Helicopter - Knowledge

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and causing it to climb. Increasing collective (power) while maintaining a constant airspeed will induce a climb while decreasing collective will cause a descent. Coordinating these two inputs, down collective plus aft cyclic or up collective plus forward cyclic, will result in airspeed changes while maintaining a constant altitude. The pedals serve the same function in both a helicopter and a fixed-wing aircraft, to maintain balanced flight. This is done by applying a pedal input in whichever direction is necessary to center the ball in the

2093: 489: 6603: 1659: 2062: 1232: 691: 881: 2104:, rotor blades are designed to "flap" – lift and twist in such a way that the advancing blade flaps up and develops a smaller angle of attack. Conversely, the retreating blade flaps down, develops a higher angle of attack, and generates more lift. At high speeds, the force on the rotors is such that they "flap" excessively, and the retreating blade can reach too high an angle and stall. For this reason, the maximum safe forward airspeed of a helicopter is given a design rating called 2224: 2144: 382: 589: 925: 142: 1153: 6857: 1880: 1736:) in April 1933, and attained an altitude of six meters (20 feet) and an endurance of eight minutes. Florine chose a co-rotating configuration because the gyroscopic stability of the rotors would not cancel. Therefore, the rotors had to be tilted slightly in opposite directions to counter torque. Using hingeless rotors and co-rotation also minimised the stress on the hull. At the time, it was one of the most stable helicopters in existence. 437: 45: 1542:, while working in Europe, demonstrated one of the first successful applications of cyclic pitch. Coaxial, contra-rotating, biplane rotors could be warped to cyclically increase and decrease the lift they produced. The rotor hub could also be tilted forward a few degrees, allowing the aircraft to move forward without a separate propeller to push or pull it. Pateras-Pescara was also able to demonstrate the principle of 3040: 6877: 597: 176: 778: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1001:. Helibuckets, such as the Bambi bucket, are usually filled by submerging the bucket into lakes, rivers, reservoirs, or portable tanks. Tanks fitted onto helicopters are filled from a hose while the helicopter is on the ground or water is siphoned from lakes or reservoirs through a hanging snorkel as the helicopter hovers over the water source. Helitack helicopters are also used to deliver firefighters, who 6867: 1525: 2203:

point in helicopter reliability. In-flight catastrophic gear failures often result in gearbox jamming and subsequent fatalities, whereas loss of lubrication can trigger onboard fire. Another weakness of mechanical gearboxes is their transient power limitation, due to structural fatigue limits. Recent EASA studies point to engines and transmissions as prime cause of crashes just after pilot errors.

1353:, a French inventor who demonstrated a small steam-powered model. While celebrated as an innovative use of a new metal, aluminum, the model never lifted off the ground. D'Amecourt's linguistic contribution would survive to eventually describe the vertical flight he had envisioned. Steam power was popular with other inventors as well. In 1877, the Italian engineer, inventor and aeronautical pioneer 1787: 1523: 1746:

flight with a 500-meter (1,600-foot) diameter. The next year, on 26 September 1936, Claisse set a height record of 158 meters (518 feet). And, finally, on 24 November 1936, he set a flight duration record of one hour, two minutes and 50 seconds over a 44 kilometers (27 miles) closed circuit at 44.7 kilometres per hour (27.8 mph). The aircraft was destroyed in 1943 by an

1701:(TsAGI or the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute), constructed and flew the TsAGI 1-EA single lift-rotor helicopter, which used an open tubing framework, a four-blade main lift rotor, and twin sets of 1.8-meter (5.9-foot) diameter, two-bladed anti-torque rotors: one set of two at the nose and one set of two at the tail. Powered by two M-2 powerplants, up-rated copies of the 1315:, influenced by a childhood fascination with the Chinese flying top, developed a model of feathers, similar to that of Launoy and Bienvenu, but powered by rubber bands. By the end of the century, he had progressed to using sheets of tin for rotor blades and springs for power. His writings on his experiments and models would become influential on future aviation pioneers. 1450: 765:. The throttle controls the power produced by the engine, which is connected to the rotor by a fixed ratio transmission. The purpose of the throttle is to maintain enough engine power to keep the rotor RPM within allowable limits so that the rotor produces enough lift for flight. In single-engine helicopters, the throttle control is a motorcycle-style 948:

outsized slung loads that would not fit inside ordinary cargo aircraft: artillery pieces, large machinery (field radars, communications gear, electrical generators), or pallets of bulk cargo. In military operations these payloads are often delivered to remote locations made inaccessible by mountainous or riverine terrain, or naval vessels at sea.

3527: 1280:", that any recorded advancement was made towards vertical flight. His notes suggested that he built small flying models, but there were no indications for any provision to stop the rotor from making the craft rotate. As scientific knowledge increased and became more accepted, people continued to pursue the idea of vertical flight. 1144:(along with a rover). It began service in February 2021 and was retired due to sustained rotor blade damage in January 2024 after 73 sorties. As the Martian atmosphere is 100 times thinner than Earth's, its two blades spin at close to 3,000 revolutions a minute, approximately 10 times faster than that of a terrestrial helicopter. 2161:(HUMS) provide vibration monitoring and rotor track and balance solutions to limit vibration. Gearbox vibration most often requires a gearbox overhaul or replacement. Gearbox or drive train vibrations can be extremely harmful to a pilot. The most severe effects are pain, numbness, and loss of tactile discrimination or dexterity. 623:. The single, most-limiting factor of helicopter development during the first half of the 20th century was that the amount of power produced by an engine was not able to overcome the engine's weight in vertical flight. This was overcome in early successful helicopters by using the smallest engines available. When the compact, 1053:. In naval service a prime function of rescue helicopters is to promptly retrieve downed aircrew involved in crashes occurring upon launch or recovery aboard aircraft carriers. In past years this function was performed by destroyers escorting the carrier, but since then helicopters have proved vastly more effective. 4734: 5318: 943:. Aerial cranes are used to place heavy equipment, like radio transmission towers and large air conditioning units, on the tops of tall buildings, or when an item must be raised up in a remote area, such as a radio tower raised on the top of a hill or mountain. Helicopters are used as aerial cranes in the 1650:

Kaman. Three small propellers mounted to the airframe were used for additional pitch, roll, and yaw control. The D'AT3 held modest FAI speed and altitude records for the time, including altitude (18 m or 59 ft), duration (8 minutes 45 seconds) and distance flown (1,078 m or 3,540 ft).

1611:, a Dutch aeronautical engineer, began studying rotorcraft design in 1923. His first prototype "flew" ("hopped" and hovered in reality) on 24 September 1925, with Dutch Army-Air arm Captain Floris Albert van Heijst at the controls. The controls that van Heijst used were von Baumhauer's inventions, the 1827:. The Fw 61 set a number of FAI records from 1937 to 1939, including: maximum altitude of 3,427 metres (11,243 ft), maximum distance of 230 kilometres (140 mi), and maximum speed of 124 kilometres per hour (77 mph). Autogiro development was now being bypassed by a focus on helicopters. 1674:

in the early 1920s, becoming the first practical rotorcraft. In 1928, de la Cierva successfully flew an autogyro across the English Channel, from London to Paris. In 1934, an autogyro became the first rotorcraft to successfully take off and land on the deck of a ship. That same year, the autogyro was

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in 1912. It consisted of a frame equipped with two counter-rotating discs, each of which was fitted with six vanes around its circumference. After indoor tests, the aircraft was demonstrated outdoors and made several free take-offs. Experiments with the helicopter continued until September 1916, when

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is located on the left side of the pilot's seat with a settable friction control to prevent inadvertent movement. The collective changes the pitch angle of all the main rotor blades collectively (i.e. all at the same time) and independently of their position. Therefore, if a collective input is made,

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The number, size and type of engine(s) used on a helicopter determines the size, function and capability of that helicopter design. The earliest helicopter engines were simple mechanical devices, such as rubber bands or spindles, which relegated the size of helicopters to toys and small models. For a

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to counter the vibration. Adjustment can be difficult in part because measurement of the vibration is hard, usually requiring sophisticated accelerometers mounted throughout the airframe and gearboxes. The most common blade vibration adjustment measurement system is to use a stroboscopic flash lamp,

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At the same time, the advancing blade creates more lift traveling forward, the retreating blade produces less lift. If the aircraft were to accelerate to the air speed that the blade tips are spinning, the retreating blade passes through air moving at the same speed of the blade and produces no lift

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to power his helicopter model that reached a height of 0.5 meters (1.6 feet) in 1901. On 5 May 1905, his helicopter reached 4 meters (13 feet) in altitude and flew for over 1,500 meters (4,900 feet). In 1908, Edison patented his own design for a helicopter powered by a gasoline engine with box kites

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cannot easily or quickly reach the scene, or cannot transport the patient to a medical facility in time. Helicopters are also used when patients need to be transported between medical facilities and air transportation is the most practical method. An air ambulance helicopter is equipped to stabilize

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The use of two or more horizontal rotors turning in opposite directions is another configuration used to counteract the effects of torque on the aircraft without relying on an anti-torque tail rotor. This allows the power normally required to be diverted for the tail rotor to be applied fully to the

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There are several reasons a helicopter cannot fly as fast as a fixed-wing aircraft. When the helicopter is hovering, the outer tips of the rotor travel at a speed determined by the length of the blade and the rotational speed. In a moving helicopter, however, the speed of the blades relative to the

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engine. On 13 November 1907, it lifted its inventor to 0.3 metres (1 ft) and remained aloft for 20 seconds. Even though this flight did not surpass the flight of the Gyroplane No. 1, it was reported to be the first truly free flight with a pilot. Cornu's helicopter completed a few more flights

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In forward flight a helicopter's flight controls behave more like those of a fixed-wing aircraft. Applying forward pressure on the cyclic will cause the nose to pitch down, with a resultant increase in airspeed and loss of altitude. Aft cyclic will cause the nose to pitch up, slowing the helicopter

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of the main blades. The result is to tilt the rotor disk in a particular direction, resulting in the helicopter moving in that direction. If the pilot pushes the cyclic forward, the rotor disk tilts forward, and the rotor produces a thrust in the forward direction. If the pilot pushes the cyclic to

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By contrast, electromagnetic transmissions do not use any parts in contact; hence lubrication can be drastically simplified, or eliminated. Their inherent redundancy offers good resilience to single point of failure. The absence of gears enables high power transient without impact on service life.

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Conventional rotary-wing aircraft use a set of complex mechanical gearboxes to convert the high rotation speed of gas turbines into the low speed required to drive main and tail rotors. Unlike powerplants, mechanical gearboxes cannot be duplicated (for redundancy) and have always been a major weak

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These issues are due to the exposed tail rotor cutting through open air around the rear of the vehicle. This issue disappears when the tail is instead ducted, using an internal impeller enclosed in the tail and a jet of high pressure air sideways out of the tail, as the main rotor vortices can not

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1 was tested but was found to be underpowered and could not lift its own weight. His 2F fared better and set a record. The British government funded further research by Pescara which resulted in helicopter No. 3, powered by a 250-horsepower (190 kW) radial engine which could fly for up to ten

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and flight control surfaces. The result is constant control inputs and corrections by the pilot to keep the helicopter where it is required to be. Despite the complexity of the task, the control inputs in a hover are simple. The cyclic is used to eliminate drift in the horizontal plane, that is to

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Turbine engines revolutionized the aviation industry; and the turboshaft engine for helicopter use, pioneered in December 1951 by the aforementioned Kaman K-225, finally gave helicopters an engine with a large amount of power and a low weight penalty. Turboshafts are also more reliable than piston

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The mast is a cylindrical metal shaft that extends upwards from the transmission. At the top of the mast is the attachment point for the rotor blades called the hub. Main rotor systems are classified according to how the rotor blades are attached and move relative to the hub. There are three basic

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state is a hazard induced by a combination of low airspeed, high power setting, and high descent rate. Rotor-tip vortices circulate from the high pressure air below the rotor disk to low pressure air above the disk, so that the helicopter settles into its own descending airflow. Adding more power

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was built in 1933. It was a coaxial helicopter, contra-rotating. After many ground tests and an accident, it first took flight on 26 June 1935. Within a short time, the aircraft was setting records with pilot Maurice Claisse at the controls. On 14 December 1935, he set a record for closed-circuit

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For a standard helicopter with a single main rotor, maintaining steady flight with a crosswind presents an additional flight control problem, where strong crosswinds from certain angles will increase or decrease lift from the main rotors. This effect is also triggered in a no-wind condition when

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When the trailing vortices colliding with the tail rotor are rotating in the same direction, this causes a loss of thrust from the tail rotor. When the trailing vortices rotate in the opposite direction of the tail rotor, thrust is increased. Use of the foot pedals is required to adjust the tail

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built his D'AT3, a coaxial helicopter. His relatively large machine had two, two-bladed, counter-rotating rotors. Control was achieved by using auxiliary wings or servo-tabs on the trailing edges of the blades, a concept that was later adopted by other helicopter designers, including Bleeker and

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To reduce vibration, all helicopters have rotor adjustments for height and weight. A maladjusted helicopter can easily vibrate so much that it will shake itself apart. Blade height is adjusted by changing the pitch of the blade. Weight is adjusted by adding or removing weights on the rotor head

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and patented it shortly after. A mutual friend introduced Young to Lawrence Dale, who once seeing his work asked him to join the Bell Aircraft company. When Young arrived at Bell in 1941, he signed his patent over and began work on the helicopter. His budget was US$ 250,000 (equivalent to $ 5.2

1407:, with which he attempted to power an internal combustion engine. The helicopter was damaged by explosions and one of his workers was badly burned. Edison reported that it would take a motor with a ratio of three to four pounds per horsepower produced to be successful, based on his experiments. 947:

to lift trees out of terrain where vehicles cannot travel and where environmental concerns prohibit the building of roads. These operations are referred to as longline because of the long, single sling line used to carry the load. In military service helicopters are often useful for delivery of

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have a free-spinning rotor for all or part of the flight envelope, relying on a separate thrust system to propel the craft forwards, so that the airflow sets the rotor spinning to provide lift. The compound helicopter also has a separate thrust system, but continues to supply power to the rotor

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pedals in a fixed-wing aircraft, and serve a similar purpose, namely to control the direction in which the nose of the aircraft is pointed. Application of the pedal in a given direction changes the pitch of the tail rotor blades, increasing or reducing the thrust produced by the tail rotor and

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Reliable helicopters capable of stable hover flight were developed decades after fixed-wing aircraft. This is largely due to higher engine power density requirements than fixed-wing aircraft. Improvements in fuels and engines during the first half of the 20th century were a critical factor in

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and/or at the blade end caps. Most also have vibration dampers for height and pitch. Some also use mechanical feedback systems to sense and counter vibration. Usually the feedback system uses a mass as a "stable reference" and a linkage from the mass operates a flap to adjust the rotor's

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at all, resulting in very high torque stresses on the central shaft that can tip down the retreating-blade side of the vehicle, and cause a loss of control. Dual counter-rotating blades prevent this situation due to having two advancing and two retreating blades with balanced forces.

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engines, especially when producing the sustained high levels of power required by a helicopter. The turboshaft engine was able to be scaled to the size of the helicopter being designed, so that all but the lightest of helicopter models are powered by turbine engines today.

424:. A rotor system may be mounted horizontally, as main rotors are, providing lift vertically, or it may be mounted vertically, such as a tail rotor, to provide horizontal thrust to counteract torque from the main rotors. The rotor consists of a mast, hub and rotor blades. 1713:

of World War I, the TsAGI 1-EA made several low altitude flights. By 14 August 1932, Cheremukhin managed to get the 1-EA up to an unofficial altitude of 605 meters (1,985 feet), shattering d'Ascanio's earlier achievement. As the Soviet Union was not yet a member of the

1438:, possibly as the earliest known example of a quadcopter. Although there is some uncertainty about the date, sometime between 14 August and 29 September 1907, the Gyroplane No. 1 lifted its pilot into the air about 0.6 metres (2 ft) for a minute. The Gyroplane No. 2047:

engines in the second half of the 20th century led to the development of larger, faster, and higher-performance helicopters. While smaller and less expensive helicopters still use piston engines, turboshaft engines are the preferred powerplant for helicopters today.

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of 1939, which turned out to be the first practical single lifting-rotor helicopter design. After experimenting with configurations to counteract the torque produced by the single main rotor, Sikorsky settled on a single, smaller rotor mounted on the tail boom.

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is an abrupt change from a positive G-force state to a negative G-force state that results in loss of lift (unloaded disc) and subsequent roll over. If aft cyclic is applied while the disc is unloaded, the main rotor could strike the tail causing catastrophic

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For a standard helicopter with a single main rotor, the tips of the main rotor blades produce a vortex ring in the air, which is a spiraling and circularly rotating airflow. As the craft moves forward, these vortices trail off behind the craft.

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April 1924, Pescara beat Oemichen's record, flying for a distance of 736 meters (2,415 ft) (nearly 0.80 kilometers or .5 miles) in 4 minutes and 11 seconds (about 13 km/h or 8 mph), maintaining a height of 1.8 meters (6 feet). On

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to pursue suspects and patrol the skies. Since helicopters can achieve a unique aerial view, they are often used in conjunction with police on the ground to report on suspects' locations and movements. They are often mounted with lighting and

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When hovering with a forward diagonal crosswind, or moving in a forward diagonal direction, the spinning vortices trailing off the main rotor blades will align with the rotation of the tail rotor and cause an instability in flight control.

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Oil companies charter helicopters to move workers and parts quickly to remote drilling sites located at sea or in remote locations. The speed advantage over boats makes the high operating cost of helicopters cost-effective in ensuring that

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By October 2018, the in-service and stored helicopter fleet of 38,570 with civil or government operators was led Robinson Helicopter with 24.7% followed by Airbus Helicopters with 24.4%, then Bell with 20.5 and Leonardo with 8.4%,

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which provides extra lift without increasing power. This state, most typically, occurs when the airspeed reaches approximately 16–24 knots (30–44 km/h; 18–28 mph), and may be necessary for a helicopter to obtain flight.

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controls the collective and cyclic pitch of the main blades. The swashplate moves up and down, along the main shaft, to change the pitch of both blades. This causes the helicopter to push air downward or upward, depending on the

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half century before the first airplane flight, steam engines were used to forward the development of the understanding of helicopter aerodynamics, but the limited power did not allow for manned flight. The introduction of the

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air depends on the speed of the helicopter as well as on their rotational speed. The airspeed of the advancing rotor blade is much higher than that of the helicopter itself. It is possible for this blade to exceed the

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K-225 became the first turbine-powered helicopter in the world. Two years later, on 26 March 1954, a modified Navy HTK-1, another Kaman helicopter, became the first twin-turbine helicopter to fly. However, it was the

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64th Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society International, on the aerodynamic capability of Cornu's design, arguing that the aircraft lacked the power and rotor loading to lift free of the ground in manned

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A helicopter has four flight control inputs. These are the cyclic, the collective, the anti-torque pedals, and the throttle. The cyclic control is usually located between the pilot's legs and is commonly called the

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Designs similar to the Chinese helicopter toy appeared in some Renaissance paintings and other works. In the 18th and early 19th centuries Western scientists developed flying machines based on the Chinese toy.

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of 1945, which became the first helicopter certified for civilian use in the United States (March 1946). Produced in several countries, the Bell 47 was the most popular helicopter model for nearly 30 years.

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and observe painted markings or coloured reflectors on the underside of the rotor blades. The traditional low-tech system is to mount coloured chalk on the rotor tips, and see how they mark a linen sheet.

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flight to make a landing. Zaschka's aircraft, the first helicopter, which ever worked so successfully in miniature, not only rises and descends vertically, but is able to remain stationary at any height.

1369:, as well as the nearby park, the Parco Forlanini. Emmanuel Dieuaide's steam-powered design featured counter-rotating rotors powered through a hose from a boiler on the ground. In 1887 Parisian inventor, 4908:

was an aircraft transportation ship and the first in the world from which an autogyro took off and landed." Naval Ship Systems Command, US: Naval Ship Systems Command technical news.1966, v. 15–16, p. 40

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conditions—it has proved advantageous to conduct tasks that were previously not possible with other aircraft, or were time- or work-intensive to accomplish on the ground. Today, helicopter uses include

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was a smaller tail rotor. The tail rotor pushes or pulls against the tail to counter the torque effect, and this has become the most common configuration for helicopter design, usually at the end of a

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Due to the operating characteristics of the helicopter—its ability to take off and land vertically, and to hover for extended periods of time, as well as the aircraft's handling properties under low

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are two counter-rotating rotors mounted close to each other at a sufficient angle to let the rotors intermesh over the top of the aircraft without colliding. An aircraft utilizing this is known as a

846:. It is the interaction of these controls that makes hovering so difficult, since an adjustment in any one control requires an adjustment of the other two, creating a cycle of constant correction. 612:

at the end of the 19th century became the watershed for helicopter development as engines began to be developed and produced that were powerful enough to allow for helicopters able to lift humans.

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This can lead to a loss of control and a crash or hard landing when operating at low altitudes, due to the sudden unexpected loss of lift, and insufficient time and distance available to recover.

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model on 10 September 2010 to the first testing at 30% power on 1 March 2011 – less than six months. The aircraft first flew on 12 August 2011. All development was conducted in Venelles, France.

638:. Tip jets powered by a remote compressor are referred to as cold tip jets, while those powered by combustion exhaust are referred to as hot tip jets. An example of a cold jet helicopter is the 6913: 963:, helicopters have provided aerial views of some major news stories, and have been doing so, from the late 1960s. Helicopters have also been used in films, both in front and behind the camera. 2295:

Tail rotor failures which occur from either a mechanical malfunction of the tail rotor control system or a loss of tail rotor thrust authority, called "loss of tail-rotor effectiveness" (LTE).

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As with any moving vehicle, unsafe operation could result in loss of control, structural damage, or loss of life. The following is a list of some of the potential hazards for helicopters:

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for delivering mail and newspapers prior to the invention of the helicopter. Though lacking true vertical flight capability, work on the autogyro forms the basis for helicopter analysis.

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of 1942 was the first large-scale mass-produced helicopter, with a production order for 100 aircraft. The R-4 was the only Allied helicopter to serve in World War II, used primarily for

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with 3,400. Most were in North America with 34.3% then in Europe with 28.0% followed by Asia-Pacific with 18.6%, Latin America with 11.6%, Africa with 5.3% and Middle East with 1.7%.

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main rotors, increasing the aircraft's power efficiency and lifting capacity. There are several common configurations that use the counter-rotating effect to benefit the rotorcraft:

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was developed, the helicopter industry found a lighter-weight powerplant easily adapted to small helicopters, although radial engines continued to be used for larger helicopters.

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a congratulations for a successful helicopter test flight. Edison wrote, "So far as I know, you have produced the first successful helicopter." The helicopter was tested at

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provided a large amount of power to Kaman's helicopter with a lower weight penalty than piston engines, with their heavy engine blocks and auxiliary components. On 11

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would later develop coaxial rotor model helicopter toys in 1870, also powered by rubber bands. One of these toys, given as a gift by their father, would inspire the

1245:(or Chinese top). This bamboo-copter is spun by rolling a stick attached to a rotor. The spinning creates lift, and the toy flies when released. The 4th-century AD 6561: 4318: 1934:; in Alaska; and in other areas with harsh terrain. Total production reached 131 helicopters before the R-4 was replaced by other Sikorsky helicopters such as the 3714: 3555: 1156:

Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron HS-12 "Wyverns" flying SH-3H Sea Kings in formation, 1985. Military helicopters are a significant part of the helicopter market

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would make transport via fixed-wing aircraft impossible. The use of transport helicopters to deliver troops as an attack force on an objective is referred to as "

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Hovering is the most challenging part of flying a helicopter. This is because a helicopter generates its own gusty air while in a hover, which acts against the

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increases the rate of air circulation and aggravates the situation. It is sometimes confused with settling with power, but they are aerodynamically different.

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1 proved to be extremely unsteady and required a man at each corner of the airframe to hold it steady. For this reason, the flights of the Gyroplane No.

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became the first mass-produced helicopter in the early 1940s, and was capable of vertical takeoff. It performed the first medivacs flights during WW2.

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for three rotors, four rotors, six rotors and eight rotors respectively, of which quadcopter is the most common. Multirotors are primarily used on

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Rotor overspeed, which can over-stress the rotor hub pitch bearings (brinelling) and, if severe enough, cause blade separation from the aircraft.

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May, Oehmichen completed the first one-kilometer (0.62 mi) closed-circuit helicopter flight in 7 minutes 40 seconds with his No. 2 machine.

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have a unique teetering bar cyclic control system and a few helicopters have a cyclic control that descends into the cockpit from overhead.

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in the direction of the applied pedal. The pedals mechanically change the pitch of the tail rotor altering the amount of thrust produced.

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is when the aircraft has insufficient power to arrest its descent. This hazard can develop into vortex ring state if not corrected early.

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control forward and back, right and left. The collective is used to maintain altitude. The pedals are used to control nose direction or

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and provide limited medical treatment to a patient while in flight. The use of helicopters as air ambulances is often referred to as "

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constructed a helicopter prototype that took off and landed at least 182 times, with a maximum single flight duration of 53 minutes.

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who designed, built and flew world's first man-carrying, free-flying electric helicopter. The concept was taken from the conceptual

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For full-size aircraft with powered rotors the rotor is normally tilted to achieve thrust (e.g. in a helicopter). Some toys (e.g.

5692: 1326: 6701: 5543: 4448: 4206: 3393: 211:, and to fly forward, backward and laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where 6092: 6060: 5932: 5868: 5054: 5030: 5004: 4862: 4628: 4538: 3804:"Appendix A: Glossary: Fire Behavior Associated with the 1994 South Canyon Fire on Storm King Mountain, Colorado research paper" 1927: 6794: 6369: 6028: 5996: 5820: 5790: 5481: 3915: 3807: 3087: 1287:

had developed a small coaxial modeled after the Chinese top but powered by a wound-up spring device and demonstrated it to the

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in South Vietnam. Six US Marines and 50 Vietnamese Marines on board. Three US Marines and 43 Vietnamese Marines were killed.

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million today) to build two working helicopters. In just six months they completed the first Bell Model 1, which spawned the

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the side, the rotor disk tilts to that side and produces thrust in that direction, causing the helicopter to hover sideways.

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Shot down by Sandinistan rebels while carrying 88 people. All 84 passengers were killed and all four crew members survived.

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started work on model helicopters in 1928 using converted electric hover motors to drive the rotor head. Young invented the

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in which the helicopter pivots around one of the skids and 'pulls' itself onto its side (almost like a fixed-wing aircraft

3579: 6421: 4972: 4946: 4784: 3414: 3363: 2601: 2158: 1361:. It rose to a height of 13 meters (43 feet), where it remained for 20 seconds, after a vertical take-off from a park in 515:

are pair of counter-rotating rotors transversely mounted at the ends of fixed wings or outrigger structures. Now used on

109: 5658: 4310: 3307: 3273: 3265: 1615:. Patents were granted to von Baumhauer for his cyclic and collective controls by the British ministry of aviation on 31 7163: 6753: 3706: 3552: 2620: 1697: 81: 6602: 4905: 1350: 6573: 6331: 6317: 6306: 6291: 6286:. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration (Flight Standards Division), U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 2001. 6275: 6244: 6229: 6214: 6199: 4266: 4141: 4042: 3764: 3649: 2568: 1508: 353:, the word is often (erroneously, from an etymological point of view) perceived by English speakers as consisting of 128: 4380: 4356: 3777: 1241:

The earliest references for vertical flight came from China. Since around 400 BC, Chinese children have played with

7314: 7112: 6817: 6738: 6696: 6124: 5607: 4008: 2407: 428:

types: hingeless, fully articulated, and teetering; although some modern rotor systems use a combination of these.

253:) has become the most common helicopter configuration. However, twin-main rotor helicopters (bicopters), in either 1605:

for the United States Army Air Service but the Army cancelled the program in 1924, and the aircraft was scrapped.

1005:

down to inaccessible areas, and to resupply firefighters. Common firefighting helicopters include variants of the

966:

The largest single non-combat helicopter operation in history was the disaster management operation following the

88: 7076:

aircraft functions as an aeroplane during normal (horizontal) flight and as a helicopter during low-speed flight.

4076: 3890: 5842: 4805: 4777:" Engelbert Zaschka – ein Universalgenie und Erfinder: Musik, Fahrzeuge & Flugzeuge [SWR-Doku 2016]" 541:

make use of three or more rotors. Specific terms are also used depending on the exact amount of rotors, such as

6578: 5198: 2973: 2677: 2317: 2255:

is experienced during high speed flight and is the most common limiting factor of a helicopter's forward speed.

1531: 66: 6530: 5099: 3213: 3128: 2881: 2207:

The concept of electric propulsion applied to helicopter and electromagnetic drive was brought to reality by

1478: 150: 4649: 369:. English language nicknames for "helicopter" include "chopper", "copter", "heli", and "whirlybird". In the 95: 6723: 4158: 1865: 1265:"Master who Embraces Simplicity") reportedly describes some of the ideas inherent to rotary wing aircraft. 5579: 2228: 1695:

In the Soviet Union, Boris N. Yuriev and Alexei M. Cheremukhin, two aeronautical engineers working at the

1470:

and achieved a height of nearly 2.0 metres (6.5 ft), but it proved to be unstable and was abandoned.

261:

configurations, are sometimes in use due to their greater payload capacity than the monorotor design, and

6870: 6832: 6556: 5843:"Incident Date 050126 HMH-361 CH-53D – BuNo unknown – incident not yet classified – near Ar Rutbah, Iraq" 5758: 5736: 5575: 3338: 3290: 3225: 3108: 2516: 2488: 2472: 2401: 1958: 1770: 1608: 1288: 650: 601: 62: 31: 5291: 2495: 2036: 6495: 6402: 4834: 3952: 3319: 3285: 2683: 2124: 1965:

helicopter of 1943 showed the design's simplicity and ease of use. The Model 30 was developed into the

1612: 1416: 1308: 1277: 1235: 1226: 1029: 914: 685: 609: 77: 17: 6391:

Silent (Russian-language intertitled) video about the Cheremukhin/Yuriev TsAGI 1-EA pioneer helicopter

3242: 3052: 2320:

in which the aircraft is flown into the ground unintentionally due to a lack of situational awareness.

2191:

moving the craft diagonally in various directions, depending on the direction of main rotor rotation.

734:

all the blades change equally, and the result is the helicopter increasing or decreasing in altitude.

5507: 4244: 3599: 2366: 2262: 1988: 1724:, a Russian engineer, built the first twin tandem rotor machine to perform a free flight. It flew in 1466: 1446:

1 are considered to be the first manned flight of a helicopter, but not a free or untethered flight.

1400: 990: 960: 910: 769:

mounted on the collective control, while dual-engine helicopters have a power lever for each engine.

153: 3736: 3676: 2314:

Wire and tree strikes due to low altitude operations and take-offs and landings in remote locations.

1041:", and patients are referred to as being "airlifted", or "medevaced". This use was pioneered in the 7116: 6804: 6409:. Getting from idea to reality took far longer for the helicopter than for the fixed-wing aircraft. 2464: 1805: 1433: 826: 794: 673: 393:

in which lift and thrust are supplied by one or more horizontally-spinning rotors. By contrast the

282: 6891: 4764:"German Plane Promises New Stunts in Air, The Bee. Danville, Virginia, USA, June 25, 1927, p. 16". 4668: 2430:

MANPADs, despite heavy escort. Three crew and 58 passengers, composed of mainly Russian refugees.

1465:

which used two 6.1-metre (20 ft) counter-rotating rotors driven by a 24 hp (18 kW)

1045:, when time to reach a medical facility was reduced to three hours from the eight hours needed in 7180: 6505: 5075: 3092: 2289: 1801: 1101: 869: 738: 666: 654: 560: 290: 55: 6952: 5636: 1539: 1432:, began experimenting with airfoils for helicopters. In 1907, those experiments resulted in the 1016: 669:. Some turbine engines commonly used in helicopters can also use biodiesel instead of jet fuel. 7156: 6842: 6809: 6748: 5389: 5347: 3440: 3118: 2308:

Low rotor RPM, is when the engine cannot drive the blades at sufficient RPM to maintain flight.

2279: 2252: 1873: 1747: 1646: 1602: 1136: 1117: 762: 4577: 3991: 1809: 1702: 1484:

In 1911, Slovenian philosopher and economist Ivan Slokar patented a helicopter configuration.

1477:

of Washington, D.C., flew a helicopter "on three occasions" at Berliner's lab in Washington's

1303:, Bienvenu, used a coaxial version of the Chinese top in a model consisting of contrarotating 977: 821: 7104: 7096: 6977: 6465: 6375: 6129: 4559: 4015: 3255: 2212: 1741: 1492: 1109: 619:

designed for airplanes, but these were soon replaced by more powerful automobile engines and

492: 2147:

NASA experiment for piezoelectric rotor blades to potentially reduce the noise and vibration

481:. NOTAR provides anti-torque similar to the way a wing develops lift through the use of the 7309: 7198: 5410: 4917:

Pulle, Matt (5 July 2007). "Blade Runner". Dallas Observer. 27 (27). Dallas, Tx. pp. 19–27.

2857: 2794: 2573: 2540: 1896: 1733: 1165: 1113: 1062: 241:

Although most earlier designs used more than one main rotor, the configuration of a single

6239:. Fyshwick, Canberra, Act, Australia: Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd., 2003, p. 155. 2261:

is a self-reinforcing vibration that occurs when the lead/lag spacing of the blades of an

2100:

Because the advancing blade has higher airspeed than the retreating blade and generates a

1834:

used helicopters in small numbers for observation, transport, and medical evacuation. The

1572: 167: 8: 7278: 7193: 6510: 6490: 6480: 6390: 5714: 5052:

FAI Record ID #13062 – Duration in closed circuit. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston

4214: 3969: 3640: 3358: 3082: 3067: 2447:

Shot down when transporting 60 refugees from eastern Abkhazia; all on board were killed.

2298: 2239: 2101: 1868:, like the Fw 61, used two transverse rotors, and was the largest rotorcraft of the war. 1679:, becoming the first military deployment of a rotocraft. Autogyros were also employed in 1181: 1173: 1089: 994: 843: 528: 453: 270: 212: 3159: 634:

Special jet engines developed to drive the rotor from the rotor tips are referred to as

102: 7088:) do have a powered rotor with no means to tilt the rotor to produce horizontal thrust. 7085: 6763: 6686: 6525: 5688: 5536: 5171: 3123: 3113: 2768: 2302: 1904: 1725: 1639: 1598: 1561: 1161: 967: 951: 918: 855: 463:

Some helicopters use other anti-torque controls instead of the tail rotor, such as the

208: 6312:

Watkinson, John. Art of the Helicopter. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004.

4444: 1316: 7149: 7120: 6982: 6856: 6837: 6758: 6648: 6638: 6470: 6345: 6337: 6327: 6313: 6302: 6287: 6271: 6255: 6240: 6225: 6210: 6195: 6102: 6070: 5942: 5878: 5763: 5240:"Focke-Achgelis Fa 330A-1 Bachstelze (Water Wagtail) | National Air and Space Museum" 5194: 5163: 5051: 5027: 5001: 4859: 4685: 4625: 4582: 4535: 4137: 4021: 3956: 3760: 3645: 3535: 3062: 2826: 2523: 2066: 1920: 1857: 1667: 1623: 1377: 1312: 1284: 1273: 1185: 1081: 1077: 998: 902: 785:

A compound helicopter has an additional system for thrust and, typically, small stub

512: 258: 6038: 6006: 4721:. Int. j. for the history of eng. & tech., Vol. 83 No. 1, January 2013, 119–40. 3803: 2231:, destroyed after its main rotor struck the side of a mountain while at low altitude 2092: 1408: 1381: 1370: 7252: 7004: 6827: 6768: 6733: 6728: 6515: 6413: 5974: 5910: 4597: 4017:

Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity Through the First World War

3614: 2917: 2582: 2275: 2258: 1820: 1812: 1790: 1488: 1462: 1385: 1354: 1331: 798: 445: 411: 200: 159: 6157:"Video: Canadians win long-unclaimed $ 250,000 prize for pedal-powered helicopter" 4719:

The Transmission of Helicopter Technology, 1920-1939: Exchanges with von Baumhauer

1104:(UAS) helicopter systems of varying sizes are developed by companies for military 482: 171:

Bell 412CF looking forward from the tail, showing its twin turbine engine exhausts

7244: 7216: 7188: 6860: 6743: 6655: 6643: 5662: 5611: 5436: 5429: 5417: 5322: 5299: 5279: 5082: 5058: 5034: 5008: 4976: 4882:

Wayne Johnson, Rotorcraft Aeromechanics, Cambridge University Press, p. 19 (2013)

4866: 4813: 4656: 4632: 4626:

FAI Record ID #13093 – Straight distance. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston

4602: 4542: 4536:

FAI Record ID #13094 – Straight distance. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston

4501: 4403: 4360: 4190: 4166: 4133: 4108: 4099: 4080: 3999: 3839: 3811: 3743: 3635: 3628: 3610: 3583: 3559: 3531: 3295: 3217: 3167: 3045: 2268: 2208: 2153: 2012: 1954: 1950: 1942:. In all, Sikorsky produced over 400 helicopters before the end of World War II. 1849: 1835: 1766: 1721: 1676: 1658: 1556: 1504: 1320: 1169: 1057: 939:

A helicopter used to carry loads connected to long cables or slings is called an

755: 743: 639: 579: 235: 179:

1956 Hiller YROE-1 one-man "Rotorcycle" being tested at NASA Ames Research Center

5845:. Marine Corps Combat Helicopter Association (via popasmoke). 20 November 2007. 5002:

FAI Record ID #13059 – Straight distance. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston

4860:

FAI Record ID #13086 – Straight distance. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston

2061: 1876:

prevented Germany from producing helicopters in large quantities during the war.

488: 7208: 7128: 6520: 6265: 4095: 3575: 3002: 2660: 2132: 2078: 2028: 2008: 1931: 1845: 1797: 1474: 1366: 1292: 1231: 1189: 1105: 1080:

to conduct aerial attacks on ground targets. Such helicopters are mounted with

658: 620: 570:

designs let the rotor push itself through the air and avoid generating torque.

525:

are two counter-rotating rotors mounted one above the other with the same axis.

522: 312: 262: 4968: 4940: 4828: 4776: 3889:. General Aviation Manufacturers Association. 21 February 2018. Archived from 3418: 3353: 3333: 1899:

competed to produce the U.S. military's first helicopter. LePage received the

7303: 7283: 7268: 6784: 5167: 4472:"Ivan Slokar – letalski izumitelj, gospodarstvenik, jezikoslovec (1884–1970)" 3315: 3281: 3237: 2806: 2742: 2663:, then located in West Germany. All four crew and 33 passengers were killed. 2499: 2223: 2039:

that would become the first helicopter to be produced with a turbine-engine.

1997: 1946: 1892: 1816: 1775: 1710: 1429: 1396: 1384:

motor-driven flight carrying humans. A movie covering the event was taken by

1304: 1242: 1218: 1128:

continue to operate. Various companies specialize in this type of operation.

1025: 1010: 974:

and observation missions, making dozens of sorties a day for several months.

880: 690: 662: 616: 506: 449: 370: 254: 6366:

Complete site explaining different aspects of helicopters and how they work.

6192:

The God Machine: From Boomerangs to Black Hawks: The Story of the Helicopter

4505: 2143: 1907:

in 1941. Meanwhile, Sikorsky settled on a simpler, single-rotor design, the

854:

As a helicopter moves from hover to forward flight it enters a state called

6991: 6931: 6633: 6485: 6475: 5603: 3492: 3077: 2946: 2900: 2554: 2033: 1939: 1935: 1916: 1884: 1831: 1754: 1684: 1568:

and remained airborne for 2 minutes and 45 seconds at a height of 15 feet.

1565: 1543: 1380:'s helicopter took place in Berlin-Schöneberg; this was probably the first 1358: 1193: 1125: 1046: 944: 940: 885: 790: 722: 715: 711: 643: 588: 421: 350: 231: 192: 4050: 830: 381: 141: 7234: 7036: 6349: 4376: 4352: 3781: 3652:. Quote: "The rotor is best served by rotating at a constant rotor speed" 2831: 2245: 2069: 2020: 2004: 2001: 1979: 1841: 1630:

was used to increase stability and serves as an energy accumulator for a

1500: 1097: 1050: 809:

There are three basic flight conditions for a helicopter: hover, forward

710:. On most helicopters, the cyclic is similar to a joystick. However, the 624: 311:, coined by Gustave Ponton d'Amécourt in 1861, which originates from the 286: 5175: 5151: 1152: 7100: 7014: 6670: 6665: 6613: 6301:(Brassey's World Military Technology series). London: Brassey's, 2000. 5028:

FAI Record ID #13084 – Altitude. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston

3471:"Kawasaki successfully tests the Ninja H2R-powered unmanned helicopter" 2285: 2044: 2016: 1983: 1903:

rights to develop helicopters patterned after the Fw 61, and built the

1861: 1853: 1680: 1582: 1458: 1365:. Milan has dedicated its city airport to Enrico Forlanini, also named 1192:

with 3.4% and other with 2.2%. The most widespread model is the piston

1160:

In 2017, 926 civil helicopters were shipped for $ 3.68 billion, led by

1042: 924: 786: 781:

The NH-3A was experimental version of the Sea King with wings and jets.

766: 583: 547: 538: 464: 390: 278: 250: 246: 242: 188: 5095: 4072: 3508:"Eurosatory 2010: Industry celebrates first helicopter biofuel flight" 1996:

In 1951, at the urging of his contacts at the Department of the Navy,

1662:

A Cierva autogyro in the 1920s, one of the predecessors to helicopters

1626:

from Germany built a helicopter, equipped with two rotors, in which a

7108: 7073: 6822: 6789: 6372:. 1935 article about early development and research into helicopters. 5537:"Model for Vortex Ring State Influence on Rotorcraft Flight Dynamics" 4442: 3133: 3102: 3072: 2687: 2544: 2361: 2082: 1879: 1750: 1627: 1404: 1389: 1307:

flight feathers as rotor blades, and in 1784, demonstrated it to the

1033: 898: 789:. This offloads the rotor in cruise, which allows its rotation to be 516: 469: 444:

Most helicopters have a single main rotor, but torque created by its

274: 266: 4671:– Rainer K. L. Trummer, University of Salzburg, Austria, 2010, p. 21 2999:

Pedalling, lift 64 s endurance, 3.3 m height; diagonal width: 46.9 m

2288:

failures, especially those that occur within the shaded area of the

1945:

While LePage and Sikorsky built their helicopters for the military,

1291:. It was powered by a spring, and was suggested as a method to lift 436: 44: 7273: 7172: 7069: 7047: 7042: 7032: 6947: 6923: 6921: 6799: 6660: 6628: 6344:. Berlin-Charlottenburg: C. J. E. Volckmann Nachf. E. Wette, 1936. 5085:". Paragraph 10. Centennial of Flight. Retrieved 24 September 2015. 4722: 4498:

Sto slovenskih znanstvenikov, zdravnikov in tehnikov (Open Library)

2889: 2550: 2382: 2128: 1671: 1300: 1201: 1093: 1006: 986: 932: 893: 838: 695: 398: 394: 146: 5791:"31 U.S. troops, 7 Afghans killed as insurgents down NATO chopper" 4703:

A Historical Review of Two Helicopters Designed in the Netherlands

1336:

Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci

661:

or motorcycle engines. Radio-controlled helicopters may also have

509:

are two counter-rotating rotors with one mounted behind the other.

289:, have been developed mainly for specialized applications such as 7027: 4705:. 21st European Rotocraft Forum, 1995, Saint Petersburg, Russia. 2007:—a design for a twin-rotor helicopter concept first pioneered by 1966: 1962: 1631: 1511:, an experimental helicopter prototype, with two aircraft built. 1412: 1256: 1251: 1085: 1038: 971: 928: 906: 635: 567: 373:

military, the common slang is "helo" pronounced with a long "e".

6363: 5759:"Crash Death, 3rd in 8 Years, Not Expected to Halt Future Shows" 2178:

rotor's angle of attack, to compensate for these instabilities.

2015:

piston-engined design in Germany—with a new kind of engine, the

901:

of people and cargo, military uses, construction, firefighting,

777: 596: 175: 7124: 6927: 5121:

Wall, Berend G. van der; Harris, Franklin D. (September 2022).

3854:"Nasa will send helicopter to Mars to test otherworldly flight" 3014: 2984: 2840: 1908: 1900: 1824: 1246: 1002: 810: 761:

Helicopter rotors are designed to operate in a narrow range of

750: 749:

The anti-torque pedals are located in the same position as the

224: 196: 5737:"Incident Date 19720711 HMM-165 CH-53D 156658+ - Hostile Fire" 5215:"World War II German Helicopters – Flettner Fl 265 and Fl 282" 4659:. Centennial of Flight Commission. Retrieved 28 November 2007. 4073:"Helicopter Pioneers – Evolution of Rotary Wing Aircraft" 3210: 1276:

created a design for a machine that could be described as an "

7226: 5821:"2nd Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment honors 33 of their own" 5123:"Henrich Focke — Inventor of the First Successful Helicopter" 3308: 3274: 3266: 3251: 3240: 2928: 2878: 2468: 2427: 1924: 1420:

attached to a mast by cables for a rotor, but it never flew.

1362: 1343: 1339: 1197: 495: 478: 344: 323: 220: 5739:. Marine Corps Combat Helicopter Association (via popasmoke) 4101:

Asia in the making of Europe. Volume II, A Century of Wonder

3746:. Centennial of Flight Commission. Retrieved 1 October 2008. 3158:

Leishman, J. Gordon, Technical Fellow of AHS International.

1530:

Silent film of a test flight of Pescara's helicopter, 1922.

1072:

The Mil-24 'Hind' is a well-known military attack helicopter

7141: 7009: 4942:

Cheryomukhin TsAGI 1-EA (ЦАГИ 1-ЭА) first Soviet helicopter

3707:"Helicopter Pilot Training Schools, Careers – Heliventures" 2691: 2123:

At the end of the 20th century, designers began working on

1141: 1131: 1092:

are used to ferry troops and supplies where the lack of an

216: 204: 5651: 3757:

The Wiley Dictionary of Civil Engineering and Construction

1961:

placed at a 90° angle to the rotor blades. The subsequent

1786: 849: 615:

Early helicopter designs utilized custom-built engines or

249:(i.e. unicopter, not to be confused with the single-blade 5430:

Helicopter pedal turns, LTE and the Critical Wind Azimuth

3222:

US and Russian Helicopter Development in the 20th Century

2105: 793:, thus increasing the maximum speed of the aircraft. The 6237:

The International Directory of Civil Aircraft, 2003–2004

4891:"Channel Flight By Autogiro. Spanish Airman's Success". 2043:

helicopter development. The availability of lightweight

1815:, which first flew in June 1936. It was demonstrated by 1575:

set the first helicopter world record recognized by the

1449: 1272:

It was not until the early 1480s, when Italian polymath

1168:

with $ 806 million for 102 (first three-quarters only),

1140:, a 1.8 kg (4.0 lb) helicopter used to survey 1112:

duties. Naval forces also use helicopters equipped with

448:

must be countered by an opposed torque. The design that

5152:"A Perspective on the First Century of Vertical Flight" 4735:"Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum Washington: 4650:"Helicopter Development in the Early Twentieth Century" 4311:"Moments in Helicopter History (9) – Hermann Ganswindt" 4020:. Oxford University Press. 8 May 2003. pp. 22–23. 1718:, however, Cheremukhin's record remained unrecognized. 1496:

it tipped over during take-off, destroying its rotors.

1473:

In 1909, J. Newton Williams of Derby, Connecticut, and

1373:, built and flew a tethered electric model helicopter. 6395: 4121: 4119: 4117: 1399:

was given US$ 1,000 (equivalent to $ 34,000 today) by

1056:

Police departments and other law enforcement agencies

1020:

Exercises with a helicopter to rescue someone in water

997:(water bombing) and may be fitted with tanks or carry 642:, and an example of the hot tip jet helicopter is the 420:, is the rotating part of a helicopter that generates 5689:"Georgia and Abkhazia, 1992–1993: the War of Datchas" 3260: 6443: 5637:"Chechen gets life for killing 127 Russian soldiers" 3035: 1992:

A turbine powered helicopter with its engine visible

721:

The control is called the cyclic because it changes

4114: 2164: 2131:and government action to constrain flight paths in 1953:to help build a helicopter using Young's two-blade 1760: 909:, medical transport, law enforcement, agriculture, 337: 316: 69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5193:. New York: Jason Aronson, Inc. pp. 253–254. 4774: 4680:Relly Victoria Petrescu and Florian Ioon Petrescu 3845: 335:(ἕλῐκος), "helix, spiral, whirl, convolution" and 163:Cabin view looking out from a helicopter in flight 6207:Dictionnaire des structures du vocabulaire savant 5508:"Vertiflite, March/April 2012 – AHS Online Store" 4895:(45002). London. 19 September 1928. col F, p. 14. 3105:, the top central big nut that holds the rotor on 7301: 6283:Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: FAA Manual H-8083-21 6222:McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920: Volume II 4343:. New York: Garden City Publishers, 1926. p. 249 234:became the first helicopter to reach full-scale 6270:. Washington: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2007. 3908: 3665:, Blandford, revised edition 1973, pp.55,144-5. 2502:. All five crew and 41 passengers were killed. 2426:Shot down by Georgian forces in Abkhazia using 563:and use on aircraft with a human pilot is rare. 6400: 5659:"Accident Details (1982 Nicaragua Mi-8 crash)" 5439:, Helicopter Flight Inc, Accessed 11 May 2016. 4985: 4578:"Helicopter with Six Blades Succeeds in Tests" 4566:. Bonnier Corporation. March 1931. p. 70. 3497:, 2 November 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2010. 2182:impact the operation of an internal impeller. 1357:developed an unmanned helicopter powered by a 215:and many forms of short take-off and landing ( 7157: 6907: 6429: 6378:. 1918 article on helicopter design concepts. 5191:Legacy of Wings; The Harold F. Pitcairn Story 4469: 4401:Dowd, George L. "Flops of famous inventors". 4247:(in Italian). Mille anni di scienza in Italia 3951:. Cambridge aerospace series, 18. Cambridge: 3828:40 Years Retrospective: It's Been a Wild Ride 1653: 1349:In 1861, the word "helicopter" was coined by 1260: 519:, some early model helicopters had used them. 5682: 5680: 5531: 5529: 4982:, 24 March 1997. Retrieved 12 December 2010. 4586:. Hearst Magazines. March 1931. p. 460. 4175: 3884:"GAMA General Aviation Shipment Report 2017" 3817:, September 1998. Retrieved 2 November 2008. 3663:Helicopters: And Other Rotorcraft since 1907 3398: 3209:Hirschberg, Michael J. and David K. Dailey, 1891:In the United States, Russian-born engineer 1690: 1675:employed by the Spanish military during the 955:Soldiers await pickup from CH-47 helicopters 797:diverted up to 90% of its engine power to a 665:that use fuels other than gasoline, such as 592:H-34 with a radial piston engine in the nose 306: 6364:"Helicopterpage.com – How Helicopters Work" 6342:Drehflügelflugzeuge. Trag- und Hubschrauber 6252:Helicopters and other Rotorcraft since 1907 5420:, Dynamic Flight Inc. Accessed 11 May 2016. 4443:Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti. 4153: 4151: 4149: 3514:, 17 June 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010. 3415:"FM 1-514 Chptr 3 – Rotor System Operation" 2333:Deadliest helicopter crashes by death toll 1800:at Focke-Wulf had purchased a license from 1698:Tsentralniy Aerogidrodinamicheskiy Institut 1619:January 1927, under patent number 265,272. 1546:. By January 1924, Pescara's helicopter No. 1223:Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci 1120:, since they can operate from small ships. 7164: 7150: 6914: 6900: 6436: 6422: 5257: 5149: 5120: 4930:, p. 21. Cambridge University Press, 2013. 4845: 4843: 2096:The Lynx helicopter is noted for its speed 1428:In 1906, two French brothers, Jacques and 1049:, and further reduced to two hours by the 219:) or short take-off and vertical landing ( 7107:with novel thrust / lift solutions (e.g. 5677: 5526: 5344:Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum 5337: 4560:"New Helicopter Rises in Vertical Flight" 4530: 4528: 3943: 3941: 3815:U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service 3203: 981:Chinook interior with passengers in seats 376: 285:in France, and along with other types of 129:Learn how and when to remove this message 6382:"Twin Windmill Blades Fly Wingless Ship" 5331: 4642: 4522:, p. 348. London: Studio Editions, 1989. 4369: 4269:(in Italian). Aeroporto di Milano Linate 4146: 3674: 3542:. Quote: "is constant in a helicopter". 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3051: 2327: 2222: 2185: 2142: 2091: 2060: 1987: 1878: 1785: 1666:Spanish aeronautical engineer and pilot 1657: 1518: 1448: 1325: 1230: 1164:with $ 1.87 billion for 369 rotorcraft, 1151: 1067: 1015: 976: 950: 923: 879: 820: 776: 689: 595: 587: 487: 435: 380: 174: 166: 158: 140: 7103:are not included in the table, nor are 6621: 6324:Helicopters at War: A Pictorial History 5382:"HUMS: Not Just for Heavy Iron Anymore" 5338:Connor, R.D; Lee, R.E. (27 July 2001). 4852: 4840: 4695: 4618: 4183:"Leonardo da Vinci's Helical Air Screw" 4065: 4034: 3545: 1844:—using the same basic configuration as 1781: 1457:That same year, fellow French inventor 850:Transition from hover to forward flight 14: 7302: 6254:. London: Blandford Publishing, 1968. 6098:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 6066:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 6034:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 6002:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 5970:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 5938:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 5906:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 5874:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 5686: 5482:"Challenges of Aircraft Hybridization" 5063:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 5039:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 5014:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 4994: 4871:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 4637:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 4547:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 4525: 3938: 3834:, August 2007. Accessed: 8 June 2014. 3668: 3621: 3517: 3451:from the original on 19 September 2015 2056: 1915:Developed from the VS-300, Sikorsky's 1578:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 989:" is the use of helicopters to combat 970:. Hundreds of pilots were involved in 772: 245:accompanied by a vertical anti-torque 199:are supplied by horizontally spinning 7145: 6895: 6417: 6209:. Paris: Les Usuels du Robert. 1980. 5549:from the original on 25 February 2014 5188: 5076:Jacques Bréguet—Gyroplane-Laboratoire 5044: 5020: 4830:The first Hungarian helicopter (1929) 4711: 4127:Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics 3949:Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics 3796: 3525:Professional helicopter pilot studies 3185: 3098:Helicopter Underwater Escape Training 1730:Laboratoire Aérotechnique de Belgique 1638:In 1928, Hungarian aviation engineer 1560:magazine reported Thomas Edison sent 6866: 6407:Aviation Week & Space Technology 5771:from the original on 6 December 2010 5661:. PlaneCrashInfo.com. Archived from 5386:Helicopter Association International 4787:from the original on 6 November 2016 4701:H.J.G.C. Vodegel and K.P. Jessurun. 4237: 4225:from the original on 18 October 2017 4136:. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. 3926:from the original on 18 October 2018 3644:, 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2012. 3366:from the original on 31 October 2014 2135:and other places of natural beauty. 2081:, and thus produce vastly increased 1540:Raúl Pateras-Pescara de Castelluccio 1514: 813:and the transition between the two. 223:) aircraft cannot perform without a 67:adding citations to reliable sources 38: 6876: 6501:Number of helicopters and heliports 6376:"Flights — of the Imagination" 5284: 5102:from the original on 2 January 2010 4949:from the original on 29 August 2016 4321:from the original on 10 August 2016 3851: 3463: 2765:3,561.55 km (2,213.04 mi) 2159:Health and Usage Monitoring Systems 1376:In July 1901, the maiden flight of 24: 6795:Helicopter height–velocity diagram 6403:"How The Helicopter Has Developed" 6137:from the original on 17 April 2014 5801:from the original on 7 August 2011 5514:from the original on 24 March 2014 5488:from the original on 24 March 2014 5462:from the original on 24 March 2014 5305:, 2003. Retrieved 9 December 2007. 5182: 4775:Zaschka, Engelbert (18 May 2016), 4383:from the original on 13 April 2016 4377:"Patent US970616 – Flying-machine" 4172:, 2003. Retrieved 12 December 2010 4040: 3916:"Helicopter market report Q3 2018" 3780:. rotaryaction.com. Archived from 3687:from the original on 13 April 2015 3417:. 18 February 2014. Archived from 3331: 3088:Helicopter height–velocity diagram 2810:via Europe, Russia, Alaska, Canada 2739:400.87 km/h (249.09 mph) 1778:, later succeeded by the Bell 47. 1200:with 3,600 units, followed by the 679: 25: 7326: 6818:Mars Sample Retrieval Helicopters 6357: 6167:from the original on 7 March 2014 5695:from the original on 3 March 2008 5687:Cooper, Tom (29 September 2003). 4478:from the original on 4 March 2016 4451:from the original on 4 March 2016 4418:"Helicoptre Lifts Itself and Man" 4315:helikopterhysteriezwo.blogspot.jp 4043:"The Invention of the Helicopter" 3717:from the original on 2 April 2015 2569:British International Helicopters 2011:in 1939, with the aforementioned 1793:, the first successful helicopter 1585:360 meters (1,180 ft). On 18 1172:with $ 696 million for 132, then 862: 829:holding a hover while conducting 416:The rotor system, or more simply 7123:) or balloon-wing hybrids (e.g. 6875: 6865: 6855: 6739:Loss of tail-rotor effectiveness 6601: 6444:Helicopters and other rotorcraft 6194:. New York: Bantam Books, 2007. 6149: 6117: 6085: 6053: 6021: 5989: 5957: 5925: 5893: 5861: 5849:from the original on 2 July 2010 5835: 5813: 5783: 5751: 5729: 5715:"ASN Wikibase Occurrence #76027" 5707: 5639:. theguardian.com. 30 April 2004 5629: 5620: 5604:"Helicopter Accidents in Hawaii" 5597: 5561: 5500: 5474: 5450:"EASA-Annual-Safety-Review-2011" 5411:Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness 5098:. aerofiles.com. 20 April 2009. 3966:"A History of Helicopter Flight" 3864:from the original on 6 July 2018 3441:"Helicopter Yaw Control Methods" 3038: 2820:Highest altitude without payload 2702: 2323:Mast bumping in some helicopters 2165:Loss of tail-rotor effectiveness 1761:American single-rotor beginnings 1423: 729:The collective pitch control or 305:is adapted from the French word 203:. This allows the helicopter to 43: 6401:Graham Warwick (17 June 2016). 6183: 5442: 5423: 5404: 5374: 5362: 5308: 5303:Centennial of Flight Commission 5266: 5232: 5207: 5150:Hirschberg, Michael J. (1999). 5143: 5114: 5088: 5068: 5065:. Retrieved: 21 September 2014. 5041:. Retrieved: 21 September 2014. 5017:. Retrieved: 21 September 2014. 4961: 4933: 4920: 4911: 4898: 4885: 4876: 4873:. Retrieved: 21 September 2014. 4822: 4799: 4768: 4757: 4727: 4674: 4662: 4639:. Retrieved: 21 September 2014. 4590: 4570: 4552: 4549:. Retrieved: 21 September 2014. 4520:Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation 4512: 4490: 4463: 4436: 4410: 4395: 4346: 4333: 4303: 4281: 4259: 4207:"The Inventive Wright Brothers" 4199: 4170:Centennial of Flight Commission 4089: 3985: 3876: 3820: 3770: 3749: 3729: 3699: 3655: 3592: 3569: 3500: 3481: 3433: 3407: 3152: 2943:4,300.7 m (14,110 ft) 2791:136.7 km/h (84.9 mph) 2197: 2019:engine. This adaptation of the 1601:built the quadrotor helicopter 1323:to pursue the dream of flight. 1212: 993:. The helicopters are used for 968:1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster 405: 54:needs additional citations for 6724:Mast bumping and other hazards 5617:. Retrieved: 12 December 2010. 5578:. October 1982. Archived from 4817:The Evening Post (New Zealand) 4291:(in Italian). Comune di Milano 4267:"L'aeroporto di Milano Linate" 3675:Lombardi, Frank (April 2015). 3627:John M. Seddon, Simon Newman. 3589:. Retrieved: 16 February 2011. 3387: 3378: 3346: 3325: 3301: 3231: 2854:11,010 m (36,120 ft) 2823:12,442 m (40,820 ft) 2678:Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion 2318:Controlled flight into terrain 1973: 1957:design, which used a weighted 1645:In 1930, the Italian engineer 1538:In the early 1920s, Argentine 1532:EYE Film Institute Netherlands 1065:equipment for night pursuits. 935:providing aerial news coverage 431: 13: 1: 7269:Advancing Blade Concept (ABC) 6531:Wire strike protection system 5615:kauaihelicoptertoursafety.com 4159:"Early Helicopter Technology" 4086:. Retrieved: 28 November 2007 4005:. Retrieved: 12 December 2010 3629:Basic Helicopter Aerodynamics 3228:, International. 7 July 2000. 3140: 3129:Wire strike protection system 2914:8,848 m (29,029 ft) 2851:Highest level flight altitude 1453:Paul Cornu's helicopter, 1907 653:and smaller, helicopter-type 151:Los Angeles Police Department 7171: 6370:"Planes That Go Straight Up" 5315:"Twin Turborotor Helicopter" 4837:Retrieved: 12 December 2010. 4341:Edison: the Man and His Work 4289:"Scheda del Parco Forlanini" 4196:. Retrieved 12 December 2010 4125:Leishman, J. Gordon (2006). 3178: 3021:Igor I. Sikorsky Competition 2967:First manned electric flight 2886:2,255 m (7,398 ft) 2517:Sikorsky CH-53D Sea Stallion 2489:Sikorsky CH-53A Sea Stallion 2138: 2072:using a coaxial rotor system 1866:Focke-Achgelis Fa 223 Drache 1819:in February 1938 inside the 1571:On 14 April 1924, Frenchman 1351:Gustave de Ponton d'Amécourt 1176:with $ 161 million for 305. 1030:emergency medical assistance 651:radio-controlled helicopters 296: 205:take off and land vertically 7: 7001:Tethered (static or towed) 6833:Radio-controlled helicopter 6562:Russian helicopter airlines 6396:American Helicopter Society 6125:"First electric helicopter" 5576:Robinson Helicopter Company 3488:"Jay Leno's EcoJet Concept" 3339:Online Etymology Dictionary 3226:American Helicopter Society 3109:List of helicopter airlines 3031: 2402:Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion 1609:Albert Gillis von Baumhauer 1330:Experimental helicopter by 1289:Russian Academy of Sciences 385:Main and anti-torque rotors 338: 317: 273:are also all flying today. 149:helicopter operated by the 32:Helicopter (disambiguation) 10: 7331: 6959:Lift: Lighter than air gas 6267:Rotorcraft Flying Handbook 5369:Rotorcraft Flying Handbook 4606:. 3 March 1923. p. 23 4445:"Slokar, Ivan (1884–1970)" 3992:"Early Helicopter History" 3953:Cambridge University Press 3618:. Retrieved 2 January 2010 3602:permits 95–101% rotor RPM 3566:. Retrieved 2 January 2010 3309: 3275: 3267: 3241: 3056:RAF Merlin HC3A Helicopter 2996:Longest human-powered lift 2522:Shot down by missile near 2420:Russia (Russian Air Force) 2218: 2125:helicopter noise reduction 1977: 1654:First practical rotorcraft 1417:internal combustion engine 1309:French Academy of Sciences 1216: 1207: 1196:with 5,600, then the H125/ 888:dropping water onto a fire 686:Helicopter flight controls 683: 610:internal combustion engine 577: 573: 409: 402:throughout normal flight. 389:A helicopter is a type of 349:) "wing". In a process of 345: 324: 29: 7261: 7243: 7225: 7207: 7179: 7062: 6951: 6943: 6938: 6851: 6777: 6716: 6679: 6610: 6599: 6539: 6458: 6449: 6326:. London: R. Hale, 1983. 5717:. Aviation Safety Network 5321:15 September 2015 at the 5096:"American airplanes:Bell" 4737:Zaschka Helicopter (1927) 4598:"A Successful Helicopter" 4189:24 September 2015 at the 4132:25 September 2015 at the 4107:15 September 2015 at the 3759:. New York: Wiley, 1997. 2911:Highest takeoff (turbine) 2894:Vasily Kolochenko, et al. 2747:John Trevor Egginton (UK) 2051: 1691:Single lift-rotor success 1401:James Gordon Bennett, Jr. 1261: 1236:Leonardo's "aerial screw" 1147: 961:electronic news gathering 804: 674:human-powered helicopters 6805:Human-powered helicopter 6692:Manufacturers by country 6584:U.S. Air Force squadrons 6224:. London: Putnam, 1997. 5298:20 February 2014 at the 5292:"Igor Sikorsky – VS 300" 5081:24 February 2014 at the 5007:22 December 2015 at the 4928:Rotorcraft Aeromechanics 4865:22 December 2015 at the 4812:25 November 2011 at the 4655:20 February 2014 at the 4165:20 February 2014 at the 3852:n/a, n/a (11 May 2018). 3558:16 February 2011 at the 3530:27 November 2015 at the 3216:18 December 2007 at the 3145: 2940:Highest takeoff (piston) 2762:Distance without landing 2614:Pakistan (Pakistan Army) 2549:Crash at an air show in 2263:articulated rotor system 2118: 1806:Frank Kingston Smith Sr. 1024:Helicopters are used as 816: 795:Lockheed AH-56A Cheyenne 655:unmanned aerial vehicles 361:, leading to words like 7315:Aircraft configurations 7181:Fairey Aviation Company 6552:Active Russian military 6547:Accidents and incidents 5610:10 January 2016 at the 5278:3 December 2013 at the 5033:7 February 2015 at the 4991:Watkinson 2004, p. 358. 4975:26 January 2009 at the 4795:– via Youtube.com 4366:. Retrieved: 3 May 2007 4364:Helicopter History Site 4084:Helicopter History Site 4079:7 November 2006 at the 3998:5 December 2004 at the 3802:Butler, Bret W. et al. 3742:4 February 2014 at the 3291:A Greek–English Lexicon 3093:Helicopter manufacturer 3019:Indoor soccer stadium; 2656:CH-47 Chinook, US Army 2367:Shot down over Chechnya 2301:in dusty conditions or 2290:height-velocity diagram 1802:Cierva Autogiro Company 1461:designed and built the 1334:(1877), exposed at the 1227:Leonardo's aerial screw 1102:Unmanned aerial systems 875: 870:turn and bank indicator 801:during forward flight. 7097:Ground-effect vehicles 6973:Unpowered free flight 6843:Transverse flow effect 6749:Retreating blade stall 5328:, August 1954, p. 139. 5273:Sikorsky R-4B Hoverfly 4781:The Zaschka Innovation 4669:The JAviator Quadrotor 4541:6 October 2014 at the 4518:Taylor, Michael J. H. 4353:"Pioneers – 1900/1930" 3826:Kay, Marcia Hillary. " 3810:2 October 2008 at the 3609:18 August 2016 at the 3276:ἕλιξ (as an adjective) 3166:1 October 2008 at the 3119:Transverse flow effect 3057: 2813:No in-flight refueling 2799:Scott Kasprowicz (USA) 2788:Around-the-world speed 2253:Retreating blade stall 2232: 2148: 2113:velocity, never exceed 2097: 2073: 1993: 1928:1st Air Commando Group 1888: 1794: 1663: 1603:de Bothezat helicopter 1535: 1454: 1415:inventor, adapted the 1346: 1295:instruments. In 1783, 1283:In July 1754, Russian 1238: 1157: 1118:anti-submarine warfare 1073: 1032:in situations when an 1021: 982: 956: 936: 889: 834: 782: 698: 604: 593: 498: 441: 440:Sikorsky's V-300, 1937 386: 377:Design characteristics 307: 180: 172: 164: 156: 7105:experimental aircraft 6965:Lift: Unpowered rotor 6130:Guinness World Record 6093:"Record File n°15629" 6061:"Record File n°11597" 5933:"Record File n°15171" 5869:"Record File n°11659" 5569:"Safety Notice SN-11" 5219:Defense Media Network 5189:Smith, Frank (1981). 4422:Youngstown Vindicator 3947:Leishman, J. Gordon. 3634:30 April 2016 at the 3404:Frawley 2003, p. 151. 3282:Liddell, Henry George 3055: 2970:Purely electric hover 2960:Pike's Peak, Colorado 2773:Robert G. Ferry (USA) 2408:Collision over Israel 2328:List of fatal crashes 2226: 2213:computer-aided design 2186:Critical wind azimuth 2146: 2095: 2064: 1991: 1882: 1830:During World War II, 1810:transverse twin-rotor 1804:, which according to 1789: 1742:Gyroplane Laboratoire 1661: 1613:cyclic and collective 1529: 1493:Ellehammer helicopter 1452: 1329: 1234: 1155: 1090:Transport helicopters 1071: 1019: 1013:Aircrane helitanker. 980: 954: 927: 883: 824: 780: 693: 599: 591: 491: 439: 384: 178: 170: 162: 144: 7019:(None – see note 2) 6996:(None – see note 2) 6968:Lift: Powered rotor 6702:Used in World War II 6569:NATO reporting names 6220:Francillon, René J. 6029:"Record File n°9917" 5997:"Record File n°9918" 5392:on 19 September 2020 5057:7 March 2016 at the 4957:– via YouTube. 4684:, p. 74. USA, 2013, 4682:The Aviation History 4631:5 March 2016 at the 3582:11 July 2011 at the 3384:Cottez 1980, p. 181. 2974:Solution F Prototype 2858:Sikorsky CH-54 Tarhe 2574:Boeing 234LR Chinook 2541:Boeing CH-47 Chinook 2305:in snowy conditions. 1897:Wynn Laurence LePage 1782:Birth of an industry 1734:von Karman Institute 1583:quadrotor helicopter 1487:The Danish inventor 1166:Leonardo Helicopters 1076:Military forces use 754:causing the nose to 600:Turbine engine of a 271:compound helicopters 154:Air Support Division 63:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 7279:Compound helicopter 6299:Military Rotorcraft 5965:"Record File n°754" 5901:"Record File n°784" 5665:on 29 November 2017 5626:FAA RFH, page 11-10 5435:4 June 2016 at the 5416:4 June 2016 at the 4967:Savine, Alexandre. 4806:"Asboth Helicopter" 4470:Občina Ajdovščina. 4215:Library of Congress 3922:. 17 October 2018. 3838:8 June 2014 at the 3677:"Under the big top" 3641:John Wiley and Sons 3421:on 18 February 2014 3359:The Free Dictionary 3083:Helicopter dynamics 3068:Backpack helicopter 2496:Đông Hà Combat Base 2334: 2240:Settling with power 2102:dissymmetry of lift 2057:Maximum speed limit 2027:December 1951, the 1739:The Bréguet-Dorand 1647:Corradino D'Ascanio 1297:Christian de Launoy 1182:Russian Helicopters 1174:Robinson Helicopter 995:aerial firefighting 773:Compound helicopter 529:Intermeshing rotors 452:settled on for his 397:(or gyroplane) and 213:fixed-wing aircraft 7253:Heliplane (Type-1) 7086:balloon helicopter 6764:Servo transparency 6338:Zaschka, Engelbert 5977:on 3 December 2013 5881:on 3 December 2013 5244:airandspace.si.edu 5178:– via JSTOR. 4359:4 May 2007 at the 4245:"Enrico Forlanini" 3711:heliventuresnc.com 3587:Helicopter Vietnam 3477:. 29 October 2020. 3124:Utility helicopter 3114:List of rotorcraft 3058: 2795:Agusta A109S Grand 2553:, then located in 2347:Event and location 2332: 2265:becomes irregular. 2233: 2149: 2098: 2074: 1994: 1889: 1848:'s own pioneering 1795: 1765:American inventor 1726:Sint-Genesius-Rode 1664: 1599:George de Bothezat 1581:(FAI), flying his 1562:George de Bothezat 1536: 1455: 1347: 1243:bamboo flying toys 1239: 1162:Airbus Helicopters 1158: 1078:attack helicopters 1074: 1022: 983: 957: 937: 919:aerial observation 890: 856:translational lift 835: 783: 699: 605: 602:CH-53 Sea Stallion 594: 499: 485:on the tail boom. 442: 387: 181: 173: 165: 157: 27:Type of rotorcraft 7297: 7296: 7139: 7138: 7121:flettner airplane 7057: 7056: 6889: 6888: 6838:Search and rescue 6759:Vortex ring state 6712: 6711: 6649:Piasecki Aircraft 6639:Juan de la Cierva 6597: 6596: 6385:Popular Mechanics 6260:978-0-7137-0493-8 6250:Munson, Kenneth. 6235:Frawley, Gerard. 6190:Chiles, James R. 6133:. 4 August 2011. 6105:on 5 January 2015 6073:on 5 January 2015 6041:on 5 January 2015 6009:on 5 January 2015 5945:on 5 January 2015 5913:on 5 January 2015 5797:. 6 August 2011. 5795:Los Angeles Times 5764:Los Angeles Times 5585:on 11 August 2013 5350:on 1 January 2008 5326:Popular Mechanics 4945:. 30 April 2012. 4690:978-3-8482-6639-5 4583:Popular Mechanics 4339:Bryan, George S. 4027:978-0-19-516035-2 3961:978-0-521-85860-1 3784:on 7 October 2014 3778:"Rotary inaction" 3540:978-0-9780269-0-5 3332:Harper, Douglas. 3063:Attack helicopter 3029: 3028: 2877:Altitude with 40- 2827:Aerospatiale Lama 2700: 2699: 2534:11 September 1982 2067:Russian Air Force 1921:search and rescue 1870:Extensive bombing 1852:—was used in the 1668:Juan de la Cierva 1624:Engelbert Zaschka 1573:Étienne Oehmichen 1527: 1515:Early development 1388:, but it remains 1378:Hermann Ganswindt 1313:Sir George Cayley 1285:Mikhail Lomonosov 1274:Leonardo da Vinci 1186:Sikorsky Aircraft 1082:missile launchers 903:search and rescue 513:Transverse rotors 301:The English word 281:) were pioneered 259:transverse rotors 139: 138: 131: 113: 16:(Redirected from 7322: 7166: 7159: 7152: 7143: 7142: 7132: 7089: 7077: 7005:Tethered balloon 6962:Lift: Fixed wing 6941: 6940: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6893: 6892: 6879: 6878: 6869: 6868: 6859: 6828:List of aircraft 6734:Ground resonance 6729:Dynamic rollover 6619: 6618: 6605: 6456: 6455: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6322:Wragg, David W. 6177: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6163:. 22 July 2013. 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6101:. Archived from 6089: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6069:. Archived from 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6037:. Archived from 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6005:. Archived from 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5973:. Archived from 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5941:. Archived from 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5909:. Archived from 5897: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5877:. Archived from 5865: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5684: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5618: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5584: 5573: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5548: 5541: 5533: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5461: 5454: 5446: 5440: 5427: 5421: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5388:. Archived from 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5346:. Archived from 5335: 5329: 5312: 5306: 5288: 5282: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5156:SAE Transactions 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5127: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5092: 5086: 5074:Day, Dwayne A. " 5072: 5066: 5048: 5042: 5024: 5018: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4983: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4937: 4931: 4926:Johnson, Wayne. 4924: 4918: 4915: 4909: 4902: 4896: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4874: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4838: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4819:, 27 April 1935. 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4741:. Archived from 4731: 4725: 4715: 4709: 4699: 4693: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4648:Rumerman, Judy. 4646: 4640: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4556: 4550: 4532: 4523: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4414: 4408: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4373: 4367: 4350: 4344: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4224: 4211: 4203: 4197: 4181:Pilotfriend.com 4179: 4173: 4157:Rumerman, Judy. 4155: 4144: 4123: 4112: 4093: 4087: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4049:. Archived from 4038: 4032: 4031: 4012: 4006: 4003:Aerospaceweb.org 3989: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3968:. Archived from 3945: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3895: 3888: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3849: 3843: 3832:Rotor & Wing 3824: 3818: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3774: 3768: 3753: 3747: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3681:Rotor & Wing 3672: 3666: 3661:Kenneth Munson; 3659: 3653: 3625: 3619: 3615:US Army Aviation 3596: 3590: 3573: 3567: 3549: 3543: 3523:Croucher, Phil. 3521: 3515: 3504: 3498: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3445:aerospaceweb.org 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3329: 3323: 3312: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3278: 3277: 3270: 3269: 3246: 3245: 3235: 3229: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3172: 3156: 3048: 3043: 3042: 3041: 2918:Eurocopter AS350 2707: 2706: 2583:Shetland Islands 2417:14 December 1992 2335: 2331: 2276:Dynamic rollover 2259:Ground resonance 2229:Eurocopter AS350 2026: 1836:Flettner Fl 282 1821:Deutschlandhalle 1813:Focke-Wulf Fw 61 1791:Focke-Wulf Fw 61 1618: 1593: 1588: 1549: 1528: 1489:Jacob Ellehammer 1463:Cornu helicopter 1445: 1441: 1386:Max Skladanowsky 1382:heavier-than-air 1355:Enrico Forlanini 1332:Enrico Forlanini 1264: 1263: 945:logging industry 921:, among others. 799:pusher propeller 694:Controls from a 446:aerodynamic drag 412:Helicopter rotor 348: 347: 341: 327: 326: 320: 310: 283:as early as 1907 134: 127: 123: 120: 114: 112: 71: 47: 39: 21: 7330: 7329: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7257: 7245:Kayaba Industry 7239: 7221: 7203: 7175: 7170: 7140: 7135: 7113:Flying Bedstead 7095: 7083: 7067: 7058: 6934: 6920: 6890: 6885: 6861:Aviation portal 6847: 6813:Mars helicopter 6773: 6744:Low-g condition 6708: 6675: 6656:Fairey Rotodyne 6644:Skyworks Global 6612: 6606: 6593: 6535: 6496:Flight controls 6445: 6442: 6360: 6355: 6297:Thicknesse, P. 6205:Cottez, Henri. 6186: 6181: 6180: 6170: 6168: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6076: 6074: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6044: 6042: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6012: 6010: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5948: 5946: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5916: 5914: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5884: 5882: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5852: 5850: 5841: 5840: 5836: 5826: 5824: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5804: 5802: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5720: 5718: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5698: 5696: 5685: 5678: 5668: 5666: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5640: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5612:Wayback Machine 5602: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5527: 5517: 5515: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5489: 5480: 5479: 5475: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5437:Wayback Machine 5428: 5424: 5418:Wayback Machine 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5353: 5351: 5336: 5332: 5323:Wayback Machine 5313: 5309: 5300:Wayback Machine 5290:Day, Dwayne A. 5289: 5285: 5280:Wayback Machine 5271: 5267: 5263:Francillon 1997 5262: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5187: 5183: 5148: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5125: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5083:Wayback Machine 5073: 5069: 5059:Wayback Machine 5049: 5045: 5035:Wayback Machine 5025: 5021: 5009:Wayback Machine 4999: 4995: 4990: 4986: 4977:Wayback Machine 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4903: 4899: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4867:Wayback Machine 4857: 4853: 4848: 4841: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4814:Wayback Machine 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4717:Alex de Voogt. 4716: 4712: 4700: 4696: 4679: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4657:Wayback Machine 4647: 4643: 4633:Wayback Machine 4623: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4564:Popular Science 4558: 4557: 4553: 4543:Wayback Machine 4533: 4526: 4517: 4513: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4481: 4479: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4407:, December 1930 4404:Popular Science 4400: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4361:Wayback Machine 4351: 4347: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4322: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4272: 4270: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4194:Pilotfriend.com 4191:Wayback Machine 4180: 4176: 4167:Wayback Machine 4156: 4147: 4134:Wayback Machine 4124: 4115: 4109:Wayback Machine 4094: 4090: 4081:Wayback Machine 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4053:on 29 June 2011 4039: 4035: 4028: 4014: 4013: 4009: 4000:Wayback Machine 3990: 3986: 3975: 3973: 3972:on 13 July 2014 3964: 3946: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3896:on 4 March 2018 3893: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3850: 3846: 3840:Wayback Machine 3825: 3821: 3812:Wayback Machine 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3754: 3750: 3744:Wayback Machine 3735:Day, Dwayne A. 3734: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3673: 3669: 3660: 3656: 3636:Wayback Machine 3626: 3622: 3611:Wayback Machine 3597: 3593: 3584:Wayback Machine 3574: 3570: 3560:Wayback Machine 3550: 3546: 3532:Wayback Machine 3522: 3518: 3506:Skinner, Tony. 3505: 3501: 3486: 3482: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3330: 3326: 3306: 3302: 3296:Perseus Project 3236: 3232: 3218:Wayback Machine 3208: 3204: 3199: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3175: 3168:Wayback Machine 3157: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3046:Aviation portal 3044: 3039: 3037: 3034: 2978:Pascal Chretien 2954:12 October 2009 2922:Didier Delsalle 2865:4 November 1971 2862:James K. Church 2809: 2705: 2671:26 January 2005 2650:18 August 1971 2592:28 January 1992 2565:6 November 1986 2482:8 January 1968 2395:4 February 1997 2376:9 December 1982 2330: 2269:Low-G condition 2221: 2209:Pascal Chretien 2200: 2188: 2167: 2154:angle of attack 2141: 2121: 2109: 2085:and vibration. 2059: 2054: 2024: 1986: 1976: 1955:teetering rotor 1784: 1767:Arthur M. Young 1763: 1722:Nicolas Florine 1693: 1677:Asturias revolt 1656: 1616: 1591: 1586: 1547: 1519: 1517: 1505:Austria-Hungary 1443: 1439: 1426: 1321:Wright brothers 1317:Alphonse Pénaud 1229: 1215: 1210: 1170:Bell Helicopter 1150: 1058:use helicopters 878: 865: 852: 819: 807: 775: 744:angle of attack 688: 682: 680:Flight controls 672:There are also 659:electric motors 640:Sud-Ouest Djinn 586: 580:Aircraft engine 578:Main articles: 576: 434: 414: 408: 379: 299: 135: 124: 118: 115: 72: 70: 60: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7328: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7265: 7263: 7262:Related topics 7259: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7249: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7231: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7213: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7185: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7169: 7168: 7161: 7154: 7146: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7133: 7129:hybrid airship 7091: 7090: 7079: 7078: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7054: 7045: 7040: 7030: 7025: 7021: 7020: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6985: 6980: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6926:by methods of 6919: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6896: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6873: 6863: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6625: 6623: 6616: 6608: 6607: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6574:Prison escapes 6571: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6554: 6549: 6543: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6521:Rotor solidity 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6462: 6460: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6359: 6358:External links 6356: 6354: 6353: 6335: 6320: 6310: 6295: 6279: 6263: 6248: 6233: 6218: 6203: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6161:John Stevenson 6148: 6116: 6084: 6052: 6020: 5988: 5956: 5924: 5892: 5860: 5834: 5812: 5782: 5767:. 3 May 1993. 5750: 5728: 5706: 5676: 5650: 5628: 5619: 5596: 5560: 5525: 5499: 5473: 5441: 5422: 5403: 5373: 5371:2007, pp. 3–7. 5361: 5330: 5307: 5283: 5265: 5256: 5231: 5206: 5199: 5181: 5142: 5113: 5087: 5067: 5043: 5019: 4993: 4984: 4960: 4932: 4919: 4910: 4897: 4884: 4875: 4851: 4839: 4821: 4798: 4767: 4756: 4745:on 29 May 2016 4726: 4710: 4694: 4673: 4661: 4641: 4617: 4589: 4569: 4551: 4524: 4511: 4489: 4462: 4435: 4409: 4394: 4368: 4345: 4332: 4302: 4280: 4258: 4236: 4198: 4174: 4145: 4113: 4096:Donald F. Lach 4088: 4064: 4047:VectorSite.net 4041:Goebel, Greg. 4033: 4026: 4007: 3984: 3937: 3907: 3875: 3844: 3819: 3795: 3769: 3755:Webster, L.F. 3748: 3728: 3698: 3683:. p. 48. 3667: 3654: 3620: 3591: 3568: 3551:Johnson, Pam. 3544: 3516: 3512:shephard.co.uk 3499: 3480: 3462: 3432: 3406: 3397: 3386: 3377: 3345: 3324: 3300: 3230: 3202: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3059: 3050: 3049: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003:AeroVelo Atlas 3000: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2982: 2981:12 August 2011 2979: 2976: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2838: 2835: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2803: 2802:18 August 2008 2800: 2797: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2750:11 August 1986 2748: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2653:United States 2651: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2637: 2636:CH-47 Chinook 2634: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2604: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2547: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2527: 2520: 2514: 2513:United States 2511: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2492: 2486: 2485:United States 2483: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2438:4 October 1993 2435: 2434: 2431: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2355:19 August 2002 2352: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2296: 2293: 2283: 2273: 2266: 2256: 2250: 2243: 2220: 2217: 2199: 2196: 2187: 2184: 2166: 2163: 2140: 2137: 2133:national parks 2120: 2117: 2107: 2079:speed of sound 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2021:turbine engine 2009:Anton Flettner 1975: 1972: 1959:stabilizer bar 1932:Burma campaign 1846:Anton Flettner 1798:Heinrich Focke 1783: 1780: 1771:stabilizer bar 1762: 1759: 1709:100 CV output 1692: 1689: 1655: 1652: 1566:McCook's Field 1554:In March 1923 1516: 1513: 1507:developed the 1481:neighborhood. 1475:Emile Berliner 1435:Gyroplane No.1 1425: 1422: 1371:Gustave Trouvé 1367:Linate Airport 1293:meteorological 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1190:MD Helicopters 1149: 1146: 1106:reconnaissance 1026:air ambulances 991:wildland fires 899:transportation 877: 874: 864: 863:Forward flight 861: 851: 848: 818: 815: 806: 803: 774: 771: 684:Main article: 681: 678: 663:piston engines 621:radial engines 617:rotary engines 575: 572: 565: 564: 536: 526: 523:Coaxial rotors 520: 510: 433: 430: 410:Main article: 407: 404: 378: 375: 298: 295: 137: 136: 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7327: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7284:Convertiplane 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7260: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7199:FB-1 Gyrodyne 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7167: 7162: 7160: 7155: 7153: 7148: 7147: 7144: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6949: 6946: 6942: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6917: 6912: 6910: 6905: 6903: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6882: 6874: 6872: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6785:Bamboo-copter 6783: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6754:Dynamic stall 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6697:Most-produced 6695: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6609: 6604: 6590: 6589:U.S. military 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6506:Manufacturers 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6439: 6434: 6432: 6427: 6425: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6408: 6404: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6332:0-7090-0858-9 6329: 6325: 6321: 6319: 6318:0-7506-5715-4 6315: 6311: 6308: 6307:1-85753-325-9 6304: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6292:1-56027-404-2 6289: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6276:1-60239-060-6 6273: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6245:1-875671-58-7 6242: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6230:0-85177-827-5 6227: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6215:0-85177-827-5 6212: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6200:0-553-80447-2 6197: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6088: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6056: 6040: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6024: 6008: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5976: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5960: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5928: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5896: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5864: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5822: 5816: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5738: 5732: 5716: 5710: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5681: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5638: 5632: 5623: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5564: 5545: 5538: 5532: 5530: 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3624: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3576:"Helicopters" 3572: 3565: 3564:Pacific Wings 3561: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3496: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3476: 3475:UASweekly.com 3472: 3466: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3401: 3395: 3390: 3381: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3349: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3304: 3297: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3286:Scott, Robert 3283: 3279: 3271: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3184: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3151: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3054: 3047: 3036: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3008:Todd Reichert 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2957:United States 2956: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2935: 2933:Mount Everest 2932: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897:6 August 1969 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2868:United States 2867: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2807:New York City 2804: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2779:United States 2778: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2769:Hughes YOH-6A 2767: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2743:Westland Lynx 2741: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2703:World records 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2674:United States 2673: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2642:, Afghanistan 2641: 2638: 2635: 2633:United States 2632: 2630:6 August 2011 2629: 2628: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2603: 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2049: 2046: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2003: 2000:modified his 1999: 1998:Charles Kaman 1990: 1985: 1981: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1947:Bell Aircraft 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893:Igor Sikorsky 1886: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1874:Allied forces 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1858:Mediterranean 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1817:Hanna Reitsch 1814: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1788: 1779: 1777: 1776:Bell Model 30 1772: 1768: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1712: 1711:rotary engine 1708: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1670:invented the 1669: 1660: 1651: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1640:Oszkár Asbóth 1636: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1552: 1545: 1541: 1533: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1451: 1447: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1430:Louis Breguet 1424:First flights 1421: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397:Thomas Edison 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219:Bamboo-copter 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1154: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1127: 1126:oil platforms 1121: 1119: 1115: 1114:dipping sonar 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1070: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1018: 1014: 1012: 1011:Erickson S-64 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 979: 975: 973: 969: 964: 962: 953: 949: 946: 942: 934: 930: 926: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 895: 887: 882: 873: 871: 860: 857: 847: 845: 840: 832: 828: 827:HH-65 Dolphin 823: 814: 812: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 779: 770: 768: 764: 759: 757: 752: 747: 745: 740: 735: 732: 727: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 697: 692: 687: 677: 675: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 632: 628: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 603: 598: 590: 585: 581: 571: 569: 562: 558: 554: 550: 549: 544: 540: 537: 534: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 514: 511: 508: 507:Tandem rotors 505: 504: 503: 497: 494: 490: 486: 484: 483:Coandă effect 480: 476: 472: 471: 466: 461: 459: 455: 451: 450:Igor Sikorsky 447: 438: 429: 425: 423: 419: 413: 403: 400: 396: 392: 383: 374: 372: 371:United States 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 342: 340: 334: 331: 321: 319: 314: 309: 304: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 277:helicopters ( 276: 272: 268: 264: 263:coaxial-rotor 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 239: 237: 233: 230:In 1942, the 228: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 187:is a type of 186: 177: 169: 161: 155: 152: 148: 143: 133: 130: 122: 119:December 2023 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: – 79: 75: 74:Find sources: 68: 64: 58: 57: 52:This article 50: 46: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7288: 7194:Jet Gyrodyne 7051: 6992:autorotation 6987: 6810: 6634:CarterCopter 6486:Disk loading 6476:Autorotation 6450: 6406: 6387:, April 1936 6384: 6341: 6323: 6298: 6282: 6266: 6251: 6236: 6221: 6206: 6191: 6184:Bibliography 6169:. 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Retrieved 3357: 3354:"helicopter" 3348: 3337: 3334:"helicopter" 3327: 3303: 3289: 3259: 3247: 3233: 3221: 3205: 3200:Munson 1968. 3154: 3078:Disk loading 3011:13 June 2013 2947:Robinson R44 2837:21 June 1972 2805:From and to 2776:6 April 1966 2684:Crash landed 2555:West Germany 2234: 2205: 2201: 2198:Transmission 2193: 2189: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2150: 2122: 2112: 2099: 2087: 2075: 2041: 2034:Sud Aviation 1995: 1951:Arthur Young 1944: 1914: 1890: 1885:Sikorsky R-4 1837: 1832:Nazi Germany 1829: 1796: 1764: 1755:Villacoublay 1740: 1738: 1729: 1720: 1704: 1696: 1694: 1685:Pennsylvania 1665: 1644: 1637: 1621: 1607: 1596: 1576: 1570: 1555: 1553: 1544:autorotation 1537: 1498: 1486: 1483: 1472: 1456: 1434: 1427: 1394: 1375: 1359:steam engine 1348: 1282: 1278:aerial screw 1271: 1267: 1250: 1240: 1213:Early design 1194:Robinson R44 1178: 1159: 1135: 1130: 1122: 1110:surveillance 1075: 1063:heat-sensing 1055: 1047:World War II 1023: 984: 965: 958: 941:aerial crane 938: 891: 866: 853: 836: 831:rescue hoist 808: 784: 760: 748: 736: 730: 728: 723:cyclic pitch 720: 716:Robinson R44 712:Robinson R22 707: 704:cyclic stick 703: 700: 671: 667:nitromethane 648: 644:YH-32 Hornet 633: 629: 614: 606: 566: 556: 552: 546: 542: 532: 500: 474: 468: 462: 457: 443: 426: 417: 415: 406:Rotor system 388: 366: 362: 358: 354: 351:rebracketing 336: 332: 329: 315: 302: 300: 287:multicopters 240: 232:Sikorsky R-4 229: 184: 182: 125: 116: 106: 99: 92: 85: 78:"Helicopter" 73: 61:Please help 56:verification 53: 36: 7310:Helicopters 7037:ornithopter 6881:WikiProject 6579:Ultralights 6451:Helicopters 5853:12 December 5827:10 February 5775:12 December 5699:12 December 5643:12 November 5589:22 February 5553:22 February 5106:23 December 4904:"The first 4791:11 November 4749:11 November 4723:web extract 4707:web extract 4428:23 November 4229:29 December 4071:Fay, John. 4057:11 November 3982:Web extract 3737:"Skycranes" 3534:page 2-11. 2925:14 May 2005 2832:Jean Boulet 2710:Record type 2659:Crash near 2611:3 July 2009 2494:Crash near 2455:10 May 1977 2350:Death toll 2280:ground loop 2246:Vortex ring 2070:Kamov Ka-50 2037:Alouette II 2005:synchropter 1980:Gas turbine 1974:Turbine age 1842:synchropter 1705:Monosoupape 1597:In the US, 1501:World War I 1188:with 7.2%, 1184:with 7.7%, 1098:air assault 1051:Vietnam War 999:helibuckets 791:slowed down 787:fixed wings 625:flat engine 539:Multirotors 533:synchropter 432:Anti-torque 308:hélicoptère 279:quadcopters 7304:Categories 7289:Helicopter 7101:hovercraft 7052:helicopter 7015:Rotor kite 6990:, etc. in 6988:Helicopter 6769:Tailstrike 6687:Rotorcraft 6671:Rotor kite 6666:Monocopter 6614:rotorcraft 6466:Amphibious 6171:6 February 5743:9 February 5396:3 December 5354:9 December 5200:0876684851 4098:. 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