155:
question. In such a device, retroreflection of the hole from an
Andreev reflection process, resulting from an incident electron at energies less than the superconducting gap at one lead, occurs in the second spatially separated normal lead with the same charge transfer as in a normal Andreev reflection process to a Cooper pair in the superconductor. For crossed Andreev reflection to occur, electrons of opposite spin must exist at each normal electrode (so as to form the pair in the superconductor). If the normal material is a ferromagnet this may be guaranteed by creating opposite spin polarization via the application of a magnetic field to normal electrodes of differing
20:
138:
of the tip. By applying a voltage to the tip, and measuring differential conductance between it and the sample, the spin polarization of the normal metal at that point (and magnetic field) may be determined. This is of use in such tasks as measurement of spin-polarized currents or characterizing spin
162:
Crossed
Andreev reflection occurs in competition with elastic cotunneling, the quantum mechanical tunneling of electrons between the normal leads via an intermediate state in the superconductor. This process conserves electron spin. As such, a detectable potential at one electrode on the application
97:
in the superconductor with the retroreflection of a hole of opposite spin and velocity but equal momentum to the incident electron, as seen in the figure. The barrier transparency is assumed to be high, with no oxide or tunnel layer which reduces instances of normal electron-electron or hole-hole
154:
Crossed
Andreev reflection, also known as non-local Andreev reflection, occurs when two spatially separated normal state material electrodes form two separate junctions with a superconductor, with the junction separation of the order of the BCS superconducting coherence length of the material in
163:
of current to the other may be masked by the competing elastic cotunneling process, making clear detection difficult. In addition, normal
Andreev reflection may occur at either interface, in conjunction with other normal electron scattering processes from the normal/superconductor interface.
102:
electron, a second electron of opposite spin to the incident electron from the normal state forms the pair in the superconductor, and hence the retroreflected hole. Through time-reversal symmetry, the process with an incident electron will also work with an incident hole (and retroreflected
114:
or material where spin-polarization exists or may be induced by a magnetic field, the strength of the
Andreev reflection (and hence conductance of the junction) is a function of the spin-polarization in the normal state.
80:
This effect is generally called
Andreev reflection but it is also be referred to as Andreev–Saint-James reflection, as it was predicted independently by Saint-James and de Gennes and by Andreev in the early sixties.
365:
Blonder, G. E.; Tinkham, M.; Klapwijk, T. M. (1982). "Transition from metallic to tunneling regimes in superconducting microconstrictions: Excess current, charge imbalance, and supercurrent conversion".
485:
R. J. Soulen Jr.; J. M. Byers; M. S. Osofsky; B. Nadgorny; T. Ambrose; S. F. Cheng; et al. (1998). "Measuring the Spin
Polarization of a Metal with a Superconducting Point Contact".
119:
110:
it is fully spin-polarized), Andreev reflection will be inhibited due to inability to form a pair in the superconductor and impossibility of single-particle transmission. In a
236:
232:
932:
602:
665:
397:
Octavio, M; Tinkham, M.; Blonder, G. E.; Klapwijk, T. M. (1983). "Subharmonic energy-gap structure in superconducting constrictions".
89:
The process involves an electron incident on the interface from the normal state material at energies less than the superconducting
106:
The process is highly spin-dependent – if only one spin band is occupied by the conduction electrons in the normal-state material (
142:
In an
Andreev process, the phase difference between the electron and hole is −Ď€/2 plus the phase of the superconducting
563:
335:
316:
1024:
762:
640:
872:
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681:
65:(S) and a normal state material (N). It is a charge-transfer process by which normal current in N is converted to
877:
595:
660:
630:
1001:
853:
797:
772:
428:
de Jong, M. J. M.; Beenakker, C. W. J. (1995). "Andreev
Reflection in Ferromagnet-Superconductor Junctions".
903:
832:
170:, via the formation of a spatially separated entangled electron-hole (Andreev) pair, with applications in
1070:
1060:
848:
767:
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polarization of material layers or bulk samples, and the effects of magnetic fields on such properties.
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950:
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908:
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across the interface, avoiding the forbidden single-particle transmission within the superconducting
691:
195:
Guy
Deutscher (March 2005). "Andreev–Saint-James reflections: A probe of cuprate superconductors".
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893:
825:
742:
945:
918:
898:
820:
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243:(April 2001). "Correlated tunneling into a superconductor in a multiprobe hybrid structure".
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Andreev, A. F. (1964). "Thermal conductivity of the intermediate state of superconductors".
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975:
543:
524:
Beenakker, C. W. J. (2000). "Why does a metal-superconductor junction have a resistance?".
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134:) is placed into contact with a normal material at temperatures below the
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32:
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Quantum Mesoscopic Phenomena and Mesoscopic Devices in Microelectronics
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scattering at the interface. Since the pair consists of an up and down
90:
74:
58:
19:
580:
940:
127:
24:
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27:(red) meeting the interface between a normal conductor (N) and a
42:(green) in the normal conductor. Vertical arrows indicate the
16:
Scattering process at the normal-metal-superconductor interface
996:
970:
396:
118:
The spin-dependence of Andreev reflection gives rise to the
1029:
166:
The process is of interest in the formation of solid-state
131:
122:
technique, whereby a narrow superconducting tip (often
364:
69:in S. Each Andreev reflection transfers a charge
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309:Superconductivity of Metals and Alloys
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61:which occurs at interfaces between a
330:(Second ed.). New York: Dover.
53:, named after the Russian physicist
13:
295:
14:
1082:
328:Introduction to Superconductivity
120:Point contact Andreev reflection
93:. The incident electron forms a
46:band occupied by each particle.
225:
188:
1:
181:
311:. New York: W. A. Benjamin.
35:in the superconductor and a
7:
556:10.1007/978-94-011-4327-1_4
507:10.1126/science.282.5386.85
460:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.1657
84:
10:
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933:Technological applications
150:Crossed Andreev reflection
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931:
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675:Characteristic parameters
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618:
307:de Gennes, P. G. (1966).
277:10.1209/epl/i2001-00303-0
219:10.1103/RevModPhys.77.109
692:London penetration depth
419:10.1103/PhysRevB.27.6739
388:10.1103/PhysRevB.25.4515
57:, is a type of particle
985:List of superconductors
863:By critical temperature
47:
631:Bean's critical state
22:
806:By magnetic response
168:quantum entanglement
136:critical temperature
55:Alexander F. Andreev
758:persistent currents
743:Little–Parks effect
548:1999cond.mat..9293B
499:1998Sci...282...85S
452:1995PhRvL..74.1657D
411:1983PhRvB..27.6739O
380:1982PhRvB..25.4515B
326:Tinkham, M (2004).
269:2001EL.....54..255F
246:Europhysics Letters
1071:Mesoscopic physics
1061:Physical phenomena
718:Andreev reflection
713:Abrikosov vortices
51:Andreev reflection
48:
1056:Superconductivity
1043:
1042:
961:quantum computing
927:
926:
783:superdiamagnetism
612:Superconductivity
565:978-0-7923-6626-3
337:978-0-486-43503-9
318:978-0-7382-0101-6
176:quantum computing
1078:
992:bilayer graphene
966:Rutherford cable
878:room temperature
873:high temperature
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763:proximity effect
738:Josephson effect
682:coherence length
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792:
748:Meissner effect
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697:Silsbee current
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636:Ginzburg–Landau
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609:
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493:(5386): 85–88.
430:Phys. Rev. Lett
354:Sov. Phys. JETP
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296:Further reading
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31:(S) produces a
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253:(2): 255–261.
237:Denis Feinberg
233:Guiseppe Falci
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63:superconductor
37:retroreflected
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914:oxypnictides
849:conventional
788:superstripes
733:flux pumping
728:flux pinning
723:Cooper pairs
717:
529:
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405:(11): 6739.
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399:Phys. Rev. B
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368:Phys. Rev. B
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67:supercurrent
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773:SU(2) color
753:Homes's law
374:(7): 4515.
172:spintronics
112:ferromagnet
103:electron).
95:Cooper pair
33:Cooper pair
1066:Scattering
1050:Categories
909:iron-based
768:reentrance
203:(1): 109.
182:References
157:coercivity
91:energy gap
75:energy gap
59:scattering
706:Phenomena
532:: 51–60.
285:250799565
941:cryotron
899:cuprates
894:covalent
651:Matthias
619:Theories
574:14111103
476:10784697
468:10059084
128:antimony
85:Overview
25:electron
1035:more...
919:organic
544:Bibcode
515:9756482
495:Bibcode
487:Science
448:Bibcode
407:Bibcode
376:Bibcode
360:: 1228.
265:Bibcode
124:niobium
812:Types
646:London
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346:Papers
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1025:TBCCO
997:BSCCO
976:wires
971:SQUID
570:S2CID
534:arXiv
472:S2CID
438:arXiv
301:Books
281:S2CID
255:arXiv
205:arXiv
1030:YBCO
1020:NbTi
1015:NbSn
1002:LBCO
560:ISBN
511:PMID
464:PMID
332:ISBN
313:ISBN
174:and
132:lead
108:i.e.
100:spin
44:spin
40:hole
1007:MgB
956:NMR
951:MRI
826:1.5
666:WHH
661:RVB
626:BCS
552:doi
530:559
503:doi
491:282
456:doi
415:doi
384:doi
273:doi
215:doi
130:or
23:An
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