2318:
3170:
479:
1322:, from the Jurassic of Argentina; they argued against a relationship between Eutheria and Australosphenida (Figure 3, top), but were ambivalent about the placement of monotremes within Australosphenida. Based in part on Martin and Rauhut's earlier work on wear facets in australosphenidans, they questioned the presence of a true functional protocone on the upper molars of non-monotreme australosphenidans—none of which are known from upper teeth—and consequently suggested that australosphenidans may not, after all, have had truly tribosphenic teeth.
2325:
139:
114:
3164:
4073:
4079:
1307:
published by Luo and colleagues, making several changes to the data, particularly in the monotremes. Their results (Figure 3, bottom) challenged the division between
Australosphenida and Boreosphenida, as proposed by Luo et al. Instead, they excluded monotremes from Australosphenida and placed the
585:
in the middle on the outer (labial) side, and metaconid at the back on the inner side (see Figure 2). The three cusps form a right angle with each other at the protoconid, so that the trigonid is described as "open". The paraconid is higher than the metaconid. At the front margin, a cingulum is
649:
and instead identified wear facets on the cusps and crests surrounding the basin. They proposed that wear in the australosphenidan talonid occurs mainly on the rims, not in the talonid basin itself, and that australosphenidans may not have had a functional protocone.
1187:
was thought to extend the known temporal range of tribosphenic mammals 25 million years further into the past. Consequently, Flynn and colleagues argued against the prevailing view that tribosphenic mammals originated on the northern continents
1229:). They characterized Australosphenida by the shared presence of a cingulum on the outer front corner of the lower molars, a short and broad talonid, a relatively low trigonid, and a triangulated last lower premolar.
586:
present that is divided into two small cusps. Unlike in various early tribosphenic mammals and close relatives, there is no additional cuspule behind the metaconid. At the back of the trigonid, the crest known as the
1250:
and monotremes. As evidence against the integrity of
Australosphenida, they cited the presence of lingual cingula in various non-australosphenidan mammals; the presence of two cusps in the anterior cingulum in
1280:
to
Australosphenida. They mentioned the condition of the hypoconulid, which is inclined forward, rather than backward as in boreosphenidans, as an additional australosphenidan character and noted that
1183:
and their extinct relatives) mammals, characterized by the protocone cusp on the upper molars contacting the talonid basin on the lower molars in chewing. The discovery of
348:
mammals. It is the oldest known mammal with putatively tribosphenic teeth; at the time of its discovery it antedated the second oldest example by about 25 million years.
4278:
1207:
and colleagues alternatively proposed that a tribosphenic molar pattern had arisen twice (compare Figure 3, top)—once giving rise to the marsupials and placentals (
635:). Flynn and colleagues identified two wear facets at the front and back margins of the talonid basin; they argue that these wear facets suggest the presence of a
613:
cusp is present towards the inner side of the tooth, and the hypoconid and hypoconulid are connected by a cutting edge which is suggestive of the presence of a
359:(marsupials, placentals, and their extinct tribosphenic-toothed relatives). In 2001, however, an alternative suggestion was published that united it with the
1338:
Compare similar trees in Luo et al. (2001, fig. 1), Luo et al. (2002, fig. 1), Rauhut et al. (2002, fig. 3), which included fewer australosphenidan species.
587:
3105:
1639:
The oldest tribosphenic mammal from
Laurasia (Purbeck Limestone Group, Berriasian, Cretaceous, UK) and its bearing on the 'dual origin' of Tribosphenida
3799:
3699:
3382:
3098:
3084:
1911:
3035:
2915:
2824:
591:
445:
645:, a related primitive mammal from Argentina, Thomas Martin and Oliver Rauhut disputed the presence of these wear facets within the talonid basin in
3839:
3638:
3492:
3296:
3042:
2900:
2761:
3959:
3919:
3499:
3485:
3389:
3346:
3077:
3056:
3049:
2991:
2648:
2627:
2515:
1234:
606:
403:
were later added to
Australosphenida, and new work on wear in australosphenidan teeth has called into question whether these animals, including
3859:
3526:
3463:
3441:
3368:
3353:
3332:
2775:
2585:
1274:
The next year, Luo and colleagues published a more thorough analysis confirming their previous conclusion and adding the
Cretaceous Australian
562:. There is a cuspule (small cusp) on the back of the tooth and probably another on the inner front corner. This tooth resembles the molars of
4271:
4140:
3949:
3770:
3581:
3574:
3420:
2998:
2977:
2656:
2545:
2535:
2465:
1713:
618:
610:
505:
3339:
3070:
2724:
2495:
1988:
628:
324:(shelf) on the inner, or lingual, side of the tooth. The molars also have such a lingual cingulum. They consist of two groups of cusps: a
4120:
3909:
3889:
3595:
3434:
3063:
2641:
2555:
2505:
578:
3939:
3658:
3303:
2970:
2922:
2731:
3709:
415:
plus monotremes, or that monotremes are not australosphenidans and that the remaining australosphenidans are related to placentals.
4406:
4264:
631:
are areas of a tooth that show evidence of contact with a tooth in the opposing jaw when the teeth are brought together (known as
407:, did have tribosphenic teeth. Other paleontologists have challenged this concept of Australosphenida, and instead proposed that
4482:
2317:
1232:
Also in 2001, Denise
Sigogneau-Russell and colleagues in their description of the earliest Laurasian tribosphenic mammal,
4467:
601:, another group of cusps, makes up the back of the tooth. It is wider than long and contains a well-developed cusp, the
3169:
1692:
385:, which would have acquired tribosphenic molars independently from marsupials and placentals. The Jurassic Argentinean
1628:
New
Jurassic mammals from Patagonia, Argentina: A reappraisal of australosphenidan morphology and interrelationships
1153:
but excluding monotremes, are closely related to placentals. Many taxa are omitted from both trees for clarity.
4477:
4287:
2324:
554:
as specimen UA 10602. Relative to other primitive mammals, it is small. Each of the teeth has a prominent
1149:, are distinct from boreosphenidans. Bottom, Woodburne et al. (2003, fig. 3): australosphenidans, including
4472:
621:, rims the talonid basin; on m1, it is swollen and on m2, it contains two small cuspules, but a distinct
551:
1579:
590:
is located relatively close to the outer side of the tooth and is continuous with another crest, the
138:
1616:
1196:). They cited the retention of a distal metacristid and an "open" trigonid as characters separating
1568:
1296:, this animal lacked a distal metacristid and did not have as well-developed a lingual cingulum.
4437:
1660:
332:
with a main cusp, a smaller cusp, and a crest at the back. Features of the talonid suggest that
4361:
1685:
3163:
4462:
4432:
4424:
2789:
632:
247:
4393:
4166:
4072:
3448:
2233:
555:
453:
321:
1292:
was described from the
Jurassic of Argentina as another australosphenidan. In contrast to
485:. Generalized australosphenidan lower molar seen from above, illustrating major features.
8:
4037:
2274:
2240:
1819:
1649:
291:
3611:
2114:
1964:
1792:
1164:
337:
133:
639:(another cusp on the outer side of the tooth) on the upper molars. In a 2005 paper on
4419:
4078:
4008:
2961:
2141:
1678:
1567:
Flynn, J.J., Parrish, J.M., Rakotosamimanana, B., Simpson, W.F. and Wyss, A.R. 1999.
1300:
1276:
1075:
792:
399:
1145:. Top, Rougier et al., (2007, fig. 9): australosphenidans, including monotremes and
3427:
3234:
3019:
2618:
2280:
1980:
1973:
1884:
1638:
1288:, by the presence of a V-shaped notch in the distal metacristid. In the same year,
1226:
1217:
1058:
775:
673:
559:
496:
466:
428:
382:
365:
317:
193:
478:
4256:
3510:
3005:
2877:
2846:
2831:
2745:
2565:
2055:
2016:
1316:. In 2007, Guillermo Rougier and colleagues described another australosphenidan,
441:
283:
30:
1590:
4384:
4232:
4197:
4107:
3668:
3540:
3519:
3455:
3407:
3324:
3248:
3219:
3112:
3091:
2862:
2855:
2684:
2575:
2475:
2192:
1761:
433:
128:, seen in lingual view (from the side of the tongue). Scale bar is 1 mm.
4456:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4202:
4130:
3879:
3811:
3729:
2933:
2869:
2413:
2226:
2216:
2086:
1255:
as well as some boreosphenidans; the different appearance of the premolar in
1208:
856:
547:
457:
356:
313:
64:
609:, in the middle. The cristid obliqua connects to the hypoconid. The smaller
4324:
4207:
3929:
3785:
3648:
3565:
3547:
3375:
3289:
3273:
2891:
2782:
2768:
2454:
2356:
2343:
2292:
2164:
1943:
1934:
1025:
694:
641:
563:
387:
206:
625:
cusp is absent. This entocristid is continuous with the lingual cingulum.
4237:
4212:
4187:
4014:
3849:
3778:
3761:
3739:
3679:
3533:
3478:
3310:
3206:
3187:
3130:
3119:
3028:
2817:
2754:
2714:
2700:
2670:
2663:
2634:
2525:
2485:
2443:
2403:
2393:
2153:
2103:
1626:
Rougier, G.W., Martinelli, A.G., Forasiepi, A.M. and
Novacek, M.J. 2007.
934:
817:
39:
4411:
4315:
4192:
4160:
4150:
4026:
3986:
3829:
3719:
3317:
3241:
3227:
2984:
2810:
2796:
2693:
2595:
2433:
2373:
2262:
2072:
2064:
2033:
2026:
1950:
1615:
Rauhut, O.W.M., Martin, T., Ortiz-Jaureguizar, E. and Puerta, P. 2002.
1601:
1318:
1304:
1204:
1168:
956:
869:
711:
617:
cusp on the upper molars. Further towards the inner side, a crest, the
582:
542:(lower jaw) with three teeth in it (Figure 1), interpreted as the last
461:
393:
360:
295:
84:
49:
566:, a group of primitive mammals, but the back cusp is smaller than the
4043:
3746:
3471:
3361:
3282:
3262:
2946:
2803:
2603:
2175:
2095:
2004:
1919:
1777:
1743:
1734:
1222:
1180:
1172:
636:
622:
602:
567:
558:(shelf) on the inner (lingual) side. The p-last has a strong central
449:
437:
370:
345:
341:
287:
150:
89:
4355:
1606:(Australosphenida, Mammalia) and the evolution of tribosphenic teeth
452:
unit, the youngest of the three rock layers that make up the Isalo "
4378:
4331:
4295:
3997:
3899:
3689:
3628:
3255:
2383:
2182:
2041:
1804:
1752:
1725:
1193:
1189:
1176:
978:
884:
614:
574:
543:
539:
378:
325:
309:
305:
170:
113:
79:
74:
59:
54:
44:
1661:
The evolution of tribospheny and the antiquity of mammalian clades
1627:
4398:
4344:
4338:
4171:
3792:
3588:
2908:
2423:
2204:
2130:
1537:
Woodburne, 2003, fig. 5; Woodburne et al., 2003, fig. 3
598:
374:
329:
94:
69:
1456:
Flynn et al., 1999, p. 57; Rougier et al., 2007, p. 23
3970:
3869:
1872:
1831:
1719:
1701:
279:
180:
160:
16:
Species of small mammal from the middle Jurassic of Madagascar
1192:), and instead proposed that their origin lies in the south (
426:
was described by a team led by John Flynn in a 1999 paper in
436:, close to which the fossil was found. It is known from the
1670:
1645:, Series IIA (Earth and Planetary Science) 333(2):141–147.
1637:
Sigogneau-Russell, D., Hooker, J.J. and Ensom, P.C. 2001.
1589:
Luo, Z.-X., Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. and Cifelli, R.L. 2002.
1578:
Luo, Z.-X., Cifelli, R.L. and Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. 2001.
340:, the basic arrangement of molar features also present in
1267:(with a well-developed hypoconid on the labial side) and
594:, which is in turn connected to the back of the tooth.
1659:
Woodburne, M.O., Rich, T.H. and Springer, M.S. 2003.
1308:
remaining australosphenidans close to Eutheria, with
4156:
4146:
4136:
4126:
4116:
3982:
3955:
3945:
3935:
3925:
3915:
3905:
3895:
3885:
3875:
3865:
3855:
3845:
3835:
3825:
3758:
3735:
3725:
3715:
3705:
3695:
3685:
3675:
3664:
3654:
3644:
3634:
3624:
3562:
3404:
3203:
3016:
2958:
2888:
2843:
2742:
2711:
2681:
2615:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2551:
2541:
2531:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2491:
2481:
2471:
2461:
2450:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2409:
2399:
2389:
2379:
2369:
2259:
2222:
2212:
2188:
2171:
2160:
2149:
2126:
2083:
2052:
2013:
1961:
1931:
1907:
1897:
1263:(squared); and the contrast between the talonids of
1225:, which first appeared in the Cretaceous (united as
4286:
538:was described on the basis of a fragmentary right
432:. The scientific name derives from the village of
577:, a group of three cusps forming a triangle: the
4454:
1883:
1284:and monotremes were united, to the exclusion of
1246:was closer to Laurasian tribosphenidans than to
573:The front half of the m1 and m2 consists of the
1159:In their paper, Flynn and colleagues described
381:, and their extinct relatives) into the clade
4272:
1686:
1591:In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals
550:(m1 and m2). It is in the collection of the
2354:
1411:Sigogneau-Russell et al., 2001, p. 146
355:was interpreted as a primitive relative of
4279:
4265:
1693:
1679:
1141:Alternative views of the relationships of
605:, on the outer side and a depression, the
308:with three teeth, interpreted as the last
298:. The only described species of the genus
112:
1643:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences
1447:Martin and Rauhut, 2005, pp. 422–423
1407:
1405:
1776:
1569:A Middle Jurassic mammal from Madagascar
1395:
1393:
477:
418:
1383:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1238:, agreed with the relationship between
4455:
1441:
1402:
444:, about 167 million years ago) of the
4360:
4359:
4260:
4094:
3185:
2341:
1870:
1712:
1674:
1650:Monotremes as pretribosphenic mammals
1459:
1390:
316:. The premolar consists of a central
1617:A Jurassic mammal from South America
1600:Martin, T. and Rauhut, O.W.M. 2005.
1555:Rougier et al., 2007, pp. 24–25
1432:
1414:
1378:
1360:
320:with one or two smaller cusps and a
1580:Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals
448:in northwestern Madagascar, in the
13:
1610:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1357:Flynn et al., 1999, pp. 57–58
1200:from more modern tribosphenidans.
653:
464:teeth and remains of the sauropod
328:of three cusps at the front and a
14:
4494:
1665:Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution
1528:Woodburne, 2003, pp. 233–235
1483:Luo et al., 2001, pp. 53, 56
1429:Luo et al., 2002, pp. 22, 29
1175:and their extinct relatives) and
492:pos: posterior (towards the back)
489:ant: anterior (towards the front)
304:, it is known from a fragmentary
294:(about 167 million years ago) of
4077:
4071:
3168:
3162:
2342:
2323:
2316:
1546:Rougier et al., 2007, p. 31
1519:Rauhut et al., 2002, p. 166
1399:Rauhut et al., 2002, p. 167
1242:and monotremes, but argued that
581:at the front on the inner side,
137:
37:
3186:
1561:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1450:
1420:Flynn et al., 1999, fig. 2
1387:Flynn et al., 1999, fig. 3
1332:
4288:Mesozoic mammals of Madagascar
4095:
1654:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
1465:Flynn et al., 1999, p. 60
1438:Flynn et al., 1999, p. 59
1423:
1375:Flynn et al., 1999, p. 58
1351:
657:
473:
456:". This unit has also yielded
397:and the Cretaceous Australian
351:Upon its description in 1999,
1:
4483:Fossil taxa described in 1999
1595:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1492:Luo et al., 2002, fig. 1
1345:
1871:
1700:
1510:Luo et al., 2002, p. 22
1501:Luo et al., 2002, p. 23
1474:Luo et al., 2001, p. 56
1215:, the Cretaceous Australian
7:
1303:and colleagues revised the
546:(p-last) and the first two
10:
4499:
4468:Jurassic mammals of Africa
1602:Mandible and dentition of
1163:as the oldest mammal with
552:University of Antananarivo
411:is not closely related to
4368:
4314:
4294:
4180:
4105:
4101:
4090:
4068:
4025:
3996:
3978:
3969:
3821:
3810:
3757:
3620:
3609:
3561:
3509:
3415:
3403:
3272:
3214:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3181:
3159:
3129:
3015:
2957:
2941:
2932:
2887:
2842:
2741:
2710:
2680:
2614:
2365:
2350:
2337:
2313:
2291:
2258:
2203:
2140:
2122:
2113:
2082:
2051:
2012:
2003:
1960:
1930:
1893:
1879:
1866:
1830:
1812:
1803:
1785:
1772:
1708:
1663:(subscription required).
1652:(subscription required).
1641:(subscription required).
1632:American Museum Novitates
1619:(subscription required).
1608:(subscription required).
1582:(subscription required).
1571:(subscription required).
1167:—the basic molar type of
1072:
1055:
1048:
1022:
1005:
998:
991:
976:
969:
954:
947:
932:
925:
882:
867:
860:
815:
789:
772:
765:
758:
741:
734:
708:
691:
684:
677:
667:
253:
246:
134:Scientific classification
132:
120:
111:
23:
1604:Asfaltomylos patagonicus
1325:
1312:most closely related to
1648:Woodburne, M.O. 2003.
1211:), and once producing
532:
513:dm: distal metacristid
4478:Fossils of Madagascar
4433:Paleobiology Database
1305:phylogenetic analysis
481:
419:Discovery and context
4167:Saint Bathans Mammal
4473:Jurassic Madagascar
1165:tribosphenic molars
516:co: cristid obliqua
338:tribosphenic molars
292:Isalo III Formation
3612:Prototribosphenida
2115:Ornithorhynchoidea
1965:Ausktribosphenidae
588:distal metacristid
570:of symmetrodonts.
533:
312:and the first two
266:Flynn et al., 1999
226:Flynn et al., 1999
4448:
4447:
4420:Open Tree of Life
4362:Taxon identifiers
4353:
4352:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4086:
4085:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
3605:
3604:
3557:
3556:
3399:
3398:
3177:
3176:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3106:Symmetrodontoides
2962:Zhangheotheriidae
2333:
2332:
2311:
2310:
2281:multituberculates
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2142:Ornithorhynchidae
1999:
1998:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1301:Michael Woodburne
1299:However, in 2003
1221:, and the living
1157:
1156:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1037:
1036:
913:
912:
904:
903:
895:
894:
846:
845:
837:
836:
828:
827:
804:
803:
723:
722:
528:tb: talonid basin
271:
270:
227:
4490:
4441:
4440:
4428:
4427:
4415:
4414:
4402:
4401:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4357:
4356:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4158:
4148:
4138:
4128:
4118:
4103:
4102:
4092:
4091:
4081:
4076:
4075:
3984:
3976:
3975:
3957:
3947:
3937:
3927:
3917:
3907:
3897:
3887:
3877:
3867:
3857:
3847:
3837:
3827:
3819:
3818:
3800:Tendagurutherium
3760:
3737:
3727:
3717:
3707:
3697:
3687:
3677:
3666:
3656:
3646:
3636:
3626:
3618:
3617:
3564:
3428:Austrotriconodon
3413:
3412:
3406:
3383:Portopinheirodon
3235:Drescheratherium
3212:
3211:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3099:Spalacotheroides
3085:Spalacotheridium
3020:Spalacotheriidae
3018:
2960:
2939:
2938:
2890:
2845:
2744:
2713:
2683:
2619:Gobiconodontidae
2617:
2593:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2543:
2533:
2523:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2483:
2473:
2463:
2452:
2441:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2391:
2381:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2351:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2261:
2224:
2214:
2190:
2173:
2162:
2151:
2128:
2120:
2119:
2085:
2054:
2015:
2010:
2009:
1974:Ausktribosphenos
1963:
1933:
1912:Tendagurutherium
1909:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1885:Australosphenida
1881:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1810:
1809:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1710:
1709:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1400:
1397:
1388:
1385:
1376:
1373:
1358:
1355:
1339:
1336:
1282:Ausktribosphenos
1269:Ausktribosphenos
1261:Ausktribosphenos
1248:Ausktribosphenos
1240:Ausktribosphenos
1227:Australosphenida
1218:Ausktribosphenos
1059:Ausktribosphenos
1051:
1050:
1001:
1000:
994:
993:
972:
971:
950:
949:
928:
927:
921:
920:
863:
862:
776:Ausktribosphenos
768:
767:
761:
760:
737:
736:
687:
686:
680:
679:
674:Australosphenida
670:
669:
663:
662:
658:
467:Lapparentosaurus
413:Ausktribosphenos
383:Australosphenida
366:Ausktribosphenos
262:
258:
225:
218:
205:
194:Australosphenida
142:
141:
116:
106:
36:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4444:
4436:
4431:
4423:
4418:
4410:
4405:
4397:
4392:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4370:Ambondro mahabo
4364:
4354:
4349:
4310:
4290:
4285:
4255:
4242:
4176:
4097:
4082:
4070:
4050:
4021:
3992:
3965:
3813:
3812:Tribosphenida /
3806:
3753:
3614:
3601:
3553:
3511:Mesungulatoidea
3505:
3395:
3268:
3190:
3173:
3161:
3145:
3125:
3011:
3006:Zhangheotherium
2953:
2928:
2916:Trishulotherium
2883:
2878:Volaticotherium
2838:
2825:Victoriaconodon
2746:Triconodontidae
2737:
2706:
2676:
2610:
2566:Phascolotherium
2359:
2346:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2287:
2246:
2199:
2183:Ornithorhynchus
2136:
2109:
2078:
2056:Steropodontidae
2047:
2017:Kollikodontidae
1995:
1956:
1926:
1875:
1846:
1826:
1799:
1768:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1699:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1038:
914:
905:
896:
847:
838:
829:
805:
724:
656:
654:Interpretations
592:cristid obliqua
531:
525:ec: entocristid
522:hl: hypoconulid
476:
446:Mahajanga Basin
442:middle Jurassic
424:Ambondro mahabo
421:
284:Middle Jurassic
275:Ambondro mahabo
267:
264:
260:Ambondro mahabo
256:
255:
242:
224:
216:
203:
136:
107:
105:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
34:
33:
31:Middle Jurassic
27:
25:Ambondro mahabo
17:
12:
11:
5:
4496:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4429:
4416:
4403:
4390:
4374:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4320:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4233:Amphitheriidae
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4198:Eutriconodonta
4195:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4154:
4144:
4134:
4124:
4113:
4111:
4108:Incertae sedis
4099:
4098:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4011:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3943:
3933:
3923:
3913:
3903:
3893:
3883:
3873:
3863:
3853:
3843:
3840:Argaliatherium
3833:
3822:
3816:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3766:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3743:
3733:
3723:
3713:
3703:
3693:
3683:
3673:
3669:Brancatherulum
3662:
3652:
3642:
3639:Amphibetulimus
3632:
3621:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3568:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3541:Peligrotherium
3537:
3530:
3523:
3520:Coloniatherium
3515:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3496:
3493:Quirogatherium
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3460:
3456:Groebertherium
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3410:
3408:Meridiolestida
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3325:Groebertherium
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3297:Anthracolestes
3293:
3286:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3249:Henkelotherium
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3220:Brancatherulum
3215:
3209:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3113:Symmetrolestes
3109:
3102:
3095:
3092:Spalacotherium
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3043:Cifellitherium
3039:
3032:
3024:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2901:Gobiotheriodon
2896:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2863:Ichthyoconodon
2859:
2856:Argentoconodon
2851:
2849:
2847:Volaticotheria
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2832:Volaticotheria
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2762:Arundelconodon
2758:
2750:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2720:
2718:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2687:
2685:Jeholodentidae
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2589:
2579:
2576:Sangarotherium
2569:
2559:
2549:
2539:
2529:
2519:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2479:
2476:Indotriconodon
2469:
2459:
2448:
2437:
2427:
2417:
2407:
2397:
2387:
2377:
2366:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2347:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2268:
2266:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2220:
2209:
2207:
2205:Tachyglossidae
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2193:Patagorhynchus
2186:
2179:
2169:
2158:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2020:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1905:
1894:
1888:
1877:
1876:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1786:
1780:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1762:Mammaliaformes
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1667:28(2):360–385.
1657:
1656:10(3):195–248.
1646:
1635:
1624:
1613:
1612:25(2):414–425.
1598:
1587:
1576:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1155:
1154:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
975:
970:
968:
965:
964:
961:
960:
953:
948:
946:
943:
942:
939:
938:
931:
926:
924:
919:
916:
915:
911:
910:
907:
906:
902:
901:
898:
897:
893:
892:
889:
888:
881:
878:
877:
874:
873:
866:
861:
859:
853:
852:
849:
848:
844:
843:
840:
839:
835:
834:
831:
830:
826:
825:
822:
821:
814:
811:
810:
807:
806:
802:
801:
798:
797:
788:
785:
784:
781:
780:
771:
766:
764:
759:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
740:
735:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:
721:
720:
717:
716:
707:
704:
703:
700:
699:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
668:
666:
661:
655:
652:
530:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
502:
499:
493:
490:
486:
475:
472:
434:Ambondromahabo
420:
417:
269:
268:
265:
251:
250:
244:
243:
239:A. mahabo
235:
233:
229:
228:
214:
210:
209:
201:
197:
196:
191:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
130:
129:
118:
117:
109:
108:
100:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4495:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4451:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4277:
4275:
4270:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4228:Paurodontidae
4226:
4224:
4223:Eupantotheria
4221:
4219:
4218:Symmetrodonta
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:Amphilestidae
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4131:Chronoperates
4125:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4089:
4080:
4074:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3960:Tribactonodon
3954:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3920:Kielantherium
3914:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3880:Holoclemensia
3874:
3872:
3871:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3814:Boreosphenida
3809:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3730:Palaeoxonodon
3724:
3722:
3721:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3560:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3500:Solanutherium
3497:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3486:Paraungulatum
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3402:
3392:
3391:
3390:Treslagosodon
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3347:Krebsotherium
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3171:
3165:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3078:Spalacolestes
3075:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3057:Infernolestes
3054:
3052:
3051:
3050:Heishanlestes
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2992:Ningchengodon
2989:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:Trechnotheria
2931:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:Triconolestes
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:Huasteconodon
2646:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2628:Fuxinoconodon
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2516:Kryptotherium
2510:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2414:Chaoyangodens
2408:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2319:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2257:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2227:Murrayglossus
2221:
2219:
2218:
2217:Megalibgwilia
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2087:Teinolophidae
2081:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1354:
1350:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1235:Tribactonodon
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1209:Boreosphenida
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1003:
1002:
996:
995:
989:
988:
985:
984:
981:
980:
974:
973:
967:
966:
963:
962:
959:
958:
952:
951:
945:
944:
941:
940:
937:
936:
930:
929:
923:
922:
918:
917:
909:
908:
900:
899:
891:
890:
887:
886:
880:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
865:
864:
858:
857:Boreosphenida
855:
854:
851:
850:
842:
841:
833:
832:
824:
823:
820:
819:
813:
812:
809:
808:
800:
799:
796:
795:
794:
787:
786:
783:
782:
779:
778:
777:
770:
769:
763:
762:
756:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
746:
739:
738:
732:
731:
728:
727:
719:
718:
715:
714:
713:
706:
705:
702:
701:
698:
697:
696:
689:
688:
682:
681:
675:
672:
671:
665:
664:
660:
659:
651:
648:
644:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:talonid basin
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
564:symmetrodonts
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
527:
524:
521:
519:hy: hypoconid
518:
515:
512:
510:me: metaconid
509:
507:
503:
501:pa: paraconid
500:
498:
494:
491:
488:
487:
484:
480:
471:
469:
468:
463:
459:
458:crocodyliform
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:
425:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:
396:
395:
390:
389:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:
362:
358:
357:Tribosphenida
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:
263:
261:
252:
249:
248:Binomial name
245:
241:
240:
234:
231:
230:
223:
222:
215:
212:
211:
208:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
140:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
32:
26:
22:
19:
4463:Henosferidae
4450:
4369:
4337:
4330:
4325:Adalatherium
4323:
4304:
4303:
4208:Theriiformes
4159:
4149:
4139:
4129:
4119:
4106:
3985:
3958:
3948:
3938:
3930:Pappotherium
3928:
3918:
3908:
3898:
3888:
3878:
3868:
3860:Carinalestes
3858:
3848:
3838:
3828:
3798:
3791:
3786:Peramuroides
3784:
3777:
3769:
3745:
3738:
3728:
3718:
3708:
3698:
3688:
3678:
3667:
3657:
3649:Amphitherium
3647:
3637:
3627:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:Donodontidae
3548:Reigitherium
3546:
3539:
3532:
3527:Mesungulatum
3525:
3518:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3464:Lakotalestes
3462:
3454:
3447:
3442:Casamiquelia
3440:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3388:
3381:
3376:Phascolestes
3374:
3369:Minutolestes
3367:
3360:
3354:Lakotalestes
3352:
3345:
3338:
3333:Guimarotodus
3331:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3290:Amblotherium
3288:
3281:
3274:Dryolestidae
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2945:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2892:Tinodontidae
2876:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2783:Eotriconodon
2781:
2776:Corviconodon
2774:
2769:Astroconodon
2767:
2760:
2753:
2730:
2723:
2699:
2692:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2602:
2594:
2586:Tendagurodon
2584:
2574:
2564:
2554:
2544:
2534:
2524:
2514:
2504:
2494:
2484:
2474:
2464:
2455:Fruitafossor
2453:
2442:
2432:
2422:
2412:
2402:
2392:
2382:
2372:
2357:Theriimorpha
2344:Theriimorpha
2293:Theriimorpha
2239:
2234:Tachyglossus
2232:
2225:
2215:
2191:
2181:
2174:
2165:Monotrematum
2163:
2152:
2129:
2102:
2094:
2071:
2063:
2040:
2032:
2025:
1987:
1979:
1972:
1949:
1944:Asfaltomylos
1942:
1935:Henosferidae
1918:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1664:
1653:
1642:
1631:
1623:416:165–168.
1620:
1609:
1603:
1594:
1583:
1572:
1562:Bibliography
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1353:
1334:
1317:
1314:Asfaltomylos
1313:
1309:
1298:
1293:
1290:Asfaltomylos
1289:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1197:
1184:
1160:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1074:
1073:
1057:
1056:
1026:Asfaltomylos
1024:
1023:
1008:
1007:
1006:
977:
955:
933:
883:
868:
816:
791:
790:
774:
773:
744:
743:
742:
710:
709:
695:Asfaltomylos
693:
692:
646:
642:Asfaltomylos
640:
627:
596:
572:
535:
534:
482:
465:
427:
423:
422:
412:
408:
404:
398:
392:
388:Asfaltomylos
386:
364:
352:
350:
333:
300:
299:
274:
273:
272:
259:
254:
238:
237:
220:
219:
207:Henosferidae
187:
125:
121:
24:
18:
4238:Marsupionta
4213:Pantotheria
4188:Prototheria
4141:Microderson
3950:Tirotherium
3850:Brasilestes
3779:Kouriogenys
3771:Afriquiamus
3762:Peramuridae
3747:Monotremata
3740:Vincelestes
3680:Chunnelodon
3582:Anoualestes
3575:Amazighodon
3534:Orretherium
3479:Necrolestes
3421:Amarillodon
3311:Crusafontia
3207:Dryolestida
3188:Cladotheria
3131:Cladotheria
3120:Yaverlestes
3029:Akidolestes
2999:Origolestes
2978:Kiyatherium
2947:Monotremata
2818:Trioracodon
2755:Alticonodon
2715:Klameliidae
2701:Yanoconodon
2671:Spinolestes
2664:Repenomamus
2657:Meemannodon
2635:Gobiconodon
2604:Monotremata
2546:Manchurodon
2536:Liaotherium
2526:Liaoconodon
2486:Juchilestes
2466:Hakusanodon
2444:Dyskritodon
2404:Aploconodon
2394:Amphilestes
2154:Dharragarra
2104:Teinolophos
2005:Monotremata
1920:Monotremata
1597:47(1):1–78.
1271:(squared).
1259:(flat) and
1169:metatherian
935:Monotremata
818:Monotremata
629:Wear facets
619:entocristid
611:hypoconulid
474:Description
363:Australian
4457:Categories
4316:Cretaceous
4193:Yinotheria
4181:Other taxa
4161:Tingamarra
4151:Thereuodon
4096:Other taxa
4044:marsupials
4038:Metatheria
4027:Metatheria
4015:placentals
3987:Patagomaia
3830:Aegialodon
3720:Nanolestes
3340:Hercynodon
3318:Dryolestes
3242:Euthlastus
3228:Dorsetodon
3140:see below↓
3071:Shalbaatar
2985:Maotherium
2811:Triconodon
2797:Meiconodon
2725:Ferganodon
2694:Jeholodens
2596:Allotheria
2496:Jueconodon
2434:Condorodon
2374:Acinacodus
2302:see below↓
2275:Allotheria
2263:Allotheria
2073:Steropodon
2065:Parvopalus
2034:Kryoryctes
2027:Kollikodon
1989:Kryoparvus
1951:Henosferus
1841:see below↓
1820:Cynodontia
1805:Cynodontia
1753:Cynodontia
1744:Therapsida
1634:3566:1–54.
1586:409:53–57.
1575:401:57–60.
1346:References
1319:Henosferus
1223:monotremes
1205:Zhe-Xi Luo
1181:placentals
1173:marsupials
957:Metatheria
870:Metatheria
712:Henosferus
583:protoconid
506:protoconid
462:plesiosaur
394:Henosferus
371:monotremes
361:Cretaceous
296:Madagascar
4121:Atlasodon
4042:includes
4013:includes
3910:Kermackia
3890:Hypomylos
3596:Stylodens
3472:Leonardus
3435:Bondesius
3362:Laolestes
3283:Achyrodon
3263:Tathiodon
3064:Lactodens
2804:Priacodon
2790:Jugulator
2642:Hangjinia
2556:Nakunodon
2506:Kemchugia
2279:includes
2241:Zaglossus
2176:Obdurodon
2096:Stirtodon
1793:Synapsida
1778:Synapsida
1735:Synapsida
1718:Kingdom:
1203:In 2001,
1177:eutherian
1139:Figure 3.
637:protocone
633:occlusion
623:entoconid
603:hypoconid
579:paraconid
568:metaconid
450:Isalo III
438:Bathonian
346:placental
342:marsupial
306:lower jaw
288:Bathonian
282:from the
232:Species:
157:Kingdom:
151:Eukaryota
124:. Jaw of
35:Bathonian
4399:32826847
4385:Q2553985
4379:Wikidata
4332:Lavanify
4305:Ambondro
4296:Jurassic
4009:Eutheria
3998:Eutheria
3940:Picopsis
3900:Juramaia
3690:Magnimus
3659:Arguimus
3629:Abelodon
3449:Cronopio
3304:Beckumia
3256:Paurodon
2971:Anebodon
2923:Yermakia
2732:Klamelia
2384:Amphidon
2042:Sundrius
1902:Ambondro
1873:Mammalia
1832:Mammalia
1726:Chordata
1724:Phylum:
1720:Animalia
1702:Mammalia
1310:Ambondro
1294:Ambondro
1286:Ambondro
1265:Ambondro
1257:Ambondro
1253:Ambondro
1244:Ambondro
1213:Ambondro
1198:Ambondro
1194:Gondwana
1190:Laurasia
1185:Ambondro
1161:Ambondro
1151:Ambondro
1147:Ambondro
1143:Ambondro
1009:Ambondro
979:Eutheria
885:Eutheria
745:Ambondro
647:Ambondro
615:metacone
575:trigonid
556:cingulum
544:premolar
540:mandible
536:Ambondro
497:cingulum
483:Figure 2
409:Ambondro
405:Ambondro
379:platypus
375:echidnas
369:and the
353:Ambondro
334:Ambondro
326:trigonid
322:cingulum
310:premolar
301:Ambondro
221:Ambondro
200:Family:
181:Mammalia
171:Chordata
167:Phylum:
161:Animalia
147:Domain:
126:Ambondro
122:Figure 1
4425:6143175
4412:8637642
4345:UA 8699
4339:Vintana
4172:UA 8699
3793:Peramus
3710:Mozomus
3700:Minimus
3589:Donodon
2909:Tinodon
2424:Comodon
2131:Opalios
1981:Bishops
1277:Bishops
1076:Bishops
793:Bishops
599:talonid
400:Bishops
330:talonid
257:†
236:†
213:Genus:
177:Class:
101:↓
4438:156674
3971:Theria
3870:Eomaia
3036:Aliaga
1621:Nature
1584:Nature
1573:Nature
548:molars
429:Nature
377:, the
314:molars
280:mammal
1758:Clade
1749:Clade
1740:Clade
1731:Clade
1326:Notes
454:Group
373:(the
278:is a
188:Clade
4407:GBIF
4036:see
4007:see
2273:see
1818:see
1791:see
597:The
560:cusp
504:pr:
495:ci:
460:and
391:and
344:and
336:had
318:cusp
40:PreꞒ
4394:EoL
4459::
4435::
4422::
4409::
4396::
4381::
1760::
1751::
1742::
1733::
1630:.
1593:.
1404:^
1392:^
1380:^
1362:^
470:.
290:)
190::
90:Pg
4280:e
4273:t
4266:v
4157:†
4147:†
4137:†
4127:†
4117:†
3983:†
3956:†
3946:†
3936:†
3926:†
3916:†
3906:†
3896:†
3886:†
3876:†
3866:†
3856:†
3846:†
3836:†
3826:†
3803:?
3774:?
3759:†
3750:?
3736:†
3726:†
3716:†
3706:†
3696:†
3686:†
3676:†
3672:?
3665:†
3655:†
3645:†
3635:†
3625:†
3563:†
3467:?
3459:?
3405:†
3357:?
3328:?
3223:?
3204:†
3017:†
2959:†
2950:?
2904:?
2889:†
2873:?
2844:†
2835:?
2743:†
2717:?
2712:†
2682:†
2652:?
2616:†
2607:?
2599:?
2592:†
2582:†
2572:†
2562:†
2552:†
2542:†
2532:†
2522:†
2512:†
2502:†
2492:†
2482:†
2472:†
2462:†
2458:?
2451:†
2447:?
2440:†
2430:†
2420:†
2410:†
2400:†
2390:†
2380:†
2370:†
2265:?
2260:†
2223:†
2213:†
2196:?
2189:†
2172:†
2168:?
2161:†
2157:?
2150:†
2127:†
2099:?
2084:†
2068:?
2053:†
2037:?
2019:?
2014:†
1992:?
1984:?
1962:†
1932:†
1923:?
1915:?
1908:†
1898:†
1887:?
1694:e
1687:t
1680:v
1188:(
1179:(
1171:(
440:(
286:(
217:†
204:†
95:N
85:K
80:J
75:T
70:P
65:C
60:D
55:S
50:O
45:Ꞓ
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