOC organised a multi-sport tournament called the
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1976:
946:"Sports and the liberation struggle: a Tribute to Sam Ramsamy and others who fought apartheid sport"
687:
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as president. Ramsamy had been a leading anti-apartheid campaigner and advocate of sports boycotts.
3428:
2691:
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1434:
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108:
99:
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435:" were still the apartheid-era ones, but the Olympic team competed under an interim flag and
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166:; it was later more usually called SANOC (South Africa National Olympic Committee). In 1962,
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In 1957, the SAOCGA prohibited mixed-race competitions within its member bodies. In 1959,
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Bridging Three Centuries: Intellectual Crossroads and the Modern Olympic Movement
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regarded this as an internal matter for South Africa, and, committed to keeping
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in February 1969, to which foreign white athletes were invited. A team from
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354:. Of 28 African invitees, 26 boycotted the Games, joined by Iraq and Guyana.
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901:
Brittain, Ian (2011). "South Africa, apartheid and the Paralympic Games".
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In 1988 the IOC formed the Apartheid and Olympism Commission, including
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1990:
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1834:
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366:
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496:. In K.B. Wamsley; S.G. Martyn; G. H. MacDonald; R.K. Barney (eds.).
424:
294:
withdrew after the SCSA said its members would otherwise boycott the
245:
172:
3623:
3121:
2766:
1890:
1747:
1130:. South African State Department of Information. 1993. p. 271.
412:
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1578:
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be excluded from the games. The IOC demurred on the grounds that
180:
500:. International Symposium for Olympic Research. pp. 177–184
2758:
1914:
1693:
1360:
299:
221:
176:
464:
The Politics of the Olympic Games: With an Epilogue, 1976–1980
1906:
224:, SANOC committed to sending a single mixed-race team to the
642:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 136–7.
545:. In Fernand Landry; Marc Landry; Magdeleine Yerlès (eds.).
318:
persuaded him to remain a member until his death in 1982.
16:
Olympics with respect to South Africa during apartheid-era
28:
sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era
449:
South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee
261:
prompted the SCSA countries to withdraw; in the US, the
1682:
175:
and forbidden from attending meetings, so he fled to
1062:
Creating Boundaries: The Politics of Race and Nation
218:
Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa
150:
for the first time. Its delegations were all white.
42:, a new NOC was formed and admitted to the IOC, and
1191:
Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents
369:team from 1975. South Africa was expelled from the
158:South Africa's isolation increased in 1960–61 when
1022:
517:
1587:Attempted repatriation of Krystsina Tsimanouskaya
996:"South Africa Readmitted to Olympics Competition"
308:a cancelled South African cricket tour of England
115:, were quicker to give a voice to newer members.
3733:
834:
832:
830:
361:until excluded by the Dutch government from the
359:continued to compete at the (Summer) Paralympics
160:it declared a republic and left the Commonwealth
44:the country competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics
2472:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
896:
894:
892:
712:
710:
708:
639:Sport, Cultures, and Identities in South Africa
549:. Presses Université Laval. pp. 539–548.
334:prompted African countries to demand that the
1668:
1175:
1065:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 99–100.
827:
1099:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 194.
1054:
1052:
889:
705:
597:
595:
332:New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa
1641:Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics
1086:
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963:
855:
853:
757:
755:
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677:
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326:South Africa was the indirect cause of the
56:South Africa at the Olympics § History
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1661:
1182:
1168:
1096:South Africa: The Struggle for a New Order
989:
987:
985:
983:
613:
611:
609:
607:
585:
583:
581:
445:Springbok emblem or green-and-gold colours
1547:Sochi Ladies' singles judging controversy
1049:
685:
592:
179:. The IOC moved its 1963 conference from
2545:Reconstruction and Development Programme
960:
900:
850:
788:Killanin 1983 p. 35; Ramsamy 1991, p.540
746:
672:
635:
512:
379:
365:. The country had a racially integrated
129:South Africa at the 1960 Winter Olympics
125:South Africa at the 1960 Summer Olympics
98:began to question this stance. With the
2141:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
1467:Basketball gold medal match controversy
1427:Football match between Peru and Austria
1092:
993:
980:
862:
604:
578:
540:
491:"South Africa and the Olympic Movement"
443:". Likewise it decided not to use the
390:political negotiations to end apartheid
273:also threatened a boycott. The Mexican
38:(IOC) in 1970. In 1991, as part of the
3734:
2622:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
1563:Ireland Summer Olympics ticket scandal
75:competed at the Olympic Games and the
1656:
1435:"Blood in the Water" water polo match
1163:
1058:
948:. Gandhi-Luthuli documentation centre
937:
488:
688:"South Africa and the Olympic Games"
526:. New York: Morrow. pp. 33–45.
460:
407:, was repealed by the government of
26:from 1964 to 1988, as a part of the
3742:Sport and apartheid in South Africa
2552:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2198:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
686:Laubscher, Lappe (23 August 2017).
214:Supreme Council for Sport in Africa
111:(IFs), the governing bodies of the
13:
3747:Boycotts of apartheid South Africa
1611:Canada Soccer drone spying scandal
467:. University of California Press.
371:International Paralympic Committee
148:it competed at the Winter Olympics
107:countries. On the other hand, the
40:transition to multiracial equality
14:
3773:
3704:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
3339:South African Party (Cape Colony)
943:
401:Population Registration Act, 1950
77:Empire (later Commonwealth) Games
3716:
3715:
1361:Games of the New Emerging Forces
66:South African Olympic and Empire
3353:South African Party (1977–1980)
3346:South African Party (1911–1934)
3262:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
3059:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
1627:List of stripped Olympic medals
1491:Centennial Olympic Park bombing
1134:
1120:
1037:from the original on 7 May 2022
1015:
880:
871:
841:
818:
809:
800:
791:
782:
773:
764:
737:
728:
312:South Africa from the Davis Cup
71:(SAOEGA, later SAOCGA) so only
36:International Olympic Committee
2671:2019 service delivery protests
2657:#FeesMustFall student protests
2402:1983 constitutional referendum
1603:COVID-19 cases at Beijing 2022
1531:One minute of silence campaign
1507:Figure-skating judging scandal
1128:South Africa Official Yearbook
994:Tempest, Rone (10 July 1991).
719:
663:
620:
514:Killanin, Michael Morris, Lord
1:
3762:International sports boycotts
3129:Johannesburg Reform Committee
2358:Israel–South Africa Agreement
1751:
1736:
1713:
1706:
1523:Death of Nodar Kumaritashvili
1515:Underage gymnasts controversy
536:– via Internet Archive.
352:New Zealand Olympic Committee
210:Organisation of African Unity
49:
3757:South Africa at the Olympics
2784:Black Consciousness Movement
2538:Government of National Unity
1595:COVID-19 cases at Tokyo 2020
915:10.1080/17430437.2011.614773
692:South African History Online
571:
263:American Committee on Africa
248:, and Reginald Alexander, a
144:compete at the 1960 Olympics
90:In the 1950s, NOCs from the
62:South Africa under apartheid
34:(NOC) was expelled from the
7:
3752:Olympic Games controversies
2495:Saint James Church massacre
2381:Weapons of mass destruction
1634:Doping at the Olympic Games
10:
3778:
2235:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
2113:South West Africa campaign
2012:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
1977:French Huguenot settlement
1499:Winter Olympic bid scandal
1059:Manzo, Kathryn A. (1998).
454:
350:was not affiliated to the
321:
281:
203:
153:
122:
118:
53:
32:National Olympic Committee
3713:
3690:African National Congress
3679:
3585:
3418:
3150:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
2873:
2864:
2722:
2518:
2488:1992 apartheid referendum
2157:
2102:
2021:
1959:
1932:
1925:
1691:
1621:
1403:
1342:
1280:
1197:
109:international federations
3143:Labour Party (1969–1994)
3136:Labour Party (1910–1958)
2692:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
2650:#RhodesMustFall protests
2249:1960 republic referendum
1093:Ottaway, Marina (1993).
433:Die Stem van Suid-Afrika
336:New Zealand Olympic team
288:South African Open Games
146:in Rome. The same year,
100:decolonisation of Africa
3588:terrorist organisations
2678:2019 Johannesburg riots
2291:Constructive engagement
2256:International isolation
2074:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
824:Killanin 1983 pp. 37–41
815:Killanin 1983 pp. 35–36
636:Nauright, John (1997).
348:New Zealand Rugby Union
265:organised a boycott by
2601:Attack on Kennedy Road
2212:Congress of the People
1803:South African Republic
1555:Russian doping scandal
1393:World Friendship Games
489:Honey, Andrew (2000).
461:Espy, Richard (1981).
3171:Natal Indian Congress
2891:Afrikaner Broederbond
2745:Afrikaner nationalism
2531:1994 general election
2502:Bophuthatswana crisis
2395:Church Street bombing
2175:Apartheid legislation
2168:1948 general election
2088:South Africa Act 1909
1883:Union of South Africa
1703:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
1683:Political history of
1483:Kozakiewicz's gesture
847:Espy 1981, pp.100–103
541:Ramsamy, Sam (1991).
431:and national anthem "
405:apartheid legislation
380:Return to competition
54:Further information:
2805:Greater South Africa
2643:2014 platinum strike
2509:Shell House massacre
2437:Transkei coup d'état
2242:Sharpeville massacre
2005:Battle of Blaauwberg
1998:Battle of Muizenberg
1950:Battle of Salt River
1733:Mthethwa Paramountcy
1539:LGBT rights protests
1369:Liberty Bell Classic
806:Espy 1981, pp.99–100
437:Ludwig van Beethoven
429:flag of South Africa
421:1992 Summer Olympics
328:1976 Olympic boycott
296:1972 Summer Olympics
275:organising committee
234:1968 Winter Olympics
226:1968 Summer Olympics
198:1964 Summer Olympics
73:white South Africans
30:. The South African
3697:Democratic Alliance
2874:Civic and political
2738:Afrikaner Calvinism
2731:African nationalism
2580:African Renaissance
2270:UNSC Resolution 591
2191:Internal resistance
2092:National Convention
2060:Transvaal Civil War
1984:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
1867:Orange River Colony
1443:Tlatelolco massacre
877:Killanin 1983 p. 44
859:Espy 1981, pp.125–6
838:Killanin 1983 p. 42
797:Espy 1981, pp.98–99
761:Espy 1981, pp.127–8
716:Killanin 1983 p. 34
626:Espy 1981, pp.70,75
617:Espy 1981, pp.69–70
601:Ramsamy 1990, p.539
403:, a cornerstone of
310:and the banning of
191:refused to grant a
173:travel restrictions
85:politics and sports
46:held in Barcelona.
22:did not compete at
2444:Ciskei coup d'état
2263:UN Resolution 1761
2228:Women's March 1956
2081:South African Wars
2067:Mineral Revolution
1475:Black Power salute
1451:Black Power salute
1033:. 10 August 1992.
1024:"Ramsamy rejoices"
886:Espy 181, pp.157–8
399:In June 1991, the
164:Commonwealth Games
3729:
3728:
3682:political parties
3675:
3674:
3652:Orde van die Dood
3269:Progressive Party
2975:Congress Alliance
2791:Cape Independence
2723:Political culture
2718:
2717:
2685:COVID-19 pandemic
2615:Marikana massacre
2451:Venda coup d'état
2205:Defiance Campaign
1795:Orange Free State
1725:Dutch Cape Colony
1650:
1649:
1395:(2024, postponed)
1353:People's Olympiad
1001:Los Angeles Times
977:Honey 2000, p.179
779:Honey 2000, p.178
589:Honey 2000, p.177
533:978-0-688-02209-9
519:"V: South Africa"
417:It first competed
189:Kenyan government
79:. The IOC under
69:Games Association
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3576:Umkosi Wezintaba
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3421:social movements
3419:Trade unions and
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2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2871:
2870:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2823:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2770:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2711:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2430:Dakar Conference
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2360:
2353:
2351:Israeli alliance
2346:
2339:
2332:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2305:Sporting boycott
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2277:Academic boycott
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2134:Great Depression
2129:
2122:
2120:Maritz rebellion
2115:
2095:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1970:Dutch settlement
1952:
1945:
1943:Bantu migrations
1930:
1929:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1875:Transvaal Colony
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1843:Nieuwe Republiek
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1779:Natalia Republic
1774:
1766:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1748:Ndwandwe Kingdom
1743:
1741:
1738:
1728:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1377:Friendship Games
1372:
1364:
1356:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1273:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1026:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
991:
978:
975:
958:
957:
955:
953:
941:
935:
934:
909:(9): 1165–1181.
903:Sport in Society
898:
887:
884:
878:
875:
869:
868:Espy 1981, p.126
866:
860:
857:
848:
845:
839:
836:
825:
822:
816:
813:
807:
804:
798:
795:
789:
786:
780:
777:
771:
768:
762:
759:
744:
741:
735:
732:
726:
723:
717:
714:
703:
702:
700:
698:
683:
670:
667:
661:
660:
658:
656:
633:
627:
624:
618:
615:
602:
599:
590:
587:
567:
565:
563:
537:
524:My Olympic Years
521:
509:
507:
505:
495:
485:
483:
481:
427:. The official
267:African American
212:established the
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3087:HNP (Herstigte)
3085:
3080:HNP (Herenigde)
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2898:Afrikaner Party
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2866:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2826:
2817:
2812:Honorary whites
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2714:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2573:Soweto bombings
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2374:Soweto Uprising
2372:
2365:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2298:Tar Baby Option
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:Freedom Charter
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2098:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1819:Griqualand West
1817:
1811:Griqualand East
1809:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1687:
1681:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1459:Munich massacre
1457:
1449:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1412:Stripped medals
1410:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1276:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1193:
1188:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1057:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1030:The Independent
1021:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
992:
981:
976:
961:
951:
949:
942:
938:
899:
890:
885:
881:
876:
872:
867:
863:
858:
851:
846:
842:
837:
828:
823:
819:
814:
810:
805:
801:
796:
792:
787:
783:
778:
774:
770:Espy 1981, p.96
769:
765:
760:
747:
743:Espy 1981, p.87
742:
738:
734:Espy 1981, p.86
733:
729:
725:Espy 1981, p.85
724:
720:
715:
706:
696:
694:
684:
673:
669:Espy 1981, p.70
668:
664:
654:
652:
650:
634:
630:
625:
621:
616:
605:
600:
593:
588:
579:
574:
561:
559:
557:
534:
503:
501:
493:
479:
477:
475:
457:
382:
324:
284:
206:
156:
140:Olympic Charter
131:
123:Main articles:
121:
58:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3775:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3727:
3726:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3645:Ossewabrandwag
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3591:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3388:Unionist Party
3384:
3377:
3370:
3367:Torch Commando
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3241:Orde Boerevolk
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3017:DP (1989–2000)
3013:
3010:DP (1973–1977)
3006:
3003:Dominion Party
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2884:Afrikaner Bond
2879:
2877:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2824:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2798:Day of the Vow
2794:
2787:
2780:
2771:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2566:Floor crossing
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2524:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2481:Bisho massacre
2477:
2476:
2475:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2423:Operation Vula
2419:
2416:Rubicon speech
2412:
2409:Langa massacre
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2171:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2127:Rand Rebellion
2123:
2116:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2053:Boer Republics
2049:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1899:Bophuthatswana
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1859:Klein Vrystaat
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1744:
1729:
1721:
1698:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1557:(2015–present)
1551:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1385:Goodwill Games
1381:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1133:
1119:
1105:
1085:
1071:
1048:
1014:
979:
959:
936:
888:
879:
870:
861:
849:
840:
826:
817:
808:
799:
790:
781:
772:
763:
745:
736:
727:
718:
704:
671:
662:
648:
628:
619:
603:
591:
576:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
555:
538:
532:
510:
486:
473:
456:
453:
409:F. W. de Klerk
381:
378:
323:
320:
283:
280:
269:athletes; the
246:black Nigerian
205:
202:
155:
152:
120:
117:
113:Olympic sports
81:Avery Brundage
51:
48:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3774:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3724:
3723:
3712:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3562:Die Spoorbund
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:Workers Party
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:Radio Freedom
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3234:Oranjewerkers
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:organisations
2872:
2869:
2867:organisations
2863:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
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304:Olympic rings
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24:Olympic Games
21:
3720:
3680:Histories of
3381:United Party
3290:Reform Party
3227:Orangia Unie
2852:
2843:
2836:Swart gevaar
2834:
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2774:
2765:
2706:
2608:Blikkiesdorp
2311:
1934:Pre-colonial
1787:Natal Colony
1771:Zulu Kingdom
1685:South Africa
1640:
1421:(since 1968)
1345:competitions
1268:
1146:. Retrieved
1136:
1127:
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1095:
1088:
1076:. Retrieved
1061:
1039:. Retrieved
1028:
1017:
1005:. Retrieved
999:
950:. Retrieved
944:Reddy, E.S.
939:
906:
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873:
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843:
820:
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793:
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695:. Retrieved
691:
665:
653:. Retrieved
638:
631:
622:
560:. Retrieved
546:
523:
502:. Retrieved
497:
478:. Retrieved
463:
398:
386:Kevan Gosper
383:
375:
356:
325:
292:West Germany
285:
271:Eastern Bloc
258:John Vorster
254:Frank Waring
207:
168:Jan de Klerk
157:
132:
96:Soviet Union
92:Eastern Bloc
89:
68:
65:
59:
20:South Africa
18:
2820:Rooi gevaar
2699:2021 unrest
2629:Nkandlagate
2458:Third Force
2319:Rugby union
1917:(1981–1994)
1909:(1979–1994)
1901:(1977–1994)
1893:(1976–1994)
1885:(1910–1961)
1877:(1902–1910)
1869:(1902–1910)
1861:(1886–1891)
1853:(1885–1887)
1845:(1884–1888)
1837:(1882–1885)
1829:(1882–1883)
1821:(1870–1873)
1813:(1861–1879)
1805:(1856–1902)
1797:(1854–1902)
1789:(1843–1910)
1781:(1839–1843)
1773:(1816–1897)
1765:(1795–1910)
1763:Cape Colony
1755: 1780
1740: 1780
1727:(1652–1806)
1717: 1220
1710: 1075
1387:(1986–2001)
1343:Alternative
952:23 November
697:11 February
394:Sam Ramsamy
342:was not an
340:rugby union
242:Ade Ademola
230:Mexico City
185:Baden-Baden
105:First World
94:led by the
3736:Categories
3631:Greyshirts
3395:Volksparty
2933:Black Sash
2594:Xenophobia
2587:Travelgate
2344:Border War
2148:Bantustans
2046:Great Trek
1991:Xhosa Wars
1851:Upingtonia
1835:Stellaland
1571:Lochtegate
451:(SASCOC).
441:Ode to Joy
363:1980 Games
187:after the
50:Background
2854:Volkstaat
2845:Uitlander
2776:Boerehaat
2752:Anarchism
2559:Arms Deal
2522:apartheid
2182:Pass laws
2159:Apartheid
2104:1910–1948
2023:1815–1910
1961:1652–1815
1142:"History"
931:144007206
923:1743-0437
572:Citations
425:Barcelona
373:in 1985.
367:parasport
3722:Category
3624:Boeremag
3122:Jeugkrag
3073:Het Volk
2767:Baasskap
2709:incident
2312:Olympics
1891:Transkei
1694:polities
1692:Defunct
1282:Boycotts
1144:. SASCOC
1035:Archived
516:(1983).
413:Lausanne
346:and the
3527:SAAPAWU
2865:Defunct
2828:Slavery
2032:Mfecane
1579:Rule 40
1198:By year
1148:17 June
1112:18 June
1078:18 June
1041:16 June
1007:16 June
655:16 June
562:17 June
504:17 June
480:16 June
455:Sources
419:at the
322:1971–88
282:1969–70
204:1965–68
181:Nairobi
154:1961–64
119:1957–60
3478:FOSATU
3332:SAYRCO
3304:SADECO
3220:Occupy
2759:Azania
2707:Lady R
2636:Racism
2465:CODESA
1926:Events
1915:Ciskei
1827:Goshen
1757:–1819)
1742:–1817)
1613:(2024)
1605:(2022)
1597:(2021)
1589:(2021)
1581:(2016)
1573:(2016)
1565:(2016)
1549:(2014)
1541:(2014)
1533:(2012)
1525:(2010)
1517:(2008)
1509:(2002)
1501:(1998)
1493:(1996)
1485:(1980)
1477:(1972)
1469:(1972)
1461:(1972)
1453:(1968)
1445:(1968)
1437:(1956)
1429:(1936)
1419:Doping
1404:Events
1379:(1984)
1371:(1980)
1363:(1963)
1355:(1936)
1103:
1069:
929:
921:
646:
553:
530:
471:
300:Munich
222:Tehran
177:London
3659:PAGAD
3555:SATUC
3548:SARHU
3534:SACTU
3513:NURHS
3471:FNETU
3457:CTSWU
3450:CNETU
3443:BLATU
3325:SAYCO
3213:NUSAS
3094:IDASA
2905:AITUP
2520:Post-
1907:Venda
927:S2CID
494:(PDF)
3666:SANF
3596:APLA
3541:SAIF
3520:PAWE
3506:NEUM
3499:MUSA
3464:FCWU
3409:WOSA
3360:TNIP
3318:SASO
3311:SAIC
3297:SABP
3248:PAVN
2982:COSG
2961:CTEG
2954:CNIP
1333:2022
1326:1988
1319:1984
1312:1980
1305:1976
1298:1964
1291:1956
1150:2013
1114:2013
1101:ISBN
1080:2013
1067:ISBN
1043:2013
1009:2013
954:2008
919:ISSN
699:2019
657:2013
644:ISBN
564:2013
551:ISBN
528:ISBN
506:2013
482:2013
469:ISBN
439:'s "
330:. A
256:and
244:, a
193:visa
127:and
3617:BBB
3610:AWB
3603:ARM
3569:UDF
3492:IWW
3485:ICU
3436:BCM
3429:APF
3374:UFP
3276:PRP
3255:PFP
3206:NRP
3199:NPP
3185:NNP
3178:NLP
3164:NCP
3115:ISL
3066:GNP
3038:ECC
3031:DSM
3024:DPP
2996:DLF
2968:COD
2947:CDA
2926:BPC
2919:AVF
2912:APO
911:doi
423:in
298:in
228:in
183:to
3738::
3638:MK
3192:NP
3157:NA
3108:IP
3101:ID
3052:FD
3045:FA
2989:CP
1752:c.
1737:c.
1714:c.
1707:c.
1051:^
1027:.
998:.
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1116:.
1082:.
1045:.
1011:.
956:.
933:.
913::
701:.
659:.
566:.
508:.
484:.
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