690:
736:
934:. Since its introduction into the United States and Canada in the 1990s, and its subsequent detection in 2002, it has spread to eleven states and adjacent parts of Canada. It has killed at least 50 million ash trees so far and threatens to kill most of the ash trees throughout North America. White ash exhibits a little more resistance to the EAB than green ash, which has nearly no resistance; however this could also possibly be due to white ash not being used in landscaping as extensively or placed in high-stress environments.
266:
108:
705:, making identification difficult. The lower sides of the leaves of white ash are lighter in color than their upper sides, and the outer surface of the twigs of white ash may be flaky or peeling. Green ash leaves are similar in color on upper and lower sides, and twigs are smoother. White ash leaves turn yellow or red in autumn. Despite some overlap, the two species tend to grow in different locations as well; white ash is a forest tree that commonly occurs alongside
44:
63:
766:
85:
1855:
973:
of living long enough to reproduce. The disease has spread over most of Europe and has been confirmed in
Britain, however, it has not yet been found in North America. The scale of the threat is not yet known, but is thought to be able to cause significant damage to the ash landscape of Europe and the UK.
972:
dieback, and lesions in the bark. This fungus is, for the most part, fatal, both directly and indirectly, by weakening the tree's immune system so that it is more susceptible to attacks from pests or pathogens. Because of this, younger trees are more affected, and fully mature ash trees are incapable
954:
filled larval galleries, and deformed exit holes. When the "flatheaded" beetle has fully developed, it will bore out of the tree, in this instance, with a hole in a deformed "D" shape. In past it was assumed, once any symptoms had started to show, or once a tree had become infested, it was likely too
875:
in the
American ash variety makes them a good food source for frogs, but are not resistant to the ash borer. Varieties of ash from outside North America typically have much higher tannin levels and resist the borer. Maples and various non-native invasive trees, trees that are taking the place of
813:, due to its preference for undisturbed forest sites away from urban pollution and soil compaction. It sometimes has been planted for its consistently reliable autumn colors, which typically are bright orange and red hues as opposed to other species of ash that produce a uniform yellow color.
781:
White ash is one of the most used trees for everyday purposes and, to keep up with high demand, is cultivated almost everywhere possible. The wood is white and quite dense (within 20% of 670 kg/m), strong, and straight-grained. Its species produces an ideal, atypical dominant excurrent
820:
region, 2010 statistics show most common street tree species is white ash at 6.2%. Along with third ranked green type at 4.9%, ashes combine to make up 11% percent of the city's street trees, with an overall population of 13,648,044 million standing ashes within
1185:
876:
American ash species in the North
American ecosystem, typically have much higher leaf tannin levels. Ash species native to North America also provide important habitat and food for various other creatures that are native to North America.
805:
if properly worked. The wood was used in ceiling fan blades from the 1970s through the mid-1980s, though cane was sometimes simulated with plastic then. It is no longer used for ceiling fan blades in most countries.
941:
observed on affected branches between August and last week of
September. Before the EAB was officially identified, such dieback symptoms were thought to have been caused by a vascular disease classified as
689:
213:
906:
native to Asia. In North
America, the EAB is an invasive species, highly destructive to ash trees in its introduced range. The damage of this insect rivals that of
1685:
Robinett, Molly A.; McCullough, Deborah G. (2019). "White ash (Fraxinus americana) survival in the core of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) invasion".
946:. It was assumed damage was caused by the EAB taking advantage of weakened trees. Other recognizable signs regularly observed have been upper crown dieback,
2365:
790:. A study compared it to eight other different species, and it showed the highest antibacterial activity in the context of manufacturing chopping boards.
930:
killed only 200 million elm trees while EAB threatens 7.5 billion ash trees in the United States. The insect threatens the entire North
American genus
1605:
Stephens, Jeffrey; Bervan, Keith; Tiegs, Scott (3 May 2013). "Anthropogenic changes to leaf litter input affect the fitness of a larval amphibian".
2089:
848:. A related species, Biltmore ash, is sometimes treated as a variety of white ash. Other taxonomists argue that Biltmore ash is its own species (
2370:
717:
and disturbed areas. The white ash's compound leaves usually have 7 leaflets per leaf whereas the counts in other ash trees more often vary.
2190:
836:. After its introduction in 1956, it quickly became the most popular and most expensive landscaping selection, surpassing the high priced
2385:
1143:
1079:
2265:
2037:
955:
late to begin management. Today only on-site professionals diagnosing an individual tree can responsibly make such determinations.
793:
Woodworkers use the timber mainly for interior uses due to high perishability in contact with ground soil. It is also used to make
2115:
2050:
1120:
1111:
871:, are much less suitable for the frogs as a food source—resulting in poor frog survival rates and small frog sizes. The lack of
1460:"Comparison of Wooden and Polyethylene Cutting Boards: Potential for the Attachment and Removal of Bacteria from Ground Beef†"
2156:
1669:
1262:
1333:
2400:
2120:
1859:
1560:
828:
Autumn Purple, or
Junginger, a wild variety of American white ash selected for its purple leaf color, was discovered by
2390:
2001:
1295:. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory
1243:. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory
1573:
Nesom, G.L. (2010) "Fraxinus biltmoreana and
Fraxinus smallii (Oleaceae): forest trees of the eastern United States".
2395:
1507:
107:
1040:
2195:
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1720:
92:
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863:
to feed upon in ponds (both temporary and permanent), large puddles, and other water sources. Species such as
2177:
1414:
1116:
67:
2029:
1910:
761:
share a less curved margin with their corresponding leaf scars, imparting an overall D-shape to the latter.
17:
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2102:
1939:
1779:
1134:
665:
There are an estimated 8 billion ash trees in the United States – the majority being white ash trees and
2055:
1106:
2278:
1149:
1084:
1017:
681:
in 2002 and now found in eastern Canada and the majority of U.S. states, whose larvae kill ash trees.
2405:
2205:
2151:
2016:
1288:
1236:
1210:
1632:
770:
655:
2169:
816:
Cultivation of white ash differs across North
American continent. For example, within the City of
2270:
964:
829:
2329:
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2094:
2024:
1872:
1349:
749:
666:
2133:
1659:
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1441:
240:
2231:
1721:"Andrea C. Anulewicz, Deborah G. McCullough, and David L. Cappaert. 2007. Emerald Ash Borer
859:
as a critical food source, as leaves that fall from the trees are particularly suitable for
1975:
856:
747:
of white ash are useful in distinguishing this species from the closely related green ash (
8:
2239:
52:
1921:
994:
2337:
2257:
1702:
1396:
1094:
1070:
281:
102:
1314:
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1962:
1665:
1489:
1481:
992:
927:
911:
891:
885:
678:
670:
1706:
1400:
1049:
NatureServe
Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer
2342:
1967:
1694:
1614:
1471:
1388:
1012:
1944:
2213:
2143:
1532:
1337:
1328:
947:
919:
907:
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710:
265:
145:
2319:
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2182:
735:
2252:
1931:
1895:
1476:
1459:
1088:
969:
922:
was around 3.5 billion chestnut trees while there are 3.5 billion ash trees in
833:
714:
132:
1797:
1392:
2359:
2128:
2006:
1485:
1003:
787:
610:
256:
72:
2309:
2107:
1698:
1493:
841:
794:
783:
754:
2218:
1954:
1561:"Patriotically Protecting American Ash from Species Modern Day Extinction"
968:
is a fungal disease that attacks ash trees. The disease causes leaf loss,
2164:
2063:
1904:
1824:
943:
822:
782:
structured crown. It is a traditional timber of choice for production of
706:
627:
43:
1172:
County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
2042:
938:
617:
1618:
2068:
1988:
915:
868:
864:
845:
810:
744:
729:
702:
631:
1866:
993:
Jerome, D.; Westwood, M.; Oldfield, S.; Romero-Severson, J. (2017).
937:
An infested tree can be recognized by premature fall color and leaf
2304:
1889:
1754:
860:
765:
698:
651:
620:
606:
201:
191:
181:
171:
158:
2081:
1993:
1458:
MILLER, ARTHUR J.; BROWN, TARA; CALL, JEFFREY E. (1 August 1996).
899:
872:
817:
802:
797:. Since the 1950s, it has also become a popular choice for solid
732:, with male and female flowers produced on separate individuals.
647:
635:
669:. White ash trees are threatened by the spread of the invasive
1980:
1854:
1798:"Emerald ash borer - Tree pests and diseases not present in UK"
1725:
Density and Canopy Dieback in Three North American Ash Species"
903:
837:
786:
and tool handles. The wood is also favorable for furniture and
659:
623:
951:
701:
undersides of the leaves. It is similar in appearance to the
643:
639:
119:
923:
1590:. University of North Carolina Herbarium, Chapel Hill, NC
1661:
Americans Held Hostage by the Environmentalist Movement
642:. Isolated populations have also been found in western
1604:
855:North American native ash tree species are used by
1825:"Chalara dieback of ash - tree pests and diseases"
1684:
1211:"The most common Ash species in the United States"
914:. To put its damage in perspective, the number of
832:horticulturist Karl Junginger of McKay Nursery in
1018:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T61918430A61918432.en
809:White ash is not seen in cultivation as often as
2357:
1533:"Urban Trees and Forests of the Chicago Region"
1457:
1174:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
867:, which are taking the place of ash due to the
1093:Note that this website has been superseded by
1657:
1588:Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States
1313:Common Trees of the North Carolina Piedmont:
988:
986:
1437:
1435:
2366:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
1038:
1144:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
1080:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
983:
264:
83:
61:
42:
1475:
1432:
1374:
1016:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1234:
764:
734:
688:
1375:Wallander, Eva (2008). "Systematics of
1263:"Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Plant Finder"
1121:United States Department of Agriculture
1112:Germplasm Resources Information Network
776:
14:
2358:
1293:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
1286:
1241:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
2371:NatureServe apparently secure species
1871:
1870:
1593:
1379:(Oleaceae) and evolution of dioecy".
958:
2206:13eff9ce-03df-4452-8a8c-cdd0a77d3c33
1664:. Dorrance Publishing. p. 494.
879:
697:The name white ash derives from the
1687:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
1307:
1099:
1004:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
24:
1729:Arboriculture & Urban Forestry
1321:
1051:. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe
720:Like other species in the section
684:
25:
2417:
2386:Medicinal plants of North America
1846:
1508:"Ash vs. Alder: What's the Diff?"
2284:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:105770-2
1853:
1350:"White Ash (Fraxinus americana)"
654:, and the species is reportedly
106:
1816:
1790:
1780:"Insect galleries in Ash trees"
1772:
1747:
1713:
1678:
1651:
1625:
1580:
1567:
1553:
1525:
1500:
1451:
1407:
1381:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1368:
1342:
1280:
1255:
1039:NatureServe (2 February 2024).
801:bodies. It makes a serviceable
605:, is a fast-growing species of
1822:
1327:New Brunswick tree and shrub:
1235:Griffith, Randy Scott (1991).
1228:
1203:
1178:
1156:
1127:
1063:
1032:
898:), also commonly known by the
609:native to eastern and central
13:
1:
1117:Agricultural Research Service
976:
7:
2401:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1415:"Fraxinus comparison chart"
1267:Missouribotanicalgarden.org
1186:"Ash Conservation Research"
638:, and southwest to eastern
10:
2422:
1477:10.4315/0362-028X-59.8.854
1464:Journal of Food Protection
1448:. Retrieved on 2009-07-24.
1150:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1085:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
950:or sprouts, bark lesions,
883:
430:Willd. 1806 not Mill. 1768
2391:Trees of Northern America
1879:
1823:GB, Forestry Commission.
1393:10.1007/s00606-008-0005-3
1287:Gucker, Corey L. (2005).
616:The species is native to
355:Calycomelia pistaciifolia
347:Calycomelia juglandifolia
287:
280:
272:
263:
246:
239:
103:Scientific classification
101:
81:
59:
50:
41:
34:
2396:Plants described in 1753
1804:. GB Forestry Commission
1289:"Fraxinus pennsylvanica"
1011:: e.T61918430A61918432.
771:Russell County, Virginia
965:Hymenoscyphus fraxineus
830:University of Wisconsin
331:Calycomelia biltmoreana
2381:Hardwood forest plants
1699:10.1139/cjfr-2018-0320
1658:Bruce Schlink (2012).
773:
762:
750:Fraxinus pennsylvanica
694:
555:Leptalix juglandifolia
491:Fraxinus novae-angliae
475:Fraxinus juglandifolia
1723:(Agrilus planipennis)
1336:11 March 2008 at the
768:
738:
709:while green ash is a
692:
419:Fraxinus carolinensis
323:Calycomelia americana
307:Calycomelia acuminata
68:Critically Endangered
1862:at Wikimedia Commons
1759:Emeraldashborer.info
1637:Illinois Wildflowers
1237:"Fraxinus americana"
1107:"Fraxinus americana"
857:North American frogs
850:Fraxinus biltmoreana
777:Cultivation and uses
634:, south to northern
547:Leptalix grandifolia
483:Fraxinus macrophylla
467:Fraxinus grandifolia
427:Fraxinus caroliniana
403:Fraxinus biltmoreana
339:Calycomelia epiptera
1755:"Emerald Ash Borer"
1735:(55): 338–349. 2007
896:Agrilus planipennis
743:twig. The C-shaped
675:Agrilus planipennis
571:Ornanthes americana
411:Fraxinus canadensis
363:Calycomelia viridis
53:Conservation status
2245:Fraxinus americana
1911:Fraxinus americana
1881:Fraxinus americana
1860:Fraxinus americana
1607:Freshwater Biology
1356:. 12 February 2018
1330:Fraxinus americana
1316:Fraxinus americana
1166:Fraxinus americana
1137:Fraxinus americana
1095:World Flora Online
1073:Fraxinus americana
1043:Fraxinus americana
997:Fraxinus americana
959:Ash fungal disease
774:
763:
741:Fraxinus americana
726:Fraxinus americana
695:
594:Fraxinus americana
515:Leptalix acuminata
435:Fraxinus curtissii
379:Fraxinus acuminata
318:(Marshall) Kostel.
299:Aplilia macrophyla
275:Fraxinus americana
250:Fraxinus americana
89:Apparently Secure
36:Fraxinus americana
2353:
2352:
2227:Open Tree of Life
1873:Taxon identifiers
1858:Media related to
1671:978-1-4349-7536-2
1619:10.1111/fwb.12155
928:Dutch elm disease
912:Dutch elm disease
892:emerald ash borer
886:Emerald ash borer
880:Emerald ash borer
679:Detroit, Michigan
671:emerald ash borer
590:
589:
583:
575:
567:
559:
551:
543:
535:
531:Leptalix epiptera
527:
519:
511:
503:
495:
487:
479:
471:
463:
455:
451:Fraxinus epiptera
447:
443:Fraxinus discolor
439:
431:
423:
415:
407:
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395:Fraxinus albicans
391:
383:
375:
374:(Marshall) Medik.
367:
359:
351:
343:
335:
327:
319:
311:
303:
302:(Hoffmanns.) Raf.
293:
273:Natural range of
232:F. americana
96:
76:
16:(Redirected from
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2406:Dioecious plants
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2183:NBNSYS0000042110
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1639:. Dr. John Hilty
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1613:(8): 1631–1646.
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1563:. 29 April 2017.
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990:
948:epicormic shoots
902:EAB, is a green
759:F. pennsylvanica
581:
573:
565:
563:Leptalix viridis
557:
549:
541:
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525:
517:
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507:Fraxinus viridis
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499:Fraxinus villosa
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371:Fraxinoides alba
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342:(Michx.) Kostel.
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334:(Beadle) Nieuwl.
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315:Calycomelia alba
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2214:Observation.org
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2141:MichiganFlora:
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1784:Minnesota State
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1338:Wayback Machine
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920:chestnut blight
908:chestnut blight
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799:electric guitar
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711:pioneer species
687:
685:Characteristics
677:), detected in
667:green ash trees
586:
579:Ornus americana
539:Leptalix glauca
526:(Marshall) Raf.
459:Fraxinus glauca
295:
294:
259:
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248:
235:
216:
105:
97:
88:
84:
77:
66:
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2343:wfo-0000832243
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2187:
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2161:
2148:
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2125:
2112:
2099:
2086:
2073:
2060:
2047:
2034:
2021:
2011:
1998:
1985:
1972:
1959:
1949:
1936:
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1916:
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1847:External links
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1089:The Plant List
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918:killed by the
884:Main article:
881:
878:
846:white/burr oak
834:Waterloo, Iowa
778:
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715:riparian zones
713:that inhabits
693:Autumn foliage
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366:(Bosc) Kostel.
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534:(Michx.) Raf.
532:
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523:Leptalix alba
521:
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133:Tracheophytes
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94:
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33:
30:
19:
1880:
1832:. Retrieved
1828:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1762:. Retrieved
1758:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1732:
1728:
1722:
1715:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1660:
1653:
1641:. Retrieved
1636:
1627:
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1569:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1511:
1502:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1445:
1422:. Retrieved
1418:
1409:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1354:Devostree.ca
1353:
1344:
1329:
1323:
1315:
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1292:
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1266:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1240:
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1214:
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1189:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1158:
1142:
1136:
1129:
1110:
1101:
1087:– via
1078:
1072:
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1048:
1042:
1034:
1022:. Retrieved
1008:
1002:
996:
963:
962:
936:
931:
895:
889:
854:
849:
842:London plane
827:
815:
808:
792:
780:
758:
755:lateral buds
748:
740:
725:
721:
719:
696:
674:
664:
615:
603:American ash
602:
598:
593:
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562:
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346:
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330:
326:(L.) Kostel.
322:
314:
306:
298:
274:
249:
247:
231:
230:
214:
202:
165:
152:
139:
126:
35:
29:
18:American ash
2165:NatureServe
2064:iNaturalist
1905:Wikispecies
1633:"Black Ash"
1575:Phytoneuron
1424:11 November
1195:15 December
944:ash yellows
823:Cook County
707:sugar maple
656:naturalized
628:Nova Scotia
566:(Bosc) Raf.
558:(Lam.) Raf.
518:(Lam.) Raf.
146:Angiosperms
93:NatureServe
2360:Categories
2327:WisFlora:
2258:kew-369468
2253:Plant List
1512:Fender.com
1055:7 February
1024:7 February
977:References
939:senescence
745:leaf scars
739:Detail of
618:mesophytic
502:Dum.Cours.
486:Hoffmanns.
2030:200017771
1643:27 August
1540:Fs.fed.us
1486:0362-028X
1442:White Ash
1215:ThoughtCo
916:chestnuts
869:ash borer
865:red maple
811:green ash
730:dioecious
722:Melioides
703:green ash
632:Minnesota
599:white ash
582:(L.) Bosc
574:(L.) Raf.
226:Species:
219:Melioides
215:Fraxinus
210:Section:
116:Kingdom:
2376:Fraxinus
2317:VASCAN:
2310:23000132
2305:Tropicos
2170:2.146402
2134:61918430
2095:10855903
2082:608911-1
1952:BioLib:
1896:Q1193369
1890:Wikidata
1707:92553498
1494:31159115
1419:Uwgb.edu
1401:24152294
1377:Fraxinus
1334:Archived
1190:USDA.gov
932:Fraxinus
861:tadpoles
788:flooring
699:glaucous
652:Colorado
630:west to
621:hardwood
607:ash tree
422:Wangenh.
390:Marshall
292:Synonymy
282:Synonyms
203:Fraxinus
192:Oleaceae
188:Family:
182:Lamiales
172:Asterids
159:Eudicots
73:IUCN 3.1
2152:MoBotPF
2043:3172327
1764:2 April
1739:2 April
1545:2 April
926:alone.
900:acronym
873:tannins
825:alone.
818:Chicago
803:longbow
753:). The
648:Wyoming
636:Florida
624:forests
414:Gaertn.
398:Buckley
358:Nieuwl.
198:Genus:
178:Order:
120:Plantae
91: (
71: (
2266:PLANTS
2232:671807
2219:117987
2203:NZOR:
2157:282936
2056:316687
2017:fraame
2014:FEIS:
2007:176419
1981:579138
1955:126262
1945:432999
1919:AoFP:
1808:10 May
1705:
1668:
1517:9 July
1492:
1484:
1399:
1360:6 June
1146:(WCSP)
904:beetle
838:ginkgo
769:Fall,
660:Hawaii
650:, and
597:, the
454:Michx.
406:Beadle
2271:FRAM2
2196:38872
2121:32931
2108:24506
2090:IRMNG
2069:54805
2002:EUNIS
1994:FRXAM
1968:6JN3T
1929:APA:
1834:6 May
1703:S2CID
1536:(PDF)
1397:S2CID
1299:9 May
1272:9 May
1247:9 May
1220:9 May
970:crown
952:frass
644:Texas
640:Texas
626:from
446:Muhl.
438:Vasey
217:sect.
166:Clade
153:Clade
140:Clade
127:Clade
2330:3646
2320:6726
2297:7297
2279:POWO
2240:PfaF
2191:NCBI
2144:1732
2129:IUCN
2116:ITIS
2077:IPNI
2051:GRIN
2038:GBIF
1989:EPPO
1940:APNI
1932:2720
1922:3976
1836:2018
1810:2018
1766:2022
1741:2022
1666:ISBN
1645:2018
1547:2022
1519:2017
1490:PMID
1482:ISSN
1426:2018
1362:2018
1301:2018
1274:2018
1249:2018
1222:2018
1197:2023
1057:2024
1026:2024
1009:2017
924:Ohio
910:and
890:The
844:and
550:Raf.
542:Raf.
510:Bosc
494:Mill
478:Lam.
470:Raf.
462:Raf.
382:Lam.
2338:WFO
2292:RHS
2178:NBN
2103:ISC
2025:FNA
1976:EoL
1963:CoL
1695:doi
1615:doi
1472:doi
1389:doi
1385:273
1013:doi
852:).
757:of
728:is
658:in
601:or
2362::
2340::
2307::
2294::
2281::
2268::
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2131::
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2105::
2092::
2079::
2066::
2053::
2040::
2027::
2004::
1991::
1978::
1965::
1942::
1907::
1892::
1827:.
1800:.
1782:.
1757:.
1733:33
1731:.
1727:.
1701:.
1691:49
1689:.
1635:.
1611:58
1609:.
1595:^
1538:.
1510:.
1488:.
1480:.
1468:59
1466:.
1462:.
1444:,
1434:^
1417:.
1395:.
1383:.
1352:.
1291:.
1265:.
1239:.
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1188:.
1170:.
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1141:.
1119:,
1115:.
1109:.
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1077:.
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1007:.
1001:.
985:^
840:,
724:,
662:.
646:,
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257:L.
168::
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1838:.
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1786:.
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1743:.
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1391::
1364:.
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1276:.
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1015::
999:"
995:"
894:(
673:(
95:)
75:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
