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in John Cage's
Imaginary Landscape series (1939– 1952), some of which employ unconventional percussion akin to the AACM's little instruments. All of these pieces are aleatoric— in other words, the performers have to improvise (although Stockhausen and Cage would instead use terms like "intuitive music" and "indeterminacy"). Composition 76 also recalls other improvisatory Stockhausen works for winds, percussion, and voice, including Aus den sieben Tagen (1968) and Sternklang(1971). However, few of the musicians in Stockhausen's orbit could have played the dozens of instruments that Braxton wanted to feature in Composition 76. Fortunately, Braxton could turn to another community of musicians, one much closer to home.
789:, where the title indicates the physical positions of the performers. The titles can themselves be musical notation indicating to the performer how a piece is played. Some letters are identifiable as the initials of Braxton's friends and musical colleagues, but many titles remain inscrutable to critics. By the mid-to-late 1980s, Braxton's titles began to incorporate drawings and illustrations. He also began to include lifelike images of inanimate objects such as train cars, which were most notably seen after the advent of his Ghost Trance Music system. Braxton settled on a system of opus-numbers to make referring to these pieces simpler, and earlier pieces have had opus-numbers retroactively added to them.
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and out of the primary melody, with notes marked by a shape—a circle, triangle, or square—signaling opportunities to move to a different composition, or mode of composing, in the system. A circle indicates that a performer can engage in an open or a "language music" improvisation; if the latter, performers may also give visual cues prompting others to follow the logics of a specific
Braxtonian "language type". Triangles and squares are both invitations to play other notated compositions (or "stable identities"). Triangles represent specific "secondary material" included with each
33:
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909:, Braxton began to work on "image logics", resulting in graphic scores with large paintings and drawings with smaller legends of various symbols. Performs must find their own meanings in the symbols and construct a path through the score, balancing "the demands of traditional notation interpretation and esoteric inter-targeting."
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composition is a ceaseless "primary melody", which
Braxton describes as "a melody that never ends". This line of music, which may extend for 80 pages or more, is written to be played in unison by any performer who wishes to participate in the "ritual circle dance". Musicians are also able to move in
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The scoring techniques used in 76 are reminiscent of a number of graphic works by other experimental composers. In a lecture about
Composition 76, Braxton "cite as inspirations" Karlheinz Stockhausen's Zyklus (1959), for a soloist playing thirteen percussion instruments, as well as the fi ve pieces
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was the first full-length album for unaccompanied saxophone. The work has been described as "one of the greatest solo saxophone records ever made, and maybe one of the greatest recordings ever issued" and "an album of solo free improvisation that still remains a paragon of technical, aesthetic and
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Language Music was
Braxton's original composition system, first used as an approach to solo improvisation. By limiting the music to a single parameter (for example, trills), Braxton was able to explore beyond the surface particulars of a given parameter. These language "types", which serve as the
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Braxton identifies as a "trans-idiomatic" composer and has repeatedly opposed the idea of a rigid dichotomy between improvisation and composition. He has written extensively about the "language music" system that forms the basis for his work and developed a philosophy of "world creativity" in his
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He has said that "language music is the basis of my work" and that it also serves as the basis for his other compositional systems. Braxton emphasizes working with "notation as practiced in black improvised creativity", where it functions "as both a recall-factor as well as a generating factor".
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Braxton's various quartets in the late 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s were laboratories for his experiments in collage forms, or what he refers to as a constructor set approach to composition, giving musicians different compositions to be performed simultaneously. This collage strategy became an
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One important part of these collage structures was the pulse-track structures. These pulse tracks were graphic notation given to the rhythm section that allowed them to break free from traditional rhythm section approaches but still play a supportive role behind the other instruments.
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from 1990 until his retirement at the end of 2013. He is the artistic director of the Tri-Centric
Foundation, a nonprofit he founded in 1994 to support the preservation and production of works by Braxton and other artists "in pursuit of 'trans-idiomatic' creativity".
427:. While in South Korea he met a number of improvising musicians and even led his own group, though many in the barracks did not appreciate the more esoteric works in his collection, and he purchased headphones due to rules restricting his listening time.
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Braxton's notational devices also ensure variation within the primary melody itself, often by the orders they refuse to give: for example, a traditional clef assigns a note to a specific line, but the diamond-shaped "open clef" of a
897:; these works have been described by a performer as "a labyrinth of hyper-notated activities", featuring irregular polyrhythms, dynamic extremes, color-coding to denote additional variables––and no geometric invitations to depart.
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Lock, Forces in Motion, 330. See also Cage, Imaginary
Landscape No. 1; Cage, Imaginary Landscape No. 2; Cage, Imaginary Landscape No. 3; Cage, Imaginary Landscape No. 4; Cage, Imaginary Landscape No. 5; Stockhausen,
737:, Bandcamp Daily wrote, "Anthony Braxton's discography has been massive for decades. Since 2012, he's released two 4-CD operas; a 12-CD set of duos with various partners; a 7-CD set of the music of
730:, a recording of the concert, was described by critic François Couture as sympathetic and effective collaboration: "something really clicked between these artists, and it was all in good fun."
889:. Changes across species include increasing range and variation of elements such as rhythm, dynamics, and articulation. The escalation in complexity and intensity culminates in
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Accordingly, the language types function as both parameters and prompts in ensemble settings, where they may be used to structure improvisation or signal other performers.
2977:"ROAD by Graham Lock : from Forces in Motion: Anthony Braxton and the Meta-reality of Creative Music: Interviews and Tour Notes, England 1985 (London: Quartet, 1988)"
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and associated artists; an 11-CD set of
Charlie Parker's music; a 12-CD set of vocal music; an 8-CD set of duos with Eugene Chadbourne; a 4-CD set of collaborations with
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As was the case after World War I, post-WWII Chicago faced increased rates of white mob violence against Black people, and
Braxton heard about incidents such as the
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works are written to provide a "gateway to ritual space" with elements "designed to function as pathways between
Braxton's various musical systems".
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Braxton is known for a sprawling and extremely diverse discography which has continued to grow in his later career: in introducing his 13-CD box set
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and he attended a concert. Following the performance he met Roscoe Mitchell, who invited him to come practice with, and later join, the group.
749:; and an audio Blu-Ray of 12 compositions for sextet, septet, and nonet, totaling over 11 hours of music. And that's probably not all of it."
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score, whereas squares signify pre-selected "outside" materials; these tertiary works, chosen prior to a given performance, may include
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Braxton often titles his compositions with diagrams or numbers and letters. Some diagrams have a clear meaning or signification, as on
307:, in which musicians "play" iPods containing the bulk of Braxton's oeuvre. He has released the first six operas in a series called the
701:, which introduced a pulse to his music and allowed the simultaneous performance of any piece by the performers; many of the earliest
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Braxton was initially pessimistic about making a living as a working musician and began hustling chess, but in 1970 he joined pianist
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for one semester, but was unable to continue his studies due to financial difficulties; he instead applied and was admitted to the
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1368:"Anthony Braxton: 3 Compositions (EEMHM) 2011/Trillium J: The Non-Unconfessionables No. 380/Quintet (Tristano) 2014 Album Review"
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works went through four phases over the eleven years of their composition, with each phase considered a different "species" of
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compositional series comprises approximately 150 pieces written from 1995 to 2006. Inspired by 19th century Native American
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While he has catalogued over 100 sound "classifications" or "relationships", Braxton uses twelve types in most of his work.
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After a few years Braxton left the army and moved back to Chicago; he later studied philosophy and music composition at
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Blutopia: Visions of the Future and Revisions of the Past in the Work of Sun Ra, Duke Ellington, and Anthony Braxton
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Forces in Motion: Anthony Braxton and the Meta-reality of Creative Music: Interviews and Tour Notes, England 1985
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recordings, often featuring him as a pianist rather than saxophonist. He released multidisc sets, including
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1509:"The African Aesthetic in World Creativity: Anthony Braxton's Philosophy of Vibrational Affinity Dynamics"
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that were recorded on tour in 2003. He worked with several groups, including a quintet crediting bassist
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was inspired by jazz and marching band traditions. Braxton also recorded duets with George Lewis and
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616:(violin)--this album was released in the late 1970s by the Italian label, Vedette, under the title,
355:. His parents divorced when he was young, and his mother remarried Lawrence Fouche, a worker at the
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among his favorites, but as a child was more excited by rocketships, television, and technology.
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Braxton has written several volumes to explain his theories and works, such as the three-volume
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2810:"A ritual of openness. The (meta-)reality of Anthony Braxton's Ghost Trance Music | FORUM+"
2769:""What I Call a Sound": Anthony Braxton's Synaesthetic Ideal and Notations for Improvisers"
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In his early teens, Braxton took his at-home explorations of technology and electronics to
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is also a musician, and the former guitarist, keyboardist and vocalist with American
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516:. There had previously been occasional unaccompanied saxophone recordings (notably
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2518:"Mario Pavone, Hard-Hitting Bassist And Respected East-Coast Educator, Dead At 80"
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2635:"Navigating Anthony Braxton's Massive Live Collection "Quartet (Standards) 2020""
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has released hundreds of recordings and compositions. During six years signed to
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1087:(30th Anniversary ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. xxx.
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Critics' Poll Album of the Year. Many of his projects are ongoing, such as the
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1454:"Avant-Garde Legend Anthony Braxton on His 'Trans-Idiomatic' Improv Odyssey"
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integral feature of Braxton's approach to composition and band-leading.
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Braxton's regular group in the 1980s and early 1990s was a quartet with
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Shortly after returning to Chicago, Braxton's cousin told him about the
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3098:"Improvised Music after 1950: Afrological and Eurological Perspectives"
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369:. He sang in a church choir and had an early love of rock music, with
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Critical Studies in Improvisation / Études critiques en improvisation
2727:"Improvisation and Collaboration in Anthony Braxton's Composition 76"
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275:; compositions for four orchestras; and the ensemble arrangements of
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2417:"Old friends: David Grundy on the Anthony Braxton Standard Quartet"
2261:"Pop and Jazz: 'THE COMPLETE ARISTA RECORDINGS OF ANTHONY BRAXTON'"
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vocabulary of his Language Music, are often signaled by hand cues.
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Lock, Graham (1999). "" All the Things You Are: Legba's Legacy"".
1000:. In 2016, he was awarded an honorary doctorate in music from the
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During the 1990s and early 2000s, Braxton created a large body of
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1418:
Corbett, John (1994). "Anthony Braxton: From Planet to Planet".
3062:"482 Music – Anthony Braxton / Matt Bauder: 2 + 2 Compositions"
2952:"Four Compositions (Washington, D.C.) 1998, by Anthony Braxton"
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emotional excellence". The album influenced other artists like
716:(482 Music, 2005). In 2005, he was a guest performer with the
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works, in which Braxton implements audio programming language
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A prolific composer with a vast body of cross-genre work, the
3037:"Anthony Braxton | Falling River Music (364f) (2004) | Artsy"
1421:
Extended Play: Sounding Off from John Cage to Dr. Funkenstein
3402:
List No. 82: An Introduction to the Music of Anthony Braxton
2313:"Anthony Braxton and Richard Teitelbaum: Silence/Time Zones"
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New Musical Figurations: Anthony Braxton's Cultural Critique
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on drums. From 1995 to 2006, he concentrated what he called
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Interview of Braxton by Ted Panken at Intakt Records, 2002
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Stockhausen, Aus den sieben Tagen; Stockhausen, Sternklang
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2391:"Creative Music Studio: Woodstock Jazz Festival Volume 2"
2365:"Creative Music Studio: Woodstock Jazz Festival Volume 1"
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Eight (+3) Tristano Compositions, 1989: For Warne Marsh
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Braxton played over ten instruments on his 1968 debut,
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series, inspired by his studies of the Native American
240:, the first full-length album of solo saxophone music.
3187:"Tyondai Braxton Talks About Punk, Percussion and Dad"
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set the course for his future compositional diagrams.
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recordings were released on his Braxton House label.
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Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians
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Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians
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Composition No. 94 for Three Instrumentalists (1980)
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1027:. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. p. 3.
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In 2009, he received an honorary doctorate from the
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composition allows performers to choose any clef or
556:(drums) to form the short-lived avant garde quartet
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2874:
2188:. Internet Archive. New York : Rolling Stone.
1204:"The Complete Arista Recordings of Anthony Braxton"
404:, where drafting courses and time in shop studying
3693:Four Compositions (Solo, Duo & Trio) 1982/1988
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1976:(Concise ed.). Virgin Books. pp. 174/5.
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862:compositions in Braxton's oeuvre (including other
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3376:Interview of Braxton by Ted Panken for WKCR, 1995
2592:Cain, Nick (2009). "Noise". In Young, Rob (ed.).
1919:Soundpieces 2: interviews with American composers
596:, with the group of the same name, consisting of
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3844:Anthony Braxton / Robert Schumann String Quartet
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1385:
1313:"Anthony Braxton: Music as Spiritual Commitment"
1230:"Following the Tradition of Being Untraditional"
326:from 1985 to 1990 and was Professor of Music at
3312:"Docteurs honoris causa des années précédentes"
3148:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 66–67.
1563:"Anthony Braxton's Tempo Emphasizes the Upbeat"
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388:near his home, and the lynching of Chicagoan
2287:"Anthony Braxton: Donaueschingen (Duo) 1976"
2123:(8th ed.). New York: Penguin. pp.
1968:
463:, the influences for which he identified as
3365:The Tri-Centric Foundation Official Website
1643:. University of Chicago Press. p. 38.
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761:The graphical title for Composition No. 65.
560:. After Corea left to form the fusion band
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3184:
2080:"Circle Circle 1: Live in Germany Concert"
1394:"Anthony Braxton's Trillium Opera Complex"
649:to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the
259:; collaborations with electronic musician
31:
16:American musician and composer (born 1945)
4181:African-American male classical composers
3216:John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
3141:
2724:
2594:The Wire Primers: A Guide to Modern Music
2492:"Anthony Braxton: 19 Standards (Quartet)"
2467:"Anthony Braxton: 20 Standards (Quartet)"
2442:"Anthony Braxton: 23 Standards (Quartet)"
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2162:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.j545100
1996:
1964:
1962:
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1201:
1057:"Celebrating a Master of the Avant-Garde"
434:, though he did not complete his degree.
3017:. Columbia University School of the Arts
2704:bells | free jazz journal by henry kuntz
2078:Walls, Seth Colter (September 7, 2016).
1974:The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music
1451:
1178:"A Renewed Spotlight on Anthony Braxton"
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825:
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510:In 1969, Braxton recorded the double LP
495:. The album's trio arrangement included
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347:, and Clarence Dunbar Braxton Sr., from
4146:21st-century African-American academics
4111:21st-century African-American musicians
4076:20th-century African-American musicians
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2515:
2258:
2181:
2147:
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1519:(2). Sage Publications, Inc.: 130–141.
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419:in 1963. He was initially stationed in
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3672:Seven Standards (1985) Vols. 1 & 2
3392:Comprehensive discography through 2016
3154:10.7208/chicago/9780226820439.001.0001
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2414:
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1959:
1953:
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1719:Oxford African American Studies Center
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1507:Frederick, Gerald J. (November 2007).
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1424:. Duke University Press. p. 209.
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645:(drums). In 1981, he performed at the
392:, who was killed when Braxton was 10.
4311:Creative Construction Company members
4049:Creative Construction Company Vol. II
3410:
3337:"NEC Honorary Doctor of Music Degree"
3095:
3011:"Composer Portraits: Anthony Braxton"
2836:"Anthony Braxton's Arista Recordings"
2804:
2802:
2694:
2692:
2585:
2330:
2148:Kennedy, Gary W. (January 20, 2002).
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1915:
1727:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.36258
1391:
1366:Walls, Seth Colter (March 28, 2016).
1365:
1359:
1333:
1081:Davis, John S. (September 15, 2020).
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984:in Belgium; fellow honorees included
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4156:African-American classical composers
4086:20th-century American male musicians
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2926:
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2117:The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings
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1829:
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1588:"Artistic Director: Anthony Braxton"
1342:"SA16: Echo Echo Mirror House Music"
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895:Accelerator Class Ghost Trance Music
223:. He received great acclaim for his
219:, and was a key early member of the
4361:Jazz-influenced classical composers
4221:American jazz baritone saxophonists
4166:African-American classical pianists
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2606:
2415:Grundy, David (February 26, 2020).
2185:The Rolling stone jazz record guide
2052:Taylor, Derek (September 1, 2000).
2026:Spencer, Robert (January 1, 2001).
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411:After high school Braxton attended
183:(born June 4, 1945) is an American
105:Saxophones, clarinets, flute, piano
13:
4241:American jazz soprano saxophonists
4136:21st-century American saxophonists
4106:20th-century American saxophonists
3609:Alto Saxophone Improvisations 1979
2799:
2689:
2388:
2362:
2311:Shoemaker, Bill (April 25, 2019).
2259:Ratliff, Ben (November 27, 2008).
2235:"Muhal Richard Abrams discography"
1713:Dufour, Ronald P. (May 31, 2013).
1561:Ratliff, Ben (February 18, 2016).
1483:"Anthony Braxton's Language Music"
1228:Ratliff, Ben (December 16, 2012).
1202:Whitehead, Kevin (February 2009).
1176:Ham, Robert (September 24, 2019).
967:Doris Duke Performing Artist Award
507:joining on the B-side recordings.
351:; Braxton's father worked for the
14:
4462:
3511:Saxophone Improvisations Series F
3358:
2633:Freeman, Philip (July 26, 2021).
2336:
2284:
1339:
1117:
912:
792:
576:. The core trio plus saxophonist
343:, to Julia Samuels Braxton, from
4251:American male classical pianists
4246:American jazz tenor saxophonists
4191:African-American opera composers
4186:African-American music educators
4131:21st-century classical composers
4101:20th-century classical composers
3679:Five Compositions (Quartet) 1986
3658:Four Compositions (Quartet) 1983
3381:"The Third Millennial Interview"
3241:Doris Duke Charitable Foundation
3185:Coscarelli, Joe (May 15, 2015).
2516:Johnson, Martin (May 19, 2021).
1452:Shteamer, Hank (June 18, 2019).
1055:Chinen, Nate (October 4, 2011).
957:Braxton's awards include a 1981
921:
808:
712:compositions were documented on
4326:American experimental composers
4266:American multi-instrumentalists
4226:American jazz bass saxophonists
4216:American jazz alto saxophonists
4201:American classical clarinetists
4171:African-American jazz composers
4151:21st-century American academics
4116:21st-century American composers
4081:20th-century American composers
3900:2 Compositions (Järvenpää) 1988
3774:Quartet: Live at Moers Festival
3665:Six Compositions (Quartet) 1984
3329:
3304:
3279:
3266:National Endowment for the Arts
3254:
3237:"2013 Doris Duke Artist Awards"
3229:
3204:
3178:
3135:
3126:
3089:
3079:
3054:
3029:
2969:
2944:
2886:
2849:
2828:
2760:
2718:
2652:
2626:
2560:
2535:
2509:
2484:
2459:
2434:
2408:
2382:
2356:
2304:
2278:
2252:
2227:
2202:
2175:
2150:"Creative Construction Company"
2141:
2071:
2045:
2019:
1990:
1909:
1884:
1774:
1630:
1605:
1580:
1554:
1500:
1445:
1411:
1304:
753:Compositional style and systems
656:In 1994, Braxton was awarded a
371:Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers
4301:Circle (American band) members
4176:African-American jazz pianists
4121:21st-century American pianists
4091:20th-century American pianists
3914:Seven Compositions (Trio) 1989
3823:Creative Orchestra (Köln) 1978
3728:4 (Ensemble) Compositions 1992
3686:Six Monk's Compositions (1987)
2700:"anthony braxton | part three"
1221:
1169:
1074:
1014:
941:
402:Chicago Vocational High School
396:Education and military service
353:Burlington and Quincy Railroad
199:who is best known for playing
1:
4446:African-American philosophers
4381:American male opera composers
4346:Globe Unity Orchestra members
4042:Creative Construction Company
3893:Ensemble (Victoriaville) 1988
3560:Creative Orchestra Music 1976
2006:The New York City Jazz Record
1311:Woodard, Josef (March 2012).
1084:Historical Dictionary of Jazz
1007:
623:Creative Orchestra Music 1976
593:Creative Construction Company
417:United States Fifth Army Band
334:
278:Creative Orchestra Music 1976
4356:Jazz musicians from Illinois
4331:Firehouse 12 Records artists
4256:American male jazz composers
4161:American classical composers
3963:Two Compositions (Trio) 1998
3886:19 (Solo) Compositions, 1988
3809:The Montreux/Berlin Concerts
3767:Solo: Live at Moers Festival
3735:Four Compositions (GTM) 2000
3110:10.5040/9781501318399.ch-046
3009:Pellegrinelli, Lara (2019).
2596:. London: Verso. p. 34.
1997:Greenland, Tom (June 2018).
305:Echo Echo Mirror House Music
97:Composer, musician, educator
76:contemporary classical music
7:
4451:American male jazz pianists
4421:Wesleyan University faculty
4411:Roosevelt University alumni
4206:American classical pianists
3984:19 Standards (Quartet) 2003
3977:20 Standards (Quartet) 2003
3970:23 Standards (Quartet) 2003
3928:10 Compositions (Duet) 1995
2339:"Quartet (Santa Cruz) 1993"
2054:"Anthony Braxton: For Alto"
2028:"Anthony Braxton: For Alto"
1922:. Scarecrow Press. p.
1786:The Encyclopedia of Chicago
1120:"Anthony Braxton: For Alto"
948:Anthony Braxton discography
375:Bill Haley & His Comets
281:, which was named the 1977
263:; a saxophone quartet with
10:
4467:
4306:Clean Feed Records artists
4286:Avant-garde jazz musicians
4261:American male saxophonists
4231:American jazz clarinetists
3949:9 Standards (Quartet) 1993
3837:Performance (Quartet) 1979
3462:3 Compositions of New Jazz
2572:www.paristransatlantic.com
1637:Radano, Ronald M. (2009).
1617:The Tri-Centric Foundation
1592:The Tri-Centric Foundation
945:
460:3 Compositions of New Jazz
187:composer, educator, music
4416:Sackville Records artists
4126:21st-century clarinetists
4096:20th-century clarinetists
4028:
3993:
3956:Quartet (Santa Cruz) 1993
3942:Trio (Victoriaville) 2007
3872:Quartet (Birmingham) 1985
3795:Donaueschingen (Duo) 1976
3751:
3637:Six Compositions: Quartet
3532:In the Tradition Volume 2
3453:
3444:
3096:Lewis, George E. (2017).
2899:. Duke University Press.
2861:archive.soundamerican.org
2121:The Penguin Guide to Jazz
1392:Young, Katherine (2016).
952:
780:
493:Chicago Transit Authority
437:
207:. Braxton grew up on the
161:
157:
119:
109:
101:
93:
67:
47:
42:
30:
23:
4391:Music & Arts artists
4276:Antilles Records artists
4271:American music educators
4196:American opera composers
3935:Duo (Victoriaville) 2005
3518:Four Compositions (1973)
3341:New England Conservatory
3142:Steinbeck, Paul (2022).
2785:10.21083/csieci.v4i1.462
2746:10.1215/00222909-7127682
2725:Steinbeck, Paul (2018).
1525:10.1177/0021934705283772
1513:Journal of Black Studies
1002:New England Conservatory
849:The central thread in a
735:Quartet (Standards) 2020
382:Cicero race riot of 1951
4341:Freedom Records artists
4316:Delmark Records artists
4236:American jazz composers
4141:Academics from Illinois
3921:Willisau (Quartet) 1991
3879:Quartet (Coventry) 1985
3830:One in Two – Two in One
3802:Dortmund (Quartet) 1976
3721:Willisau (Quartet) 1991
3602:Seven Compositions 1978
2734:Journal of Music Theory
724:at the FIMAV Festival.
647:Woodstock Jazz Festival
583:Conference of the Birds
421:Highland Park, Illinois
349:Greenville, Mississippi
63:Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
4441:Emanem Records artists
4436:21st-century flautists
4431:20th-century flautists
4396:Musicians from Chicago
4351:Intakt Records artists
4336:Free jazz saxophonists
4281:Arista Records artists
2857:"SA16: Language Music"
2210:"Muse Records Listing"
2182:Swenson, John (1985).
1285:Dicker, Erica (2016).
1004:in the United States.
831:
762:
447:
386:White City Roller Rink
43:Background information
4401:Pi Recordings artists
4386:Mills College faculty
3865:Quartet (London) 1985
3383:by Mike Heffley, 2001
3291:United States Artists
2984:Jazzstudiesonline.org
2843:jazzstudiesonline.org
2767:Lock, Graham (2008).
1481:Wooley, Nate (2016).
1021:Lock, Graham (2018).
975:United States Artists
971:NEA Jazz Master Award
959:Guggenheim Fellowship
829:
760:
651:Creative Music Studio
481:Karlheinz Stockhausen
445:
413:Wilson Junior College
197:multi-instrumentalist
4291:Big band bandleaders
4033:Construction Company
3816:Quintet (Basel) 1977
3788:Elements of Surprise
3490:The Complete Braxton
1916:Gagne, Cole (1993).
1896:Roosevelt University
1287:"Ghost Trance Music"
1156:MacArthur Foundation
963:MacArthur Fellowship
901:Falling River Musics
773:, both published by
769:and the five-volume
745:, Greg Saunier, and
710:Falling River Musics
658:MacArthur Fellowship
606:Muhal Richard Abrams
505:Muhal Richard Abrams
432:Roosevelt University
425:The Eighth Army Band
366:The Chicago Defender
339:Braxton was born in
289:Diamond Curtain Wall
257:Muhal Richard Abrams
167:tricentricfoundation
4366:Leo Records artists
4321:ECM Records artists
3714:Duets: Hamburg 1991
3581:For Four Orchestras
3546:New York, Fall 1974
3316:Université de Liège
2814:www.forum-online.be
2607:Couture, Francois.
2496:Jazz Music Archives
2471:Jazz Music Archives
2446:Jazz Music Archives
2389:Nastos, Michael G.
2363:Nastos, Michael G.
982:University of Liège
907:Falling River Music
590:released his album
580:recorded Holland's
328:Wesleyan University
203:, particularly the
4296:BYG Actuel artists
4211:American flautists
3700:A Memory of Vienna
3630:Composition No. 96
3372:by Anthony Braxton
3191:The New York Times
2265:The New York Times
2154:Grove Music Online
1715:"Braxton, Anthony"
1567:The New York Times
1234:The New York Times
1061:The New York Times
891:Fourth Species GTM
883:Ghost Trance Music
864:Ghost Trance Music
836:Ghost Trance Music
832:
822:Ghost Trance Music
767:Tri-Axium Writings
763:
699:Ghost Trance Music
685:as co-leader with
641:(double bass) and
628:Richard Teitelbaum
552:(double bass) and
533:were dedicated to
520:' "Picasso"), but
448:
384:, protests at the
357:Ford Motor Company
322:Braxton taught at
317:Tri-Axium Writings
297:Ghost Trance Music
261:Richard Teitelbaum
88:free improvisation
72:experimental music
4426:Okka Disk artists
4376:MacArthur Fellows
4058:
4057:
3781:First Duo Concert
3595:Birth and Rebirth
3287:"Anthony Braxton"
3262:"Anthony Braxton"
3212:"Anthony Braxton"
3163:978-0-226-82009-5
3145:Sound Experiments
2956:New Braxton House
2906:978-0-8223-7847-1
2660:"Anthony Braxton"
2239:www.jazzlists.com
2195:978-0-394-72643-4
1892:"Anthony Braxton"
1346:soundamerican.org
1152:"Anthony Braxton"
771:Composition Notes
562:Return to Forever
406:wiring schematics
341:Chicago, Illinois
175:
174:
4458:
4406:RogueArt artists
3858:Solo (Pisa) 1982
3651:Six Duets (1982)
3644:Open Aspects '82
3553:Five Pieces 1975
3525:In the Tradition
3431:
3424:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3333:
3327:
3326:
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3308:
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3258:
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3208:
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3199:
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2797:
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2731:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2706:. April 15, 2007
2696:
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2557:
2555:
2553:
2547:www.482music.com
2539:
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1041:
1018:
990:Frederic Rzewski
714:2+2 Compositions
693:on trumpet, and
635:Marilyn Crispell
610:Wadada Leo Smith
608:(piano, cello),
541:, among others.
501:Wadada Leo Smith
245:MacArthur Fellow
171:
168:
140:Music & Arts
112:
80:avant-garde jazz
61:
57:
55:
35:
21:
20:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4032:
4024:
3989:
3747:
3476:Anthony Braxton
3449:
3440:
3438:Anthony Braxton
3435:
3370:Research papers
3361:
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2723:
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2709:
2707:
2698:
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2690:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2664:Frog Peak Music
2658:
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1019:
1015:
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955:
950:
944:
928:Tyondai Braxton
924:
915:
903:
830:Braxton c. 2003
824:
811:
795:
783:
775:Frog Peak Music
755:
747:Taylor Ho Bynum
739:Lennie Tristano
695:Pheeroan akLaff
643:Gerry Hemingway
612:(trumpet), and
570:George E. Lewis
518:Coleman Hawkins
469:Ornette Coleman
440:
398:
345:Tulsa, Oklahoma
337:
311:Opera Complex.
265:Julius Hemphill
249:NEA Jazz Master
181:Anthony Braxton
178:
165:
110:
62:
59:
53:
51:
38:
37:Braxton in 2007
26:
25:Anthony Braxton
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4045:
4037:
4035:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4000:
3998:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3760:Town Hall 1972
3755:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3742:Beyond Quantum
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3623:Composition 98
3619:
3616:For Two Pianos
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3497:Together Alone
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3397:Sessionography
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3360:
3359:External links
3357:
3354:
3353:
3328:
3303:
3278:
3253:
3228:
3203:
3177:
3162:
3134:
3125:
3118:
3088:
3078:
3053:
3028:
3015:Miller Theater
2996:
2968:
2943:
2941:, p. 167.
2931:
2919:
2905:
2885:
2883:, p. 172.
2873:
2848:
2827:
2798:
2759:
2740:(2): 249–278.
2717:
2688:
2686:, p. 277.
2676:
2651:
2625:
2599:
2584:
2559:
2534:
2508:
2483:
2458:
2433:
2407:
2381:
2355:
2329:
2303:
2285:Yanow, Scott.
2277:
2251:
2226:
2201:
2194:
2174:
2140:
2133:
2113:"Dave Holland"
2096:
2070:
2058:All About Jazz
2044:
2032:All About Jazz
2018:
1989:
1982:
1972:, ed. (1997).
1958:
1956:, p. 115.
1946:
1932:
1908:
1883:
1866:
1849:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1735:
1705:
1693:
1678:
1663:
1649:
1629:
1604:
1579:
1553:
1499:
1487:Sound American
1470:
1444:
1430:
1410:
1398:Sound American
1384:
1358:
1332:
1303:
1291:Sound American
1246:
1220:
1194:
1168:
1136:
1107:
1093:
1073:
1047:
1033:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1006:
954:
951:
946:Main article:
943:
940:
926:Braxton's son
923:
920:
914:
913:Graphic scores
911:
902:
899:
893:, also called
823:
820:
810:
807:
794:
793:Language Music
791:
782:
779:
754:
751:
689:on saxophone,
630:in the 1970s.
554:Barry Altschul
439:
436:
397:
394:
361:the South Side
336:
333:
273:Hamiet Bluiett
253:Arista Records
177:Musical artist
176:
173:
172:
163:
159:
158:
155:
154:
121:
117:
116:
113:
107:
106:
103:
99:
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69:
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64:
49:
45:
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40:
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36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4371:Living people
4369:
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4364:
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4036:
4034:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4005:Paris Concert
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3971:
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3925:
3923:
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3918:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3907:Eugene (1989)
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3876:
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3803:
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3725:
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3718:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3704:
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3697:
3695:
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3690:
3688:
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3680:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3669:
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3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
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3653:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3578:
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3575:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3539:Trio and Duet
3536:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:Studio albums
3452:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3138:
3129:
3121:
3119:9781501318399
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3102:Audio Culture
3099:
3092:
3082:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3042:
3041:www.artsy.net
3038:
3032:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2985:
2978:
2972:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2940:
2935:
2929:, p. 27.
2928:
2923:
2908:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2844:
2837:
2831:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2685:
2680:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2618:September 21,
2614:
2610:
2609:"Black Vomit"
2603:
2595:
2588:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2348:September 21,
2344:
2340:
2337:Jurek, Thom.
2333:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2134:0-14-102327-9
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:Cook, Richard
2100:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2007:
2000:
1999:"Globe Unity"
1993:
1985:
1983:1-85227-745-9
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1950:
1935:
1933:9780810827103
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1881:, p. 47.
1880:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1864:, p. 46.
1863:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1847:, p. 45.
1846:
1841:
1839:
1832:, p. 41.
1831:
1826:
1820:, p. 47.
1819:
1814:
1808:, p. 32.
1807:
1802:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1771:, p. 40.
1770:
1765:
1759:, p. 43.
1758:
1753:
1738:
1736:9780195301731
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1703:, p. 37.
1702:
1697:
1691:, p. 39.
1690:
1685:
1683:
1676:, p. 38.
1675:
1670:
1668:
1652:
1650:9780226701943
1646:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1459:
1458:Rolling Stone
1455:
1448:
1433:
1431:9780822314738
1427:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1377:September 21,
1373:
1372:pitchfork.com
1369:
1362:
1351:September 21,
1347:
1343:
1340:Testa, Carl.
1336:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
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1205:
1198:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1125:
1121:
1118:Jurek, Thom.
1114:
1112:
1096:
1094:9781538128152
1090:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1036:
1034:9780486832623
1030:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
973:, and a 2020
972:
968:
964:
960:
949:
939:
937:
933:
929:
922:Personal life
919:
910:
908:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
876:transposition
873:
867:
865:
861:
857:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
828:
819:
815:
809:Collage forms
806:
803:
799:
790:
788:
778:
776:
772:
768:
759:
750:
748:
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740:
736:
731:
729:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:Thomas Chapin
684:
680:
676:
673:
670:
666:
665:jazz standard
661:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
624:
619:
615:
614:Leroy Jenkins
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:Richard Davis
595:
594:
589:
585:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:Kenny Wheeler
563:
559:
555:
551:
548:'s trio with
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
519:
515:
514:
508:
506:
502:
498:
497:Leroy Jenkins
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:Jackie McLean
474:
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324:Mills College
320:
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306:
302:
298:
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293:SuperCollider
290:
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102:Instrument(s)
100:
96:
94:Occupation(s)
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
60:(age 79)
50:
46:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
4047:
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3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3483:This Time...
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3437:
3346:February 28,
3344:. Retrieved
3340:
3331:
3321:February 28,
3319:. Retrieved
3315:
3306:
3296:February 28,
3294:. Retrieved
3290:
3281:
3269:. Retrieved
3265:
3256:
3246:February 28,
3244:. Retrieved
3240:
3231:
3221:February 28,
3219:. Retrieved
3215:
3206:
3194:. Retrieved
3190:
3180:
3144:
3137:
3128:
3101:
3091:
3081:
3069:. Retrieved
3066:482music.com
3065:
3056:
3044:. Retrieved
3040:
3031:
3019:. Retrieved
3014:
2987:. Retrieved
2983:
2971:
2959:. Retrieved
2955:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2912:February 28,
2910:. Retrieved
2895:
2888:
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2860:
2851:
2842:
2830:
2818:. Retrieved
2813:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2737:
2733:
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2703:
2679:
2667:. Retrieved
2663:
2654:
2642:. Retrieved
2638:
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2612:
2602:
2593:
2587:
2575:. Retrieved
2571:
2562:
2550:. Retrieved
2546:
2537:
2527:February 22,
2525:. Retrieved
2521:
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2495:
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2470:
2461:
2449:. Retrieved
2445:
2436:
2424:. Retrieved
2420:
2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2394:
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2368:
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2342:
2332:
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2568:"JULY 2005"
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2543:"482 Music"
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1818:Radano 2009
1806:Radano 2009
1701:Radano 2009
1689:Radano 2009
1674:Radano 2009
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4065:Categories
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