1092:(Resurgence/Resurrection) Party. In relation to Hoveyda, it is believed that the shah was being threatened by the growing influence wielded by party officials, Hoveyda being the most notable. The growth of an independent apparatus was contrary to the Shah's contrivance involving the consolidation of all power. Hoveyda's inability to garner any type of power base in government allowed him to concentrate much of his energy on developing the Iran Novin Party. The networks he had slowly developed over the years came to trouble the monarch. Although Hoveyda would be coerced into relinquishing his position as prime minister, he accepted a temporary intermediary role as secretary general of Rastakhiz before a new Prime Minister can be appointed. Nevertheless, the Shah still saw Hovedya as a trusted (if not pliable) figure, and he was appointed to be minister of court. In her memoirs, Queen Farah wrote that asking Hoveyda to leave the post of prime minister was as painful as "giving birth to a baby".
845:, who had by then assumed a high ranking position at the company. As managing director and special assistant to Entezam, Hoveyda used his experiences in the West to transform management-worker relations. As an example, he introduced innovative methods by which workers filed grievances in regard to any aspect of the working environment they deemed unsatisfactory, and helped to figuratively enmesh the roles of management and the labourers into a collective entity. One way he went about doing this was by eating many of his meals alongside wage labourers in the cafeteria. Although he advocated the emulation of Western models to improve overall productivity and worker relations, Hoveyda was very outspoken in favour of expelling foreign technicians and attracting indigenous sources of labour. It was during his tenure in which the NIOC's periodical,
1174:, would come to be known as the 'Hanging Judge' for his violent approach to revolutionary justice. He was the head of the tribunal that had assembled to try the former prime minister. Prior to Hoveyda's trial, Khalkhali had already ordered the execution of dozens, possibly hundreds of political prisoners, and would eventually be responsible for thousands of executions. Traditional conventions of the judiciary had all but been abandoned during the trials of Hoveyda and countless others. Among many of the anomalous traits personified by the trial, the court ignored notions of due process, impartiality of the judge, or allowing the defendant to consult legal options. Many pundits have come to conclude that the verdict was already made by the
1124:
the Shah himself proposed
Hoveida with an ambassadorial position to Belgium. His refusal to leave the country can be judged as being a result of naïveté or blind optimism, but Hoveida's decision can also be assessed from alternate angles. For one, he did not want to abandon his mother who was incapable of traveling at the time. On a more personal level, Hoveyda came to the conclusion that after years of self-exile, he would do all he could to remain in Iran. With all these points of rationale being considered, Hoveida actually came to believe that revolutionary fervour was capable of being contained and that everything would eventually straighten out, allowing the country to resume its present course.
627:. Any future occupation of the country would have hindered his chances of attending a French university. Stranded in France, Hoveyda decided to complete the required high school credits in London, England, a city that would come to depress the young man. Aside from completing his educational requisites, Hoveyda was able to sharpen his command of the English language. His ability to communicate in several languages, including Persian, French, English, Italian, German, and Arabic, helped him climb the political ladder later on in life. Hoveyda's return to France in 1939 would be short lived, nevertheless, due to a brewing diplomatic scuffle between the French government and
1077:
1021:
broke down, Hoveyda never lost sight of what a partnership between the two could have accomplished. His pragmatic approach to politics allowed him to envision an incremental reform process that can be carried out through action. This is contrary to the path assumed by many
Iranian intellectuals at the time, which involved quixotic solutions to problems such as electoral corruption and media censorship. Hoveyda resumed many of the reform initiatives set out by the Mansour administration. In particular, reform plans that were laid out by the Shah in the
1052:. After years of political maneuvering, most of his proposed initiatives were stonewalled by bureaucratic obstacles. During the 1970s, the now veteran Prime Minister became nonchalant when it came to following through with his own convictions. His earlier aggression towards the dysfunctions of an obtrusive system slowly turned into feigned support. Publicly, Hoveyda assumed the notion that the regime in its current state would eventually reform on its own, and that political liberalization was only a small issue in the grand scheme of
830:
982:, had been systematically marginalized by the autocratic Mohammad Reza Shah. In his rather successful campaign at consolidating power, the king maintained his international image as a constitutional monarch, but Hoveida's tenure as PM attests to how this portrayal was not an objective reflection of circumstances. Hoveyda's premiership would be the pivot behind his resistance to such powerlessness. Hoveyda became a household name in Iran through the constant character assassination he received by
146:
1033:
963:. More specifically, those who benefited from the law were U.S. military personnel and their dependents. These "capitulation rights" would have a negative impact on the way government at the time was seen by the populace. Because the actions of the government were, by law, reflective of the sitting cabinet at the time, disregarding individual ministerial involvement, Hoveida was also blamed for the bill's implementation even though he was not directly involved in its drafting.
615:
471:
4245:
3067:
939:
774:
1139:(Iranian state security) agents assigned with the task of guarding Hoveyda, absconded from their posts, leaving Hoveida open to arrest by revolutionary forces. Hoveyda refused requests by friends and relatives to flee Iran before it was too late, and instead turned himself over to the new authorities. Hoveyda believed that as the trial would be before an Islamic court, and that he personally had done nothing wrong, he would be acquitted.
36:
1148:
1405:(currently a political reformist) pulled out a pistol and shot Hoveyda twice in the neck. He was left on the ground in agony, begging for the executioners to "finish him off". Seconds before the coup de grace was at last given, Hoveyda is said to have gasped to the guard standing over him: "It wasn't supposed to end like this". According to the autopsy report, he apparently also was beaten shortly before his execution.
889:, the chapter Hoveyda would eventually join, harboured and produced many influential politicians of Iran's modern era. Hoveyda became a freemason in 1960 believing that his mere association with the organization would help propel him into the national spotlight. Hoveida would succeed in this regard, but the attention he received was all but positive. Freemasonry in Iran has always been seen as an extension of British
551:
927:
663:
1128:
had generated throughout the years by newspapers that wanted to indirectly attack the Shah's policies, they reasoned that the public would be appeased. In
September, Hoveyda was forced to resign his position of Minister of Court. On 7 November 1978, Hoveyda was arrested together with other 60 former officials. He would be held under house arrest in an upper-Tehran residence often affiliated with
959:'s intellectual centre. Many observers, both within and without Iran, would take note of Hoveyda's prudent behaviour and shrewdness. To many, he embodied the archetypical statesman. Hoveyda's positive attributes would again be shrouded by scandal and gossip. During the early months of Mansour's premiership, the government was attacked for ratifying a bill which allowed foreigners
1360:
1375:, but converted into a prison during the 1920s. By this time, he was now aware that there would be no mercy for him, and the whole charade would end in his own murder. Quickly shuffled back in front of Khalkhali's tribunal, he once again heard the court's indictment at three in the afternoon. There is some speculation as to who ordered the resumption of the trial.
770:. While there in 1947, Hoveyda was assigned with the task of negotiating over deals made between Iran and Germany. The most notable case involved Iran's purchase of factory equipment required for the construction of a steel mill, in which the transaction of the material components were never successfully completed.
874:, this government sponsored dowreh ("Persian for a gathering held at regular intervals") was a deliberate attempt by the shah to thin out the older generation of politicians with a new 'progressive' crop. With its inception in 1959, the Circle acted in conjunction with a similar government commission called the
970:, would completely alter Hoveyda's future. As he personally reported the news to an obviously distraught shah, he was ordered to formulate a cabinet. Hoveyda would replace the deceased Mansour as the longest running premier in Iran's modern history. The sense of autonomy seen among past prime ministers such as
1428:
1056:. In private, Hoveyda often lamented over Iran's conditions, admitting to insufficiencies of the state and his own political impotence. The powerlessness of the premier's office was coupled with intricate internal rivalries. Hoveyda had an intensely rough relationship with the likes of Asadollah Alam and
1123:
At this point, the growing tide of revolution was becoming discernible, giving
Hoveyda ample opportunity to leave the country before revolutionary forces could have had a chance to overthrow the monarchy. Aside from persistent efforts by family and friends to leave the country as quickly as possible,
1016:
in 1971 due to
Towfigh Magazine's heavy criticism of the Shah's corruption and policies. This was despite the fact that Hoveyda publicly claimed that criticism of the government was to be encouraged, and whereby any restriction of press freedoms had to be by court order through the judiciary and not
682:, until that point, were able to avoid military service, but Hoveida voluntarily chose to enlist. Although rooted in aristocracy himself, Hoveyda's decision is portentous in the sense that resources that were readily available for his predecessors were often scarce for the young government official.
677:
Upon his return to Iran in 1942, Hoveyda rested for a few months before enlisting as a soldier in Iran's national army. His plan at the time was to use his experience as a conscript to supplement his seniority at the foreign ministry where he applied for employment prior to being drafted. Because of
622:
Hoveyda's desire to attend a French university in 1938 made the young student jump the gun by entering the country of his dreams without completing specific high school prerequisites required for entry. Cited as being the main reason behind
Hoveyda's organizational miscalculation was the possibility
1047:
became an example of the entrenched ineptitude of many in power. Many important members of the government were corrupt, and the Shah was consistently flattered and schmoozed by them and turned a blind eye to the problem. The Shah began receiving an increasingly distorted picture of
Iranian society,
734:
businessmen in 1945. To avoid border taxes, diplomatic personnel were persuaded to act as the intermediary, simply because embassy vehicles were, by law, unable to be searched. Although
Hoveida never had anything to do with the illegal transfers, his mere association with some of those indicted was
1347:
The composition of the trial's proceedings reflected the style in which the indictment was designed and promulgated. Many of the charges were never substantiated and often reflected uninvestigated rumours of the day. Abbas Milani agrees with this notion when he described the essence of the court's
1127:
In an effort to slow down the momentum of the revolution, the Shah was advised by many of his surrounding advisors to arrest
Hoveida, using him as a scapegoat for the past-ills of the crumbling regime. Since Hoveyda was widely seen as a major cause of the revolution due to much of the bad press he
1020:
The first half of
Hoveyda's premiership is marked by a sense of optimism. As already mentioned, in 1966, Hoveyda attempted to allure many elements of the intellectual community, as well as the opposition, into an informal agreement with the regime. Although talks between the two sides eventually
578:
of Iran". Because of the responsibilities borne by diplomats such as Ayn ol-Molk, the Hoveyda family was never fixed in one residence for any prolonged length of time. Studying in various countries gave Hoveyda a unique cosmopolitan flair that would remain being his most enduring characteristic.
1009:
referred to him as "The Caned One" and even devoted an entire book dedicated to exposing his flaws as a premier entitled "Assa-Nameh". The magazine (and Iranian media in general) frequently criticized and lampooned Hoveyda, primarily because they intended to criticize the Shah himself, but were
685:
The Foreign Ministry dispatched a message eight months later confirming Hoveyda's appointment. To some, the quick application process is evidence enough to suggest that there were influential forces that helped expedite Hoveyda's subsequent employment. These claims, however, are often based on
1390:
Khalkhali repeatedly yelled at and insulted Hoveyda during much of the trial, calling him "a corrupter of the earth" and a "Western criminal puppet", refusing to allow him to make a testimony in his defense. In defiance, Hoveyda denounced Khalkhali and informed him that he had no intention of
1353:
It became clear that rules of evidence, notions of innocence until proven guilty, and a dispassionate judge, dispensing impartial judgments based on incontrovertible evidence, were all alien to this court … Gossip had the authority of fact, as evident in article fifteen of the indictment, and
781:
In 1950, Hoveyda returned to an ever-changing Iran once again. This time, he would be caught in one of the most tumultuous periods of Iran's modern period. As Hoveyda toiled away at a notably boring job as assistant director of the public relations office at the Foreign Ministry,
1048:
while becoming completely blind to increasing frustration to this rule by regular Iranians, as well as the shortcomings of his own government. Hoveyda's inability to move forward with his personal mandate eventually turned the overtly optimistic prime minister into a
786:
was mobilizing nationalist sentiment as he rose to power. During this period, Entezam was appointed as minister of foreign affairs, allowing Hoveyda to assume a more intellectually stimulating role as Entezam's executive secretary. His tenure did not last long before
1159:, a temporary headquarters for the revolution's vanguard. Because of the departure of the Shah and much of the now former ruling class, Hoveyda had become the most prized prisoner of the old government. On 15 March 1979, he would face the newly established
909:
of SAVAK, Iran's domestic security and intelligence service, helped expedite the publication of key controversial books against Freemasonry, referencing Hoveyda in each piece. Rumours were also spread by his detractors that he was a
1029:, he would even allocate government revenue to the clerical establishment. The clerical establishment was seen as a bulwark against Communism by the Shah, and was constantly reinforced (a policy that the Shah would later regret).
706:
and other eccentric characters were quick to identify and repel opportunists who were attempting to leech off their social status. Hedayat and others never distanced themselves from Hoveyda, symbolizing the latter's authenticity.
1182:
Amir Abbas Hoveyda, son of Habibollah, birth certificate number 3542, issued in Tehran, born in 1298 (1920), previously minister of the deposed royal court, and the Shah's ex-Prime Minister, a citizen of Iran, is accused
950:
When the Progressive Circle soon became a political entity in the form of the Iran Novin (New Iran) Party in 1963, Hoveyda would be thrust into the national scene. Flanking Prime Minister Hassan Ali Mansour as his
1809:
1285:
Participation in terrorizing and frightening the justice seeking people including their death and injury and limiting their freedom by closing down newspapers and exercising censorship on the print media and
2745:
1116:
newspaper in January 1978 on the Shah's orders. Whether or not the allegations were true, the article generated a major backlash among Khomeini's supporters, which eventually spiralled into the
698:. By trying to consolidate the partnership between the monarchial regime and the intellectual opposition, Hoveyda believed that the incremental reforms he desired would bear fruit. Others like
893:, and with rumours surrounding Hoveyda's religious persuasion, opportunities to attack Hoveyda's character were not taken for granted by his political adversaries during his years as head of
758:(king) of Iran, the only way to obtain high ranking positions in any societal position was through crucial internal patronage, reinforcement Hoveyda sufficiently lacked prior to working with
646:
which used Belgian territory as an entry route into France. After being displaced for a short time, Hoveyda was able to return to the Belgian university, obtaining a bachelor's degree in
710:
As Hoveyda garnered more experience, opportunities within Iran's governmental apparatus were becoming available to him. In August 1944, for instance, he accepted a position to accompany
1419:
was looted by revolutionaries. According to some witnesses he rarely had any items of luxury nature. His prized possessions were a rocking chair and a library of a few hundred books.
837:
Hoveyda's rise to power involved many years of service within the ministry of foreign affairs, but this path took on a whole new approach once he joined the board of directors of the
855:), was first published. What is unique about this magazine is that it was, initially, virtually void of any semblance of the growing cult of personality which surrounded the Shah.
607:, captivated the young Hoveyda and gave way for his intellectual growth. Some pundits suggest that it was Hoveyda's intellectual prowess which initially attracted him into the
1206:
Acts of sedition detrimental to national security and independence, through forming cabinets that were puppets of the United States and England and defending the interests of
1816:
2738:
591:, an institution affiliated with the French government. His love for France and its culture are rooted in his tutelage at the lycée. French literary works by the likes of
4363:
4308:
1103:
and the team he had surrounded himself with. Nevertheless, he continued to tolerate the practice as well, while simultaneously remaining a trusted advisor to the Shah.
722:, Hoveyda would enjoy his time as an embassy official, but he would soon be entangled in an international scandal that would taint him for the rest of his life. The "
2731:
711:
1003:
s weekly magazine carrying a cane (caused by a traffic accident in which he was involved), wearing one carnation in his suit jacket pocket, and smoking a pipe.
817:
would serve to be Hoveyda's final official position outside Iran's frontiers. Assistant to the ambassador, who so happened to be the father of his good friend,
4313:
1444:
885:
was seen by many politicians at the time as a supplemental credit towards obtaining high ranking government positions. It is no doubt that many members of the
3102:
750:, an independent minded diplomat of "sterling reputation", served to aid Hoveida's ascendance to the upper echelons of public office. With the government of
1408:
Hoveyda's corpse was held in Tehran's morgue for several months after his execution, before it was secretly released to his immediate family and buried in
1387:
himself had the authority to make such an order. Behind locked doors, Hoveyda's fate, which had already been decided by Khomeini days earlier, was sealed.
686:
hearsay rather than substantiated facts. During his time in the Ministry, Hoveyda befriended many elements of Iranian high society, including the likes of
566:, and Afsar ol-Moluk, a descendant of the royal family that Hoveyda would serve for much of his adult life. Hoveyda's father was a lapsed adherent of the
875:
1779:
1334:
802:
through the help of his European contacts. As a liaison officer, he was given the task of visiting various continents, including Asia, Africa, and the
2222:
1890:
Shahrough Akhavi (September 2001). "Reviewed Work: The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution by Abbas Milani".
1791:
1699:
4353:
1279:
886:
1447:, and his wife. The marriage ended five years later in 1971, but the two would remain friends, often traveling together. Hoveyda had no children.
2558:
2048:
952:
515:
210:
702:, writer and social and political critic, saw Hoveyda's 'infiltration' of Iran's intellectual ranks as a form of sycophancy. On the other hand,
3311:
4343:
1436:
799:
723:
1398:
Minutes later, the former Prime Minister was taken into the prison's yard. Before reaching the area designated for firing squad executions,
4373:
1968:
4288:
632:
1163:
for the first time. During this time he attempted to create his legal arguments for the court. He was interviewed by Belgian journalist
4378:
4268:
3095:
2345:
2305:
2295:
847:
4333:
4328:
4318:
100:
4323:
72:
2215:
2004:
1949:
1643:
1605:
1465:
1099:'s government in 1977. With this role, he would come to discover the pervasiveness of internal corruption, once concealed by
878:. Hoveyda would play a major leadership role in the Circle and would be the catalyst behind much of its recruitment efforts.
4383:
4248:
3088:
2264:
1227:, and its European allies, in Iran by destroying internal resources and turning Iran into a market for foreign commodities.
417:
79:
4283:
4140:
2279:
53:
4303:
562:
in 1919 to Habibollah Hoveyda (Ayn ol-Molk), a seasoned diplomat, who was mostly active during the latter years of the
17:
639:, Belgium, during the same year. His stay at the university would be markedly ephemeral because of the effects of the
510:
from 27 January 1965 to 7 August 1977. He was the longest serving prime minister in Iran's history. He also served as
4293:
3346:
1982:
1941:
1683:
1473:
1380:
119:
86:
4368:
4358:
4298:
3070:
2208:
678:
his higher education, Hoveyda was able to bypass boot camp and directly enter the Officer's Academy. Iran's modern
470:
988:, Iran's most popular political satire magazine. Hoveyda was largely unknown among the population of Iran before
459:
2236:
956:
1321:, and the claims of private plaintiffs, including Ali Sayyed Javadi, and taking into account documents found in
821:, Hoveyda would make a quick exit after Mansour's father was replaced by an authoritarian army general in 1957.
1874:
1391:
defending himself any longer in front of a sham court. Immediately, Khalkhali announced his sentence, death by
68:
57:
934:. His security detail often sat in the back seat. He is shown here with his Chief of Staff, Abdol Ali Ghaffari
915:
1214:
870:. The organization's main goal was to devise methods of rectifying the nation's ailing economy. Known as the
1132:
activity, and the Shah assumed that he would be put on trial, and freed after publicly vindicating himself.
2355:
2315:
1439:(1932–2018) in a small ceremony. Only a small number of guests were invited to attend, including the Shah,
1337:, and the confessions of the accused, since the commission of the crimes is certain, the prosecutor of the
838:
4338:
3668:
2903:
2828:
1705:
1338:
1314:
False reporting through the publication of puppet papers and appointing puppet editors to head the media.
1167:, a now infamous interview in which Hoveyda was subject to near accusatory questions by the interviewer.
1160:
1107:
527:
262:
1010:
unable to directly do so due to censorship. Eventually Hoveyda, by order of the Shah, forever shut down
4009:
2763:
2693:
2649:
2340:
1472:
in English, and followed by Persian editions in 2001 and 2002. Hoveyda was awarded the French title of
867:
751:
365:
2017:
806:, promulgating the plight of refugees and in effect receiving several commendations from high ranking
4039:
4004:
3693:
3449:
3033:
2370:
2310:
2258:
2022:
1959:
1341:
asks the court to issue the judgment of the death penalty and the confiscation of all your property.
4348:
4079:
3491:
2284:
2269:
1318:
1292:
Spreading cultural and ethical corruption and direct participation in consolidating the pillars of
1106:
Hoveyda was alleged to have been the author of an article which attacked the opposition figure the
389:
2723:
3883:
3678:
3246:
3043:
2289:
2274:
1620:
1076:
1049:
496:
345:
46:
1964:
1596:
Chehabi, H.E. (2008), "Anatomy of Prejudice", in Brookshaw, Dominic P.; Fazel, Seena B. (eds.),
93:
4074:
3444:
3241:
3176:
3146:
2688:
2231:
2102:
2075:
1571:
694:. His affinity for the country's intelligentsia is clearly observed in his earlier strategy as
511:
507:
506:; 18 February 1919 – 7 April 1979) was an Iranian economist and politician who served as
158:
4069:
4024:
3760:
3361:
2923:
2478:
2458:
2442:
2390:
670:
571:
179:
1953:
4278:
4273:
4166:
3949:
3719:
3553:
3181:
3166:
2928:
2803:
2385:
1992:
1224:
1044:
2013:
1727:
911:
567:
8:
4186:
4181:
4034:
3868:
3863:
3827:
3744:
3496:
3408:
3336:
3211:
3048:
2898:
2878:
2813:
2698:
2538:
2468:
2448:
2410:
2365:
2335:
2320:
2300:
1376:
1297:
960:
588:
4211:
4176:
3944:
3934:
3739:
3578:
3321:
3221:
3196:
3038:
2958:
2948:
2913:
2868:
2768:
2683:
2634:
2629:
2599:
2579:
2569:
2503:
2453:
2095:
2068:
1907:
1762:
1457:
1308:
1268:
1175:
1117:
979:
906:
871:
859:
783:
608:
523:
447:
289:
4206:
4130:
4044:
3989:
3969:
3903:
3888:
3873:
3683:
3573:
3537:
3527:
3429:
3382:
3377:
3356:
3291:
3286:
3191:
3023:
2997:
2992:
2893:
2848:
2843:
2818:
2624:
2614:
2594:
2543:
2498:
2360:
2330:
2192:
2112:
2058:
2000:
1945:
1937:
1870:
1851:
1679:
1639:
1601:
1529:
1512:
1503:"Economic situation of Iran during the reign of Prime Minister Hoveyda (1973-1978)".
1491:
1461:
1326:
1239:
1238:
and then borrowing money at high interest, and enslaving conditions from America and
1200:
1164:
1096:
818:
647:
628:
519:
313:
285:
255:
233:
203:
191:
1745:
Nikazmerad, Nicholas M. (1980). "A Chronological Survey of the Iranian Revolution".
1289:
Founder and first secretary of the despotic "Rastakhiz of the Iranian People" party.
4231:
4226:
4201:
4099:
4084:
4049:
3984:
3959:
3929:
3919:
3796:
3791:
3673:
3608:
3588:
3532:
3522:
3403:
3331:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3201:
3028:
2943:
2833:
2823:
2639:
2584:
2375:
2350:
2158:
1972:
1899:
1754:
1330:
1178:
before the trial ever commenced. Khalkhali's indictment of Hoveyda was as follows:
1085:
1065:
1022:
966:
Mansour's assassination on 21 January 1965, by a seventeen-year-old devotee of the
943:
842:
747:
730:
during the war for security purposes, from Switzerland into the coffers of wealthy
699:
614:
487:
399:
596:
4104:
3999:
3954:
3878:
3729:
3703:
3663:
3658:
3628:
3598:
3583:
3470:
3434:
3316:
3281:
3261:
3251:
3216:
3206:
3007:
2987:
2938:
2908:
2888:
2883:
2859:
2838:
2779:
2589:
2564:
2553:
2200:
2182:
2129:
2085:
1555:
1409:
1190:
1171:
1089:
1057:
975:
715:
679:
575:
535:
404:
798:
Leaving Iran once again in 1952, Hoveyda was able to secure a position with the
4216:
4150:
4064:
4059:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3924:
3893:
3858:
3801:
3775:
3633:
3618:
3568:
3558:
3439:
3424:
3387:
3351:
3301:
3186:
3161:
3141:
2971:
2808:
2793:
2661:
2609:
2533:
2518:
2508:
2122:
1934:
The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution
1100:
1061:
902:
898:
894:
829:
792:
703:
695:
301:
3080:
1758:
145:
4262:
4191:
4109:
4054:
4029:
3898:
3853:
3843:
3811:
3806:
3724:
3653:
3643:
3638:
3512:
3486:
3306:
3296:
3256:
3226:
3151:
3002:
2966:
2873:
2415:
2400:
2380:
2325:
1840:
C. Kadivar, Farewell Shiraz: An Iranian Memoirs of Revolution and Exile, 362.
1533:
1516:
1495:
1440:
1416:
1402:
1372:
1235:
1231:
1053:
863:
731:
687:
563:
1088:
and its opposition elements in creating a single party system headed by the
1032:
955:
in 1964, the now well seasoned Hoveyda would make his mark by acting as the
858:
Continuing his duties as managing director at the NIOC, Hoveyda also helped
592:
4221:
4196:
4171:
4145:
4135:
4089:
4019:
3994:
3939:
3848:
3698:
3648:
3613:
3603:
3593:
3563:
3517:
3465:
3341:
3326:
3236:
3231:
3156:
3136:
2933:
2463:
2430:
1988:
1929:
1903:
1469:
1399:
1392:
1220:
Turning over underground resources: oil, copper and uranium, to foreigners.
1207:
1156:
1037:
767:
691:
651:
640:
624:
4094:
3770:
3765:
3688:
3623:
3171:
3120:
3053:
2798:
2574:
2528:
2523:
2513:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2405:
2395:
1368:
1293:
1217:, appointing and dismissing ministers at the behest of foreign embassies.
1110:
as being a British agent and a liar, which was anyonymously published in
890:
882:
727:
719:
1911:
777:
Hoveyda as National Iranian Oil Company Board member, 4th from the right
4125:
3734:
2918:
2548:
2473:
2246:
1977:
1766:
1427:
1026:
643:
604:
550:
454:
1213:
Plotting against national sovereignty by interference in elections to
926:
631:. Having no choice but to leave France again, Hoveyda enrolled at the
600:
2604:
2420:
1660:
1249:
1196:
971:
938:
788:
773:
763:
743:
736:
531:
662:
35:
2753:
1384:
1282:
according to existing documents and the confessions of the accused.
1147:
967:
803:
762:. The two first got to work together when Hoveyda was stationed in
636:
375:
930:
Hoveyda often chose to drive himself to work and around town in a
726:" recounts the illegal importation of financial assets, stored in
1731:
1272:
1012:
1005:
996:
990:
983:
759:
584:
379:
1304:
1253:
1112:
931:
918:
in Iran, but both he and the Shah denied that he was a Baháʼí.
814:
580:
559:
361:
341:
1359:
1325:
and the office of the prime minister, and the confessions of
1322:
1260:
1136:
1129:
862:
in establishing a semi-independent group of highly trained,
570:
and Hoveyda himself was not religious. He was the nephew of
2671:
1792:"EX‐PREMIER HOVEIDA IS EXECUTED IN IRAN AFTER CLOSED TRIAL"
1264:
755:
667:
795:, dissolving the former cabinet along with Hoveyda's job.
1780:
ENDURING GUILT: French Journalist who interviewed Hoveyda
618:
Hoveyda in Brussels during the German occupation in 1941
1524:"Hoveyda and Ardeshir Zahedi: A Curious Cohabitation".
807:
1815:. Amnesty International. 13 March 1980. Archived from
1810:"Law And Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran"
650:
in 1941, under the ever-watchful eye of the occupying
2027:
Abdorrahman Boroumand Center for Human Rights in Iran
1728:"ویژه برنامه تونل زمان – گفت و گو با امیر عباس هویدا"
1505:
Contemporary Dilemmas: Education, Politics and Values
1354:
unsubstantiated rumours were taken as proof of guilt.
501:
1676:
From Palace to Prison; Inside the Iranian Revolution
1443:, Laila's parents, Hoveyda's mother, and his friend
1317:
According to minutes of cabinet meetings and of the
1071:
554:
Young Hoveyda (left) with his family in Beirut, 1929
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4364:Politicians executed during the Iranian Revolution
2230:
1230:Paying national revenues from oil to the Shah and
942:Hoveyda and his cabinet at the anniversary of the
4260:
1889:
1678:. London: I.B. Taurus & Co Ltd. p. 43.
1636:Huvaydā: Siyāsatmadār-i pīp, ʻaṣā, gul-i urkīdah
1095:Hoveida would serve as minister of court within
623:of military action by an ostensibly belligerent
3110:
2754:People executed by the Islamic Republic of Iran
1999:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 193–204.
1983:How the Shah of Iran eliminated his dissidentsS
1383:who advocated a public trial, states that only
4309:Free University of Brussels (1834–1969) alumni
1395:and confiscation of all material possessions.
657:
4314:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
3096:
2739:
2216:
1987:
1598:The Baháʼís of Iran: Socio-historical studies
1486:Halliday, Fred (2001). "Death of a flaneur".
1135:However, once the Shah fled the country, the
833:Hoveyda after a cabinet meeting, January 1965
800:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1371:, once a getaway palace for monarchs of the
1367:On 7 April 1979, Hoveyda was transported to
901:. It is well documented that Court Minister
1412:cemetery in Tehran as an unknown deceased.
1245:Ruining agriculture and destroying forests.
841:(NIOC) in 1958 at the behest of his patron
545:
3103:
3089:
2746:
2732:
2223:
2209:
1744:
1589:
1415:Following his execution, his residence in
1170:The clerical judge appointed by Khomeini,
144:
1600:, New York: Routledge, pp. 186–191,
921:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1852:"درگذشت لیلا امامی، همسر امیرعباس هویدا"
1485:
1426:
1358:
1146:
1084:On 2 March 1975, the shah dissolved the
1075:
1031:
1017:by unilateral orders of the government.
937:
925:
828:
772:
661:
613:
549:
526:, he was tried by the newly established
275:7 August 1977 – 6 November 1978
171:26 January 1965 – 7 August 1977
27:Prime Minister of Iran from 1965 to 1977
4354:People executed by Iran by firing squad
1738:
1673:
1658:
1633:
1595:
1577:. Central Intelligence Agency. May 1972
666:Hoveyda (right) as an officer, meeting
223:7 March 1964 – 1 February 1965
14:
4261:
2023:One Person's Story: Amir-Abbas Hoveyda
1922:
1864:
1858:
1142:
1060:, son of the famed participant in the
994:publicized him. He was caricatured in
3084:
2727:
2204:
1849:
1621:"History of Iran: Amir Abbas Hoveida"
1267:for the oppression of the peoples of
1199:, God's creatures and the Viceroy of
4344:Iran Novin Party secretaries-general
4249:Category:Political prisoners in Iran
1381:Provisional Revolutionary Government
1278:Active member of Freemasonry in the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
4374:Rastakhiz Party secretaries-general
1960:Amir Abbas Hoveyda's Execution case
1659:Kadivar, Cyrus (23 December 1999).
1363:Hoveyda's body, after his execution
491:
24:
4289:Commanders of the Legion of Honour
1479:
1303:Direct participation in smuggling
1259:Complicity with conspirators from
1234:and to countries dependent on the
881:Besides experience and patronage,
25:
4395:
1474:Commander of the Legion of Honour
1435:On 19 July 1966, Hoveyda married
1431:Hoveyda and his wife, Leila Emami
1072:Minister of Court and final years
4379:Assassinated Iranian politicians
4269:20th-century Iranian politicians
4244:
4243:
3071:Category:People executed by Iran
3066:
3065:
2778:Politicians and noblemen of the
1422:
1379:, one among many leaders of the
1248:Direct participation in acts of
1043:Hoveyda's plan to crack down on
824:
469:
433:
34:
2014:Biographies: Amir-Abbas Hoveyda
1883:
1867:The Persian Sphinx (in Persian)
1843:
1834:
1802:
1784:
1773:
735:enough for him to be used as a
429:
45:needs additional citations for
4334:Iranian expatriates in Lebanon
4329:Iranian expatriates in Germany
4319:Iranian expatriates in Belgium
1720:
1692:
1667:
1652:
1627:
1613:
1564:
1548:
1455:In 2000, Hoveyda's biography,
1223:Expansion of the influence of
1151:Hoveyda in court, Tehran, 1979
13:
1:
4324:Iranian expatriates in France
2076:Deputy Prime Minister of Iran
1850:بهنود, مسعود (11 July 2018).
1560:. H. W. Wilson Company. 1980.
1191:Spreading corruption on earth
536:spreading corruption on earth
460:Université libre de Bruxelles
839:National Iranian Oil Company
579:During the family's stay in
7:
4384:Political prisoners in Iran
3669:Mohammad Seddigh Kaboudvand
3111:Political prisoners in Iran
2829:Mohammad Reza Ameli Tehrani
1634:Khusraw, Muʻtaz̤id (1999).
1339:Islamic Revolutionary Court
1108:Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
1080:Hoveyda with the Shah, 1978
1064:against Mossadegh, General
718:, to France. Being an avid
658:Military and public service
633:Free University of Brussels
502:
10:
4400:
4284:Burials at Behesht-e Zahra
4010:Amir Hossein Heshmat Saran
2650:Interim Government of Iran
1997:Eminent Persians, Volume 1
1892:Journal of Islamic Studies
1572:"Centers of Power in Iran"
1557:Current Biography Yearbook
752:Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
673:for the first time in 1943
4304:Finance ministers of Iran
4240:
4159:
4118:
4040:Ali-Akbar Mousavi Khoeini
4005:Faezeh Hashemi Rafsanjani
3912:
3836:
3820:
3784:
3753:
3712:
3694:Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe
3546:
3505:
3479:
3458:
3417:
3396:
3370:
3129:
3116:
3062:
3034:Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani
3016:
2981:Other political opponents
2980:
2957:
2857:
2777:
2759:
2712:
2670:
2648:
2429:
2245:
2189:
2181:Secretary-General of the
2179:
2173:
2165:
2157:Secretary-General of the
2155:
2149:
2144:
2136:
2127:
2119:
2109:
2100:
2092:
2082:
2073:
2065:
2055:
2046:
2040:
2035:
1936:, Mage Publishers, 2000,
1759:10.1080/00210868008701575
1488:Times Literary Supplement
1450:
1155:Hoveyda was taken to the
477:
465:
453:
443:
411:
395:
385:
371:
351:
328:
323:
319:
307:
295:
279:
268:
261:
249:
239:
227:
216:
209:
197:
185:
175:
164:
156:
152:
143:
136:
4294:Executed prime ministers
4080:Abolghasem Sarhaddizadeh
2672:Islamic Republic of Iran
2145:Party political offices
1954:Excerpt from Chapter One
1944:, and I.B.Tauris, 2000,
1541:
1528:(132/133): 11–36. 2020.
1526:Rahavard Persian Journal
1319:Supreme Economic Council
546:Early life and education
532:"waging war against God"
390:Behesht-e Zahra Cemetery
372:Cause of death
4369:Prime ministers of Iran
4359:Politicians from Tehran
4299:Executed Iranian people
4141:Seyed Hossein Mousavian
3884:Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi
3849:MohammadReza Alee Payam
3679:Mashallah Shamsolvaezin
3044:Hossein Mousavi Tabrizi
2232:Prime ministers of Iran
2130:Minister of Royal Court
2018:Encyclopædia Britannica
1978:Amir-Abbas Hoveyda IMDb
1674:Naraghi, Ehsan (1994).
1661:"Hoveyda's Tragic Fate"
1623:. Iran Chamber Society.
961:extraterritorial rights
813:The Iranian embassy in
742:Aside from experience,
263:Minister of Royal Court
4075:Gholam Hossein Sadighi
3445:Amir Reza Nasr Azadani
3242:Amir Khosrow Dalirsani
3177:Golrokh Ebrahimi Iraee
3147:Maryam Akbari Monfared
2704:Post abolished in 1989
2103:Prime Minister of Iran
1865:Milani, Abbas (2006).
1432:
1364:
1357:
1152:
1081:
1040:
1036:Hoveyda and Jordanian
947:
935:
922:Term as Prime Minister
834:
778:
712:Zein ol-Abedin Rahnema
674:
619:
555:
508:Prime Minister of Iran
159:Prime Minister of Iran
4070:Abdollah Ramezanzadeh
4025:Mohammad-Reza Khatami
3761:Amir Farshad Ebrahimi
3492:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi
3362:Sayed Ziaoddin Nabavi
2924:Mohammad Taghi Majidi
1430:
1362:
1350:
1307:in France along with
1150:
1079:
1035:
941:
929:
832:
776:
671:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
665:
617:
572:Abdol Hossein Sardari
553:
512:Deputy Prime Minister
180:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
4167:Ali Mohammad Afghani
3950:Seyyed Ebrahim Amini
3720:Mohammad Ali Dadkhah
3554:Bahman Ahmadi Amouee
3247:Dhabihu'llah Mahrami
3182:Amir Abbas Fakhravar
3167:Mahmudali Chehregani
2929:Manouchehr Khosrodad
2804:Abbas Ali Khalatbari
2386:Fathollah Khan Akbar
1993:"Amir-Abbas Hoveyda"
1965:Encyclopædia Iranica
1904:10.1093/jis/12.3.355
1468:P, was published by
1445:Manouchehr Shahgholi
1225:American imperialism
866:educated, and young
432: 1967;
69:"Amir-Abbas Hoveyda"
54:improve this article
4187:Mahmoud Etemadzadeh
4182:Mahmoud Dowlatabadi
4035:Mir-Hossein Mousavi
3869:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar
3864:Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
3828:Amir Emad Mirmirani
3745:Abdolfattah Soltani
3497:Mohammad Ali Taheri
3409:Amir Emad Mirmirani
3337:Ghasem Sholeh-Saadi
3212:Vida Hajebi Tabrizi
3049:Asadollah Lajevardi
2899:Seyyed Javad Zabihi
2879:Pervez Amini Afshar
2814:Gholamreza Kianpour
2049:Minister of Finance
1923:External References
1701:Was Hoveida Baháʼí?
1298:capitulatory rights
1161:Revolutionary Court
1143:Trial and execution
953:Minister of Finance
916:persecuted religion
587:, Hoveyda attended
528:Revolutionary Court
516:Minister of Finance
503:Amīr 'Abbās Hoveyda
211:Minister of Finance
4339:Iranian Freemasons
4212:Ahmad Samii Gilani
4177:Najaf Daryabandari
4015:Amir-Abbas Hoveyda
3945:Mohammad Atrianfar
3935:Abbas Amir-Entezam
3740:Mohammad Seifzadeh
3579:Mohammad Ghouchani
3322:Kavous Seyed-Emami
3222:Leila Hosseinzadeh
3197:Ali-Asghar Gharavi
3039:Mohammad Reyshahri
2959:Left-wing politics
2949:Nematollah Nassiri
2914:Ali Hojjat Kashani
2869:Amir Hossein Rabii
2789:Amir-Abbas Hoveyda
2371:Samsam al-Saltaneh
2311:Samsam al-Saltaneh
2285:Moshir al-Saltaneh
2270:Moshir al-Saltaneh
2139:Position abolished
2096:Hassan Ali Mansour
2069:Jafar Sharif-Emami
2036:Political offices
1969:Amir-Abbas Hoveyda
1796:The New York Times
1458:The Persian Sphinx
1433:
1365:
1309:Hassan Ali Mansour
1176:Ayatollah Khomeini
1153:
1118:Iranian Revolution
1082:
1041:
980:Mohammad Mosaddegh
948:
936:
872:Progressive Circle
860:Hassan Ali Mansour
835:
819:Hassan-Ali Mansour
784:Mohammad Mossadegh
779:
746:from the likes of
714:, Iran's minister
675:
620:
556:
524:Iranian Revolution
484:Amir-Abbas Hoveyda
448:fa:Hassan Farahani
290:Jafar Sharif-Emami
138:Amir-Abbas Hoveyda
18:Amir-Abbas Hoveida
4256:
4255:
4207:Fariborz Raisdana
4131:Ramin Jahanbegloo
4045:Farajollah Mizani
3990:Sadegh Ghotbzadeh
3970:Nasrollah Entezam
3904:Sedigheh Vasmaghi
3889:Khosrow Golsorkhi
3874:Keramat Daneshian
3684:Heshmat Tabarzadi
3574:Abdolali Bazargan
3538:Mohammad Rasoulof
3528:Mohammad Nourizad
3430:Ali Akbar Heidari
3383:Hengameh Ghaziani
3378:Taraneh Alidoosti
3357:Habibollah Peyman
3292:Shiva Nazar Ahari
3287:Youcef Nadarkhani
3192:Parvaneh Forouhar
3078:
3077:
3024:Ruhollah Khomeini
2998:Mona Mahmudnizhad
2993:Sadegh Ghotbzadeh
2894:Hossein-Ali Bayat
2849:Manutchehr Salimi
2844:Manouchehr Azmoun
2819:Gholamreza Nikpey
2721:
2720:
2280:Nezam as-Saltaneh
2199:
2198:
2193:Jamshid Amouzegar
2190:Succeeded by
2166:Succeeded by
2152:Manouchehr Kalali
2137:Succeeded by
2113:Jamshid Amouzegar
2110:Succeeded by
2083:Succeeded by
2059:Jamshid Amouzegar
2056:Succeeded by
2006:978-0-81560-907-0
1950:978-1-85043-328-6
1854:. BBC News فارسی.
1645:978-9-644-07189-8
1607:978-0-203-00280-3
1511:(2): 1–18. 2019.
1476:after his death.
1466:978-1-933-82334-8
1327:Manouchehr Azmoun
1252:for the West and
1240:Western countries
1165:Christine Ockrent
1097:Jamshid Amouzegar
876:Plan Organization
648:political science
629:Reza Shah Pahlavi
574:, also known as "
500:
481:
480:
314:Ali Gholi Ardalan
286:Jamshid Amouzegar
256:Jamshid Amouzegar
234:Hassan-Ali Mansur
204:Jamshid Amouzegar
192:Hassan-Ali Mansur
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4391:
4247:
4246:
4232:Sadegh Zibakalam
4227:Nasser Zarafshan
4202:Shahrokh Meskoob
4100:Mostafa Tajzadeh
4085:Ali Shakouri-Rad
4050:Ahmad Moftizadeh
3985:Dariush Forouhar
3960:Jila Baniyaghoob
3930:Shahrbanoo Amani
3920:Mohsen Aminzadeh
3797:Shervin Hajipour
3674:Hengameh Shahidi
3609:Elaheh Mohammadi
3589:Adnan Hassanpour
3533:Hossein Rajabian
3523:Mahnaz Mohammadi
3404:Atena Farghadani
3332:Jamshid Sharmahd
3277:Narges Mohammadi
3272:Ahmad Moftizadeh
3267:Mohsen Mirdamadi
3202:Kouhyar Goudarzi
3105:
3098:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3068:
3029:Sadegh Khalkhali
2944:Nasser Moghaddam
2858:Soldiers of the
2834:Mahmoud Jafarian
2824:Farrokhroo Parsa
2748:
2741:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2677:
2655:
2436:
2252:
2240:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2174:Preceded by
2150:Preceded by
2134:1977–1978
2120:Preceded by
2107:1965–1977
2093:Preceded by
2080:1964–1965
2066:Preceded by
2053:1964–1965
2041:Preceded by
2033:
2032:
2010:
1973:Brill Publishers
1916:
1915:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1788:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1753:(1/4): 327–368.
1742:
1736:
1735:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1704:. Archived from
1696:
1690:
1689:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1638:. p. 1120.
1631:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1537:
1520:
1499:
1335:Parviz Nick-khah
1331:Mahmoud Jafarian
1086:Iran Novin Party
1066:Fazlollah Zahedi
1023:White Revolution
1013:Towfigh Magazine
1006:Towfigh Magazine
1002:
985:Towfigh Magazine
968:Fada'yan-e Islam
944:White Revolution
843:Abdullah Entezam
748:Abdullah Entezam
700:Jalal al-e Ahmad
654:administration.
542:) and executed.
520:Mansur's cabinet
505:
495:
493:
473:
437:
435:
431:
358:
339:18 February 1919
338:
336:
324:Personal details
310:
298:
282:
273:
252:
242:
230:
221:
200:
188:
169:
148:
134:
133:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4349:Iranian writers
4259:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4236:
4155:
4114:
4105:Mansour Osanlou
4000:Bahareh Hedayat
3955:Emadeddin Baghi
3908:
3879:Arzhang Davoodi
3832:
3816:
3792:Dariush Eghbali
3780:
3749:
3730:Nasrin Sotoudeh
3708:
3704:Ahmad Zeidabadi
3664:Mohsen Sazegara
3659:Kianush Sanjari
3629:Siamak Pourzand
3599:Masoud Lavasani
3584:Niloofar Hamedi
3542:
3501:
3475:
3471:Sattar Beheshti
3454:
3435:Mohammad Karimi
3413:
3392:
3366:
3317:Fatemeh Sepehri
3282:Abdollah Momeni
3262:Farideh Mashini
3252:Mohammad Maleki
3217:Saeed Hajjarian
3207:Zeynab Jalalian
3125:
3112:
3109:
3079:
3074:
3058:
3012:
3008:Sirous Rowshani
2988:Khosrow Qashqai
2976:
2953:
2939:Nader Jahanbani
2909:Saeed Mehdiyoun
2889:Hassan Pakravan
2884:Habib Elghanian
2853:
2839:Mansour Rouhani
2773:
2755:
2752:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2675:
2674:
2666:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2356:Ala ol-Saltaneh
2316:Ala ol-Saltaneh
2250:
2249:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2195:
2186:
2183:Rastakhiz Party
2177:
2169:
2168:Party Dissolved
2162:
2153:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2115:
2106:
2098:
2088:
2086:Ardeshir Zahedi
2079:
2071:
2061:
2052:
2044:
2031:
2007:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1863:
1859:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1822:on 6 March 2016
1819:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1798:. 8 April 1979.
1790:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1747:Iranian Studies
1743:
1739:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1672:
1668:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1632:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1523:
1502:
1482:
1480:Further reading
1453:
1425:
1410:Behesht-e Zahra
1172:Sadeq Khalkhali
1145:
1074:
1058:Ardeshir Zahedi
1000:
976:Haj Ali Razmara
924:
827:
739:in the affair.
716:plenipotentiary
680:Prime Ministers
660:
548:
540:Mofsed-e-filarz
439:
436: 1973)
427:
423:
420:
403:
396:Political party
360:
356:
340:
334:
332:
308:
296:
288:
280:
274:
269:
250:
240:
228:
222:
217:
198:
186:
170:
165:
139:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4397:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4254:
4253:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4217:Brayim Younisi
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4151:Kian Tajbakhsh
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4065:Reza Radmanesh
4062:
4060:Abdollah Nouri
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3980:Hossein Fatemi
3977:
3975:Iraj Eskandari
3972:
3967:
3965:Mehdi Bazargan
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3925:Morteza Alviri
3922:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3894:Morteza Keyvan
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3859:Piruz Dilanchi
3856:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3802:Mehdi Rajabian
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3776:Hamid Pourmand
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3634:Hossein Rafiee
3631:
3626:
3621:
3619:Said Matinpour
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3569:Masoud Bastani
3566:
3561:
3559:Mahsa Amrabadi
3556:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3440:Hossein Mahini
3437:
3432:
3427:
3425:Voria Ghafouri
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3388:Katayoun Riahi
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3352:Majid Tavakoli
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3302:Alireza Rajaei
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3187:Alireza Farshi
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3162:Esmail Bakhshi
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Raheleh Ahmadi
3139:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2972:Hassan Azarfar
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2809:Abdollah Riazi
2806:
2801:
2796:
2794:Parviz Nikkhah
2791:
2785:
2783:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2437:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2290:Sa'd al-Dowleh
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2243:
2242:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2159:New Iran Party
2154:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2126:
2123:Asadollah Alam
2121:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2005:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1962:
1957:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1898:(3): 355–357.
1882:
1875:
1857:
1842:
1833:
1801:
1783:
1772:
1737:
1719:
1708:on 7 July 2011
1691:
1684:
1666:
1663:. hoveyda.org.
1651:
1644:
1626:
1612:
1606:
1588:
1563:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1521:
1500:
1481:
1478:
1452:
1449:
1424:
1421:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1315:
1312:
1301:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:Foroughi Lodge
1276:
1257:
1246:
1243:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1144:
1141:
1101:Asadollah Alam
1073:
1070:
923:
920:
907:General Nasiri
903:Asadollah Alam
899:Prime Minister
895:foreign policy
887:Foroughi Lodge
826:
823:
793:Prime Minister
791:was appointed
659:
656:
589:Lycée Français
547:
544:
492:امیرعباس هویدا
479:
478:
475:
474:
467:
463:
462:
457:
451:
450:
445:
441:
440:
425:
421:
416:
415:
413:
409:
408:
400:New Iran Party
397:
393:
392:
387:
383:
382:
373:
369:
368:
359:(aged 60)
353:
349:
348:
330:
326:
325:
321:
320:
317:
316:
311:
305:
304:
302:Asadollah Alam
299:
293:
292:
283:
281:Prime Minister
277:
276:
266:
265:
259:
258:
253:
247:
246:
243:
237:
236:
231:
229:Prime Minister
225:
224:
214:
213:
207:
206:
201:
195:
194:
189:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
162:
161:
154:
153:
150:
149:
141:
140:
137:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4396:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4251:
4250:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4192:Ahmad Mahmoud
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4110:Ebrahim Yazdi
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4055:Behzad Nabavi
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Khalil Maleki
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3899:Ahmad Shamlou
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:Mona Borzouei
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:Baktash Abtin
3842:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3812:Mehdi Yarrahi
3810:
3808:
3807:Toomaj Salehi
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:Saleh Kamrani
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Faraj Sarkohi
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:Roxana Saberi
3642:
3640:
3639:Taghi Rahmani
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:Keywan Karimi
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:Nasser Fahimi
3485:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:Arash Sadeghi
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:Keyvan Rafiee
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3257:Azar Mansouri
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:Soheila Hejab
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Zahra Bahrami
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3073:
3072:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:Kamran Samimi
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Bahram Afzali
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Ayat Mohaqeqi
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:Matin-Daftari
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:Eyn-ed-Dowleh
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:Eyn-ed-Dowleh
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Naser ol-Molk
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2172:
2161:
2160:
2148:
2143:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2043:Kamal Hassani
2039:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:Milani, Abbas
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1942:0-934211-61-2
1939:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1846:
1837:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1685:1-85043-704-1
1681:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1573:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1547:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1423:Personal life
1420:
1418:
1417:A.S.P. Towers
1413:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1403:Hadi Ghaffari
1401:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:Qajar dynasty
1370:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1300:to Americans.
1299:
1296:and granting
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:modernization
1051:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:. Although a
1024:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1007:
999:
998:
993:
992:
987:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
945:
940:
933:
928:
919:
917:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
849:
844:
840:
831:
825:Rise to power
822:
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
785:
775:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:Sadeq Hedayat
683:
681:
672:
669:
664:
655:
653:
649:
645:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
616:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:André Malraux
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:Qajar dynasty
561:
552:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
498:
489:
485:
476:
472:
468:
464:
461:
458:
456:
452:
449:
446:
442:
419:
414:
410:
406:
401:
398:
394:
391:
388:
386:Resting place
384:
381:
377:
374:
370:
367:
363:
354:
350:
347:
343:
331:
327:
322:
318:
315:
312:
306:
303:
300:
294:
291:
287:
284:
278:
272:
267:
264:
260:
257:
254:
248:
245:Kamal Hassani
244:
238:
235:
232:
226:
220:
215:
212:
208:
205:
202:
196:
193:
190:
184:
181:
178:
174:
168:
163:
160:
155:
151:
147:
142:
135:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4242:
4222:Kourosh Zaim
4197:Abbas Milani
4172:Bozorg Alavi
4146:Ehsan Tabari
4136:Omid Kokabee
4090:Ali Shariati
4020:Anvar Khamei
4014:
3995:Mehdi Hajati
3940:Mohsen Armin
3699:Ruhollah Zam
3649:Majid Saeedi
3614:Sam Mahmoudi
3604:Saeed Laylaz
3594:Zahra Kazemi
3564:Ahmad Batebi
3518:Jafar Panahi
3466:Soheil Arabi
3450:Navid Afkari
3347:Ali Shariati
3342:Abbas Lisani
3327:Reza Shahabi
3312:Mahan Sadrat
3237:Amir Khorram
3232:Jafar Kazemi
3157:Emad Bahavar
3137:Habib Afkari
3064:
3017:Perpetrators
2934:Mehdi Rahimi
2788:
2703:
2694:Mahdavi Kani
2676:(since 1979)
2630:Sharif-Emami
2619:
2600:Sharif-Emami
2431:Pahlavi Iran
2341:Farman Farma
2180:
2156:
2128:
2101:
2074:
2047:
2026:
1996:
1933:
1930:Abbas Milani
1895:
1891:
1885:
1866:
1860:
1845:
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1817:the original
1804:
1795:
1786:
1775:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1730:– via
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:the original
1700:
1694:
1675:
1669:
1654:
1635:
1629:
1615:
1597:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1566:
1556:
1550:
1525:
1508:
1504:
1487:
1470:Abbas Milani
1456:
1454:
1434:
1414:
1407:
1400:Hojatoleslam
1397:
1393:firing squad
1389:
1366:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1208:colonialists
1197:Fighting God
1169:
1157:Refah School
1154:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1111:
1105:
1094:
1083:
1042:
1038:King Hussein
1019:
1011:
1004:
995:
989:
984:
965:
949:
880:
857:
852:
846:
836:
812:
797:
780:
768:West Germany
741:
709:
692:Sadeq Chubak
684:
676:
625:Nazi Germany
621:
568:Baháʼí Faith
557:
539:
522:. After the
483:
482:
357:(1979-04-07)
355:7 April 1979
309:Succeeded by
270:
251:Succeeded by
218:
199:Succeeded by
166:
131:
116:
110:January 2024
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4279:1979 deaths
4274:1919 births
4095:Mahdi Tajik
3913:Politicians
3771:Akbar Ganji
3766:Saeed Emami
3689:Roya Toloui
3624:Kasra Nouri
3547:Journalists
3172:Atena Daemi
3054:Ali Qoddusi
2799:Javad Saeed
2435:(1925–1979)
2251:(1907–1925)
1490:(5102): 1.
1441:Queen Farah
1437:Laila Emami
1369:Qasr Prison
1348:ambience:
1294:colonialism
891:imperialism
883:Freemasonry
868:technocrats
853:Exploration
810:officials.
728:Swiss banks
724:Paris Story
720:Francophile
418:Leila Emami
407:(1975–1978)
402:(1964–1975)
297:Preceded by
241:Preceded by
187:Preceded by
4263:Categories
4126:Taqi Arani
4119:Scientists
3821:Programmer
3735:Shadi Sadr
3506:Filmmakers
2919:Ali Neshat
2391:Tabatabaee
2346:Tonekaboni
2306:Tonekaboni
2296:Tonekaboni
2247:Qajar Iran
2187:1975–1976
2163:1974–1975
1876:1933823038
1712:8 December
1201:Imam Zaman
1045:corruption
1027:secularist
851:(Persian:
644:Blitzkrieg
611:'s folds.
605:Baudelaire
593:André Gide
455:Alma mater
335:1919-02-18
80:newspapers
3785:Musicians
3130:Activists
2904:Reza Naji
2625:Amouzegar
2615:H. Mansur
2580:Mosaddegh
2570:Mosaddegh
2549:A. Mansur
2474:A. Mansur
2421:Reza Khan
1534:0742-8014
1517:2007-7890
1496:0307-661X
1377:Bani Sadr
1275:and Iran.
1269:Palestine
1250:espionage
1090:Rastakhiz
1062:1953 coup
972:Ali Amini
789:Mossadegh
764:Stuttgart
744:patronage
737:scapegoat
576:Schindler
497:romanized
466:Signature
405:Rastakhiz
271:In office
219:In office
167:In office
157:37th
3754:Military
3459:Bloggers
3418:Athletes
2764:Timeline
2662:Bazargan
2640:Bakhtiar
2479:Foroughi
2459:Foroughi
2449:Mostowfi
2443:Foroughi
2411:Mostowfi
2366:Mostowfi
2336:Mostowfi
2321:Mostowfi
2301:Mostowfi
1991:(2008).
1912:26198294
1826:3 August
1820:(Report)
1581:5 August
1385:Khomeini
804:Americas
637:Brussels
558:Born in
444:Children
380:gunshots
376:Homicide
4160:Writers
3713:Lawyers
3480:Doctors
3397:Artists
2860:Pahlavi
2780:Pahlavi
2715:*Acting
2699:Mousavi
2689:Bahonar
2620:Hoveyda
2554:Razmara
2494:Soheili
2484:Soheili
2454:Hedayat
1767:4310346
1732:YouTube
1273:Vietnam
1254:Zionism
997:Towfigh
991:Towfigh
957:cabinet
864:Western
760:Entezam
704:Hedayat
601:Molière
585:Lebanon
499::
488:Persian
438:
426:
422:
176:Monarch
94:scholar
3371:Actors
3121:Prison
2862:period
2782:period
2654:(1979)
2635:Azhari
2595:Eghbal
2585:Zahedi
2559:Fahimi
2539:Hazhir
2534:Hakimi
2529:Hekmat
2519:Hakimi
2509:Hakimi
2416:Pirnia
2401:Pirnia
2381:Pirnia
2376:Vosugh
2351:Vosugh
2326:Pirnia
2265:Atabak
2259:Afkham
2003:
1948:
1940:
1910:
1873:
1765:
1682:
1642:
1604:
1532:
1515:
1494:
1464:
1451:Legacy
1305:heroin
1286:books.
1215:Majlis
1113:Kayhan
978:, and
946:, 1975
932:Paykan
912:Baháʼí
848:Kavosh
815:Turkey
754:, the
732:French
652:German
641:German
603:, and
581:Beirut
560:Tehran
412:Spouse
362:Tehran
346:Persia
342:Tehran
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3837:Poets
2769:Story
2684:Rajai
2605:Amini
2575:Qavam
2544:Sa'ed
2524:Qavam
2504:Bayat
2499:Sa'ed
2489:Qavam
2406:Qavam
2396:Qavam
1908:JSTOR
1813:(PDF)
1763:JSTOR
1575:(PDF)
1542:Notes
1323:SAVAK
1261:CENTO
1232:Farah
1137:SAVAK
1130:SAVAK
1050:cynic
1001:'
428:(
424:
101:JSTOR
87:books
2610:Alam
2590:Ala'
2565:Ala'
2514:Sadr
2464:Djam
2237:list
2176:None
2001:ISBN
1946:ISBN
1938:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1828:2013
1714:2009
1680:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1583:2013
1530:ISSN
1513:ISSN
1492:ISSN
1462:ISBN
1265:NATO
1263:and
1236:West
914:, a
905:and
897:and
756:Shah
690:and
668:Shah
609:Shah
534:and
530:for
514:and
434:div.
366:Iran
352:Died
329:Born
73:news
2025:at
2016:in
1971:at
1900:doi
1755:doi
1183:of:
635:in
518:in
378:by
56:by
4265::
1995:.
1967::
1932:,
1906:.
1896:12
1894:.
1869:.
1794:.
1761:.
1751:13
1749:.
1507:.
1333:,
1329:,
1271:,
1120:.
1068:.
974:,
808:UN
766:,
696:PM
599:,
595:,
583:,
494:,
490::
430:m.
364:,
344:,
3104:e
3097:t
3090:v
2747:e
2740:t
2733:v
2561:*
2445:*
2292:*
2261:*
2239:)
2235:(
2224:e
2217:t
2210:v
2009:.
1956:)
1952:(
1914:.
1902::
1879:.
1830:.
1769:.
1757::
1734:.
1716:.
1688:.
1648:.
1585:.
1536:.
1519:.
1509:6
1498:.
1311:.
1256:.
1242:.
1210:.
1203:.
1193:.
538:(
486:(
337:)
333:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
