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758:
259:
40:
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332:
1049:-speaking peoples moving onto the Colorado Plateau, as well as climate change that resulted in agricultural failures. The archaeological record indicates that for Ancestral Puebloans to adapt to climatic change by changing residences and locations was not unusual. Early Pueblo I Era sites may have housed up to 600 individuals in a few separate but closely spaced settlement clusters. However, they were generally occupied for 30 years or less. Archaeologist Timothy A. Kohler excavated large Pueblo I sites near
1297:
914:
1019:
967:), the population grew fast due to consistent and regular rainfall which supported agriculture. Studies of skeletal remains show increased fertility rather than decreased mortality. However, this tenfold population increase over a few generations was probably also due to migrations of people from surrounding areas. Innovations such as pottery, food storage, and agriculture enabled this rapid growth. Over several decades, the Ancestral Puebloan culture spread across the landscape.
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classification devices based on theoretical perspectives, analytical methods, and data available at the time of analysis and publication. They are subject to change, not only on the basis of new information and discoveries, but also as attitudes and perspectives change within the scientific community. It should not be assumed that an archaeological division or culture unit corresponds to a particular language group or to a socio-political entity such as a tribe.
3129:
1168:
399:
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1182:, Jonathan Haas of the Field Museum in Chicago has been studying a group of Ancestral Puebloan villages that relocated from the canyons to the high mesa tops during the late 13th century. Haas believes that the reason to move so far from water and arable land was a defense against enemies. He asserts that isolated communities relied on raiding for food and supplies, and that internal conflict and warfare became common in the 13th century.
870:
73:
58:
1084:
721:
1266:, the acknowledged dean of Southwestern Archaeology. Kidder felt that it was less cumbersome than a more technical term he might have used. Subsequently some archaeologists who would try to change the term have worried that because the Pueblos speak different languages, there are different words for "ancestor," and using one might be offensive to people speaking other languages.
475:
CE, the pottery styles commonly had black-painted designs on white or light gray backgrounds. Decoration is characterized by fine hatching, and contrasting colors are produced by the use of mineral-based paint on a chalky background. South of the
Anasazi territory, in Mogollon settlements, pottery was more often hand-coiled, scraped, and polished, with red to brown coloring.
1127:) assert the Ancestral Puebloans did not "vanish", as is commonly portrayed. They say that the people migrated to areas in the southwest with more favorable rainfall and dependable streams. They merged into the various Pueblo peoples whose descendants still live in Arizona and New Mexico. This perspective was also presented by early 20th-century anthropologists, including
602:, called the "Sky City", in New Mexico. Before 900 CE and progressing past the 13th century, the population complexes were major cultural centers. In Chaco Canyon, Chacoan developers quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling 15 major complexes. These ranked as the largest buildings in North America until the late 19th century.
1357:, can be significant barriers for human communities, likely reducing the frequency of contact with other groups. Current opinion holds that the closer cultural similarity between the Mogollon and Ancestral Puebloans, and their greater differences from the Hohokam and Patayan, is due to both the geography and the variety of climate zones in the Southwest.
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powerful lineage, traced through the female line, for approximately 330 years. While other
Ancestral Pueblo burials have not yet been subjected to the same archaeogenomic testing, the survival of matrilineal descent among contemporary Pueblo peoples suggests that this may have been a widespread practice among Ancestral Puebloans.
572:) have brought renown to the Ancestral Pueblo peoples. They consisted of apartment complexes and structures made of stone, adobe mud, and other local material, or were carved into canyon walls. Developed within these cultures, the people also adopted design details from other cultures as far away as contemporary
1327:
The modern term "style" has a bearing on how material items such as pottery or architecture can be interpreted. Within a people, different means to accomplish the same goal can be adopted by subsets of the larger group. For example, in modern
Western cultures, there are alternative styles of clothing
1315:
Archaeological research focuses on items left behind during people's activities: fragments of pottery vessels, garbage, human remains, stone tools or evidence left from the construction of dwellings. However, many other aspects of the culture of prehistoric peoples are not tangible. Their beliefs and
1240:
This evidence of warfare, conflict, and cannibalism is hotly debated by some scholars and interest groups. Suggested alternatives include: a community suffering the pressure of starvation or extreme social stress, dismemberment and cannibalism as religious ritual or in response to religious conflict,
1095:
In this later period, the Pueblo II became more self-contained, decreasing trade and interaction with more distant communities. Southwest farmers developed irrigation techniques appropriate to seasonal rainfall, including soil and water control features such as check dams and terraces. The population
941:
The best-known site is at Mesa Verde, with a large number of well-preserved cliff dwellings. This area included common Pueblo architectural forms, such as kivas, towers, and pit-houses, but the space restrictions of these alcoves resulted in far denser populations. Mug House, a typical cliff dwelling
861:
and seashells, which are not part of this environment, and imported vessels distinguished by design, prove that the Chaco traded with distant regions. The widespread use of timber in
Chacoan constructions required a large system of easy transportation, as timber was not locally available. Analysis of
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Most houses faced south. Plazas were almost always surrounded by buildings of sealed-off rooms or high walls. There were often four or five stories, with single-story rooms facing the plaza; room blocks were terraced to allow the tallest sections to compose the pueblo's rear edifice. Rooms were often
734:
Immense complexes known as "great houses" embodied worship at Chaco. Archaeologists have found musical instruments, jewelry, ceramics, and ceremonial items, indicating people in the Great Houses were elite, wealthier families. They hosted indoor burials, where gifts were interred with the dead, often
489:
Changes in pottery composition, structure, and decoration are signals of social change in the archaeological record. This is particularly true as the peoples of the
American Southwest began to leave their historic homes and migrate south. According to archaeologists Patricia Crown and Steadman Upham,
1056:
Ancestral
Puebloans attained a cultural "Golden Age" between about 900 and 1150. During this time, generally classed as Pueblo II Era, the climate was relatively warm and rainfall mostly adequate. Communities grew larger and were inhabited for longer. Highly specific local traditions in architecture
852:
The system was discovered in the late 19th century and excavated in the 1970s. By the late 20th century, aerial and satellite photographs helped in the study. Archaeologists suggested that the road's main purpose was to transport local and exotic goods to and from the canyon. The economic purpose of
812:
Through satellite images and ground investigations, archaeologists have found eight main roads that together run for more than 180 miles (300 km), and are more than 30 feet (10 m) wide. These were built by excavating into a smooth, leveled surface in the bedrock or removing vegetation and soil.
1103:
Evidence suggests a profound change in religion in this period. Chacoan and other structures constructed originally along astronomical alignments, and thought to have served important ceremonial purposes to the culture, were systematically dismantled. Doorways were sealed with rock and mortar. Kiva
945:
Not all the people in the region lived in cliff dwellings; many colonized the canyon rims and slopes in multifamily structures that grew to unprecedented size as populations swelled. Decorative motifs for these sandstone/mortar structures, both cliff dwellings and not, included T-shaped windows and
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and under rock overhangs in canyon walls. Unlike earlier structures and villages atop mesas, this was a regional 13th-century trend of gathering the growing populations into close, defensible quarters. There were buildings for housing, defense, and storage. These were built mostly of blocks of hard
474:
Ancestral
Puebloans are also known for their pottery. Local plainware pottery used for cooking or storage was unpainted gray, either smooth or textured. Pottery used for more formal purposes was often more richly adorned. In the northern portion of the Ancestral Pueblo lands, from about 500 to 1300
381:
All areas of the
Ancestral Puebloan homeland suffered from periods of drought and erosion from wind and water. Summer rains could be unreliable and produced destructive thunderstorms. While the amount of winter snowfall varied greatly, the Ancestral Puebloans depended on the snow for most of their
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holds that the ancestors had achieved great spiritual power and control over natural forces. They used their power in ways that caused nature to change and caused changes that were never meant to occur. Possibly, the dismantling of their religious structures was an effort to symbolically undo the
1344:
Defining cultural groups, such as the
Ancestral Puebloans, tends to create an image of territories separated by clear-cut boundaries, like border boundaries separating modern states. These did not exist. Prehistoric people traded, worshipped, collaborated, and fought most often with other nearby
609:
at Chaco has been proposed, with the Sun Dagger petroglyph at Fajada Butte a popular example. Many
Chacoan buildings may have been aligned to capture the solar and lunar cycles, requiring generations of astronomical observations and centuries of skillfully coordinated construction. The Chacoans
1323:
Cultural divisions are tools of the modern scientist, and so should not be considered similar to divisions or relationships that the ancient residents may have recognized. Modern cultures in this region, many of whom claim some of these ancient people as ancestors, express a striking range of
808:
One of the most notable aspects of Ancestral Puebloan infrastructure is the Chaco Road at Chaco Canyon, a system of roads radiating from many great house sites such as Pueblo Bonito, Chetro Ketl, and Una Vida. They led toward small outlier sites and natural features in the canyon and outside.
738:
Over centuries, architectural forms evolved but the complexes kept some core traits, such as their size. They averaged more than 200 rooms each, and some had 700 rooms. Rooms were very large, with higher ceilings than Ancestral Pueblo buildings of earlier periods. They were well-planned: vast
529:
Recent archaeological evidence has established that in at least one great house, Pueblo Bonito, the elite family whose burials associate them with the site practiced matrilineal succession. Room 33 in Pueblo Bonito, the richest burial ever excavated in the Southwest, served as a crypt for one
1307:
Archaeological cultural units such as Ancestral Puebloan, Hohokam, Patayan, or Mogollon are used by archaeologists to define material culture similarities and differences that may identify prehistoric sociocultural units, equivalent to modern societies or peoples. The names and divisions are
1225:. This modest community appears to have been abandoned during the same time period. Other excavations within the Ancestral Puebloan cultural area have produced varying numbers of unburied, and in some cases dismembered, bodies. In a 2010 paper, Potter and Chuipka argued that evidence at
946:
doors. This has been taken by some archaeologists, such as Stephen Lekson (1999), as evidence of the continuation of the Chaco Canyon elite system, which had seemingly collapsed a century earlier. Other researchers instead explain these motifs as part a wider Pueblo style or religion.
921:'s Fire Temple, cut from laser scan data collected by a CyArk/National Park Service partnership. Since Fire Temple was at least partially built to conform to the dimensions of its cliff alcove, it is neither round in form nor truly subterranean like other structures defined as
1328:
that characterize older and younger generations. Some cultural differences may be based on linear traditions, on teaching from one generation or "school" to another. Other varieties in style may have distinguished between arbitrary groups within a culture, perhaps defining
211:, which means "village" and "people" in Spanish, was a term originating with the Spanish explorers who used it to refer to the people's particular style of dwelling. The Navajo people, who now reside in parts of former Pueblo territory, referred to the ancient people as
1010:. For unknown ages, they were led by chiefs and guided by spirits as they completed vast migrations throughout the continent of North America. They settled first in the Ancestral Puebloan areas for a few hundred years before moving to their present locations.
494:
in the 14th century may reflect religious or political alliances on a regional level. Late 14th- and 15th-century pottery from central Arizona, widely traded in the region, has colors and designs which may derive from earlier ware by both Ancestral Pueblo and
1270:
Many contemporary Pueblo peoples object to the use of the term Anasazi; controversy exists among them on a native alternative. Some modern descendants of this culture often choose to use the term "Ancestral Pueblo" peoples. Contemporary Hopi use the word
769:
Ceremonial structures known as kivas were built in proportion to the number of rooms in a pueblo. A small kiva was built for roughly every 29 rooms. Nine complexes each had a Great Kiva, up to 63 feet (19 m) in diameter. T-shaped doorways and stone
1262:, a rancher and trader who, in 1888–1889, was the first Anglo-American to explore the sites in that area. Wetherill knew and worked with Navajos and understood what the word meant. The name was further sanctioned in archaeology when it was adopted by
1209:
tribes most notably. Others suggest that more developed villages, such as that at Chaco Canyon, exhausted their environments, resulting in widespread deforestation and eventually the fall of their civilization through warfare over depleted resources.
466:
by Spanish colonists, were accessible only by rope or through rock climbing. These astonishing building achievements had modest beginnings. The first Ancestral Puebloan homes and villages were based on the pit-house, a common feature in the
1053:, and discovered that they were established during periods of above-average rainfall. This allowed crops to be grown without requiring irrigation. At the same time, nearby areas that suffered significantly drier patterns were abandoned.
828:, the West Road, and the shorter Pintado-Chaco Road. Simple structures like berms and walls are sometimes aligned along the roads. Some tracts of the roads lead to natural features such as springs, lakes, mountain tops, and pinnacles.
482:, were often used for liquids. Pottery from the southern regions of Ancestral Pueblo lands has bold, black-line decoration and the use of carbon-based colorants. In northern New Mexico, the local black-on-white pottery tradition, the
385:
Where sandstone layers overlay shale, snow melt could accumulate and create seeps and springs, which the Ancestral Puebloans used as water sources. Snow also fed the smaller, more predictable tributaries, such as the Chinle, Animas,
289:. In relation to neighboring cultures, the Ancestral Puebloans occupied the northeast quadrant of the area. The Ancestral Puebloan homeland centers on the Colorado Plateau, but extends from central New Mexico on the east to southern
1146:
people believe that their ancestors lived in both the Mesa Verde and the Bandelier areas. Evidence also suggests that a profound change took place in the Ancestral Pueblo area and areas inhabited by their cultural neighbors, the
583:. Hundreds to thousands of people lived in these communities. These complexes hosted cultural and civic events and infrastructure that supported a vast outlying region hundreds of miles away linked by transportation roadways.
1104:
walls show marks from great fires set within them, which probably required removal of the massive roof – a task which would require significant effort. Habitations were abandoned, and tribes divided and resettled far.
223:
meaning "ancestors of our enemies", referring to their competition with the Pueblo peoples. The Navajo now use the term in the sense of referring to "ancient people" or "ancient ones", whereas others ascribe the meaning of
1249:
The term "Anasazi" was established in archaeological terminology through the Pecos Classification system in 1927. It had been adopted from the Navajo. Archaeologist Linda Cordell discussed the word's etymology and use:
1352:
Departures from the expected pattern may occur because of unidentified social or political situations or because of geographic barriers. In the Southwest, mountain ranges, rivers, and most obviously, the
942:
of the period, was home to around 100 people who shared 94 small rooms and eight kivas, built right up against each other and sharing many walls. Builders maximized space use and no area was off-limits.
1258:, meaning "enemy ancestors." It is unfortunate that a non-Pueblo word has come to stand for a tradition that is certainly ancestral Pueblo. The term was first applied to ruins of the Mesa Verde by
1030:
The Ancestral Puebloans left their established homes in the 12th and 13th centuries. The main reason is unclear. Factors discussed include global or regional climate change, prolonged drought,
1277:
in preference to Anasazi. Others have objected to Cordell's definition of the name "Anasazi", saying that its true connotation means in the Navajo language "those that do things differently."
800:
The Chacoan structures together required the wood of 200,000 conifer trees, mostly hauled – on foot – from mountain ranges up to 70 miles (110 km) away.
1241:
the influx of outsiders seeking to drive out a settled agricultural community via calculated atrocity, or an invasion of a settled region by nomadic raiders who practiced cannibalism.
1324:
diversity in lifestyles, social organization, language, and religious beliefs. This suggests the ancient people were also more diverse than their material remains may suggest.
1858:
Perry, George H.; Reich, David; Whiteley, Peter M.; LeBlanc, Steven A.; Kistler, Logan; Stewardson, Kristin; Swapan Mallick; Rohland, Nadin; Skoglund, Pontus (2017-02-21).
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After around 1130, North America had significant climatic change in the form of a 300-year period of aridity called the Great Drought. This also led to the collapse of the
518:
pictographs in locations where the images were protected from the sun yet visible to the public. Designs include human-like forms. The so-called "Holy Ghost panel" in the
842:
The longest and best-known of these roads is the Great North Road, which originates from different routes close to Pueblo Bonito and Chetro Ketl. These roads converge at
2345:
Potter, James M.; Chuipka, Jason P. (December 2010). "Perimortem mutilation of human remains in an early village in the American Southwest: A case for ethnic violence".
390:, and Taos Rivers. The larger rivers were less directly important to the ancient culture, as smaller streams were more easily diverted or controlled for irrigation.
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Built well before 1492 CE, these towns and villages were located in defensive positions, for example on high, steep mesas such as at Mesa Verde or present-day
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The Ancestral Puebloan culture is perhaps best known for the stone and earth dwellings its people built along cliff walls, particularly during the
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affiliation, religious belief or cultural alliances. Variations may also simply reflect the different resources available in a given time or area.
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Ancestral Pueblo people in the North American Southwest crafted a unique architecture with planned community spaces. Population centers such as
4627:
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also collapsed during this period. Confirming evidence dated between 1150 and 1350 has been found in excavations of the western regions of the
849:
Archaeological interpretations of the Chaco road system are divided between an economic purpose and a symbolic, ideological or religious role.
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Speller, Camilla F.; Kemp, Brian M.; Wyatt, Scott D.; Monroe, Cara; Lipe, William D.; Arndt, Ursula M.; Yang, Dongya Y. (22 January 2010).
180:. Beginning with the earliest explorations and excavations, researchers identified Ancestral Puebloans as the forerunners of contemporary
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The Ancestral Puebloans were one of four major prehistoric archaeological traditions recognized in the American Southwest, also known as
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Lightfoot, Dale R. (October 1993). "The landscape context of Anasazi pebble-mulched fields in the Galisteo Basin, Northern New Mexico".
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The largest roads, built at the same time as many of the great houses (1000 to 1125 CE), are: the Great North Road, the South Road, the
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158:, and cliff-sited dwellings for defense. They had a complex network linking hundreds of communities and population centers across the
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due to a different cycle unrelated to rainfall. This forced the abandonment of settlements in the more arid or overfarmed locations.
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eras, from about 900 to 1350 CE in total. The best-preserved examples of the stone dwellings are now protected within United States'
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378:, rock overhangs formed. The Ancestral Puebloans favored building under such overhangs for shelters and defensive building sites.
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1284:, explains his reason for using the term "Anasazi" over a term like "Puebloan", noting that the latter term "derives from the
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found remains of at least 24 human skeletons that showed evidence of violence and dismemberment, with strong indications of
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in New Mexico. Structures and other evidence of Ancestral Puebloan culture have been found extending east onto the American
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of the region continued to be mobile, abandoning settlements and fields under adverse conditions. There was also a drop in
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the Chaco road system is shown by the presence of luxury items at Pueblo Bonito and elsewhere in the canyon. Items such as
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Areas of southern Nevada, Utah, and Colorado form a loose northern boundary, while the southern edge is defined by the
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Great Drought. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 30, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:
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Adams, Karen R.; Stewart, Joe D.; Baldwin, Stuart J. (2002). "Pottery Paint and Other Uses of Rocky Mountain Beeweed (
1159:(1999). No academic consensus exists with the professional archeological and anthropological community on this issue.
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1994:
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behavior are difficult to decipher from physical materials, and their languages remain unknown as they had no known
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Laser scan section of the four-story Square Tower House, data collected by a CyArk/National Park Service partnership
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continue to debate when this distinct culture emerged. The current agreement, based on terminology defined by the
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changes they believed they caused due to their abuse of their spiritual power, and thus make amends with nature.
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Ancestral Puebloan culture has been divided into three main areas or branches, based on geographical location:
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Pursh) in the Southwestern United States: Ethnographic Data, Archæological Record, and Elemental Composition".
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166:, a congregational space that was used mostly for ceremonies, was an integral part of the community structure.
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mortar. Walls were covered in a veneer of small sandstone pieces, which were pressed into a layer of binding
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regions have high elevations ranging from 4,500 to 8,500 feet (1,400 to 2,600 m). Extensive horizontal
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Multistory dwellings at Bandelier: Rock wall foundations and beam holes and "cavates" carved into volcanic
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and from there lead north beyond the canyon limits. Along roadways were only small, isolated structures.
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2174:"Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication"
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This conflict may have been aggravated by the influx of less settled peoples, Numic-speakers such as the
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of an oppressor who treated the indigenes of the Southwest far more brutally than the Navajo ever did."
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Environmental stress may have caused changes in social structure, leading to conflict and warfare. Near
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erosion or deforestation, hostility from new arrivals, religious or cultural change, and influence from
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abandoned the canyon, probably due to climate change beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
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Large ramps and stairways in the cliff rock connect the roads above the canyon to sites at the bottom.
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This evidence suggests that the religious structures were abandoned deliberately over time. Pueblo
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2137:, paper presented to the 65th annual meeting of the Society of American Archaeology, Philadelphia.
162:. They held a distinct knowledge of celestial sciences that found form in their architecture. The
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mortar. Constructions had many similarities, but unique forms due to the unique rock topography.
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organized into suites, with front rooms larger than rear, interior, and storage rooms or areas.
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2064:"Strontium isotopes reveal distant sources of architectural timber in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico"
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Throughout the southwest Ancestral Puebloan region, the inhabitants built complexes in shallow
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These buildings were usually multistoried and multipurposed, and surrounded by open plazas and
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176:, suggests their emergence around the 12th century BCE, during the archaeologically designated
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water. Snow melt allowed the germination of seeds, both wild and cultivated, in the spring.
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2732:; Meko, David M.; MacDonald, Glen M.; Stahle, Dave W.; Cook, Edward R. (14 December 2010).
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landscape. In areas where resistant strata (sedimentary rock layers), such as sandstone or
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Many modern Pueblo tribes trace their lineage from specific settlements. For example, the
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English, Nathan B.; Betancourt, Julio L.; Dean, Jeffrey S.; Quade, Jay (9 October 2001).
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1080:, which show long-lasting patterns of warmer, wetter winters and cooler, drier summers.
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Certain tall cylinders were likely ceremonial vessels, while narrow-necked jars, called
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Fagan, Brian M. "Ancient North America: Tha Archaeology of a Continent (part five)."
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Kidder, Alfred V. (1936). Speculations on New World prehistory. In R.H. Lowie (Ed.),
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Wally Talks a little about the Anasazi people from the perspective of Navajo people
1285:
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1234:
1179:
1148:
1136:
1132:
1045:
Current scholarly consensus is that Ancestral Puebloans responded to pressure from
821:
701:
683:
606:
561:
496:
278:
267:
159:
116:
1624:
1581:
1254:
The name "Anasazi" has come to mean "ancient people," although the word itself is
146:
The Ancestral Puebloans lived in a range of structures that included small family
4403:
4357:
4109:
4054:
4044:
3904:
3683:
3613:
3608:
3588:
3555:
3407:
3269:
3212:
3187:
2948:
2933:
2436:
2134:
1686:
1255:
1194:
1152:
778:
728:
710:
674:
586:
359:
2812:
2734:"A 1,200-year perspective of 21st century drought in southwestern North America"
1679:
1057:
and pottery emerged, and trade over long distances appears to have been common.
1042:
cultures. Many of these possibilities are supported by archaeological evidence.
998:
Modern Pueblo oral traditions hold that the Ancestral Puebloans originated from
526:
where the largest figure appears to take on a three-dimensional representation.
4485:
4470:
4460:
4099:
3929:
3884:
3781:
3693:
3648:
3373:
3335:
3320:
3305:
3067:
3012:
2574:
2553:
2278:
1424:
1317:
874:
746:
422:
418:
366:
have created steep-walled canyons, and sculpted windows and bridges out of the
325:
297:
139:'their ancestors') although Kidder thought it meant 'old people'. Contemporary
120:
4362:
3494:
2679:
2358:
2282:
1660:
1201:
Diné who migrated from the north during this time and subsequently became the
1197:, who may have originated in what is today California, and the arrival of the
913:
95:
culture, were an ancient Native American culture that spanned the present-day
4581:
4342:
4337:
4229:
4179:
4174:
4159:
4149:
4144:
3894:
3771:
3583:
3560:
3453:
3207:
2943:
2938:
2487:
House of Rain: Tracking a Vanished Civilization Across the American Southwest
1891:
1372:
1329:
1069:
964:
777:
Although simple and compound walls were often used, great houses usually had
414:
402:
181:
2750:
2715:, George H.H. Huey, photography, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association,
2198:
1514:
Cordell, Linda S. (1979). "Prehistory: Eastern Anasazi". In A. Ortiz (Ed.),
1488:
Woodbury, Richard B. (1979). "Prehistory: Introduction". In A. Ortiz (Ed.),
1018:
4545:
4500:
4450:
4440:
4420:
4388:
4289:
4244:
4224:
4009:
3989:
3954:
3869:
3854:
3673:
3545:
3417:
3353:
3310:
3297:
3259:
3202:
2992:
2769:
2635:
2217:
2107:
2088:
1909:
1745:
1429:
1354:
1349:: "increasing gradually as the distance separating groups also increases".
1296:
1226:
1108:
1039:
974:
960:
599:
549:
331:
313:
274:
96:
43:
2675:
The Primary Architecture of the Chacoan Culture: A Cosmological Expression
2604:. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1966, republished 1998.
905:
885:
866:
isotopes shows that much of the timber came from distant mountain ranges.
4398:
4279:
4259:
4124:
3984:
3974:
3859:
3603:
3017:
2985:
2953:
2913:
2584:
1434:
1399:
1214:
1097:
1023:
843:
511:
507:
387:
355:
321:
239:
197:
169:
2122:
The Chaco Meridian: centers of Political Power in the Ancient Southwest.
1883:
1784:
4435:
4332:
4204:
4119:
3944:
3217:
2997:
2903:
2898:
2658:
In Search of the Old Ones: Exploring the Anasazi World of the Southwest
1414:
1282:
In Search of the Old Ones: Exploring the Anasazi World of the Southwest
1167:
1007:
987:
918:
890:
398:
309:
123:. The people and their archaeological culture are often referred to as
108:
4034:
2975:
1527:
Plog, Fred. (1979). "Prehistory: Western Anasazi". In A. Ortiz (Ed.),
1518:(Vol. 9, pp. 131–151). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
1505:(Vol. 9, pp. 108–130). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
1501:
Plog, Fred. (1979). "Prehistory: Western Anasazi". In A. Ortiz (Ed.),
1389:
1346:
1157:
Lies Across America: What Our Historic Markers and Monuments Get Wrong
797:. These surfacing stones were often arranged in distinctive patterns.
184:
although specific site to modern group connections are unclear. Three
4209:
4039:
3422:
2968:
2918:
1404:
1186:
863:
858:
786:
371:
367:
147:
2558:
Chaco Canyon: Archaeologists Explore the Lives of an Ancient Society
869:
785:
filled the gap between parallel load-bearing walls of dressed, flat
143:
object to the use of this term, with some viewing it as derogatory.
72:
57:
4408:
4372:
4322:
4184:
3969:
3192:
3138:
3128:
2928:
2785:
Bandelier National Monument Virtual Museum Exhibit and Lesson Plans
1190:
1083:
1065:
580:
503:
140:
112:
2455:. Navajo Traditional Teachings. 6:00–6:27 minutes in – via
1531:(Vol. 9, pp. 108). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
115:. They are believed to have developed, at least in part, from the
4415:
3899:
3776:
3698:
3182:
3072:
3062:
3052:
2958:
2908:
2884:
2875:
2456:
1860:"Archaeogenomic evidence reveals prehistoric matrilineal dynasty"
1666:
1492:(Vol. 9, pp. 23). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
1394:
1116:
1035:
980:
720:
462:
405:, the largest of the Chacoan Great Houses, stands at the foot of
363:
351:
343:
339:
286:
282:
263:
250:, meaning "ancient people", to describe the Ancestral Puebloans.
155:
104:
742:
27:
Ancient Native American culture in Four Corners region of the US
3761:
2704:
https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243212/Great-Drought
2040:
Kantner, John (2004). "Ancient Puebloan Southwest", pp. 161–166
1345:
groups. Cultural differences should therefore be understood as
1206:
1202:
1124:
1001:
854:
782:
771:
573:
290:
350:
are capped by sedimentary formations and support woodlands of
4505:
3007:
1703:. Tucson, AZ, US: Southwest Parks and Monuments Association.
1665:. Navajo Traditional Teachings. 2:05 minutes in – via
1337:
1046:
935:
930:
922:
894:
375:
127:, a term introduced by Alfred V. Kidder from the Navajo word
2728:
1594:
1311:
Current terms and conventions have significant limitations:
1233:, is best interpreted as warfare related to competition and
4465:
2963:
2923:
2794:
Chaco Culture National Historic Park Virtual Museum Exhibit
1333:
1120:
790:
591:
479:
347:
163:
151:
100:
2838:
Art by the Ancient Pueblo (Anasazi) at the Brooklyn Museum
2140:
2061:
1825:. St. Remy Press and Smithsonian Institution. p. 20.
188:
located in the United States are credited to the Pueblos:
2580:
From Black Land to Fifth Sun: The Science of Sacred Sites
2374:"Researchers Divided Over Whether Anasazi Were Cannibals"
1857:
794:
342:
and resources within this large region vary greatly. The
3474:
List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado
2660:. Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group, 1996.
335:
Major Ancestral Puebloan sites in the Four Corners area
2255:
2224:
2171:
889:
Plan of entire Spruce Tree House from above, cut from
2808:
An Early Population Explosion on the Colorado Plateau
2008:
2006:
1839:
362:, each favoring different elevations. Wind and water
99:
region of the United States, comprising southeastern
2411:
1804:
1802:
1544:(p. 152). Berkeley: University of California Press.
1542:
Essays in anthroplogy presented to Alfred L. Kroeber
725:
Mancos Pitcher with Black on White Geometric Designs
228:
to "those who are different from our people"; (lit.
2272:
2270:
1758:
761:
Doorways, Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico
2620:. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press.
2303:
2003:
1940:
262:Map of Ancestral Pueblo and neighboring cultures:
2813:The People of the Mountains, Mesas and Grasslands
2522:Collapse: How societies choose to fail or succeed
1799:
1379:Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
4579:
2678:, University of New Mexico Press, archived from
2489:. Little, Brown and Company, February 22, 2007.
2267:
522:is considered to be one of the earliest uses of
4658:13th-century disestablishments in North America
3524:
2738:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2371:
2178:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2068:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1989:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 115.
2505:. St. Remy Press and Smithsonian Institution.
2463:
2284:Secrets of the Dead: Cannibalism in the Canyon
2158:The first to surmise this was John W. Powell,
1966:
1957:
1955:
1916:
1553:
1244:
1013:
30:"Anasazi" redirects here. For other uses, see
3510:
3111:
2858:
2618:Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest
2344:
2326:Prehistoric Cannibalism at Mancos 5MTUMR-2346
2052:National Park Service. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
1928:
1616:U*X*L Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes.
1529:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
1516:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
1503:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
1490:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
1155:agrees with this oral tradition in his book,
735:including bowls of food and turquoise beads.
2833:Life Lists at SmithsonianMag.com: Mesa Verde
1689:, from CP-LUHNA, Northern Arizona University
1022:Chaco Culture bowl, 11th to 13th centuries,
994:) (southwest Colorado and southeastern Utah)
934:sandstone, held together and plastered with
803:
374:, overlie more easily eroded strata such as
213:
2018:
1952:
1771:(4). Leeds, UK: Maney Publishing: 339–362.
1420:Prehistoric Southwestern cultural divisions
393:
3517:
3503:
3118:
3104:
2865:
2851:
2135:"The Chaco Meridian: A skeptical analysis"
2036:
2034:
2032:
1272:
999:
244:
4025:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
2759:
2749:
2640:Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest
2207:
2197:
2097:
2087:
1899:
1723:
1698:
1072:in present-day Bolivia. The contemporary
873:Precontact roads and great houses in the
502:The Ancestral Puebloans also excelled at
439:Canyons of the Ancients National Monument
4613:Archaeological cultures of North America
2242:
2124:Walnut Creek, California: Altamira Press
1554:Cordell, Linda; McBrinn, Maxine (2012).
1368:Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest
1295:
1291:
1166:
1082:
1017:
912:
904:
884:
868:
756:
741:
719:
585:
397:
330:
257:
71:
56:
38:
2708:
2698:, South Carolina Educational Television
2519:
2398:
2261:
2230:
2146:
2029:
1922:
1820:
959:During the period from 700 to 1130 CE (
739:sections were built in a single stage.
490:the appearance of the bright colors on
14:
4580:
3087:List of Indian reservations in Arizona
2892:Contemporary peoples native to Arizona
2693:
2671:
2642:. London, England: Thames and Hudson.
2602:Glen Canyon: An Archaeological Summary
2399:Preston, Douglas (November 30, 1998).
2365:
2347:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
2024:
1984:
1961:
1644:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1567:
1565:
838:Great North Road (Ancestral Puebloans)
751:Chaco Culture National Historical Park
431:Chaco Culture National Historical Park
194:Chaco Culture National Historical Park
4628:Native American history of New Mexico
3498:
3479:List of prehistoric sites in Colorado
3099:
2846:
2573:
2552:
2376:. National Geographic. Archived from
2012:
1972:
1946:
1934:
1752:
1571:
4638:Post-Archaic period in North America
2043:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1115:Most modern Pueblo peoples (whether
880:
4496:Norse colonization of North America
2615:
2500:
2417:
2309:
2243:Peterson, Larry (6 February 2017).
1845:
1808:
1608:
1562:
831:
544:List of dwellings of Pueblo peoples
514:. Ancestral Pueblo peoples painted
76:Horseshoe Tower in the snow at the
24:
4618:Native American history of Arizona
1659:Wally Brown (September 19, 2017).
455:Canyon de Chelly National Monument
63:Canyon de Chelly National Monument
25:
4679:
4668:Puebloan buildings and structures
4623:Native American history of Nevada
2818:Cliff Palace of the Anasazi Photo
2778:
1452:
727:, Ancestral Pueblo, 900–1300 AD,
4643:Prehistoric cultures in Colorado
3127:
2874:
2634:
2469:
2452:There are No Anasazi Descendants
629:
486:, continued well after 1300 CE.
4633:Native American history of Utah
4516:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
3234:Southern Ute Indian Reservation
3027:Prehistoric cultures in Arizona
2442:
2423:
2392:
2372:Alexandra Witze (1 June 2001).
2338:
2315:
2291:from the original on 2021-11-07
2236:
2165:
2152:
2133:Phillips, David A., Jr., 2000,
2127:
2114:
2055:
1978:
1851:
1814:
1717:
1692:
1680:The Anasazi or "Ancient Pueblo"
1673:
1652:
1578:University of Northern Colorado
1300:Boy in doorway, Balcony House,
613:
533:
4653:12th-century BC establishments
3153:Outline of Colorado prehistory
2803:People of the Colorado Plateau
1777:10.1080/00231940.2002.11758462
1701:Pecos National Historical Park
1588:
1547:
1534:
1521:
1508:
1495:
1482:
1173:Pecos National Historical Park
1006:, where they emerged from the
61:White House Ruin Trail at the
13:
1:
2541:, Inc., New York City, 1991.
2449:Wally Brown (July 17, 2023).
1441:
639:Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era
443:Aztec Ruins National Monument
150:, larger structures to house
4481:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
4431:Eastern Agricultural Complex
2162:, 1895, Flood & Vincent.
1556:Archaeology of the Southwest
1087:Ancestral Puebloan ruins in
1034:such as cyclical periods of
253:
203:
91:and by the earlier term the
7:
3865:Bandelier National Monument
3739:List of Mississippian sites
3526:Pre-Columbian North America
2696:The Mystery of Chaco Canyon
2616:LeBlanc, Steven A. (1999).
2560:, Oxford University Press,
1360:
1280:David Roberts, in his book
1245:Anasazi as a cultural label
1014:Migration from the homeland
992:Hovenweep National Monument
566:Bandelier National Monument
451:Hovenweep National Monument
447:Bandelier National Monument
186:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
131:meaning 'enemy ancestors' (
119:, which developed from the
78:Hovenweep National Monument
10:
4684:
4285:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
3890:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
3599:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
2524:, London: Viking Penguin,
2501:Cordell, Linda S. (1994).
1465:"Ancestral Pueblo culture"
1162:
954:
949:
917:Section view of Kiva A in
835:
774:marked all Chacoan kivas.
537:
52:Montezuma County, Colorado
29:
4554:
4526:Three Sisters agriculture
4381:
4313:
3845:
3574:
3532:
3466:
3431:
3382:
3344:
3296:
3287:
3247:
3226:
3175:
3166:
3145:
3081:
3026:
2891:
2823:1054 Supernova Petrograph
2709:Strutin, Michele (1994),
2435:January 25, 2016, at the
2401:"Cannibals of the Canyon"
2359:10.1016/j.jaa.2010.08.001
1985:Stuart, David E. (2000).
1699:Gustafson, Sarah (1997).
1032:environmental degradation
804:Ceremonial infrastructure
594:remain from upper floors.
232:= "different from us" +
4065:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
3624:Buttermilk Creek complex
3255:Battle of Beecher Island
2712:Chaco: A Cultural Legacy
2120:Lekson, Stephen (1999).
1685:August 28, 2015, at the
1302:Mesa Verde National Park
983:(northeast Arizona), and
648:Early Basketmaker II Era
506:, which included carved
435:Mesa Verde National Park
427:Navajo National Monument
394:Cultural characteristics
190:Mesa Verde National Park
178:Early Basketmaker II Era
48:Mesa Verde National Park
32:Anasazi (disambiguation)
4265:Town Creek Indian Mound
4235:Sierra de San Francisco
4090:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
2751:10.1073/pnas.0911197107
2520:Diamond, Jared (2005),
2287:(Motion Picture). PBS.
2245:"Mountains of Evidence"
2199:10.1073/pnas.0909724107
2160:Canyons of the Colorado
1821:Cordell, Linda (1994).
1469:Encyclopædia Britannica
1273:
1000:
657:Late Basketmaker II Era
460:These villages, called
245:
4608:Pre-Columbian cultures
3920:Coso Rock Art District
3807:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
3710:List of Hopewell sites
3439:Cynthia Irwin-Williams
3239:Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
3158:Prehistory of Colorado
2503:Ancient Pueblo Peoples
2089:10.1073/pnas.211305498
1823:Ancient Pueblo Peoples
1746:10.1002/gea.3340080502
1603:Real Academia Española
1385:Cynthia Irwin-Williams
1304:
1268:
1175:
1171:Pecos Glazeware bowl,
1129:Frank Hamilton Cushing
1092:
1089:Dark Canyon Wilderness
1027:
977:(northwest New Mexico)
926:
910:
902:
877:
762:
754:
731:
595:
570:Los Alamos, New Mexico
554:Crownpoint, New Mexico
484:Rio Grande white wares
410:
336:
302:Little Colorado Rivers
270:
214:
80:
69:
67:Apache County, Arizona
54:
18:Ancient Pueblo Peoples
4663:Puebloan architecture
4603:Oasisamerica cultures
4328:Arlington Springs Man
4170:Portsmouth Earthworks
3484:Trail of the Ancients
2798:National Park Service
2789:National Park Service
2694:Sofaer, Anna (1999),
2672:Sofaer, Anna (1997),
1864:Nature Communications
1299:
1292:Cultural distinctions
1252:
1213:A 1997 excavation at
1170:
1086:
1074:Mississippian culture
1021:
916:
908:
899:National Park Service
888:
872:
760:
745:
723:
589:
524:graphical perspective
401:
334:
277:. The others are the
261:
75:
60:
42:
4536:Transoceanic contact
4426:Container Revolution
4000:Gila Cliff Dwellings
3965:Etowah Indian Mounds
3432:Noted archaeologists
3403:Dismal River culture
3364:Mount Albion complex
3167:Contemporary peoples
2730:Woodhouse, Connie A.
1572:Hewit (2010-07-09).
1410:Matrilocal residence
1144:San Ildefonso Pueblo
1068:civilization around
1059:Domesticated turkeys
893:data collected by a
826:Mexican Springs Road
824:, Ahshislepah Road,
516:Barrier Canyon Style
316:, in areas near the
174:Pecos Classification
87:, also known as the
4588:Ancestral Puebloans
4456:Green Corn Ceremony
4270:Turkey River Mounds
4060:Lake Jackson Mounds
3880:Blue Spring Shelter
3449:Waldo Rudolph Wedel
3393:Ancestral Puebloans
3359:Basketmaker culture
3288:Precontact cultures
3275:Sand Creek massacre
2744:(50): 21283–21288.
2600:Jennings, Jesse D.
2380:on October 25, 2001
2328:, Princeton, 1992,
2190:2010PNAS..107.2807S
2149:, pp. 136−156.
2080:2001PNAS...9811891E
2074:(21): 11891–11896.
1884:10.1038/ncomms14115
1876:2017NatCo...814115K
1738:1993Gearc...8..349L
1199:Athabaskan-speaking
986:Northern San Juan (
666:Basketmaker III Era
540:Pueblo architecture
304:in Arizona and the
236:= "the old ones").
111:, and southwestern
85:Ancestral Puebloans
4541:Underwater panther
4215:Rosenstock Village
4085:Marmes Rockshelter
4070:L'Anse aux Meadows
3444:Paul Sidney Martin
3169:native to Colorado
3135:Indigenous peoples
2881:Indigenous peoples
2828:The Chaco Meridian
2656:Roberts, David D.
2249:American Scientist
2015:, pp. 119–121
1949:, pp. 177–182
1848:, pp. 142–43.
1574:"Puebloan Culture"
1305:
1176:
1093:
1078:Mississippi Valley
1028:
927:
911:
903:
878:
818:Coyote Canyon Road
763:
755:
732:
622:Ancestral Puebloan
596:
492:Salado Polychromes
411:
337:
271:
93:Basketmaker-Pueblo
81:
70:
55:
4575:
4574:
4567:Pre-Columbian era
4368:Spirit Cave mummy
4165:Plum Bayou Mounds
4075:Lynch Quarry Site
3594:Ancient Beringian
3492:
3491:
3462:
3461:
3413:Panhandle culture
3331:Plainview complex
3283:
3282:
3265:Comanche Campaign
3093:
3092:
2539:Thames and Hudson
2531:978-0-1431-1700-1
2420:, pp. 18–19.
1260:Richard Wetherill
1231:Durango, Colorado
1219:Dolores, Colorado
1051:Dolores, Colorado
881:Cliff communities
718:
717:
693:Pueblo III Period
16:(Redirected from
4675:
4648:Southwest tribes
4598:Puebloan peoples
4511:Projectile point
4348:Leanderthal Lady
4275:Upward Sun River
4250:Stallings Island
4240:Shell ring sites
4190:Recapture Canyon
4105:Moorehead Circle
3950:El Fin del Mundo
3935:Cueva de la Olla
3741:
3728:Maritime Archaic
3712:
3542:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3467:Related articles
3398:Apishapa culture
3369:Oshara tradition
3326:Hell Gap complex
3316:Folsom tradition
3294:
3293:
3198:Jicarilla Apache
3173:
3172:
3132:
3131:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3042:
3034:Ancestral Pueblo
2879:
2878:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2773:
2763:
2753:
2725:
2699:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2682:on July 23, 2009
2653:
2631:
2597:
2570:
2534:
2516:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2446:
2440:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2342:
2336:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2277:Christy Turner,
2274:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2201:
2184:(7): 2807–2812.
2169:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2091:
2059:
2053:
2050:"Chacoan Roads."
2047:
2041:
2038:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1761:Cleome serrulata
1756:
1750:
1749:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1696:
1690:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1623:. Archived from
1612:
1606:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1580:. Archived from
1569:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1545:
1538:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1512:
1506:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1461:
1276:
1264:Alfred V. Kidder
1235:ethnic cleansing
1180:Kayenta, Arizona
1137:Alfred V. Kidder
1133:J. Walter Fewkes
1005:
832:Great North Road
822:Chacra Face Road
789:blocks bound in
702:Pueblo IV Period
684:Pueblo II Period
633:
618:
617:
607:archaeoastronomy
562:Cortez, Colorado
520:Horseshoe Canyon
248:
217:
160:Colorado Plateau
117:Oshara tradition
21:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4562:Genetic history
4550:
4404:Ceremonial pipe
4377:
4358:Minnesota Woman
4315:
4309:
4130:Ocmulgee Mounds
4110:Morrison Mounds
4055:Kolomoki Mounds
4045:Kimball Village
3905:Candelaria Cave
3847:
3841:
3822:Suwannee Valley
3757:Old Cordilleran
3737:
3708:
3576:
3570:
3536:
3528:
3523:
3493:
3488:
3458:
3427:
3408:Fremont culture
3378:
3340:
3289:
3279:
3270:Meeker Massacre
3243:
3222:
3168:
3162:
3141:
3126:
3124:
3094:
3089:
3077:
3038:
3022:
2949:Southern Paiute
2887:
2873:
2871:
2781:
2776:
2723:
2685:
2683:
2650:
2628:
2595:
2568:
2532:
2513:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2437:Wayback Machine
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2370:
2366:
2343:
2339:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2281:(17 May 2000).
2276:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1987:Anasazi America
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1800:
1757:
1753:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1697:
1693:
1687:Wayback Machine
1678:
1674:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1621:"Archived copy"
1619:
1613:
1609:
1593:
1589:
1570:
1563:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1439:
1363:
1294:
1247:
1165:
1153:James W. Loewen
1016:
957:
952:
883:
840:
834:
806:
779:core-and-veneer
729:Brooklyn Museum
713:
711:Pueblo V Period
704:
695:
686:
677:
675:Pueblo I Period
668:
659:
650:
641:
616:
546:
536:
396:
360:ponderosa pines
256:
206:
107:, northwestern
103:, northeastern
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4681:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4593:Pueblo history
4590:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4486:Mound Builders
4483:
4478:
4473:
4471:Medicine wheel
4468:
4463:
4461:Horned Serpent
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4200:Roberts Island
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4135:Old Stone Fort
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4100:Moaning Cavern
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4050:Kincaid Mounds
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3930:Cuarenta Casas
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3885:Bluefish Caves
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3846:Archaeological
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3644:Caloosahatchee
3641:
3636:
3631:
3629:Caborn-Welborn
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3575:Archaeological
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3499:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3374:Picosa culture
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3336:Plano cultures
3333:
3328:
3323:
3321:Goshen complex
3318:
3313:
3308:
3306:Clovis culture
3302:
3300:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3003:Western Apache
3000:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2986:Akimel O'odham
2983:
2981:Tohono Oʼodham
2973:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2791:
2780:
2779:External links
2777:
2775:
2774:
2726:
2721:
2706:
2700:
2691:
2669:
2654:
2648:
2632:
2626:
2613:
2598:
2593:
2571:
2566:
2550:
2535:
2530:
2517:
2511:
2498:
2485:Childs, Craig
2482:
2475:
2474:
2462:
2441:
2430:Pueblo culture
2422:
2410:
2405:The New Yorker
2391:
2364:
2353:(4): 507–523.
2337:
2314:
2312:, p. 174.
2302:
2279:Steven LeBlanc
2266:
2264:, p. 153.
2254:
2235:
2233:, p. 152.
2223:
2164:
2151:
2139:
2126:
2113:
2054:
2042:
2028:
2017:
2002:
1995:
1977:
1965:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1850:
1838:
1831:
1813:
1798:
1751:
1732:(5): 349–370.
1726:Geoarchaeology
1716:
1709:
1691:
1672:
1651:
1607:
1587:
1584:on 2010-07-09.
1561:
1546:
1533:
1520:
1507:
1494:
1481:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1425:Virgin Anasazi
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1342:
1341:
1325:
1321:
1318:writing system
1293:
1290:
1246:
1243:
1164:
1161:
1026:, Chaco Canyon
1015:
1012:
996:
995:
984:
978:
956:
953:
951:
948:
882:
879:
875:San Juan Basin
836:Main article:
833:
830:
805:
802:
747:Casa Rinconada
716:
715:
707:
706:
698:
697:
689:
688:
680:
679:
671:
670:
662:
661:
653:
652:
651:1500 BCE–50 CE
644:
643:
635:
634:
626:
625:
615:
612:
535:
532:
423:national parks
407:Chaco Canyon's
395:
392:
326:Galisteo Basin
255:
252:
205:
202:
182:Pueblo peoples
170:Archaeologists
121:Picosa culture
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4680:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4446:Falcon dancer
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:Miscellaneous
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:Melbourne Man
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:La Brea Woman
4341:
4339:
4338:Kennewick Man
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4230:Serpent Mound
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4180:Pueblo Bonito
4178:
4176:
4175:Poverty Point
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:Pinson Mounds
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4150:Painted Bluff
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Horr's Island
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:Effigy Mounds
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:Crystal River
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3837:Weeden Island
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:Safety Harbor
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3792:Poverty Point
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:Paleo-Indians
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3733:Mississippian
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3454:Joe Ben Wheat
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3286:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
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3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
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3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3165:
3159:
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3144:
3140:
3136:
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3114:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3088:
3085:
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3074:
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3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
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3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
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3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2987:
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2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2890:
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2882:
2877:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2839:
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2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2722:1-877856-45-2
2718:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2666:0-684-81078-6
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2649:0-500-27939-X
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:Plog, Stephen
2633:
2629:
2627:0-87480-581-3
2623:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2610:0-87480-584-8
2607:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:0-201-95991-7
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2567:0-19-517043-1
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2547:0-500-05075-9
2544:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2512:0-89599-038-5
2508:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2495:0-316-60817-3
2492:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2472:, p. 72.
2471:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2445:
2439:, scroll down
2438:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2335:
2334:0-691-09467-5
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2271:
2263:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2123:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2007:
1998:
1996:0-8263-2178-X
1992:
1988:
1981:
1975:, p. 198
1974:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1842:
1834:
1832:0-89599-038-5
1828:
1824:
1817:
1811:, p. 98.
1810:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1627:on 2013-09-21
1626:
1622:
1618:U*X*L. 2008.
1617:
1611:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1558:(3 ed.).
1557:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1530:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1373:Anasazi flute
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1298:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:Paiute people
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1151:. Historian
1150:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:Lake Titicaca
1067:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1020:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1003:
993:
989:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
972:
971:
968:
966:
962:
947:
943:
939:
937:
932:
924:
920:
915:
907:
900:
896:
892:
887:
876:
871:
867:
865:
860:
856:
850:
847:
845:
839:
829:
827:
823:
819:
814:
810:
801:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
767:
759:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
730:
726:
722:
712:
709:
708:
703:
700:
699:
694:
691:
690:
685:
682:
681:
676:
673:
672:
667:
664:
663:
658:
655:
654:
649:
646:
645:
642:7000–1500 BCE
640:
637:
636:
632:
628:
627:
623:
620:
619:
611:
608:
603:
601:
593:
588:
584:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
545:
541:
531:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
493:
487:
485:
481:
476:
472:
470:
465:
464:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
409:northern rim.
408:
404:
403:Pueblo Bonito
400:
391:
389:
383:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
333:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
293:on the west.
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
269:
265:
260:
251:
249:
247:
242:use the term
241:
237:
235:
231:
227:
222:
218:
216:
210:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
79:
74:
68:
64:
59:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4546:Water glyphs
4501:Oasisamerica
4491:N.A.G.P.R.A.
4451:Folsom point
4441:Effigy mound
4421:Clovis point
4389:Aridoamerica
4290:Wickiup Hill
4245:Spiro Mounds
4225:Salmon Ruins
4220:Russell Cave
4015:Helen Blazes
4010:Grimes Point
3990:Fort Juelson
3980:Fort Ancient
3955:El Vallecito
3915:Chaco Canyon
3855:Angel Mounds
3817:Steed-Kisker
3767:Paleo-Arctic
3689:Glacial Kame
3674:Fort Ancient
3598:
3566:Post-Classic
3537:
3418:Sopris phase
3392:
3354:Apex complex
3311:Cody complex
3298:Paleo-Indian
3260:Colorado War
3248:Major events
3227:Reservations
3083:
3033:
2998:Southern Ute
2993:Tonto Apache
2741:
2737:
2711:
2695:
2684:, retrieved
2680:the original
2674:
2657:
2639:
2617:
2601:
2579:
2557:
2521:
2502:
2486:
2479:Bibliography
2478:
2477:
2465:
2451:
2444:
2425:
2413:
2404:
2394:
2382:. Retrieved
2378:the original
2367:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2325:
2317:
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2283:
2262:Diamond 2005
2257:
2248:
2238:
2231:Diamond 2005
2226:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2159:
2154:
2147:Diamond 2005
2142:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2045:
2020:
1986:
1980:
1968:
1942:
1937:, p. 35
1930:
1923:Strutin 1994
1918:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1841:
1822:
1816:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1700:
1694:
1675:
1661:
1654:
1629:. Retrieved
1625:the original
1615:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1582:the original
1577:
1555:
1549:
1541:
1536:
1528:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1502:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1468:
1446:
1445:
1430:Water glyphs
1377:
1355:Grand Canyon
1351:
1343:
1310:
1306:
1281:
1279:
1269:
1253:
1248:
1239:
1227:Sacred Ridge
1212:
1184:
1177:
1156:
1141:
1114:
1109:oral history
1106:
1102:
1094:
1063:
1055:
1044:
1040:Mesoamerican
1029:
997:
975:Chaco Canyon
969:
958:
944:
940:
928:
851:
848:
841:
815:
811:
807:
799:
776:
768:
764:
753:, New Mexico
737:
733:
724:
714:1600–present
621:
614:Great Houses
605:Evidence of
604:
600:Acoma Pueblo
597:
578:
550:Chaco Canyon
547:
534:Architecture
528:
510:and painted
501:
488:
477:
473:
461:
459:
412:
384:
380:
338:
322:Pecos Rivers
314:Great Plains
295:
275:Oasisamerica
272:
243:
238:
233:
229:
225:
212:
208:
207:
168:
145:
136:
132:
128:
124:
97:Four Corners
92:
88:
84:
82:
44:Cliff Palace
36:
4531:Thunderbird
4399:Black drink
4363:Peñon woman
4300:Winterville
4280:Velda Mound
4260:Taos Pueblo
4155:Parkin Park
4140:Orwell site
4125:Nodena site
4020:Holly Bluff
3995:Four Mounds
3985:Fort Center
3910:Casa Grande
3860:Anzick site
3752:Monongahela
3679:Fort Walton
3654:Coles Creek
3619:Belle Glade
3604:Anishinaabe
3290:in Colorado
3048:Basketmaker
2914:Halchidhoma
2585:Basic Books
2384:22 November
2025:Sofaer 1999
1962:Sofaer 1997
1925:, p. 6
1614:"Anasazi".
1605:dictionary.
1435:Zuni people
1400:Indian Mesa
1229:site, near
1223:cannibalism
1215:Cowboy Wash
1098:water table
1024:Pueblo Alto
901:partnership
844:Pueblo Alto
512:pictographs
508:petroglyphs
469:Basketmaker
324:and in the
240:Hopi people
198:Taos Pueblo
4582:Categories
4476:Metallurgy
4436:Eden point
4333:Buhl Woman
4205:Rock Eagle
4195:River Styx
4120:Mummy Cave
4115:Moundville
4095:Mesa Verde
4080:Marksville
3827:Tchefuncte
3787:Plaquemine
3723:Las Palmas
3639:Calf Creek
3634:Cades Pond
2904:Chiricahua
2899:Chemehuevi
2686:August 21,
2295:21 October
2013:Fagan 2005
1973:Fagan 2005
1947:Fagan 1998
1935:Fagan 2005
1710:1877856703
1631:2012-08-14
1442:References
1415:Poqanghoya
1332:, gender,
1274:Hisatsinom
1061:appeared.
1008:underworld
988:Mesa Verde
919:Mesa Verde
891:laser scan
558:Mesa Verde
538:See also:
425:, such as
419:Pueblo III
310:Rio Grande
306:Rio Puerco
246:Hisatsinom
148:pit houses
109:New Mexico
4521:Stickball
4210:Rock Hawk
4040:Key Marco
3832:Troyville
3812:St. Johns
3797:Red Ocher
3556:Formative
3423:Tipi ring
3084:See also:
3040:dwellings
2969:Hopi-Tewa
2919:Havasupai
2575:Fagan, B.
2554:Fagan, B.
2322:Tim White
1892:2041-1723
1870:: 14115.
1793:132078645
1405:Kokopelli
1191:Shoshones
864:strontium
859:turquoise
787:sandstone
705:1350–1600
696:1150–1350
581:viewsheds
552:(outside
499:peoples.
471:periods.
415:Pueblo II
372:limestone
368:sandstone
254:Geography
204:Etymology
141:Puebloans
135:'enemy',
4409:Chanunpa
4394:Ballgame
4373:Vero man
4323:Anzick-1
4295:Windover
4255:SunWatch
4185:Rassawek
4005:Glenwood
3895:Brewster
3747:Mogollon
3718:La Jolla
3704:Hopewell
3664:Deptford
3577:cultures
3213:Shoshone
3193:Comanche
3188:Cheyenne
3146:Overview
3139:Colorado
3058:Mogollon
2934:Maricopa
2929:Hualapai
2770:21149683
2638:(1997).
2577:(1998),
2556:(2005),
2433:Archived
2289:Archived
2218:20133614
2108:11572943
1910:28221340
1785:30246404
1683:Archived
1640:cite web
1361:See also
1286:language
1149:Mogollon
1117:Keresans
1066:Tiwanaku
961:Pueblo I
687:900–1150
504:rock art
497:Mogollon
352:junipers
318:Cimarron
298:Colorado
279:Mogollon
268:Mogollon
215:Anaasází
154:, grand
129:anaasází
113:Colorado
4558:Related
4416:Chunkey
4316:remains
4305:Wupatki
4145:Paquime
4035:Huápoca
3900:Cahokia
3870:Bastian
3777:Patayan
3699:Hohokam
3684:Fremont
3659:Comondú
3614:Baytown
3609:Avonlea
3589:Alachua
3561:Classic
3551:Archaic
3539:Periods
3385:Archaic
3346:Archaic
3183:Arapaho
3133:
3073:Sinagua
3063:Patayan
3053:Hohokam
3013:Yavapai
2976:Oʼodham
2959:Quechan
2909:Cocopah
2885:Arizona
2796:, from
2787:, from
2761:3003080
2457:YouTube
2418:Cordell
2310:LeBlanc
2209:2840336
2186:Bibcode
2076:Bibcode
1901:5321759
1872:Bibcode
1846:Cordell
1809:Cordell
1734:Bibcode
1667:YouTube
1601:in the
1395:Gallina
1390:Dinétah
1163:Warfare
1125:Tanoans
1036:topsoil
981:Kayenta
965:II Eras
955:Origins
950:History
781:walls:
772:lintels
678:750–900
669:500–750
624:periods
564:), and
463:pueblos
364:erosion
344:plateau
340:Terrain
287:Patayan
283:Hohokam
264:Hohokam
226:Anasazi
156:pueblos
125:Anasazi
105:Arizona
89:Anasazi
3975:Folsom
3940:Cutler
3875:Benson
3762:Oneota
3694:Glades
3669:Folsom
3649:Clovis
3546:Lithic
3208:Pawnee
3176:People
3068:Salado
2944:Navajo
2939:Mohave
2768:
2758:
2719:
2664:
2646:
2624:
2608:
2591:
2564:
2545:
2528:
2509:
2493:
2332:
2216:
2206:
2106:
2096:
1993:
1908:
1898:
1890:
1829:
1791:
1783:
1707:
1599:pueblo
1595:rae.es
1474:4 June
1347:clinal
1330:status
1256:Navajo
1207:Apache
1203:Navajo
1193:, and
1135:, and
1091:, Utah
1002:sipapu
855:macaws
820:, the
783:rubble
660:50–500
574:Mexico
568:(near
560:(near
453:, and
358:, and
356:pinyon
291:Nevada
285:, and
221:exonym
209:Pueblo
4506:Piasa
4314:Human
3945:Eaker
3848:sites
3782:Plano
3584:Adena
3383:Post-
3203:Kiowa
3008:Yaqui
2099:59738
1789:S2CID
1781:JSTOR
1447:Notes
1338:guild
1217:near
1123:, or
1047:Numic
936:adobe
931:caves
923:kivas
895:CyArk
480:ollas
388:Jemez
376:shale
348:mesas
234:asaza
219:, an
152:clans
137:-sází
133:anaa–
4466:Kiva
3018:Zuni
2964:Tewa
2954:Pima
2924:Hopi
2766:PMID
2717:ISBN
2688:2009
2662:ISBN
2644:ISBN
2622:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2589:ISBN
2562:ISBN
2543:ISBN
2526:ISBN
2507:ISBN
2491:ISBN
2470:Plog
2386:2017
2330:ISBN
2297:2017
2214:PMID
2104:PMID
1991:ISBN
1906:PMID
1888:ISSN
1827:ISBN
1765:Kiva
1705:ISBN
1646:link
1476:2012
1334:clan
1205:and
1187:Utes
1121:Hopi
990:and
963:and
791:clay
592:tuff
542:and
417:and
320:and
308:and
300:and
266:and
196:and
164:kiva
101:Utah
83:The
3970:Eva
3218:Ute
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