116:
lubrication to prolong trouble free life. Two basic lubricator devices are typically employed. One is an in-line or reservoir type that typically stores up to 2 quarts of lubricant, and is installed along the air supply line. The second style of lubricator is a small one shot device that dispenses a measured amount of lubricant every time the starter is engaged. Installed directly onto the air inlet of the starter, the in-line lubricators are self priming pneumatic pumps that require a 1/4″ lubrication line piped from as far away as 4 feet. Air
Starter lubricators perform best using misting type, non-detergent oils such as diesel fuel or Marvel Mystery oil. If emissions are a concern, there are environmentally friendly type lubricants available on the market.
64:
to the firing order of the engine’s cylinders. Safety components include flame traps, to prevent air line explosions, a turning gear interlock which ensures that air-start cannot be initiated when the turning gear is engaged, relief valves and isolation valves, as well as drain valves at certain points along the system. Control components include the control valves and remote air-start valves. A direct start system as used on a marine slow-speed diesel is required to have up to 12 starts on a non-reversing engine or 6 starts on a reversible, or geared, engine.
129:
112:
type are used in place of electric motors because of their lighter weight and higher reliability. They can also outlast an electric starter by a factor of three and are easier to rebuild. Engines operating in underground mining activities tend to operate on this type of starter system to reduce the risk of an electrical system igniting flammable material.
92:
111:
Another method of air-starting an internal combustion engine is by using compressed air or gas to drive a fluid motor in place of an electric motor. They can be used to start engines from 5 to 320 liters in size and if more starting power is necessary two or more motors can be used. Starters of this
115:
All vane type air starters should have a lubricator installed to insure long-life and maximum performance. Lubricators give the moving parts a needed friction barrier, reduce metal corrosion and keep vanes sealed properly against the cylinder walls. Even the so-called lube-free air starters require
63:
An air start system has three main components along with various safety components, namely the air start injector, the distributor and the air receivers. When the system is initiated, starting air from the receivers is distributed by the distributor unit to each respective air start valve according
183:
so are used on large engines as an electric starter would be too big and, with its cables, too heavy and expensive. However, for smaller engines, which don't need as much starter power, an electric starter is more suitable. It has a dual function as a generator (is known as a starter/generator) at
155:
Air impingement starting was not used for US military aircraft after the F-4B, A-5A and F-5 as the pneumatic energy requirement was several times greater than when using an air turbine starter. The gas turbine compressor required to start a J79 with impingement starting was sufficient to start two
82:
To further complicate matters, a large engine is usually "blown over" first with zero fuel settings and the indicator cocks open, to prove that the engine is clear of any water build up and that everything is free to turn. After a successful blow ahead and a blow astern, the indicator cocks are
159:
An ATS has its own turbine and gears to change its low torque and high speed to low speed and high torque at the engine mounting pad. Further gears in the engine gearbox connect to the engine shaft (high pressure spool on multi-spool engines). Compressed air is sent to the ATS turbine from the
60:, an essential design feature, as it is the heat of compression that ignites the fuel. An electric starter with sufficient power to turn a large diesel engine would itself be so large as to be impractical so there is a need for an alternative system.
97:
96:
94:
79:, forcing it downward. As the engine starts to turn, the air-start valve on the next cylinder in line opens to continue the rotation. After several rotations, fuel is injected into the cylinders, the engine starts running and the air is cut off.
98:
151:
engines). It is much more efficient to use an air turbine starter (ATS) which is usually mounted on an accessory gearbox. An early axial compressor turbojet had an ATS located in the compressor nose cone (eg particular variants of the J79).
119:
Not all air starters require lubrication. Turbine type air starters do not require air motor lubrication, although some turbine air starters do use an oil filled transmission that may require periodic inspections and maintenance.
87:
must have an extra valve in each cylinder to admit the air in for starting, plus the required control systems. This added complexity and cost limits the use of air-starters to very large and expensive reciprocating engines.
95:
147:
Compressed air has been used to start gas turbine engines using air impingement starting (in which air is directed at the engine turbine blades through nozzles in the turbine casing, used on US Navy
168:
from the gas generator or from a free-turbine load compressor, eg PW901 APU), from an already-running engine (bleed air) on a multi-engined aircraft or, for early jet aircraft, from an
401:
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closed on all the cylinders, and then the engine can be started on fuel. Significant complexity is added to the engine by using an air-start system, as the
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245:
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139:. It is mounted at the front of the compressor. The cutaway shows the small turbine (next to yellow shaft) and
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Pneumatic
Starting Systems, Robert J. Von Flue, The Garrett Corporation, ASME Publication 67-GT-15, p.3-5
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272:"The air start system at marinediesels.co.uk How a marine diesel engine starts using compressed air"
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The Jet Engine 3rd
Edition, July 1969 Publication Ref. T.S.D.1302, p.128/129
212:- A similar system which uses an explosive cartridge to supply gas pressure.
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A5A Aircraft NATOPN Flight Manual, NAVWEPS 01-60ABA-1, p.14 Starting System
225:
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410:
156:
J79 engines simultaneously in a B-58 when using air turbine starters.
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speeds above which the engine no longer requires starter assistance.
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Compared with electric starters, air-starters have a higher
409:
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Aircraft
Electrical Systems, Third Edition,Pallett,
206:- A monofuel used to power turbojet starter motors.
781:Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS)
814:Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronics (FADEC)
898:
771:Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM)
246:"Starting air system for Marine diesel engine"
395:
776:Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS)
402:
388:
102:Air starter on Caterpillar Diesel Engine
127:
90:
71:is admitted to whichever cylinder has a
16:Power source for starting large engines
899:
143:(to right of perforated metal screen).
23:is a power source used to provide the
383:
248:. MachinerySpaces.com. Archived from
274:. Marinediesels.info. Archived from
13:
43:
14:
918:
38:
644:Thrust specific fuel consumption
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132:Cutaway of an air-starter on a
123:
693:Propeller speed reduction unit
359:
350:
341:
332:
314:
289:
264:
238:
1:
231:
322:"Frequently asked questions"
7:
604:Engine pressure ratio (EPR)
187:
10:
923:
871:Auxiliary power unit (APU)
500:Rotating detonation engine
194:Index of aviation articles
67:When starting the engine,
858:
832:
799:
756:
701:
680:
671:
571:
508:
438:
424:
221:Components of jet engines
25:initial rotation to start
579:Aircraft engine starting
216:Aircraft engine starting
174:ground support equipment
460:Pulse detonation engine
649:Thrust to weight ratio
619:Overall pressure ratio
614:Jet engine performance
538:Centrifugal compressor
455:Gluhareff Pressure Jet
326:Air Starter Components
210:Coffman engine starter
144:
103:
886:Ice protection system
654:Variable cycle engine
624:Propulsive efficiency
181:power-to-weight ratio
131:
101:
786:Flight data recorder
548:Constant speed drive
528:Afterburner (reheat)
162:auxiliary power unit
149:General Electric J79
134:General Electric J79
252:on 15 December 2022
52:(petrol) engine, a
688:Propeller governor
145:
104:
894:
893:
766:Annunciator panel
752:
751:
667:
666:
558:Propelling nozzle
141:epicyclic gearing
99:
58:compression ratio
914:
907:Starting systems
881:Hydraulic system
876:Bleed air system
866:Air-start system
729:Counter-rotating
678:
677:
659:Windmill restart
629:Specific impulse
599:Compressor stall
533:Axial compressor
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56:has a very high
21:air-start system
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824:Thrust reversal
801:Engine controls
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724:Contra-rotating
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663:
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518:Accessory drive
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446:Air turborocket
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44:Direct starting
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744:Variable-pitch
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719:Constant-speed
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431:jet propulsion
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303:. galigrup.com
297:"Air Starters"
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199:Air Start Unit
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170:air compressor
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69:compressed air
48:Compared to a
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42:
40:
39:Diesel engines
37:
29:diesel engines
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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859:Other systems
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836:and induction
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791:Glass cockpit
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563:Turbine blade
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371:0 582 98819 5
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278:on 2013-04-28
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107:Starter motor
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86:
85:cylinder head
80:
78:
74:
70:
65:
61:
59:
55:
54:diesel engine
51:
36:
34:
30:
26:
22:
865:
845:Flame holder
819:Thrust lever
809:Autothrottle
639:Thrust lapse
594:Bypass ratio
426:Gas turbines
418:gas turbines
361:
352:
343:
334:
325:
316:
305:. Retrieved
300:
291:
280:. Retrieved
276:the original
266:
254:. Retrieved
250:the original
240:
226:Flame holder
178:
158:
154:
146:
124:Gas turbines
118:
114:
110:
81:
66:
62:
47:
33:gas turbines
20:
18:
759:instruments
714:Blade pitch
709:Autofeather
411:Jet engines
172:mounted on
702:Principles
681:Components
673:Propellers
572:Principles
523:Air intake
511:components
509:Mechanical
485:Turboshaft
307:2023-11-07
282:2013-04-15
232:References
75:just over
734:Proprotor
584:Bleed air
543:Combustor
480:Turboprop
166:bleed air
160:aircraft
901:Category
850:Jet fuel
739:Scimitar
609:Flameout
553:Impeller
475:Turbojet
470:Turbofan
451:Pulsejet
415:aircraft
188:See also
137:turbojet
50:gasoline
838:systems
465:Propfan
256:6 March
757:Engine
634:Thrust
495:Rocket
490:Ramjet
373:,p.157
369:
73:piston
27:large
439:Types
204:AVPIN
834:Fuel
429:and
413:and
367:ISBN
301:GALI
258:2023
31:and
19:An
903::
324:.
299:.
176:.
164:(
35:.
453:/
403:e
396:t
389:v
328:.
310:.
285:.
260:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
