128:
32:
73:
322:, usually related to the fermentation of carbohydrate or catabolism of proteins or amino acids by the inoculated organisms. A bacterial suspension is used to rehydrate each of the wells and the strips are incubated. During incubation, metabolism produces color changes that are either spontaneous or revealed by the addition of reagents. For example, when carbohydrates are fermented, the
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system is a widely used biochemical test system designed for the rapid identification of Gram-negative bacteria. It specifically targets two groups: Enterobacteriaceae (API 20E) and non-Enterobacteriaceae (API 20NE). This system is particularly useful in clinical microbiology and environmental
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within the well decreases and that is indicated by a change in the color of the pH indicator. All test results are compiled to obtain a profile number, which is then compared with profile numbers in a commercial codebook (or online) to determine the identification of the bacterial species.
343:, or they use a different cytochrome enzyme for transferring electrons to oxygen. If the culture is determined to be oxidase-positive, alternative tests must be carried out to correctly identify the bacterial species. API-20E is specific for differentiating between members of the
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After inoculation, the strip is incubated for a period, usually 18-24 hours, at a specified temperature (often 35-37°C). During incubation, the bacteria interact with the substrates, leading to visible color changes if the reactions
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After incubation, the results are interpreted by observing the color changes in each tube, which are indicative of positive or negative reactions. The pattern of reactions is compared to a reference database to identify the
398:
To perform the test, the microtubes are rehydrated with a bacterial suspension. Each microtube is designed to detect specific enzymatic activities or carbohydrate fermentations characteristic of the bacteria being
530:
http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=3936356.PN.&OS=PN/3936356&RS=PN/3936356
541:
286:, are increasingly used in the identification of bacterial species and strains. These newer methods can be used to complement or even replace the use of API testing in clinical settings.
717:
API System: a
Multitube Micromethod for Identification of Enterobacteriaceae, P. B. Smith, K. M. Tomfohrde, D. L. Rhoden, and A. BalowsCenter for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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Each reaction is scored numerically, and the cumulative score forms a profile number, which is then used to identify the organism through a database or identification software.
747:
299:
306:. The API range introduced a standardized and miniaturized version of existing techniques, which were considered complicated to perform and difficult to read.
318:. API test strips consist of wells containing dehydrated substrates such as the redox substrates, electrogenic substrates and luminogenic substrates to detect
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The system is designed for specific groups of bacteria (Gram-negative) and may not be suitable for identifying Gram-positive bacteria or other microorganisms.
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The system consists of a plastic strip containing 20 small reaction tubes (microtubes), each containing different dehydrated substrates.
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API 20E is commonly used in hospital laboratories for identifying pathogens in clinical samples such as urine, blood, or wound swabs.
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145:
45:
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Before starting a test, one must confirm the cultured bacteria are
Enterobacteriaceae, this is done by a quick oxidase test for
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API 20NE is particularly useful for identifying non-Enterobacteriaceae species in environmental samples, such as water or soil.
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339:. Enterobacteriaceae are typically oxidase negative, meaning they either do not use oxygen as an electron acceptor in the
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The system provides standardized procedures and results, ensuring consistency across different laboratories.
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The process is straightforward, making it accessible to laboratories without specialized equipment.
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Some results can be ambiguous, requiring experienced personnel or additional confirmatory tests.
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Accurate identification depends on the quality and comprehensiveness of the reference database.
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bacteria. It can only be used to identify known species from an index. The data obtained are
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based on biochemical tests. The system was developed to accelerate the speed of identifying
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The system allows for the rapid identification of bacteria, often within 24 hours.
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studies for identifying bacteria based on their biochemical activities.
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The analytical profile index (API) was invented in the 1970s in the
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568:"API and RAPID ID For Microbial Identification • Microbe Online"
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630:"Identification of Enterobacteriaceae by the API 20E system"
542:"API® strips - Innovation - bioMérieux Clinical Diagnostics"
242:
755:
323:
507:"API test finder | Analytical profile index | BacDive"
246:
API 20NE Detection system after 24 hours incubation.
712:United States Patent Office, Patent Number 3936356
628:Holmes, B; Willcox, W R; Lapage, S P (1978-01-01).
627:
302:. The API test system is currently manufactured by
152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
351:. Another API system, API-Staph, is specific for
1271:
16:Microbiological method for rapid identification
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60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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734:
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230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
241:
314:Identification is only possible with a
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591:Octavia, Sophie; Lan, Ruiting (2014).
729:
683:
681:
150:adding citations to reliable sources
121:
66:
25:
1041:Oxidative/fermentation glucose test
13:
706:
566:Tankeshwar, Acharya (2024-02-28).
82:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
1306:
1167:Antibiotic susceptibility testing
974:biochemical and immunologic tests
678:
41:This article has multiple issues.
1285:Biochemistry detection reactions
1195:Minimum inhibitory concentration
887:Manual testing: basic techniques
367:species, and related organisms.
126:
92:guide to writing better articles
71:
30:
593:"The Family Enterobacteriaceae"
423:
383:
137:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
1103:Novobiocin susceptibility test
1093:Bacitracin susceptibility test
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559:
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499:
467:
309:
1:
986:Amino acid decarboxylase test
634:Journal of Clinical Pathology
605:10.1007/978-3-642-38922-1_167
492:
442:
370:
1098:Optochin susceptibility test
1061:Sulfide indole motility test
1046:Phenylalanine deaminase test
396:Rehydration and Inoculation:
7:
436:Environmental Microbiology:
280:multi-locus sequence typing
10:
1311:
330:
289:
278:-based methods, including
161:"Analytical profile index"
18:
1207:
1165:
1142:Polymerase chain reaction
1121:
971:
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875:
845:
804:
778:
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1132:Analytical profile index
689:"API Reference Guide V7"
341:electron transport chain
252:analytical profile index
1290:Microbiology techniques
316:microbiological culture
284:whole-genome sequencing
1066:Triple sugar iron test
430:Clinical Microbiology:
353:Gram-positive bacteria
345:Gram-negative bacteria
247:
1124:point-of-care testing
805:Cultures by body site
758:clinical microbiology
300:Analytab Products Inc
245:
1083:Voges–Proskauer test
991:Bile solubility test
846:Cultures by organism
779:Isolation techniques
480:Database Dependency:
146:improve this article
21:API (disambiguation)
19:For other uses, see
1190:McFarland standards
1180:Disk diffusion test
1175:Beta-lactamase test
1108:Lancefield grouping
1088:X and V factor test
1056:Salt tolerance test
931:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
894:Colonial morphology
646:10.1136/jcp.31.1.22
337:cytochrome coxidase
298:by Pierre Janin of
268:clinically relevant
1295:Taxonomy (biology)
1259:Inoculation needle
349:Enterobacteriaceae
320:enzymatic activity
248:
1267:
1266:
1244:Biosafety cabinet
1203:
1202:
1051:Reverse CAMP test
871:
870:
853:Bacterial culture
614:978-3-642-38921-4
272:phenotypic traits
240:
239:
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86:used on Knowledge
84:encyclopedic tone
64:
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1254:Inoculation loop
1152:Rapid strep test
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544:. Archived from
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461:Standardization:
410:Reading Results:
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1026:Methyl red test
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972:Manual testing:
967:
926:India ink stain
916:Acid-fast stain
879:
867:
841:
817:Genital culture
800:
796:Selective media
768:
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709:
707:Further reading
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597:The Prokaryotes
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858:Fungal culture
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572:Microbe Online
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474:Limited Scope:
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1157:Monospot test
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863:Viral culture
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837:Wound culture
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832:Urine culture
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812:Blood culture
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548:on 2009-05-25
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202:December 2012
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163: –
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157:Find sources:
151:
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135:This article
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54:
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37:
28:
27:
22:
1131:
1031:Nitrite test
1001:Citrate test
942:Rapid tests
921:Giemsa stain
791:Streak plate
722:
695:
640:(1): 22–30.
637:
633:
623:
596:
586:
575:. Retrieved
571:
561:
550:. Retrieved
546:the original
536:
525:
514:. Retrieved
510:
501:
485:
479:
473:
460:
455:Ease of Use:
454:
448:
435:
429:
424:Applications
416:
409:
402:
395:
390:Test Strips:
389:
384:How It Works
376:
374:
362:
356:
355:, including
334:
313:
293:
276:DNA sequence
255:
251:
249:
226:
208:
199:
189:
182:
175:
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156:
144:Please help
139:verification
136:
106:
100:October 2011
97:
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
1239:Durham tube
1071:Urease test
880:and testing
599:: 225–286.
468:Limitations
403:Incubation:
364:Micrococcus
310:Description
262:system for
1274:Categories
1215:Agar plate
1011:DNAse test
911:Gram stain
696:Biomerieux
577:2024-03-08
552:2009-11-09
516:2024-03-08
493:References
443:Advantages
377:API 20E/NE
371:API 20E/NE
304:bioMĂ©rieux
172:newspapers
46:improve it
1249:Incubator
1208:Equipment
1137:MALDI-TOF
1036:ONPG test
996:CAMP test
899:Hemolysis
766:Isolation
654:0021-9746
413:organism.
361:species,
282:and even
52:talk page
1280:Bacteria
1113:RPR test
1021:KOH test
981:ALA test
951:Catalase
938:Wet prep
906:Staining
264:bacteria
1232:Gas-pak
946:Oxidase
786:Asepsis
771:culture
698:. 2019.
399:tested.
347:family
331:API-20E
290:History
258:, is a
186:scholar
956:Indole
672:342546
670:
663:476713
660:
652:
611:
449:Speed:
406:occur.
188:
181:
174:
167:
159:
1185:Etest
1147:VITEK
1076:rapid
1016:IMViC
692:(PDF)
254:, or
193:JSTOR
179:books
769:and
668:PMID
650:ISSN
609:ISBN
375:The
250:The
165:news
961:PYR
658:PMC
642:doi
601:doi
256:API
148:by
1276::
694:.
680:^
666:.
656:.
648:.
638:31
636:.
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324:pH
274:.
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