22:
65:, especially early on in the war, arousing the hatred of Czech patriots. Also, Jews were blamed for profiteering and black marketing during the wartime shortages. Another cause of the violence was the breakdown in Habsburg authority and weakness of the new Czechoslovak state, which had not yet established a
142:
The violence continued from the disintegration of the
Habsburg monarchy to the Paris peace treaties signed in 1919 and 1920. It was not nearly as severe as in Poland and Ukraine, where tens of thousands of Jews were murdered. After 1920, the violence died down. Interwar Czechoslovakia was the safest
169:, have placed the violence within a Czech nationalist discourse that excluded Jews from the Czechoslovak national community. According to American historian Michael Miller, the violence has been forgotten because it clashes with the
375:
125:
portrayed
Czechoslovakia as a liberal and tolerant country, relatively free of the antisemitism that plagued neighboring countries. A Czech Agrarian newspaper claimed that the violence was engineered by
53:
The main accusations leveled against Jews in
Slovakia were that they were Hungarian-speakers and agents of the hated Hungarian state, from which Slovakia was trying to break free. In
105:
on 3–4 December. Jewish-owned houses and shops were robbed, the synagogue and community offices were vandalized, and two Jews were murdered. Eventually the army intervened.
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expressed concern about the violence, noting that it was "in complete contrast to the avowed Czech policy in Paris, and also to the public utterance of
Minister Beneš".
541:
Kučera, Rudolf (2016). "Exploiting
Victory, Sinking into Defeat: Uniformed Violence in the Creation of the New Order in Czechoslovakia and Austria, 1918–1922".
93:
8,880 in 1920). Bands of former soldiers roamed the countryside looking for shops to rob, most of which belonged to Jews due to pre-existing economic patterns.
158:
479:
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Many Czech historians have presented the violence as an aberration on the otherwise tolerant and democratic First
Czechoslovak Republic.
130:... organizing and hiring provocateurs" in order to ruin Czechoslovakia's reputation abroad. In 1919, the international Zionist activist
143:
and least antisemitic country in central Europe for Jews, and it was the only one to retain a democratic government into the mid-1930s.
512:
Konrád, Ota (2019). "Two post-war paths: Popular violence in the
Bohemian lands and in Austria in the aftermath of World War I".
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389:
364:
287:
122:
599:Šmidrkal, Václav (2019). "'What a Republic It Was!' Public Violence and State Building in the Bohemian Lands after 1918".
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Lichtenstein, Tatjana (21 May 2014). "Jewish power and powerlessness: Prague
Zionists and the Paris Peace Conference".
637:
662:
647:
657:
652:
118:
21:
85:), David Büchler's general store was robbed and destroyed on 5 November, causing damage of 300,000
491:
Hahn, Fred (1983). "The
Dilemma of the Jews in the Historic Lands of Czechoslovakia, 1918-38".
450:"Manifestations of Anti-Semitism in Czechoslovak Silesia during the First Republic (1918–1938)"
78:
277:
101:
In
December 1918, the most severe pogroms occurred in Bohemia and Moravia. The worst was in
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430:""Poles, Czechoslovaks and the 'Jewish Question', 1914-1921: A Comparative Study"
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called Holešov the "last pogrom" and the end of a dark era. Others, including
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Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation
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34:
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Battle for the Castle: The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914-1948
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was unleashed against Jews and their property, especially stores.
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Miller, Michael L. (2019). "The Forgotten Pogroms, 1918".
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Wave of anti-Jewish rioting and violence in Czechoslovakia
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29:, Moravia. Two Jews were killed in a pogrom in the town.
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In Slovakia, violence occurred in November 1918. In
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69:. Riots between Czechs and Germans also occurred.
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357:Mapping Jewish Loyalties in Interwar Slovakia
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207:
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427:
326:
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121:, and other Czechoslovak politicians at the
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359:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
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428:Polonsky, Antony; Riff, Michael (1981).
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282:. Oxford University Press. p. 62.
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436:. London: Croom Helm. pp. 63–101.
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109:Effect on international relations
113:While the violence was ongoing,
43:anti-Jewish rioting and violence
434:Germany in the Age of Total War
355:Klein-Pejšová, Rebekah (2015).
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61:, many Jews had supported the
1:
643:Anti-Jewish pogroms in Europe
601:Contemporary European History
543:The Journal of Modern History
526:10.1080/00905992.2017.1354362
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584:10.1080/13501674.2014.904583
572:East European Jewish Affairs
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37:and during the formation of
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613:10.1017/S0960777319000080
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638:Aftermath of World War I
327:Polonsky & Riff 1981
232:Polonsky & Riff 1981
220:Polonsky & Riff 1981
663:Interwar Czechoslovakia
505:10.1163/187633083X00047
454:Central European Papers
276:Orzoff, Andrea (2009).
648:1918 in Czechoslovakia
123:Paris Peace Conference
119:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
30:
658:Jewish Slovak history
467:10.25142/cep.2015.003
374:Láníček, Jan (2013).
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653:Jewish Czech history
514:Nationalities Papers
448:Dvořák, Jan (2015).
413:10.1017/slr.2019.226
67:monopoly on violence
493:East Central Europe
305:, pp. 6–7, 10.
87:Czechoslovak crowns
25:Jewish cemetery in
208:Klein-Pejšová 2015
31:
391:978-1-137-31747-6
366:978-0-253-01562-4
341:, pp. 10–11.
289:978-0-19-970995-3
234:, pp. 84–85.
210:, pp. 23–24.
195:, pp. 6, 10.
171:Czechoslovak myth
153:Czechoslovak myth
79:Považská Bystrica
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73:November pogroms
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442:Further reading
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607:(3): 303–318.
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549:(4): 827–855.
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520:(5): 759–775.
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499:(1–2): 24–39.
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407:(3): 648–653.
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167:Miloslav Szabó
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147:Historiography
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132:Chaim Weizmann
126:"Judeo-Germans
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39:Czechoslovakia
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460:(1): 36–50.
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339:Láníček 2013
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317:, p. 6.
315:Láníček 2013
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303:Láníček 2013
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193:Láníček 2013
159:Zdeňek Fišer
156:
141:
115:Edvard Beneš
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100:
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52:
41:, a wave of
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578:(1): 2–20.
264:Miller 2019
247:Miller 2019
35:World War I
632:Categories
177:References
151:See also:
621:202286879
592:143998973
563:151929724
534:135086951
476:2336-3312
421:211676325
138:Aftermath
63:Habsburgs
382:Springer
349:Sources
103:Holešov
59:Moravia
55:Bohemia
27:Holešov
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590:
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484:559576
482:
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83:Žilina
81:(near
49:Causes
33:After
617:S2CID
588:S2CID
559:S2CID
530:S2CID
480:CEEOL
417:S2CID
472:ISSN
386:ISBN
361:ISBN
284:ISBN
165:and
91:US$
57:and
609:doi
580:doi
551:doi
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