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Binomial proportion confidence interval

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165: 3992: 7042: 8793: 8036: 5550: 6061: 15113: 8369: 7319: 5191: 14933: 5799: 1653: 14685: 6939: 8788:{\displaystyle ~{\mathsf {Wilson_{lower}}}\left(\ {\hat {p}},\ n,\ {\tfrac {\!\ \alpha \!\ }{2}}\ \right)\ \equiv \ w^{-}\ =\ {\frac {1}{~1+z_{\alpha }^{2}\ /n~}}{\Bigg (}\ {\hat {p}}+{\frac {\;z_{\alpha }^{2}\ }{\!\ 2\ n\!\ }}~~-~~{\frac {\!\ z_{\alpha }\!\ }{\!\ 2\ n\!\ }}\ {\sqrt {\ 2\ n\ {\hat {p}}\ (1-{\hat {p}})+\ z_{\alpha }^{2}~}}~{\Biggr )}\ ,} 702: 2093: 8031:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}w_{\mathsf {cc}}^{-}&=\max \left\{~~0\ ,~~{\frac {\ 2\ n\ {\hat {p}}+z_{\alpha }^{2}-\left\ }{\ 2\left(n+z_{\alpha }^{2}\right)~~}}\right\}\ ,\\w_{\mathsf {cc}}^{+}&=\min \left\{~~1\ ,~~{\frac {\ 2\ n\ {\hat {p}}+z_{\alpha }^{2}+\left\ }{\ 2\left(n+z_{\alpha }^{2}\right)~~}}\right\},\end{aligned}}} 10422: 10251: 5545:{\displaystyle p\quad {\underset {\approx }{\in }}_{\alpha }\quad {\bigl (}\ w^{-},\ w^{+}\ {\bigr )}~~=~~{\frac {1}{~1+z_{\alpha }^{2}\ /n~}}{\Bigg (}\ {\hat {p}}+{\frac {\;z_{\alpha }^{2}\ }{2\ n}}~~\pm ~~{\frac {\!\ z_{\alpha }\!\ }{\!\ 2\ n\!\ }}\ {\sqrt {\ 4\ n\ {\hat {p}}\ (1-{\hat {p}})+\ z_{\alpha }^{2}~}}~{\Biggr )}\ } 9075: 5035: 11764: 11979: 11276: 14696: 6056:{\displaystyle p\quad {\underset {\approx }{\in }}_{\alpha }\quad {\frac {\ n_{\mathsf {s}}+{\tfrac {\!\ 1\!\ }{2}}\ z_{\alpha }^{2}\ }{n+z_{\alpha }^{2}}}~\pm ~{\frac {z_{\alpha }}{\ n+z_{\alpha }^{2}\ }}{\sqrt {{\frac {\ n_{\mathsf {s}}\ n_{\mathsf {f}}\ }{n}}+{\frac {\;z_{\alpha }^{2}\ }{4}}~}}\ ,} 155:
ten times. The observed binomial proportion is the fraction of the flips that turn out to be heads. Given this observed proportion, the confidence interval for the true probability of the coin landing on heads is a range of possible proportions, which may or may not contain the true proportion. A 95%
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Both Ross (2003) and Agresti & Coull (1998) point out that exact methods such as the Clopper–Pearson interval may not work as well as some approximations. The normal approximation interval and its presentation in textbooks has been heavily criticised, with many statisticians advocating that it
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The definition of the Clopper–Pearson interval can also be modified to obtain exact confidence intervals for different distributions. For instance, it can also be applied to the case where the samples are drawn without replacement from a population of a known size, instead of repeated draws of a
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Of the approximations listed above, Wilson score interval methods (with or without continuity correction) have been shown to be the most accurate and the most robust, though some prefer Agresti & Coulls' approach for larger sample sizes. Wilson and Clopper–Pearson methods obtain consistent
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The Clopper–Pearson interval is an 'exact' interval, since it is based directly on the binomial distribution rather than any approximation to the binomial distribution. This interval never has less than the nominal coverage for any population proportion, but that means that it is usually
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the number of standard deviations of the confidence interval: Add this number to both the count of successes and of failures to yield the estimate of the ratio. For the common two standard deviations in each direction interval (approximately 95% coverage, which itself is approximately
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The Clopper–Pearson interval is an early and very common method for calculating binomial confidence intervals. This is often called an 'exact' method, as it attains the nominal coverage level in an exact sense, meaning that the coverage level is never less than the nominal
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has a Bayesian derivation, but good frequentist properties (outperforming most frequentist constructions). In particular, it has coverage properties that are similar to those of the Wilson interval, but it is one of the few intervals with the advantage of being
5718: 10262: 4479: 10686: 10094: 8866: 13800: 140:. In general, a binomial distribution applies when an experiment is repeated a fixed number of times, each trial of the experiment has two possible outcomes (success and failure), the probability of success is the same for each trial, and the trials are 11538: 4164: 11770: 9793: 12401: 12259: 14928:{\displaystyle \ \sin ^{2}\left(\ -\ {\frac {z_{\alpha }}{\ 2\ {\sqrt {n\ }}\ }}+\arcsin {\sqrt {p\ }}~\right)~<~\theta ~<~\sin ^{2}\left(\ +\ {\frac {\ z_{\alpha }\ }{\ 2\ {\sqrt {n\ }}\ }}\ +\arcsin {\sqrt {p\ }}~\right)\ ,} 11081: 1361:
An important theoretical derivation of this confidence interval involves the inversion of a hypothesis test. Under this formulation, the confidence interval represents those values of the population parameter that would have large
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Thus the interval may be wider than it needs to be to achieve 95% confidence, and wider than other intervals. In contrast, it is worth noting that other confidence interval may have coverage levels that are lower than the nominal
9450: 12420: 9097:(e.g., for a 95% confidence interval, the probabilities of the interval lying above or below the true value are both close to 2.5%). In contrast, the Wilson interval has a systematic bias such that it is centred too close to 148:(i.e., not continuous) and difficult to calculate for large numbers of trials, a variety of approximations are used to calculate this confidence interval, all with their own tradeoffs in accuracy and computational intensity. 14374: 14131:
The arcsine transformation has the effect of pulling out the ends of the distribution. While it can stabilize the variance (and thus confidence intervals) of proportion data, its use has been criticized in several contexts.
9263: 13971: 13551: 4321: 3981: 3251: 1648:{\displaystyle \left\{~~\theta \quad {\Bigg |}\quad y_{\alpha /2}~~\leq ~~{\frac {\ {\hat {p}}-\theta \ }{{\sqrt {{\frac {\!\ 1\!\ }{n}}\ {\hat {p}}\ \left(1-{\hat {p}}\right)\ }}\ }}~~\leq ~~z_{\alpha /2}~~\right\}\ ,} 14680:{\displaystyle \ \operatorname {var} \left\{~~\arcsin {\sqrt {p~}}~~\right\}~\approx ~{\frac {\ \operatorname {var} \{~~p~~\}\ }{\ 4\ p\ (1-p)\ }}={\frac {\ p\ (1-p)\ }{\ 4\ n\ p\ (1-p)\ }}={\frac {\ 1\ }{\ 4\ n\ }}~.} 7311: 485: 6261: 6934:{\displaystyle \left\{~~\theta \quad {\Bigg |}\quad \ y_{\alpha }~~\leq ~~{\frac {\ {\hat {p}}-\theta \ }{\ {\sqrt {{\tfrac {\!\ 1\!\ }{n}}\ \theta \ \left(1-\theta \right)~}}\ }}~~\leq ~~z_{\alpha }~~\right\}\ ,} 1258: 272: 2341: 8362:
Wallis (2021) identifies a simpler method for computing continuity-corrected Wilson intervals that employs a special function based on Wilson's lower-bound formula: In Wallis' notation, for the lower bound, let
15723: 10083: 3177: 4484: 3858: 2501: 11066: 15601: 10929: 9575: 2104: 13390: 10997: 10866: 697:{\displaystyle \ p~~\approx ~~{\frac {\!\ n_{\mathsf {s}}\!\ }{n}}\pm {\frac {\;z_{\alpha }\ }{\ {\sqrt {n\;}}\ }}{\sqrt {{\frac {\!\ n_{\mathsf {s}}\!\ }{n}}\ {\frac {\!\ n_{\mathsf {f}}\!\ }{n}}\ }}\ ,} 12966: 12050: 6448: 5593: 2088:{\displaystyle \ {\frac {\ k+C_{\mathsf {L1}}-z_{\alpha }\ {\widehat {W}}\ }{\ n+z_{\alpha }^{2}\ }}~~\leq ~~p~~\leq ~~{\frac {\ k+C_{\mathsf {U1}}+z_{\alpha }\ {\widehat {W}}\ }{n+z_{\alpha }^{2}}}\ } 6516: 3565: 3060: 1050: 13379: 15026: 7135: 1834:
has shown that inequalities on the approximation error between the binomial distribution and the normal distribution can be used to accurately bracket the estimate of the confidence interval around
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i.e., the normal approximation (or "standard") interval, Wilson interval, Agresti–Coull interval, etc., with a nominal coverage of 95% may in fact cover less than 95%, even for large sample sizes.
9683: 11401: 6190: 822: 9626: 11530: 10518: 7324: 906: 15245: 14246: 6527: 1742: 3771: 15998: 10797: 10417:{\displaystyle ~S_{\geq }~\equiv ~\left\{~p~~{\Big |}~~\operatorname {\mathbb {P} } \left\{~\operatorname {Bin} \left(n;p\right)\geq x\right\}>{\tfrac {\!\ \alpha \!\ }{2}}~~\right\}\ ,} 5601: 10246:{\displaystyle S_{\leq }~\equiv ~\left\{~p~~{\Big |}~~\operatorname {\mathbb {P} } \left\{~\operatorname {Bin} \left(n;p\right)\leq x~\right\}>{\tfrac {\!\ \alpha \!\ }{2}}~~\right\}~} 6346: 10009: 4357: 2869: 2467: 9070:{\displaystyle \ w_{\mathsf {cc}}^{-}={\mathsf {Wilson_{lower}}}\left(\ \max \left\{\ {\hat {p}}-{\tfrac {1}{\!\ 2\ n\!\ }},\ 0\ \right\},\ n,\ {\tfrac {\!\ \alpha \!\ }{2}}\ \right)~.} 3239: 10580: 5030:{\displaystyle \left(\ 1+{\frac {\;z_{\alpha }^{2}\ }{n}}\ \right)\ p^{2}-\left(\ 2\ {\hat {p}}+{\frac {\;z_{\alpha }^{2}\ }{n}}\ \right)\ p+{\biggl (}\ {\hat {p}}^{2}\ {\biggr )}=0~,} 8329: 8213: 6131: 993: 3887: 13708: 6096: 11759:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\ \Gamma (n+1)\ }{\ \Gamma \!(x)\ \Gamma \!(n-x+1)\ }}\ \int _{0}^{p_{\min }}\ t^{x-1}\ (1-t)^{n-x}\ \mathrm {d} \!\ t~~=~~{\tfrac {\!\ \alpha \!\ }{2}}\ ,} 6194:
In practical tests of the formula's results, users find that this interval has good properties even for a small number of trials and / or the extremes of the probability estimate,
10751: 8124: 8080: 6721: 4015:(1927). It is an improvement over the normal approximation interval in multiple respects: Unlike the symmetric normal approximation interval (above), the Wilson score interval is 2680: 13291: 5791: 5756: 766: 131: 15837: 15238: 14417: 1793: 156:
confidence interval for the proportion, for instance, will contain the true proportion 95% of the times that the procedure for constructing the confidence interval is employed.
13963: 13835: 10463: 8286: 8170: 1697: 15644: 15531: 13874: 1352: 1092: 14969: 8858: 6975: 4769: 4200: 3557: 2777:), the above inequalities give easily computed one- or two-sided intervals which bracket the exact binomial upper and lower confidence limits corresponding to the error rate 2775: 2716: 2426: 855: 13157: 6381: 6298: 5151: 4710: 3472: 1159: 10718: 9958: 7222: 5183: 4801: 4235: 4064: 3519: 9519: 2496: 1419: 9484: 8822: 7027: 7001: 2804: 2742: 946: 9827: 211: 15789: 13062: 13029: 9130: 3093: 2902: 13914: 12294: 12152: 9899: 9863: 15490: 12120: 11974:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\Gamma (n+1)}{\Gamma (x+1)\Gamma (n-x)}}\ \int _{0}^{p_{\max }}\ t^{x}\ (1-t)^{n-x-1}\ \mathrm {d} \!\ t~=~1-{\tfrac {\!\ \alpha \!\ }{2}}~.} 11408: 8242: 4675: 4350: 4240: 1861: 15197: 15081: 15055: 14272: 14185: 14159: 13543: 13317: 13121: 13092: 12992: 12885: 12859: 12087: 11464: 11435: 11331: 11305: 10573: 10544: 9349: 9319: 9293: 9172: 8358: 5116: 5090: 5061: 4827: 4736: 2964: 2937: 2393: 2367: 2276: 1386: 1120: 731: 515: 264: 96: 70: 15134: 7162:
across each bound. The tail areas of the resulting Wilson and normal distributions represent the chance of a significant result, in that direction, must be equal.
4077: 2905: 1303: 9688: 11271:{\displaystyle \ B\!\left({\tfrac {\!\ \alpha \!\ }{2}}\ ;\ x\ ,\ n-x+1\right)~<~p~<~B\!\left(\ 1-{\tfrac {\!\ \alpha \!\ }{2}}\ ;\ x+1\ ,\ n-x\ \right)\ } 12302: 12160: 9354: 12825:{\displaystyle \left(\ 1+{\frac {\ n-x+1\ }{\ x\ F\!\left\ }}\ \right)^{-1}~~<~~p~~<~~\left(\ 1+{\frac {\ n-x\ }{(x+1)\ \ F\!\left\ }}\ \right)^{-1}} 14104:{\displaystyle \ {\tilde {p}}={\frac {\quad {\hat {p}}+{\frac {\ z_{\alpha }^{2}\!\ }{\ 2\ n\ }}\quad }{\quad 1+{\frac {\ z_{\alpha }^{2}}{n}}\quad }}\ } 184:
A commonly used formula for a binomial confidence interval relies on approximating the distribution of error about a binomially-distributed observation,
15882: 13695:{\displaystyle \ p~~\approx ~~{\tilde {p}}~\pm ~z_{\alpha }\ {\sqrt {{\frac {\!\ {\tilde {p}}\!\ }{\tilde {n}}}\ \left(\!\ 1-{\tilde {p}}\!\ \right)~}}} 14280: 9185: 151:
A simple example of a binomial distribution is the set of various possible outcomes, and their probabilities, for the number of heads observed when a
3425:{\displaystyle \ \operatorname {var} \{\ {\hat {p}}\ \}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\operatorname {var} \{\ w_{i}\ X_{i}\ \}=p\ (1-p)\ \sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i}^{2}~.} 229:) and becomes unreliable when it violates the theorems' premises, as the sample size becomes small or the success probability grows close to either 3892: 16257: 6521:
Although the quadratic can be solved explicitly, in most cases Wilson's equations can also be solved numerically using the fixed-point iteration
7240: 423: 410:{\displaystyle \ p~~\approx ~~{\hat {p}}\pm {\frac {\;z_{\alpha }\ }{\ {\sqrt {n\;}}\ }}\ {\sqrt {{\hat {p}}\ \left(1-{\hat {p}}\right)\ }}\ ,} 16288: 6197: 1175: 2281: 16645: 4638:{\displaystyle \qquad p^{2}-2\ p\ {\hat {p}}+{\hat {p}}^{2}=p\ {\frac {\;z_{\alpha }^{2}\ }{n}}-p^{2}\ {\frac {\;z_{\alpha }^{2}\ }{n}}~.} 2637:{\displaystyle \ C_{\mathsf {L1}},C_{\mathsf {L2}},C_{\mathsf {L3}},C_{\mathsf {L4}},C_{\mathsf {U1}},C_{\mathsf {U2}},C_{\mathsf {U3}}\ } 15954: 15649: 10020: 3098: 2242:{\displaystyle \ {\widehat {W}}\equiv {\sqrt {{\frac {\ n\ k-k^{2}+C_{\mathsf {L2}}n\ -C_{\mathsf {L3}}k+C_{\mathsf {L4}}\ }{n}}~}}\ ,} 17: 13509:{\displaystyle \ {\tilde {p}}={\frac {1}{\!\ {\tilde {n}}\!\ }}\left(\!\ n_{\mathsf {s}}+{\tfrac {\ z_{\alpha }^{2}}{2}}\!\ \right)\ } 11006: 3776: 15536: 10875: 9524: 10940: 10809: 3702:{\displaystyle \ \operatorname {SE} \{\ {\hat {p}}\ \}\approx {\sqrt {~{\hat {p}}\ (1-{\hat {p}})\ \sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i}^{2}~~}}\ } 12890: 11987: 6390: 5558: 6454: 998: 13325: 12053: 2977: 14974: 11075:, the Clopper–Pearson interval is sometimes presented in an alternate format that uses quantiles from the beta distribution. 7068: 9631: 15429:{\displaystyle \ t_{a}\ =\ \log \left(\ {\frac {\ p^{a}\ }{\ (1-p)^{2-a}\ }}\ \right)\ =\ a\ \log p-(2-a)\ \log(\ 1-p\ )\ } 11336: 9913: 7231: 6136: 771: 15991:"Binomial confidence intervals and contingency tests: Mathematical fundamentals and the evaluation of alternative methods" 9580: 6662:{\displaystyle p_{\!\ k+1}={\hat {p}}\pm z_{\alpha }\ {\sqrt {{\tfrac {\!\ 1\!\ }{n}}\ p_{k}\ \left(\ 1-p_{k}\ \right)~}}} 16792: 11471: 10468: 860: 16653:. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 49th Annual Meeting (HFES 2005). Orlando, FL. pp. 2100–2104. Archived from 14190: 13068:
conservative. For example, the true coverage rate of a 95% Clopper–Pearson interval may be well above 95%, depending on
1702: 5713:{\displaystyle \ \operatorname {\mathbb {P} } {\Bigr \{}~~p\in \left(\ w^{-},\ w^{+}\ \right)~~{\Bigl \}}=1-\alpha ~.} 16729: 16267: 15160: 4027:
that afflict the normal interval. It can be safely employed with small samples and skewed observations. The observed
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leading to the familiar formulas, showing that the calculation for weighted data is a direct generalization of them.
145: 15142: 4474:{\displaystyle \left(\ p-{\hat {p}}\ \right)^{2}={\frac {\;z_{\alpha }^{2}\ }{n}}\ p\ \left(\ 1-p\ \right)\ \qquad } 3715: 16355: 15941: 10756: 10681:{\textstyle \ \left(\ {\frac {\!\ x\!\ }{n}}-\varepsilon _{1},\ {\frac {\!\ x\!\ }{n}}+\varepsilon _{2}\ \right)\ } 16623: 15867: 7065:
Since the interval is derived by solving from the normal approximation to the binomial, the Wilson score interval
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There are several research papers that compare these and other confidence intervals for the binomial proportion.
9968: 2816: 2431: 16420:; Coull, Brent A. (1998). "Approximate is better than 'exact' for interval estimation of binomial proportions". 15939:
Newcombe, R.G. (1998). "Two-sided confidence intervals for the single proportion: Comparison of seven methods".
3182: 16797: 15138: 13795:{\displaystyle \ z_{\alpha }=\operatorname {\Phi ^{-1}} \!\!\left(\ 1-{\tfrac {\!\ \alpha \!\ }{2}}\ \right)\ } 7170: 15990: 13802:
is the quantile of a standard normal distribution, as before (for example, a 95% confidence interval requires
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The following formulae for the lower and upper bounds of the Wilson score interval with continuity correction
6101: 951: 46:). In other words, a binomial proportion confidence interval is an interval estimate of a success probability 16490: 7227: 7142: 6730: 3863: 218: 15902: 9908:
Jeffreys' interval can also be thought of as a frequentist interval based on inverting the p-value from the
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There are several formulas for a binomial confidence interval, but all of them rely on the assumption of a
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receiving greater weight as the sample size increases. Formally, the center value corresponds to using a
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are also compliant with this property. The practical import is that these intervals may be employed as
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Wilson score intervals plotted on a logistic curve, revealing asymmetry and good performance for small
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for the probability of success calculated from the outcome of a series of success–failure experiments (
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Thulin, MĂĄns (2014-01-01). "The cost of using exact confidence intervals for a binomial proportion".
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quantile of a standard normal distribution (i.e., the probit) corresponding to the target error rate
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we have to estimate it. Although there are many possible estimators, a conventional one is to use
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instead of 1.96 produces the "add 2 successes and 2 failures" interval previously described by
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is the infimum of those such that the following tests of hypothesis succeed with significance
164: 13887: 12267: 12125: 9872: 9836: 9139: 7182: 4159:{\displaystyle \ z_{\alpha }\approx {\frac {~\left(\ p-{\hat {p}}\ \right)~}{\sigma _{n}}}\ } 3991: 1389: 226: 222: 137: 16319:(1934). "The use of confidence or fiducial limits illustrated in the case of the binomial". 15847:
results with source significance tests, and this property is decisive for many researchers.
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is again the (unknown) proportion of successes in a Bernoulli trial process (as opposed to
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of the Wilson score interval, and then applying the Normal approximation to this point.
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where all of the values bracketed by parentheses are known quantities. The solution for
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Combining the two, and squaring out the radical, gives an equation that is quadratic in
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is used to provide a simple way of stating an approximate 95% confidence interval for
7173:, with identical results to the source test, and new tests may be derived by geometry. 16742: 15443:= 1 and can be used to transform a proportional data distribution to an approximately 9445:{\displaystyle \ \left(x+{\tfrac {\!\ 1\!\ }{2}},n-x+{\tfrac {\!\ 1\!\ }{2}}\right)~.} 16746: 16697: 16589: 16581: 16546: 16382: 16263: 16174: 16162: 16050: 15958: 15910: 15872: 13877: 13255:
The Agresti–Coull interval is also another approximate binomial confidence interval.
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This family is a generalisation of the logit transform which is a special case with
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to produce the Wilson score interval. The test in the middle of the inequality is a
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the count of observed "failures", and their sum is the total number of observations
16738: 16725:"Accurate confidence intervals for binomial proportion and Poisson rate estimation" 16709: 16689: 16672: 16571: 16563: 16431: 16374: 16330: 16297: 16225: 16221: 16152: 16094: 16078: 16007: 15950: 15843:(falsely implying certainty), and overall inconsistency with significance testing. 4202:
is the standard normal interval half-width corresponding to the desired confidence
16157: 16140: 16447: 16086: 16011: 14369:{\displaystyle \operatorname {var} \{~~p~~\}={\tfrac {1}{\!\ n\!\ }}\ p\ (1-p)~.} 9266: 9258:{\displaystyle \ \left({\tfrac {\!\ 1\!\ }{2}},{\tfrac {\!\ 1\!\ }{2}}\right)\ ,} 7137:
has the property of being guaranteed to obtain the same result as the equivalent
488: 43: 16212:(1927). "Probable inference, the law of succession, and statistical inference". 4068:
Like the normal interval, the interval can be computed directly from a formula.
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binomial distribution. In this case, the underlying distribution would be the
3976:{\textstyle {\sqrt {{\tfrac {\!\ 1\!\ }{n}}\ {\hat {p}}\ (1-{\hat {p}})~}}\ ,} 16786: 16585: 16386: 16166: 16057:; DasGupta, Anirban (2001). "Interval estimation for a binomial proportion". 152: 16082: 15955:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19980430)17:8<857::AID-SIM777>3.0.CO;2-E
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so a third formulation of the Clopper–Pearson interval can be written using
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as known values from the sample (see prior section), and using the value of
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This interval can be summarised as employing the centre-point adjustment,
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Intuitively, the center value of this interval is the weighted average of
16541: 16283: 16054: 15877: 13921: 13881: 6384: 480:{\displaystyle \ {\hat {p}}\equiv {\frac {\!\ n_{\mathsf {s}}\!\ }{n}}\ } 7230:, the Wilson interval with continuity correction mirrors the equivalent 7189:, rather than the average coverage probability, with the nominal value, 16632: 16576: 16443: 16321: 16233: 7030: 6256:{\displaystyle \ {\hat {p}}\equiv {\frac {\!\ n_{\mathsf {s}}\ }{n}}~.} 1830:
Extending the normal approximation and Wald-Laplace interval concepts,
1313:(Another version of the second, overshoot problem, arises when instead 31: 16567: 16378: 9901:
the lower limit is calculated as before but the upper limit is set to
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the upper limit is calculated as before but the lower limit is set to
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Transforming the relation into a standard-form quadratic equation for
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falls below the same upper bound: probability too high / too close to
1253:{\displaystyle ~{\hat {p}}~<~{\frac {1}{\ 1+n/z_{\alpha }^{2}\ }}~} 16693: 15454: 2336:{\displaystyle \ {\hat {p}}\equiv {\frac {\ n_{\mathsf {s}}\ }{n}}\ } 1803: 16724: 16647:
Comparison of Wald, Adj-Wald, exact, and Wilson intervals calculator
16435: 16286:(2005). "One-sided confidence intervals in discrete distributions". 15112: 12122:
closed-form expressions for the interval bounds are available: when
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Because of a relationship between the binomial distribution and the
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estimates the upper and lower limits of the confidence interval for
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binom: Binomial confidence intervals for several parameterizations
16369: 15718:{\displaystyle \ \left(\ 1-{\tfrac {\!\ 3\!\ }{n}},\ 1\ \right)~.} 10078:{\displaystyle \ \left(\inf S_{\geq }\ ,\ \sup S_{\leq }\right)\ } 3172:{\displaystyle \ \operatorname {var} \{\ X_{i}\ \}\ =\ p\ (1-p)~~} 2809:
Standard error of a proportion estimation when using weighted data
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for which the normal approximation is valid can be represented as
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The interval boundaries can be computed with numerical functions
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The analytic formula for a binomial sample standard deviation is
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For otherwise unweighted data, the effective weights are uniform
16542:"The arcsine is asinine: The analysis of proportions in ecology" 11061:{\displaystyle \ p<{\frac {\!\ x\!\ }{n}}+\varepsilon _{2}~.} 9797:
In order to avoid the coverage probability tending to zero when
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is the weight for each observation, with the(positive) weights
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to avoid a potentially-infinite value for the test statistic.
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Wilson started with the normal approximation to the binomial:
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is independent from all the others, and each one has variance
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Problems with using a normal approximation or "Wald interval"
10992:{\displaystyle \ p={\frac {\!\ x\!\ }{n}}+\varepsilon _{2}\ } 10861:{\displaystyle \ p={\frac {\!\ x\!\ }{n}}-\varepsilon _{1}\ } 10577:
Equivalently we can say that the Clopper–Pearson interval is
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This method has the advantage of being further decomposable.
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the sample mean, and plug this into the formula. That gives:
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is the square root of this quantity. Because we do not know
1806:, the normal approximation interval is sometimes called the 12961:{\displaystyle \ F\!\left(\ c\ ;\ d_{1}\ ,d_{2}\ \right)\ } 12045:{\displaystyle \ \left(\ p_{\min }\ ,\ p_{\max }\right)\ ,} 6443:{\displaystyle \ {\tfrac {\!\ 1\!\ }{2}}z_{\alpha }^{2}\ ,} 521:. The equivalent formula in terms of observation counts is 168:
Plotting the normal approximation interval on an arbitrary
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CDF-based_nonparametric_confidence_interval#Pointwise_band
5588:{\displaystyle \ {\underset {\approx }{\in }}_{\alpha }\ } 6511:{\displaystyle \ {\frac {\ n_{\mathsf {s}}+2\ }{n+4}}\ ,} 6451:
1.96 standard deviations), this yields the estimate
3055:{\textstyle \ {\hat {p}}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\ w_{i}\ X_{i}~.} 1045:{\displaystyle \ 1-{\tfrac {\!\ \alpha \!\ }{2}}=0.975\ } 13374:{\displaystyle \ {\tilde {n}}\equiv n+z_{\alpha }^{2}\ } 240:
Using the normal approximation, the success probability
15021:{\displaystyle \ 1\ -\ {\tfrac {\!\ \alpha \!\ }{2}}\ } 9577:
equal-tailed posterior probability interval, i.e., the
7165:
The continuity-corrected Wilson score interval and the
7130:{\displaystyle ~{\bigl (}\ w^{-}\ ,\ w^{+}\ {\bigr )}~} 15671: 15561: 14994: 14315: 14204: 13760: 13466: 12707: 12487: 12324: 12305: 12200: 12163: 12054:
Binomial distribution cumulative distribution function
11944: 11775: 11729: 11543: 11200: 11098: 10759: 10583: 10465:
is the number of successes observed in the sample and
10376: 10208: 9750: 9710: 9678:{\displaystyle \ 1-{\tfrac {\!\ 1\!\ }{2}}\ \alpha \ } 9645: 9588: 9410: 9373: 9223: 9198: 9032: 8972: 8453: 6829: 6585: 6398: 6311: 5847: 5723:
An equivalent expression using the observation counts
3899: 3895: 3823: 3779: 3736: 3718: 2980: 2445: 1710: 1012: 874: 15801: 15746: 15652: 15611: 15539: 15498: 15469: 15248: 15205: 15179: 15063: 15037: 14977: 14944: 14699: 14428: 14389: 14283: 14254: 14193: 14167: 14141: 13974: 13933: 13890: 13843: 13808: 13711: 13554: 13525: 13393: 13328: 13299: 13264: 13130: 13100: 13074: 13037: 13004: 12974: 12893: 12867: 12841: 12423: 12270: 12128: 12099: 12069: 11990: 11773: 11541: 11474: 11443: 11417: 11396:{\displaystyle \ B\!\left(\ p\ ;\ v\ ,\ w\ \right)\ } 11339: 11313: 11287: 11084: 11009: 10943: 10878: 10812: 10726: 10694: 10552: 10526: 10471: 10433: 10265: 10097: 10023: 9971: 9931: 9875: 9839: 9803: 9691: 9634: 9583: 9527: 9492: 9460: 9357: 9331: 9301: 9275: 9188: 9151: 9103: 8869: 8830: 8804: 8372: 8337: 8294: 8250: 8221: 8178: 8134: 8088: 8047: 7322: 7243: 7195: 7071: 7009: 6983: 6950: 6742: 6678: 6530: 6457: 6393: 6354: 6306: 6271: 6200: 6185:{\displaystyle \ n=n_{\mathsf {s}}+n_{\mathsf {f}}~.} 6139: 6104: 6072: 5802: 5764: 5729: 5604: 5561: 5194: 5159: 5124: 5098: 5069: 5043: 4835: 4809: 4777: 4744: 4718: 4683: 4654: 4487: 4360: 4329: 4243: 4208: 4175: 4080: 4037: 3866: 3568: 3527: 3480: 3445: 3254: 3185: 3101: 3068: 2945: 2918: 2877: 2819: 2783: 2750: 2724: 2688: 2650: 2504: 2475: 2434: 2401: 2375: 2349: 2284: 2258: 2107: 1871: 1840: 1825: 1757: 1705: 1664: 1430: 1398: 1368: 1319: 1270: 1178: 1132: 1102: 1058: 1001: 954: 925: 863: 830: 817:{\displaystyle \ n_{\mathsf {f}}=n-n_{\mathsf {s}}\ } 774: 739: 713: 530: 497: 426: 275: 246: 190: 104: 78: 52: 16540:
Warton, David I.; Hui, Francis K.C. (January 2011).
15031:
This method may be used to estimate the variance of
11984:
The binomial proportion confidence interval is then
9621:{\displaystyle \ {\tfrac {\!\ 1\!\ }{2}}\ \alpha \ } 1802:
Since the test in the middle of the inequality is a
16412: 16410: 16408: 16406: 16404: 11525:{\displaystyle \ p_{\min }~<~p<~p_{\max }\ ,} 10513:{\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {Bin}}\left(n;p\right)\ } 7181:The Wilson interval may be modified by employing a 901:{\displaystyle \ 1-{\tfrac {\!\ \alpha \!\ }{2}}\ } 15831: 15783: 15717: 15638: 15595: 15525: 15484: 15455:Rule of three — for when no successes are observed 15428: 15232: 15191: 15075: 15049: 15020: 14963: 14927: 14679: 14411: 14368: 14266: 14241:{\displaystyle \ p={\tfrac {1}{\!\ n\!\ }}\!\ X~.} 14240: 14179: 14153: 14103: 13957: 13908: 13868: 13829: 13794: 13694: 13537: 13508: 13373: 13311: 13285: 13151: 13115: 13086: 13056: 13023: 12986: 12960: 12879: 12853: 12824: 12406:The beta distribution is, in turn, related to the 12395: 12288: 12253: 12146: 12114: 12081: 12044: 11973: 11758: 11524: 11458: 11429: 11395: 11325: 11299: 11270: 11060: 10991: 10923: 10860: 10791: 10745: 10712: 10680: 10567: 10538: 10512: 10457: 10416: 10245: 10077: 10003: 9952: 9893: 9857: 9821: 9787: 9677: 9620: 9569: 9513: 9478: 9444: 9343: 9313: 9287: 9257: 9166: 9124: 9069: 8852: 8816: 8787: 8352: 8323: 8280: 8236: 8207: 8164: 8118: 8074: 8030: 7305: 7216: 7129: 7036: 7021: 6995: 6969: 6933: 6715: 6661: 6510: 6442: 6375: 6340: 6292: 6255: 6184: 6125: 6090: 6055: 5785: 5750: 5712: 5587: 5544: 5177: 5145: 5110: 5084: 5055: 5029: 4821: 4795: 4763: 4730: 4704: 4669: 4637: 4473: 4344: 4315: 4229: 4194: 4158: 4058: 3975: 3881: 3852: 3765: 3701: 3551: 3513: 3466: 3424: 3233: 3171: 3087: 3054: 2958: 2931: 2896: 2863: 2798: 2769: 2736: 2710: 2674: 2636: 2490: 2461: 2420: 2387: 2361: 2335: 2270: 2241: 2087: 1855: 1787: 1736: 1691: 1647: 1413: 1380: 1346: 1297: 1252: 1153: 1114: 1086: 1044: 987: 940: 900: 849: 816: 760: 725: 696: 509: 479: 409: 258: 205: 125: 90: 64: 27:Statistical confidence interval for success counts 16145:Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 15681: 15674: 15571: 15564: 15004: 14997: 14328: 14321: 14225: 14217: 14210: 14033: 13770: 13763: 13744: 13743: 13678: 13656: 13631: 13615: 13494: 13446: 13434: 13418: 12900: 12717: 12710: 12691: 12497: 12490: 12477: 12334: 12327: 12210: 12203: 11954: 11947: 11921: 11739: 11732: 11706: 11594: 11578: 11346: 11210: 11203: 11184: 11108: 11101: 11091: 11029: 11022: 10963: 10956: 10898: 10891: 10832: 10825: 10773: 10766: 10644: 10637: 10605: 10598: 10386: 10379: 10307: 10218: 10211: 10136: 9760: 9753: 9720: 9713: 9685:quantiles of a Beta distribution with parameters 9655: 9648: 9598: 9591: 9420: 9413: 9383: 9376: 9233: 9226: 9208: 9201: 9042: 9035: 8991: 8978: 8774: 8677: 8664: 8658: 8644: 8619: 8606: 8559: 8463: 8456: 7156:Wallis). After that, then also plotting a normal 6839: 6832: 6760: 6725:The Wilson interval can also be derived from the 6595: 6588: 6536: 6408: 6401: 6321: 6314: 6222: 5857: 5850: 5687: 5620: 5534: 5437: 5424: 5418: 5404: 5327: 5010: 4978: 3909: 3902: 3833: 3826: 3746: 3739: 1737:{\displaystyle \ {\tfrac {\alpha }{\!\ 2\!\ }}\ } 1723: 1716: 1528: 1521: 1448: 1022: 1015: 884: 877: 673: 657: 641: 625: 571: 555: 464: 448: 16784: 16517:"Transformations of proportions and percentages" 16401: 16259:Statistics in Corpus Linguistics: A new approach 16049: 14690:So, the confidence interval itself has the form 12026: 12007: 11856: 11641: 11511: 11483: 10054: 10032: 8945: 7706: 7354: 7177:Wilson score interval with continuity correction 7148:This property can be visualised by plotting the 16214:Journal of the American Statistical Association 15934: 15932: 15930: 15928: 15926: 15924: 15922: 15920: 11411:from a beta distribution with shape parameters 9962:The Clopper–Pearson interval can be written as 3766:{\textstyle \ w_{i}={\tfrac {\!\ 1\!\ }{n}}\ ,} 16314: 10792:{\textstyle \ {\frac {\!\ \alpha \!\ }{2}}\ :} 16348: 16346: 16344: 16289:Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 16125:] (in French). Ve. Courcier. p. 283. 15850:Many of these intervals can be calculated in 7119: 7077: 6733:with two categories. The resulting interval, 5258: 5219: 4031:is consistently closer to the nominal value, 1388:values if they were tested as a hypothesized 824:failures. The distribution function argument 16416: 16251: 16249: 16247: 16245: 16243: 16204: 16202: 16134: 16132: 15984: 15982: 15980: 15978: 15976: 15974: 15972: 15917: 15727: 15605:By symmetry, in the case of only successes ( 15028:quantile of a standard normal distribution. 14515: 14497: 14308: 14290: 6341:{\displaystyle \ {\tfrac {\!\ 1\!\ }{2}}\ ,} 3599: 3578: 3350: 3318: 3285: 3264: 3130: 3111: 16045: 16043: 16041: 16039: 16037: 16035: 16033: 16031: 16029: 15141:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 10004:{\displaystyle \ S_{\leq }\cap S_{\geq }\ } 9919: 7061:s at interval bounds. Tail areas are equal. 4771:that corresponds to the desired confidence 2864:{\displaystyle \ X_{1},\ \ldots ,\ X_{n}\ } 2462:{\displaystyle \ 1-{\tfrac {\alpha }{2}}\ } 16643: 16341: 15868:binomial distribution#Confidence intervals 14383:transform, the variance of the arcsine of 8824:is the selected tolerable error level for 8585: 6017: 5353: 4934: 4853: 4604: 4560: 4408: 3234:{\displaystyle ~~i\ =\ 1,\ \ldots \ ,n\ ,} 611: 587: 339: 315: 217:. The normal approximation depends on the 16763: 16670: 16575: 16539: 16368: 16240: 16199: 16156: 16129: 16072: 15969: 15161:Learn how and when to remove this message 14114: 13250: 13174:in R and scipy.stats.beta.ppf in Python. 12052:as follows from the relation between the 10320: 10149: 9521:the Jeffreys interval is taken to be the 5610: 4019:, and it doesn't suffer from problems of 919:) corresponding to the target error rate 144:. Because the binomial distribution is a 16600: 16026: 15938: 15900: 15736:not be used. The principal problems are 8324:{\displaystyle \ w_{\mathsf {cc}}^{+}\ } 8208:{\displaystyle \ w_{\mathsf {cc}}^{-}\ } 7040: 6518:which is known as the "plus four rule". 6126:{\displaystyle \ n_{\mathsf {f}}\equiv } 3990: 3986: 1096:When using the Wald formula to estimate 988:{\displaystyle \ \alpha =1-0.95=0.05\ ,} 163: 16111: 15894: 15492:in the special case that no successes ( 9351:is a Beta distribution with parameters 3882:{\displaystyle \ \operatorname {SE} \ } 36:binomial proportion confidence interval 14: 16785: 16624:"Confidence interval with zero events" 16352: 16255: 16208: 15988: 15533:) have been observed. The interval is 15451:has to be estimated for the data set. 13456: 13274: 10483: 10480: 10477: 9134:The Jeffreys interval is the Bayesian 8930: 8927: 8924: 8921: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8907: 8904: 8901: 8898: 8882: 8879: 8410: 8407: 8404: 8401: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8378: 8307: 8304: 8191: 8188: 7688: 7685: 7336: 7333: 7284: 7281: 7261: 7258: 7055:) for the Wilson score interval, plus 6473: 6232: 6170: 6155: 6114: 6091:{\displaystyle n_{\mathsf {s}}\equiv } 6079: 5996: 5981: 5837: 5774: 5739: 2663: 2660: 2625: 2622: 2607: 2604: 2589: 2586: 2571: 2568: 2553: 2550: 2535: 2532: 2517: 2514: 2315: 2213: 2210: 2192: 2189: 2168: 2165: 2019: 2016: 1896: 1893: 948:For a 95% confidence level, the error 805: 784: 749: 667: 635: 565: 458: 114: 16621: 16138: 5185:confidence bracketed in the interval 1260:(probability too low / too close to 16722: 16606: 15199:be the proportion of successes. For 15139:adding citations to reliable sources 15106: 12058:regularized incomplete beta function 10746:{\displaystyle \ \varepsilon _{i}\ } 9083: 8119:{\displaystyle \ {\hat {p}}\neq 1~.} 8075:{\displaystyle \ {\hat {p}}\neq 0\ } 7226:Just as the Wilson interval mirrors 6716:{\displaystyle \ p_{0}={\hat {p}}~.} 2813:Let there be a simple random sample 2675:{\displaystyle \ C_{\mathsf {U4}}\ } 487:is the proportion of successes in a 72:when only the number of experiments 16514: 16282: 16118:ThĂ©orie analytique des probabilitĂ©s 15999:Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 13286:{\displaystyle \ n_{\mathsf {s}}\ } 10520:is a binomial random variable with 6098:the count of observed "successes", 5786:{\displaystyle \ n_{\mathsf {f}}\ } 5751:{\displaystyle \ n_{\mathsf {s}}\ } 3243:sampling variance of the proportion 761:{\displaystyle \ n_{\mathsf {s}}\ } 126:{\displaystyle \ n_{\mathsf {s}}\ } 24: 15832:{\displaystyle \ {\hat {p}}\ =0\ } 15233:{\displaystyle \ 0\leq a\leq 2\ ,} 14412:{\displaystyle \ {\sqrt {\ p~}}\ } 13730: 11917: 11816: 11798: 11778: 11702: 11591: 11575: 11549: 10546:trials and probability of success 9560: 2682:are simple algebraic functions of 1826:Bracketing the confidence interval 1788:{\displaystyle \ z_{\alpha /2}\ ,} 1264:), the interval boundaries exceed 707:where the data are the results of 25: 16809: 16730:Computers in Biology and Medicine 13958:{\displaystyle \ {\tilde {p}}\ ,} 13830:{\displaystyle \ \alpha =0.05\ ,} 10458:{\displaystyle \ 0\leq x\leq n\ } 8281:{\displaystyle \ {\hat {p}}=1\ ,} 8165:{\displaystyle \ {\hat {p}}=0\ ,} 7003:quantile) can then be solved for 5092:Hence the probability of success 2343:that estimates it) measured with 1692:{\displaystyle \ y_{\alpha /2}\ } 146:discrete probability distribution 16764:Dorai-Raj, Sundar (2 May 2022). 16633:Stats topics on Medical Research 16497:(software doc) (1.11.4 ed.) 16356:Electronic Journal of Statistics 15639:{\displaystyle \ {\hat {p}}=1\ } 15526:{\displaystyle \ {\hat {p}}=0\ } 15111: 15057:but its use is problematic when 13884:, & DasGupta (2001), taking 13869:{\displaystyle \ z_{.05}=1.96\ } 13519:Then, a confidence interval for 7185:, in order to align the minimum 1818:, but it was first described by 1347:{\displaystyle \ 1-{\hat {p}}\ } 1087:{\displaystyle \ z_{.05}=1.96~.} 16757: 16716: 16664: 16644:Sauro, J.; Lewis, J.R. (2005). 16637: 16615: 16533: 16508: 16483: 16458: 16308: 16276: 15913:School of Public Health. BS704. 15094: 14964:{\displaystyle \ z_{\alpha }\ } 14094: 14060: 14057: 13996: 9176:Jeffreys prior for this problem 8853:{\displaystyle \ z_{\alpha }~.} 7152:for the Wilson score interval ( 7037:The interval equality principle 6970:{\displaystyle \ y_{\alpha }\ } 6765: 6757: 5824: 5806: 5216: 5198: 4764:{\displaystyle \ z_{\alpha }\ } 4488: 4470: 4195:{\displaystyle \ z_{\alpha }\ } 3552:{\displaystyle \ {\hat {p}}\ ,} 2770:{\displaystyle \ z_{\alpha }\ } 2711:{\displaystyle \ z_{\alpha }~.} 2421:{\displaystyle \ z_{\alpha }\ } 1453: 1445: 850:{\displaystyle \ z_{\alpha }\ } 16226:10.1080/01621459.1927.10502953 16181: 16105: 15811: 15621: 15508: 15420: 15402: 15390: 15378: 15322: 15309: 14627: 14615: 14586: 14574: 14550: 14538: 14357: 14345: 14161:be the number of successes in 14003: 13984: 13943: 13672: 13641: 13625: 13582: 13428: 13403: 13338: 13152:{\displaystyle \ 1-\alpha \ ,} 12788: 12773: 12755: 12743: 12679: 12667: 12565: 12541: 11892: 11879: 11831: 11819: 11813: 11801: 11793: 11781: 11683: 11670: 11613: 11595: 11585: 11579: 11564: 11552: 9810: 8962: 8740: 8734: 8719: 8710: 8573: 8431: 8260: 8144: 8098: 8057: 7923: 7892: 7866: 7759: 7571: 7540: 7514: 7407: 6806: 6701: 6560: 6376:{\displaystyle \ {\hat {p}}\ } 6364: 6293:{\displaystyle \ {\hat {p}}\ } 6281: 6210: 5500: 5494: 5479: 5470: 5341: 5146:{\displaystyle \ {\hat {p}}\ } 5134: 4993: 4922: 4705:{\displaystyle \ {\hat {p}}\ } 4693: 4536: 4520: 4382: 4123: 3959: 3953: 3938: 3929: 3646: 3640: 3625: 3616: 3590: 3537: 3502: 3490: 3467:{\displaystyle \ {\hat {p}}\ } 3455: 3374: 3362: 3276: 3160: 3148: 2990: 2294: 1573: 1547: 1499: 1335: 1289: 1274: 1188: 1154:{\displaystyle \ {\hat {p}}\ } 1142: 436: 385: 359: 303: 197: 13: 1: 16743:10.1016/S0010-4825(03)00019-2 16158:10.1080/03610926.2021.1986540 16139:Short, Michael (2021-11-08). 15901:Sullivan, Lisa (2017-10-27). 15888: 12887:is the number of trials, and 11333:is the number of trials, and 10713:{\displaystyle \ 1-\alpha \ } 9953:{\displaystyle \ 1-\alpha ~.} 7217:{\displaystyle \ 1-\alpha ~.} 5178:{\displaystyle \ 1-\alpha \ } 4796:{\displaystyle \ 1-\alpha \ } 4230:{\displaystyle \ 1-\alpha ~.} 4059:{\displaystyle \ 1-\alpha ~.} 3514:{\displaystyle \ p\ (1-p)\ ,} 491:process and an estimator for 16123:Analyitic Probability Theory 16012:10.1080/09296174.2013.799918 15909:(course notes). Boston, MA: 12861:is the number of successes, 11307:is the number of successes, 9514:{\displaystyle \ x\neq n\ ,} 9145:for the binomial proportion 7150:probability density function 7047:probability density function 2912:(p) distribution and weight 2491:{\displaystyle \ \alpha \ ,} 1749:standard normal distribution 1414:{\displaystyle \ \theta \ ,} 1392:. The collection of values, 913:standard normal distribution 98:and the number of successes 7: 16262:. New York, NY: Routledge. 15861: 13165:hypergeometric distribution 9479:{\displaystyle \ x\neq 0\ } 8817:{\displaystyle \ \alpha \ } 7313:are derived from Newcombe: 7022:{\displaystyle \ \theta \ } 6996:{\displaystyle \ \alpha \ } 2799:{\displaystyle \ \alpha ~.} 2737:{\displaystyle \ \alpha \ } 941:{\displaystyle \ \alpha ~.} 10: 16814: 16793:Statistical approximations 16302:10.1016/j.jspi.2004.01.005 14124: 14118: 9822:{\displaystyle \ p\to 0\ } 7228:Pearson's chi-squared test 6731:Pearson's chi-squared test 6066:with the counts as above: 2972:weighted sample proportion 2966:normalized so they sum to 206:{\displaystyle {\hat {p}}} 16611:. New York, NY: Springer. 16423:The American Statistician 15784:{\displaystyle \ \left\ } 15728:Comparison and discussion 13057:{\displaystyle \ d_{2}\ } 13024:{\displaystyle \ d_{1}\ } 9125:{\displaystyle \ p=0.5~.} 3088:{\displaystyle \ X_{i}\ } 2897:{\displaystyle \ X_{i}\ } 219:de Moivre–Laplace theorem 142:statistically independent 16472:(software doc). R Manual 16256:Wallis, Sean A. (2021). 15989:Wallis, Sean A. (2013). 13176: 9920:Clopper–Pearson interval 9138:obtained when using the 7167:Clopper-Pearson interval 16609:Mathematical Statistics 16466:"The Beta distribution" 16335:10.1093/biomet/26.4.404 16193:stats.stackexchange.com 13909:{\displaystyle \ z=2\ } 12289:{\displaystyle \ x=n\ } 12147:{\displaystyle \ x=0\ } 9894:{\displaystyle \ x=n\ } 9858:{\displaystyle \ x=0\ } 8331:must be instead set to 8215:must instead be set to 7232:Yates' chi-squared test 5595:is an abbreviation for 16681:Statistics in Medicine 16671:Reiczigel, J. (2003). 15942:Statistics in Medicine 15903:"Confidence Intervals" 15833: 15785: 15719: 15640: 15597: 15527: 15486: 15485:{\displaystyle \ p\ ,} 15430: 15234: 15193: 15077: 15051: 15022: 14965: 14929: 14681: 14413: 14370: 14268: 14242: 14181: 14155: 14121:Arcsine transformation 14115:Arcsine transformation 14105: 13959: 13910: 13870: 13831: 13796: 13696: 13539: 13510: 13375: 13313: 13287: 13251:Agresti–Coull interval 13153: 13117: 13088: 13058: 13025: 12988: 12962: 12881: 12855: 12826: 12397: 12290: 12255: 12148: 12116: 12115:{\displaystyle \ n\ ,} 12083: 12046: 11975: 11760: 11526: 11460: 11431: 11397: 11327: 11301: 11272: 11062: 10993: 10925: 10862: 10793: 10747: 10714: 10688:with confidence level 10682: 10569: 10540: 10514: 10459: 10418: 10247: 10079: 10005: 9954: 9895: 9859: 9823: 9789: 9679: 9622: 9571: 9515: 9480: 9446: 9345: 9323:posterior distribution 9315: 9289: 9259: 9168: 9126: 9071: 8854: 8818: 8789: 8354: 8325: 8282: 8238: 8237:{\displaystyle \ 0\ ;} 8209: 8166: 8120: 8076: 8032: 7307: 7218: 7131: 7062: 7023: 6997: 6971: 6935: 6717: 6663: 6512: 6444: 6377: 6342: 6294: 6257: 6186: 6127: 6092: 6057: 5787: 5752: 5714: 5589: 5546: 5179: 5147: 5112: 5086: 5057: 5031: 4823: 4797: 4765: 4732: 4706: 4671: 4670:{\displaystyle \ p\ ,} 4639: 4475: 4346: 4345:{\displaystyle \ p\ :} 4317: 4231: 4196: 4160: 4060: 4004: 3977: 3883: 3854: 3803: 3767: 3703: 3672: 3553: 3515: 3468: 3426: 3400: 3311: 3235: 3173: 3089: 3056: 3019: 2960: 2933: 2898: 2865: 2800: 2771: 2738: 2712: 2676: 2638: 2492: 2463: 2422: 2389: 2363: 2337: 2272: 2243: 2089: 1857: 1856:{\displaystyle \ p\ :} 1789: 1738: 1693: 1649: 1415: 1382: 1348: 1299: 1254: 1172:Second, for values of 1155: 1116: 1088: 1046: 989: 942: 902: 851: 818: 762: 727: 698: 519:Bernoulli distribution 511: 481: 411: 260: 207: 181: 127: 92: 66: 18:Agresti–Coull interval 16798:Statistical intervals 16622:Simon, Steve (2010). 16083:10.1214/ss/1009213286 15834: 15786: 15720: 15641: 15598: 15528: 15487: 15431: 15235: 15194: 15192:{\displaystyle \ p\ } 15078: 15076:{\displaystyle \ p\ } 15052: 15050:{\displaystyle \ p\ } 15023: 14966: 14930: 14682: 14414: 14371: 14269: 14267:{\displaystyle \ p\ } 14243: 14182: 14180:{\displaystyle \ n\ } 14156: 14154:{\displaystyle \ X\ } 14125:Further information: 14106: 13960: 13911: 13871: 13832: 13797: 13697: 13540: 13538:{\displaystyle \ p\ } 13511: 13376: 13314: 13312:{\displaystyle \ n\ } 13288: 13154: 13118: 13116:{\displaystyle \ p~.} 13089: 13087:{\displaystyle \ n\ } 13059: 13026: 12989: 12987:{\displaystyle \ c\ } 12963: 12882: 12880:{\displaystyle \ n\ } 12856: 12854:{\displaystyle \ x\ } 12827: 12398: 12291: 12256: 12149: 12117: 12084: 12082:{\displaystyle \ x\ } 12047: 11976: 11761: 11527: 11461: 11459:{\displaystyle \ w~.} 11432: 11430:{\displaystyle \ v\ } 11398: 11328: 11326:{\displaystyle \ n\ } 11302: 11300:{\displaystyle \ x\ } 11273: 11063: 10994: 10926: 10863: 10794: 10748: 10715: 10683: 10570: 10568:{\displaystyle \ p~.} 10541: 10539:{\displaystyle \ n\ } 10515: 10460: 10419: 10248: 10080: 10006: 9955: 9896: 9860: 9824: 9790: 9680: 9623: 9572: 9516: 9481: 9447: 9346: 9344:{\displaystyle \ p\ } 9316: 9314:{\displaystyle \ n\ } 9290: 9288:{\displaystyle \ x\ } 9260: 9169: 9167:{\displaystyle \ p~.} 9127: 9072: 8855: 8819: 8790: 8355: 8353:{\displaystyle \ 1~.} 8326: 8283: 8239: 8210: 8167: 8121: 8077: 8033: 7308: 7219: 7183:continuity correction 7132: 7044: 7024: 6998: 6972: 6936: 6718: 6664: 6513: 6445: 6378: 6343: 6295: 6258: 6187: 6128: 6093: 6058: 5788: 5753: 5715: 5590: 5547: 5180: 5148: 5113: 5111:{\displaystyle \ p\ } 5087: 5085:{\displaystyle \ p~.} 5058: 5056:{\displaystyle \ p\ } 5032: 4824: 4822:{\displaystyle \ p\ } 4798: 4766: 4733: 4731:{\displaystyle \ n\ } 4707: 4672: 4640: 4476: 4347: 4318: 4232: 4197: 4161: 4061: 4009:Wilson score interval 4003:is at or near 0 or 1. 3994: 3987:Wilson score interval 3978: 3884: 3855: 3783: 3768: 3704: 3652: 3554: 3516: 3469: 3427: 3380: 3291: 3236: 3174: 3090: 3057: 2999: 2961: 2959:{\displaystyle w_{i}} 2934: 2932:{\displaystyle w_{i}} 2899: 2866: 2801: 2772: 2739: 2713: 2677: 2639: 2493: 2464: 2423: 2390: 2388:{\displaystyle \ k\ } 2364: 2362:{\displaystyle \ n\ } 2338: 2273: 2271:{\displaystyle \ p\ } 2244: 2090: 1858: 1790: 1739: 1694: 1650: 1416: 1390:population proportion 1383: 1381:{\displaystyle \ p\ } 1349: 1300: 1255: 1156: 1117: 1115:{\displaystyle \ p\ } 1089: 1047: 990: 943: 903: 852: 819: 763: 728: 726:{\displaystyle \ n\ } 699: 512: 510:{\displaystyle \ p\ } 482: 412: 261: 259:{\displaystyle \ p\ } 227:central limit theorem 225:-only version of the 208: 167: 138:binomial distribution 128: 93: 91:{\displaystyle \ n\ } 67: 65:{\displaystyle \ p\ } 15854:using packages like 15799: 15793:zero-width intervals 15744: 15650: 15609: 15537: 15496: 15467: 15246: 15203: 15177: 15135:improve this section 15061: 15035: 14975: 14942: 14697: 14426: 14387: 14281: 14252: 14191: 14165: 14139: 13972: 13931: 13888: 13841: 13806: 13709: 13552: 13523: 13391: 13326: 13297: 13262: 13128: 13098: 13072: 13064:degrees of freedom. 13035: 13002: 12972: 12891: 12865: 12839: 12421: 12303: 12268: 12161: 12126: 12097: 12067: 11988: 11771: 11539: 11472: 11441: 11415: 11337: 11311: 11285: 11082: 11007: 10941: 10876: 10810: 10757: 10724: 10692: 10581: 10550: 10524: 10469: 10431: 10263: 10095: 10021: 9969: 9929: 9873: 9837: 9801: 9689: 9632: 9581: 9525: 9490: 9458: 9355: 9329: 9299: 9273: 9186: 9149: 9101: 8867: 8828: 8802: 8370: 8335: 8292: 8248: 8219: 8176: 8132: 8086: 8045: 7320: 7241: 7193: 7187:coverage probability 7069: 7007: 6981: 6948: 6740: 6727:single sample z-test 6676: 6528: 6455: 6391: 6352: 6304: 6269: 6198: 6137: 6102: 6070: 5800: 5762: 5727: 5602: 5559: 5192: 5157: 5122: 5096: 5067: 5041: 4833: 4807: 4803:for the estimate of 4775: 4742: 4716: 4681: 4652: 4485: 4358: 4327: 4241: 4206: 4173: 4078: 4035: 4029:coverage probability 4025:zero-width intervals 3893: 3864: 3777: 3716: 3566: 3525: 3478: 3443: 3252: 3183: 3099: 3066: 2978: 2943: 2916: 2875: 2817: 2781: 2748: 2722: 2686: 2648: 2502: 2473: 2432: 2399: 2373: 2347: 2282: 2256: 2105: 1869: 1838: 1755: 1703: 1662: 1428: 1396: 1366: 1317: 1298:{\displaystyle \ \ } 1268: 1176: 1130: 1100: 1056: 999: 952: 923: 861: 828: 772: 737: 733:trials that yielded 711: 528: 495: 424: 273: 244: 188: 178:zero-width intervals 172:reveals problems of 102: 76: 50: 16723:Ross, T.D. (2003). 16630:on 15 October 2011. 16560:2011Ecol...92....3W 16060:Statistical Science 15646:), the interval is 15445:normal distribution 14087: 14032: 13486: 13367: 11862: 11647: 9912:after applying the 8892: 8763: 8600: 8539: 8317: 8201: 8001: 7823: 7782: 7698: 7649: 7471: 7430: 7346: 7294: 7271: 6433: 6032: 5960: 5911: 5885: 5523: 5368: 5307: 4949: 4868: 4619: 4575: 4423: 3818: 3687: 3415: 2078: 1958: 1240: 1161:approaching either 215:normal distribution 40:confidence interval 16491:"scipy.stats.beta" 16051:Brown, Lawrence D. 15907:sphweb.bumc.bu.edu 15829: 15781: 15715: 15690: 15636: 15593: 15580: 15523: 15482: 15426: 15230: 15189: 15073: 15047: 15018: 15013: 14961: 14925: 14677: 14409: 14366: 14334: 14264: 14238: 14223: 14177: 14151: 14101: 14073: 14018: 13955: 13906: 13866: 13837:thereby producing 13827: 13792: 13779: 13692: 13535: 13506: 13492: 13472: 13371: 13353: 13309: 13283: 13149: 13113: 13084: 13054: 13021: 12984: 12958: 12877: 12851: 12822: 12726: 12506: 12393: 12343: 12286: 12251: 12219: 12144: 12112: 12079: 12042: 11971: 11963: 11841: 11836: 11756: 11748: 11626: 11621: 11522: 11456: 11427: 11393: 11323: 11297: 11268: 11219: 11117: 11058: 10989: 10921: 10858: 10789: 10743: 10710: 10678: 10565: 10536: 10510: 10455: 10414: 10395: 10243: 10227: 10075: 10001: 9950: 9891: 9855: 9819: 9785: 9769: 9729: 9675: 9664: 9618: 9607: 9567: 9511: 9476: 9442: 9429: 9392: 9341: 9311: 9285: 9269:. After observing 9255: 9242: 9217: 9164: 9122: 9067: 9051: 8997: 8873: 8850: 8814: 8785: 8749: 8586: 8525: 8472: 8350: 8321: 8298: 8278: 8234: 8205: 8182: 8162: 8116: 8072: 8028: 8026: 7987: 7809: 7768: 7679: 7635: 7457: 7416: 7327: 7303: 7275: 7252: 7214: 7171:significance tests 7127: 7063: 7019: 6993: 6967: 6931: 6848: 6713: 6659: 6604: 6508: 6440: 6419: 6417: 6373: 6338: 6330: 6290: 6253: 6182: 6123: 6088: 6053: 6018: 5946: 5897: 5871: 5866: 5816: 5783: 5748: 5710: 5585: 5574: 5542: 5509: 5354: 5293: 5208: 5175: 5143: 5108: 5082: 5053: 5027: 4935: 4854: 4819: 4793: 4761: 4728: 4702: 4667: 4635: 4605: 4561: 4471: 4409: 4342: 4313: 4227: 4192: 4156: 4056: 4005: 3973: 3918: 3879: 3850: 3842: 3804: 3763: 3755: 3699: 3673: 3549: 3511: 3464: 3422: 3401: 3231: 3169: 3085: 3062:Since each of the 3052: 2956: 2929: 2894: 2861: 2796: 2767: 2734: 2708: 2672: 2634: 2498:and the constants 2488: 2459: 2454: 2418: 2385: 2359: 2333: 2268: 2239: 2085: 2064: 1944: 1853: 1785: 1734: 1729: 1689: 1645: 1411: 1378: 1344: 1295: 1250: 1226: 1151: 1112: 1084: 1042: 1031: 985: 938: 898: 893: 847: 814: 758: 723: 694: 517:in the underlying 507: 477: 407: 256: 203: 182: 123: 88: 62: 16607:Shao, J. (1998). 16568:10.1890/10-0340.1 16515:Holland, Steven. 16379:10.1214/14-EJS909 16151:(12): 4183–4199. 15911:Boston University 15873:estimation theory 15828: 15819: 15814: 15804: 15780: 15772: 15766: 15757: 15749: 15711: 15703: 15697: 15689: 15684: 15677: 15663: 15655: 15635: 15624: 15614: 15589: 15579: 15574: 15567: 15559: 15550: 15542: 15522: 15511: 15501: 15478: 15472: 15425: 15419: 15407: 15395: 15365: 15359: 15353: 15345: 15341: 15339: 15308: 15303: 15290: 15284: 15270: 15264: 15251: 15226: 15208: 15188: 15182: 15171: 15170: 15163: 15072: 15066: 15046: 15040: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15000: 14992: 14986: 14980: 14960: 14947: 14921: 14913: 14909: 14908: 14891: 14887: 14885: 14881: 14880: 14872: 14866: 14861: 14848: 14842: 14836: 14815: 14809: 14803: 14797: 14789: 14785: 14784: 14766: 14764: 14760: 14759: 14751: 14745: 14729: 14723: 14702: 14673: 14669: 14667: 14661: 14655: 14650: 14644: 14634: 14632: 14614: 14608: 14602: 14596: 14591: 14573: 14567: 14557: 14555: 14537: 14531: 14525: 14520: 14514: 14511: 14505: 14502: 14490: 14484: 14478: 14470: 14467: 14463: 14462: 14448: 14445: 14431: 14408: 14404: 14403: 14397: 14392: 14362: 14344: 14338: 14333: 14331: 14324: 14307: 14304: 14298: 14295: 14263: 14257: 14234: 14228: 14222: 14220: 14213: 14196: 14176: 14170: 14150: 14144: 14100: 14096: 14092: 14072: 14055: 14053: 14047: 14041: 14036: 14017: 14006: 13987: 13977: 13951: 13946: 13936: 13905: 13893: 13865: 13846: 13823: 13811: 13791: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13766: 13752: 13736: 13714: 13690: 13689: 13681: 13675: 13659: 13650: 13646: 13644: 13634: 13628: 13618: 13609: 13596: 13590: 13585: 13575: 13572: 13566: 13563: 13557: 13534: 13528: 13505: 13497: 13491: 13471: 13449: 13439: 13437: 13431: 13421: 13406: 13396: 13370: 13341: 13331: 13308: 13302: 13282: 13267: 13145: 13133: 13109: 13103: 13083: 13077: 13053: 13040: 13020: 13007: 12994:quantile from an 12983: 12977: 12957: 12949: 12933: 12920: 12914: 12908: 12896: 12876: 12870: 12850: 12844: 12807: 12803: 12801: 12793: 12787: 12772: 12766: 12760: 12742: 12736: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12713: 12699: 12687: 12684: 12664: 12652: 12640: 12631: 12628: 12622: 12619: 12613: 12610: 12604: 12601: 12584: 12580: 12578: 12570: 12564: 12546: 12540: 12534: 12528: 12522: 12516: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12493: 12485: 12473: 12467: 12462: 12444: 12432: 12389: 12381: 12375: 12369: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12330: 12316: 12308: 12285: 12273: 12250: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12206: 12198: 12183: 12177: 12166: 12143: 12131: 12108: 12102: 12078: 12072: 12038: 12020: 12014: 12001: 11993: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11950: 11936: 11930: 11924: 11915: 11878: 11865: 11840: 11835: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11735: 11727: 11724: 11718: 11715: 11709: 11700: 11669: 11650: 11625: 11620: 11618: 11590: 11574: 11569: 11548: 11518: 11505: 11496: 11490: 11477: 11452: 11446: 11426: 11420: 11392: 11384: 11378: 11372: 11366: 11360: 11354: 11342: 11322: 11316: 11296: 11290: 11267: 11259: 11247: 11241: 11229: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11206: 11192: 11180: 11174: 11168: 11162: 11139: 11133: 11127: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11104: 11087: 11073:beta distribution 11054: 11037: 11032: 11025: 11012: 10988: 10971: 10966: 10959: 10946: 10906: 10901: 10894: 10881: 10857: 10840: 10835: 10828: 10815: 10785: 10781: 10776: 10769: 10762: 10742: 10729: 10709: 10697: 10677: 10669: 10652: 10647: 10640: 10633: 10613: 10608: 10601: 10594: 10586: 10561: 10555: 10535: 10529: 10509: 10474: 10454: 10436: 10410: 10402: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10382: 10335: 10317: 10314: 10304: 10301: 10295: 10287: 10281: 10268: 10242: 10234: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10214: 10198: 10164: 10146: 10143: 10133: 10130: 10124: 10116: 10110: 10074: 10053: 10047: 10026: 10014:or equivalently, 10000: 9974: 9946: 9934: 9890: 9878: 9869: , and when 9854: 9842: 9818: 9806: 9781: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9756: 9736: 9728: 9723: 9716: 9702: 9694: 9674: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9651: 9637: 9617: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9594: 9586: 9566: 9558: 9536: 9530: 9507: 9495: 9475: 9463: 9438: 9428: 9423: 9416: 9391: 9386: 9379: 9360: 9340: 9334: 9310: 9304: 9284: 9278: 9251: 9241: 9236: 9229: 9216: 9211: 9204: 9191: 9180:Beta distribution 9160: 9154: 9136:credible interval 9118: 9106: 9090:Jeffreys interval 9084:Jeffreys interval 9063: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9038: 9030: 9021: 9010: 9004: 8996: 8994: 8987: 8981: 8965: 8955: 8944: 8872: 8846: 8833: 8813: 8807: 8781: 8771: 8767: 8766: 8748: 8737: 8718: 8713: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8686: 8682: 8680: 8673: 8667: 8661: 8647: 8640: 8637: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8622: 8615: 8609: 8603: 8576: 8566: 8555: 8553: 8542: 8518: 8509: 8503: 8490: 8484: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8459: 8451: 8442: 8434: 8424: 8375: 8346: 8340: 8320: 8297: 8274: 8263: 8253: 8230: 8224: 8204: 8181: 8158: 8147: 8137: 8112: 8101: 8091: 8071: 8060: 8050: 8014: 8012: 8009: 7972: 7967: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7943: 7942: 7926: 7916: 7895: 7874: 7869: 7859: 7853: 7843: 7838: 7832: 7806: 7793: 7762: 7752: 7746: 7740: 7734: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7716: 7671: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7620: 7615: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7574: 7564: 7543: 7522: 7517: 7507: 7501: 7491: 7486: 7480: 7454: 7441: 7410: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7379: 7373: 7367: 7364: 7302: 7246: 7210: 7198: 7126: 7116: 7103: 7097: 7084: 7074: 7018: 7012: 6992: 6986: 6966: 6953: 6927: 6919: 6916: 6903: 6900: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6880: 6858: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6835: 6825: 6820: 6809: 6799: 6793: 6790: 6784: 6781: 6768: 6753: 6750: 6709: 6704: 6681: 6657: 6656: 6648: 6629: 6621: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6591: 6581: 6563: 6539: 6504: 6500: 6487: 6466: 6460: 6436: 6416: 6411: 6404: 6396: 6372: 6367: 6357: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6317: 6309: 6289: 6284: 6274: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6225: 6213: 6203: 6178: 6142: 6107: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6040: 6035: 6009: 6004: 5989: 5974: 5965: 5963: 5939: 5923: 5917: 5913: 5888: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5853: 5830: 5809: 5782: 5767: 5747: 5732: 5706: 5684: 5681: 5673: 5660: 5644: 5630: 5627: 5607: 5584: 5567: 5564: 5541: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5508: 5497: 5478: 5473: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5446: 5442: 5440: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5407: 5400: 5397: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5379: 5371: 5344: 5334: 5323: 5321: 5310: 5286: 5277: 5274: 5268: 5265: 5255: 5242: 5226: 5201: 5174: 5162: 5142: 5137: 5127: 5107: 5101: 5078: 5072: 5052: 5046: 5023: 5007: 4996: 4985: 4969: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4925: 4915: 4909: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4843: 4818: 4812: 4792: 4780: 4760: 4747: 4727: 4721: 4701: 4696: 4686: 4663: 4657: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4600: 4583: 4578: 4556: 4539: 4523: 4513: 4507: 4469: 4461: 4449: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4390: 4385: 4369: 4338: 4332: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4273: 4267: 4246: 4223: 4211: 4191: 4178: 4155: 4151: 4139: 4131: 4126: 4110: 4102: 4083: 4052: 4040: 4011:was developed by 3969: 3965: 3964: 3956: 3937: 3932: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3905: 3878: 3869: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3782: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3721: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3651: 3643: 3624: 3619: 3609: 3598: 3593: 3583: 3571: 3545: 3540: 3530: 3507: 3489: 3483: 3463: 3458: 3448: 3418: 3379: 3361: 3349: 3336: 3323: 3284: 3279: 3269: 3257: 3227: 3218: 3212: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3168: 3165: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3116: 3104: 3084: 3071: 3048: 3035: 3022: 2993: 2983: 2893: 2880: 2860: 2847: 2838: 2822: 2792: 2786: 2766: 2753: 2733: 2727: 2704: 2691: 2671: 2653: 2633: 2507: 2484: 2478: 2458: 2453: 2437: 2417: 2404: 2384: 2378: 2358: 2352: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2308: 2297: 2287: 2267: 2261: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2179: 2139: 2133: 2120: 2110: 2084: 2080: 2055: 2050: 2040: 2003: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1961: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1917: 1880: 1874: 1849: 1843: 1781: 1760: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1719: 1708: 1688: 1667: 1641: 1633: 1630: 1609: 1606: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1576: 1555: 1550: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1524: 1513: 1502: 1492: 1486: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1441: 1438: 1407: 1401: 1377: 1371: 1343: 1338: 1322: 1294: 1285: 1273: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1211: 1202: 1196: 1191: 1181: 1150: 1145: 1135: 1111: 1105: 1080: 1061: 1041: 1030: 1025: 1018: 1004: 981: 957: 934: 928: 897: 892: 887: 880: 866: 846: 833: 813: 777: 757: 742: 722: 716: 690: 686: 685: 681: 676: 660: 653: 649: 644: 628: 618: 616: 612: 605: 600: 579: 574: 558: 551: 548: 542: 539: 533: 506: 500: 476: 472: 467: 451: 439: 429: 403: 399: 398: 388: 367: 362: 350: 346: 344: 340: 333: 328: 306: 296: 293: 287: 284: 278: 255: 249: 200: 122: 107: 87: 81: 61: 55: 16:(Redirected from 16805: 16778: 16777: 16775: 16773: 16761: 16755: 16754: 16720: 16714: 16713: 16694:10.1002/sim.1320 16677: 16668: 16662: 16661: 16660:on 18 June 2012. 16659: 16652: 16641: 16635: 16631: 16619: 16613: 16612: 16604: 16598: 16597: 16579: 16537: 16531: 16530: 16528: 16527: 16512: 16506: 16505: 16503: 16502: 16493:. SciPy Manual. 16487: 16481: 16480: 16478: 16477: 16462: 16456: 16455: 16414: 16399: 16398: 16372: 16350: 16339: 16338: 16312: 16306: 16305: 16280: 16274: 16273: 16253: 16238: 16237: 16220:(158): 209–212. 16206: 16197: 16196: 16185: 16179: 16178: 16160: 16136: 16127: 16126: 16109: 16103: 16102: 16076: 16047: 16024: 16023: 15995: 15986: 15967: 15966: 15936: 15915: 15914: 15898: 15857: 15842: 15838: 15836: 15835: 15830: 15826: 15817: 15816: 15815: 15807: 15802: 15790: 15788: 15787: 15782: 15778: 15777: 15773: 15770: 15764: 15755: 15747: 15724: 15722: 15721: 15716: 15709: 15708: 15704: 15701: 15695: 15691: 15685: 15682: 15675: 15672: 15661: 15653: 15645: 15643: 15642: 15637: 15633: 15626: 15625: 15617: 15612: 15602: 15600: 15599: 15594: 15587: 15586: 15582: 15581: 15575: 15572: 15565: 15562: 15557: 15548: 15540: 15532: 15530: 15529: 15524: 15520: 15513: 15512: 15504: 15499: 15491: 15489: 15488: 15483: 15476: 15470: 15447:. The parameter 15435: 15433: 15432: 15427: 15423: 15417: 15405: 15393: 15363: 15357: 15351: 15350: 15346: 15343: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15336: 15335: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15300: 15299: 15288: 15286: 15282: 15268: 15262: 15261: 15260: 15249: 15239: 15237: 15236: 15231: 15224: 15206: 15198: 15196: 15195: 15190: 15186: 15180: 15166: 15159: 15155: 15152: 15146: 15115: 15107: 15090: 15086: 15082: 15080: 15079: 15074: 15070: 15064: 15056: 15054: 15053: 15048: 15044: 15038: 15027: 15025: 15024: 15019: 15015: 15014: 15008: 15005: 14998: 14995: 14990: 14984: 14978: 14970: 14968: 14967: 14962: 14958: 14957: 14956: 14945: 14934: 14932: 14931: 14926: 14919: 14918: 14914: 14911: 14910: 14906: 14902: 14889: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14882: 14878: 14874: 14870: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14858: 14857: 14846: 14844: 14840: 14834: 14825: 14824: 14813: 14807: 14801: 14795: 14794: 14790: 14787: 14786: 14782: 14778: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14761: 14757: 14753: 14749: 14743: 14741: 14740: 14731: 14727: 14721: 14712: 14711: 14700: 14686: 14684: 14683: 14678: 14671: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14659: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14642: 14640: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14612: 14606: 14600: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14571: 14565: 14563: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14535: 14529: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14512: 14509: 14503: 14500: 14488: 14486: 14482: 14476: 14475: 14471: 14468: 14465: 14464: 14460: 14456: 14446: 14443: 14429: 14418: 14416: 14415: 14410: 14406: 14405: 14401: 14395: 14394: 14390: 14375: 14373: 14372: 14367: 14360: 14342: 14336: 14335: 14332: 14329: 14322: 14316: 14305: 14302: 14296: 14293: 14273: 14271: 14270: 14265: 14261: 14255: 14248:The variance of 14247: 14245: 14244: 14239: 14232: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14218: 14211: 14205: 14194: 14186: 14184: 14183: 14178: 14174: 14168: 14160: 14158: 14157: 14152: 14148: 14142: 14110: 14108: 14107: 14102: 14098: 14097: 14095: 14093: 14088: 14086: 14081: 14070: 14068: 14058: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14045: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14031: 14026: 14015: 14013: 14008: 14007: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13988: 13980: 13975: 13964: 13962: 13961: 13956: 13949: 13948: 13947: 13939: 13934: 13915: 13913: 13912: 13907: 13903: 13891: 13876:). According to 13875: 13873: 13872: 13867: 13863: 13856: 13855: 13844: 13836: 13834: 13833: 13828: 13821: 13809: 13801: 13799: 13798: 13793: 13789: 13788: 13784: 13781: 13780: 13774: 13771: 13764: 13761: 13750: 13742: 13741: 13740: 13734: 13724: 13723: 13712: 13701: 13699: 13698: 13693: 13691: 13687: 13686: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13676: 13668: 13657: 13648: 13647: 13645: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13629: 13621: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13607: 13606: 13605: 13594: 13588: 13587: 13586: 13578: 13573: 13570: 13564: 13561: 13555: 13544: 13542: 13541: 13536: 13532: 13526: 13515: 13513: 13512: 13507: 13503: 13502: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13487: 13485: 13480: 13469: 13467: 13461: 13460: 13459: 13447: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13432: 13424: 13419: 13413: 13408: 13407: 13399: 13394: 13380: 13378: 13377: 13372: 13368: 13366: 13361: 13343: 13342: 13334: 13329: 13318: 13316: 13315: 13310: 13306: 13300: 13292: 13290: 13289: 13284: 13280: 13279: 13278: 13277: 13265: 13246: 13243: 13240: 13237: 13234: 13231: 13228: 13225: 13222: 13219: 13216: 13213: 13210: 13207: 13204: 13201: 13198: 13195: 13192: 13189: 13186: 13183: 13180: 13173: 13158: 13156: 13155: 13150: 13143: 13131: 13122: 13120: 13119: 13114: 13107: 13101: 13093: 13091: 13090: 13085: 13081: 13075: 13063: 13061: 13060: 13055: 13051: 13050: 13049: 13038: 13030: 13028: 13027: 13022: 13018: 13017: 13016: 13005: 12993: 12991: 12990: 12985: 12981: 12975: 12967: 12965: 12964: 12959: 12955: 12954: 12950: 12947: 12946: 12945: 12931: 12930: 12929: 12918: 12912: 12906: 12894: 12886: 12884: 12883: 12878: 12874: 12868: 12860: 12858: 12857: 12852: 12848: 12842: 12831: 12829: 12828: 12823: 12821: 12820: 12812: 12808: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12798: 12794: 12791: 12785: 12770: 12764: 12758: 12740: 12734: 12728: 12727: 12721: 12718: 12711: 12708: 12697: 12685: 12682: 12665: 12662: 12650: 12648: 12638: 12629: 12626: 12620: 12617: 12611: 12608: 12602: 12599: 12598: 12597: 12589: 12585: 12582: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12575: 12571: 12568: 12562: 12544: 12538: 12532: 12526: 12520: 12514: 12508: 12507: 12501: 12498: 12491: 12488: 12483: 12471: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12442: 12440: 12430: 12402: 12400: 12399: 12394: 12387: 12386: 12382: 12379: 12373: 12367: 12366: 12365: 12361: 12352: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12338: 12335: 12328: 12325: 12314: 12306: 12295: 12293: 12292: 12287: 12283: 12271: 12260: 12258: 12257: 12252: 12248: 12247: 12243: 12242: 12241: 12237: 12228: 12224: 12221: 12220: 12214: 12211: 12204: 12201: 12196: 12181: 12175: 12164: 12154:the interval is 12153: 12151: 12150: 12145: 12141: 12129: 12121: 12119: 12118: 12113: 12106: 12100: 12092: 12088: 12086: 12085: 12080: 12076: 12070: 12051: 12049: 12048: 12043: 12036: 12035: 12031: 12030: 12029: 12018: 12012: 12011: 12010: 11999: 11991: 11980: 11978: 11977: 11972: 11965: 11964: 11958: 11955: 11948: 11945: 11934: 11928: 11922: 11920: 11913: 11912: 11911: 11876: 11875: 11874: 11863: 11861: 11860: 11859: 11849: 11838: 11837: 11834: 11796: 11776: 11765: 11763: 11762: 11757: 11750: 11749: 11743: 11740: 11733: 11730: 11725: 11722: 11716: 11713: 11707: 11705: 11698: 11697: 11696: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11648: 11646: 11645: 11644: 11634: 11623: 11622: 11619: 11616: 11588: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11546: 11544: 11531: 11529: 11528: 11523: 11516: 11515: 11514: 11503: 11494: 11488: 11487: 11486: 11475: 11465: 11463: 11462: 11457: 11450: 11444: 11436: 11434: 11433: 11428: 11424: 11418: 11406: 11402: 11400: 11399: 11394: 11390: 11389: 11385: 11382: 11376: 11370: 11364: 11358: 11352: 11340: 11332: 11330: 11329: 11324: 11320: 11314: 11306: 11304: 11303: 11298: 11294: 11288: 11277: 11275: 11274: 11269: 11265: 11264: 11260: 11257: 11245: 11239: 11227: 11221: 11220: 11214: 11211: 11204: 11201: 11190: 11178: 11172: 11166: 11160: 11159: 11155: 11137: 11131: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11112: 11109: 11102: 11099: 11085: 11067: 11065: 11064: 11059: 11052: 11051: 11050: 11038: 11033: 11030: 11023: 11020: 11010: 10998: 10996: 10995: 10990: 10986: 10985: 10984: 10972: 10967: 10964: 10957: 10954: 10944: 10930: 10928: 10927: 10922: 10920: 10919: 10907: 10902: 10899: 10892: 10889: 10879: 10867: 10865: 10864: 10859: 10855: 10854: 10853: 10841: 10836: 10833: 10826: 10823: 10813: 10798: 10796: 10795: 10790: 10783: 10782: 10777: 10774: 10767: 10764: 10760: 10752: 10750: 10749: 10744: 10740: 10739: 10738: 10727: 10719: 10717: 10716: 10711: 10707: 10695: 10687: 10685: 10684: 10679: 10675: 10674: 10670: 10667: 10666: 10665: 10653: 10648: 10645: 10638: 10635: 10631: 10627: 10626: 10614: 10609: 10606: 10599: 10596: 10592: 10584: 10574: 10572: 10571: 10566: 10559: 10553: 10545: 10543: 10542: 10537: 10533: 10527: 10519: 10517: 10516: 10511: 10507: 10506: 10502: 10487: 10486: 10472: 10464: 10462: 10461: 10456: 10452: 10434: 10423: 10421: 10420: 10415: 10408: 10407: 10403: 10400: 10397: 10396: 10390: 10387: 10380: 10377: 10371: 10367: 10360: 10356: 10333: 10324: 10323: 10315: 10312: 10311: 10310: 10302: 10299: 10293: 10285: 10279: 10278: 10277: 10266: 10252: 10250: 10249: 10244: 10240: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10222: 10219: 10212: 10209: 10203: 10199: 10196: 10189: 10185: 10162: 10153: 10152: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10139: 10131: 10128: 10122: 10114: 10108: 10107: 10106: 10084: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10072: 10071: 10067: 10066: 10065: 10051: 10045: 10044: 10043: 10024: 10010: 10008: 10007: 10002: 9998: 9997: 9996: 9984: 9983: 9972: 9959: 9957: 9956: 9951: 9944: 9932: 9914:Yates correction 9904: 9900: 9898: 9897: 9892: 9888: 9876: 9868: 9864: 9862: 9861: 9856: 9852: 9840: 9832: 9828: 9826: 9825: 9820: 9816: 9804: 9794: 9792: 9791: 9786: 9779: 9778: 9774: 9771: 9770: 9764: 9761: 9754: 9751: 9734: 9730: 9724: 9721: 9714: 9711: 9700: 9692: 9684: 9682: 9681: 9676: 9672: 9666: 9665: 9659: 9656: 9649: 9646: 9635: 9627: 9625: 9624: 9619: 9615: 9609: 9608: 9602: 9599: 9592: 9589: 9584: 9576: 9574: 9573: 9568: 9564: 9563: 9556: 9555: 9551: 9534: 9528: 9520: 9518: 9517: 9512: 9505: 9493: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9477: 9473: 9461: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9436: 9435: 9431: 9430: 9424: 9421: 9414: 9411: 9393: 9387: 9384: 9377: 9374: 9358: 9350: 9348: 9347: 9342: 9338: 9332: 9320: 9318: 9317: 9312: 9308: 9302: 9294: 9292: 9291: 9286: 9282: 9276: 9264: 9262: 9261: 9256: 9249: 9248: 9244: 9243: 9237: 9234: 9227: 9224: 9218: 9212: 9209: 9202: 9199: 9189: 9182:with parameters 9173: 9171: 9170: 9165: 9158: 9152: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9116: 9104: 9076: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9061: 9060: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9046: 9043: 9036: 9033: 9028: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9008: 9002: 8998: 8995: 8992: 8985: 8979: 8973: 8967: 8966: 8958: 8953: 8942: 8936: 8935: 8934: 8933: 8891: 8886: 8885: 8870: 8859: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8844: 8843: 8842: 8831: 8823: 8821: 8820: 8815: 8811: 8805: 8794: 8792: 8791: 8786: 8779: 8778: 8777: 8769: 8768: 8764: 8762: 8757: 8746: 8739: 8738: 8730: 8716: 8715: 8714: 8706: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8688: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8671: 8665: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8656: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8613: 8607: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8594: 8583: 8578: 8577: 8569: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8540: 8538: 8533: 8516: 8511: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8467: 8464: 8457: 8454: 8449: 8440: 8436: 8435: 8427: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8414: 8413: 8373: 8359: 8357: 8356: 8351: 8344: 8338: 8330: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8318: 8316: 8311: 8310: 8295: 8287: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8272: 8265: 8264: 8256: 8251: 8243: 8241: 8240: 8235: 8228: 8222: 8214: 8212: 8211: 8206: 8202: 8200: 8195: 8194: 8179: 8171: 8169: 8168: 8163: 8156: 8149: 8148: 8140: 8135: 8125: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8110: 8103: 8102: 8094: 8089: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8073: 8069: 8062: 8061: 8053: 8048: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8029: 8027: 8020: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8002: 8000: 7995: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7960: 7957: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7940: 7939: 7935: 7928: 7927: 7919: 7914: 7902: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7888: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7862: 7857: 7851: 7844: 7839: 7836: 7830: 7828: 7822: 7817: 7808: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7791: 7781: 7776: 7764: 7763: 7755: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7729: 7723: 7717: 7714: 7697: 7692: 7691: 7669: 7668: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7650: 7648: 7643: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7587: 7583: 7576: 7575: 7567: 7562: 7550: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7536: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7510: 7505: 7499: 7492: 7487: 7484: 7478: 7476: 7470: 7465: 7456: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7439: 7429: 7424: 7412: 7411: 7403: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7371: 7365: 7362: 7345: 7340: 7339: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7293: 7288: 7287: 7270: 7265: 7264: 7244: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7208: 7196: 7161: 7160: 7143:chi-squared test 7136: 7134: 7133: 7128: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7101: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7072: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7053: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7016: 7010: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6951: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6932: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6901: 6898: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6856: 6850: 6849: 6843: 6840: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6811: 6810: 6802: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6751: 6748: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6679: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6627: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6606: 6605: 6599: 6596: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6565: 6564: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6537: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6509: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6488: 6485: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6434: 6432: 6427: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6402: 6399: 6394: 6382: 6380: 6379: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6360: 6355: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6332: 6331: 6325: 6322: 6315: 6312: 6307: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6277: 6272: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6223: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6206: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6140: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6105: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6026: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5954: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5905: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5879: 5868: 5867: 5861: 5858: 5851: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5765: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5730: 5719: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5704: 5691: 5690: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5642: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5614: 5613: 5605: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5562: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5522: 5517: 5506: 5499: 5498: 5490: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5466: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5431: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5395: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5377: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5362: 5351: 5346: 5345: 5337: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5306: 5301: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5160: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5130: 5125: 5118:is estimated by 5117: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5076: 5070: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5013: 5005: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4997: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4943: 4932: 4927: 4926: 4918: 4913: 4907: 4898: 4897: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4862: 4851: 4841: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4778: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4745: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4689: 4684: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4661: 4655: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4613: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4584: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4569: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4540: 4532: 4525: 4524: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4498: 4497: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4447: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4417: 4406: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4378: 4367: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4336: 4330: 4322: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4271: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4256: 4255: 4244: 4236: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4221: 4209: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4176: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4149: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4119: 4108: 4100: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4081: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4050: 4038: 4002: 3998: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3949: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3925: 3920: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3867: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3827: 3824: 3817: 3812: 3802: 3797: 3780: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3740: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3719: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3681: 3671: 3666: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3636: 3622: 3621: 3620: 3612: 3607: 3606: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3586: 3581: 3569: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3543: 3542: 3541: 3533: 3528: 3520: 3518: 3517: 3512: 3505: 3487: 3481: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3451: 3446: 3431: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3416: 3414: 3409: 3399: 3394: 3377: 3359: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3321: 3310: 3305: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3272: 3267: 3255: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3225: 3216: 3210: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3186: 3178: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3114: 3102: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3080: 3069: 3061: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3033: 3032: 3031: 3020: 3018: 3013: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2981: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2954: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2878: 2870: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2845: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2820: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2790: 2784: 2776: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2751: 2743: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2717: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2689: 2681: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2666: 2651: 2643: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2505: 2497: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2482: 2476: 2468: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2446: 2435: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2402: 2394: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2369:trials yielding 2368: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2342: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2306: 2304: 2299: 2298: 2290: 2285: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2248: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2155: 2154: 2137: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2113: 2108: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2072: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1952: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1920: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1847: 1841: 1794: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1758: 1743: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1717: 1711: 1706: 1698: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1665: 1654: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1569: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1543: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1504: 1503: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1452: 1451: 1439: 1436: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1405: 1399: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1369: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1331: 1320: 1304: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1283: 1271: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1225: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1184: 1179: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1138: 1133: 1121: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1103: 1093: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1078: 1071: 1070: 1059: 1051: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1032: 1026: 1023: 1016: 1013: 1002: 994: 992: 991: 986: 979: 955: 947: 945: 944: 939: 932: 926: 907: 905: 904: 899: 895: 894: 888: 885: 878: 875: 864: 856: 854: 853: 848: 844: 843: 842: 831: 823: 821: 820: 815: 811: 810: 809: 808: 789: 788: 787: 775: 767: 765: 764: 759: 755: 754: 753: 752: 740: 732: 730: 729: 724: 720: 714: 703: 701: 700: 695: 688: 687: 683: 682: 677: 674: 672: 671: 670: 658: 655: 651: 650: 645: 642: 640: 639: 638: 626: 623: 621: 619: 617: 614: 613: 607: 603: 601: 598: 597: 596: 585: 580: 575: 572: 570: 569: 568: 556: 553: 549: 546: 540: 537: 531: 516: 514: 513: 508: 504: 498: 486: 484: 483: 478: 474: 473: 468: 465: 463: 462: 461: 449: 446: 441: 440: 432: 427: 416: 414: 413: 408: 401: 400: 396: 395: 391: 390: 389: 381: 365: 364: 363: 355: 352: 348: 347: 345: 342: 341: 335: 331: 329: 326: 325: 324: 313: 308: 307: 299: 294: 291: 285: 282: 276: 266:is estimated by 265: 263: 262: 257: 253: 247: 236: 232: 212: 210: 209: 204: 202: 201: 193: 132: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 118: 117: 105: 97: 95: 94: 89: 85: 79: 71: 69: 68: 63: 59: 53: 44:Bernoulli trials 21: 16813: 16812: 16808: 16807: 16806: 16804: 16803: 16802: 16783: 16782: 16781: 16771: 16769: 16768:(software doc.) 16762: 16758: 16721: 16717: 16675: 16669: 16665: 16657: 16650: 16642: 16638: 16620: 16616: 16605: 16601: 16538: 16534: 16525: 16523: 16513: 16509: 16500: 16498: 16489: 16488: 16484: 16475: 16473: 16464: 16463: 16459: 16436:10.2307/2685469 16415: 16402: 16351: 16342: 16313: 16309: 16281: 16277: 16270: 16254: 16241: 16207: 16200: 16195:. 159220 / 253. 16187: 16186: 16182: 16137: 16130: 16110: 16106: 16048: 16027: 15993: 15987: 15970: 15937: 15918: 15899: 15895: 15891: 15864: 15855: 15840: 15806: 15805: 15800: 15797: 15796: 15754: 15750: 15745: 15742: 15741: 15740:(bounds exceed 15730: 15673: 15670: 15660: 15656: 15651: 15648: 15647: 15616: 15615: 15610: 15607: 15606: 15563: 15560: 15547: 15543: 15538: 15535: 15534: 15503: 15502: 15497: 15494: 15493: 15468: 15465: 15464: 15457: 15325: 15321: 15305: 15295: 15291: 15287: 15285: 15281: 15277: 15256: 15252: 15247: 15244: 15243: 15204: 15201: 15200: 15178: 15175: 15174: 15167: 15156: 15150: 15147: 15132: 15116: 15105: 15102: 15088: 15084: 15062: 15059: 15058: 15036: 15033: 15032: 14996: 14993: 14976: 14973: 14972: 14952: 14948: 14943: 14940: 14939: 14901: 14873: 14863: 14853: 14849: 14845: 14843: 14833: 14829: 14820: 14816: 14777: 14752: 14742: 14736: 14732: 14730: 14720: 14716: 14707: 14703: 14698: 14695: 14694: 14652: 14641: 14639: 14593: 14564: 14562: 14522: 14487: 14485: 14455: 14442: 14438: 14427: 14424: 14423: 14393: 14388: 14385: 14384: 14320: 14314: 14282: 14279: 14278: 14253: 14250: 14249: 14209: 14203: 14192: 14189: 14188: 14187:trials and let 14166: 14163: 14162: 14140: 14137: 14136: 14129: 14123: 14117: 14082: 14077: 14069: 14067: 14059: 14038: 14027: 14022: 14014: 14012: 13998: 13997: 13995: 13993: 13979: 13978: 13973: 13970: 13969: 13938: 13937: 13932: 13929: 13928: 13889: 13886: 13885: 13851: 13847: 13842: 13839: 13838: 13807: 13804: 13803: 13762: 13759: 13749: 13745: 13733: 13729: 13728: 13719: 13715: 13710: 13707: 13706: 13667: 13666: 13655: 13651: 13636: 13620: 13619: 13614: 13612: 13610: 13601: 13597: 13577: 13576: 13553: 13550: 13549: 13524: 13521: 13520: 13481: 13476: 13468: 13465: 13455: 13454: 13450: 13445: 13441: 13423: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13398: 13397: 13392: 13389: 13388: 13362: 13357: 13333: 13332: 13327: 13324: 13323: 13319:trials, define 13298: 13295: 13294: 13273: 13272: 13268: 13263: 13260: 13259: 13253: 13248: 13247: 13244: 13241: 13238: 13235: 13232: 13229: 13226: 13223: 13220: 13217: 13214: 13211: 13208: 13205: 13202: 13199: 13196: 13193: 13190: 13187: 13184: 13181: 13178: 13171: 13129: 13126: 13125: 13099: 13096: 13095: 13073: 13070: 13069: 13045: 13041: 13036: 13033: 13032: 13012: 13008: 13003: 13000: 12999: 12973: 12970: 12969: 12941: 12937: 12925: 12921: 12905: 12901: 12892: 12889: 12888: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12840: 12837: 12836: 12813: 12709: 12706: 12696: 12692: 12666: 12649: 12647: 12637: 12633: 12632: 12590: 12489: 12486: 12482: 12478: 12464: 12441: 12439: 12429: 12425: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12418: 12357: 12353: 12326: 12323: 12322: 12318: 12317: 12313: 12309: 12304: 12301: 12300: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12233: 12229: 12202: 12199: 12195: 12191: 12190: 12171: 12167: 12162: 12159: 12158: 12127: 12124: 12123: 12098: 12095: 12094: 12090: 12068: 12065: 12064: 12025: 12021: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11994: 11989: 11986: 11985: 11946: 11943: 11916: 11895: 11891: 11870: 11866: 11855: 11851: 11850: 11845: 11797: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11768: 11731: 11728: 11701: 11686: 11682: 11655: 11651: 11640: 11636: 11635: 11630: 11571: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11536: 11510: 11506: 11482: 11478: 11473: 11470: 11469: 11442: 11439: 11438: 11416: 11413: 11412: 11404: 11351: 11347: 11338: 11335: 11334: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11286: 11283: 11282: 11202: 11199: 11189: 11185: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11092: 11083: 11080: 11079: 11046: 11042: 11021: 11019: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11002: 10980: 10976: 10955: 10953: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10915: 10911: 10890: 10888: 10877: 10874: 10873: 10871: 10849: 10845: 10824: 10822: 10811: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10765: 10763: 10758: 10755: 10754: 10734: 10730: 10725: 10722: 10721: 10693: 10690: 10689: 10661: 10657: 10636: 10634: 10622: 10618: 10597: 10595: 10591: 10587: 10582: 10579: 10578: 10551: 10548: 10547: 10525: 10522: 10521: 10492: 10488: 10476: 10475: 10470: 10467: 10466: 10432: 10429: 10428: 10378: 10375: 10346: 10342: 10332: 10328: 10319: 10318: 10306: 10305: 10292: 10288: 10273: 10269: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10210: 10207: 10175: 10171: 10161: 10157: 10148: 10147: 10135: 10134: 10121: 10117: 10102: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10061: 10057: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10022: 10019: 10018: 9992: 9988: 9979: 9975: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9922: 9902: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9866: 9838: 9835: 9834: 9830: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9752: 9749: 9712: 9709: 9699: 9695: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9647: 9644: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9590: 9587: 9582: 9579: 9578: 9559: 9541: 9537: 9526: 9523: 9522: 9491: 9488: 9487: 9459: 9456: 9455: 9412: 9409: 9375: 9372: 9365: 9361: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9274: 9271: 9270: 9267:conjugate prior 9225: 9222: 9200: 9197: 9196: 9192: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9140:non-informative 9102: 9099: 9098: 9086: 9034: 9031: 8977: 8971: 8957: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8941: 8937: 8917: 8913: 8897: 8896: 8887: 8878: 8877: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8838: 8834: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8803: 8800: 8799: 8773: 8772: 8758: 8753: 8729: 8728: 8705: 8704: 8687: 8663: 8652: 8648: 8643: 8641: 8605: 8595: 8590: 8584: 8582: 8568: 8567: 8558: 8557: 8543: 8534: 8529: 8515: 8510: 8495: 8491: 8455: 8452: 8426: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8397: 8393: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8312: 8303: 8302: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8196: 8187: 8186: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8139: 8138: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8093: 8092: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8025: 8024: 7996: 7991: 7980: 7976: 7969: 7918: 7917: 7910: 7906: 7887: 7886: 7879: 7875: 7861: 7860: 7829: 7827: 7818: 7813: 7807: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7777: 7772: 7754: 7753: 7737: 7735: 7713: 7709: 7699: 7693: 7684: 7683: 7676: 7675: 7644: 7639: 7628: 7624: 7617: 7566: 7565: 7558: 7554: 7535: 7534: 7527: 7523: 7509: 7508: 7477: 7475: 7466: 7461: 7455: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7425: 7420: 7402: 7401: 7385: 7383: 7361: 7357: 7347: 7341: 7332: 7331: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7289: 7280: 7279: 7266: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7247: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7179: 7158: 7157: 7118: 7117: 7108: 7104: 7089: 7085: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7057: 7056: 7051: 7050: 7039: 7008: 7005: 7004: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6908: 6904: 6863: 6859: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6801: 6800: 6796: 6794: 6773: 6769: 6759: 6758: 6747: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6696: 6695: 6686: 6682: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6640: 6636: 6626: 6622: 6613: 6609: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6573: 6569: 6555: 6554: 6535: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6489: 6472: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6461: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6428: 6423: 6400: 6397: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6313: 6310: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6276: 6275: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6219: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6027: 6022: 6016: 6014: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5955: 5950: 5936: 5930: 5926: 5924: 5906: 5901: 5890: 5880: 5875: 5849: 5846: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5825: 5818: 5808: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5686: 5685: 5665: 5661: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5619: 5618: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5576: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5533: 5532: 5518: 5513: 5489: 5488: 5465: 5464: 5447: 5423: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5401: 5373: 5363: 5358: 5352: 5350: 5336: 5335: 5326: 5325: 5311: 5302: 5297: 5283: 5278: 5257: 5256: 5247: 5243: 5231: 5227: 5218: 5217: 5210: 5200: 5199: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5009: 5008: 4999: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4977: 4976: 4944: 4939: 4933: 4931: 4917: 4916: 4906: 4902: 4893: 4889: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4840: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4614: 4609: 4603: 4601: 4592: 4588: 4570: 4565: 4559: 4557: 4542: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4515: 4514: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4446: 4442: 4418: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4396: 4377: 4376: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4145: 4141: 4118: 4117: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4097: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3948: 3947: 3924: 3923: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3825: 3822: 3813: 3808: 3798: 3787: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3738: 3735: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3682: 3677: 3667: 3656: 3635: 3634: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3585: 3584: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3410: 3405: 3395: 3384: 3341: 3337: 3328: 3324: 3306: 3295: 3271: 3270: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3121: 3117: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3040: 3036: 3027: 3023: 3014: 3003: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2967: 2950: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2852: 2848: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2444: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2150: 2146: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2073: 2068: 2057: 2042: 2041: 2032: 2028: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1953: 1948: 1934: 1919: 1918: 1909: 1905: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1715: 1709: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1556: 1542: 1541: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1515: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1447: 1446: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1355: 1330: 1329: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1235: 1230: 1221: 1208: 1203: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1166: 1162: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1014: 1011: 1000: 997: 996: 953: 950: 949: 924: 921: 920: 876: 873: 862: 859: 858: 838: 834: 829: 826: 825: 804: 803: 799: 783: 782: 778: 773: 770: 769: 748: 747: 743: 738: 735: 734: 712: 709: 708: 666: 665: 661: 656: 654: 634: 633: 629: 624: 622: 620: 606: 602: 592: 588: 586: 584: 564: 563: 559: 554: 552: 529: 526: 525: 496: 493: 492: 489:Bernoulli trial 457: 456: 452: 447: 445: 431: 430: 425: 422: 421: 380: 379: 372: 368: 354: 353: 351: 334: 330: 320: 316: 314: 312: 298: 297: 274: 271: 270: 245: 242: 241: 234: 230: 221:(the original, 192: 191: 189: 186: 185: 162: 153:coin is flipped 113: 112: 108: 103: 100: 99: 77: 74: 73: 51: 48: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16811: 16801: 16800: 16795: 16780: 16779: 16756: 16737:(6): 509–531. 16715: 16688:(4): 611–621. 16663: 16636: 16614: 16599: 16532: 16521:strata.uga.edu 16507: 16495:docs.scipy.org 16482: 16457: 16430:(2): 119–126. 16400: 16363:(1): 817–840. 16340: 16329:(4): 404–413. 16307: 16275: 16268: 16239: 16198: 16180: 16128: 16104: 16074:10.1.1.50.3025 16067:(2): 101–133. 16025: 16006:(3): 178–208. 15968: 15949:(8): 857–872. 15916: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15886: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15863: 15860: 15825: 15822: 15813: 15810: 15776: 15769: 15763: 15760: 15753: 15729: 15726: 15714: 15707: 15700: 15694: 15688: 15680: 15669: 15666: 15659: 15632: 15629: 15623: 15620: 15592: 15585: 15578: 15570: 15556: 15553: 15546: 15519: 15516: 15510: 15507: 15481: 15475: 15456: 15453: 15437: 15436: 15422: 15416: 15413: 15410: 15404: 15401: 15398: 15392: 15389: 15386: 15383: 15380: 15377: 15374: 15371: 15368: 15362: 15356: 15349: 15334: 15331: 15328: 15324: 15320: 15317: 15314: 15311: 15298: 15294: 15280: 15276: 15273: 15267: 15259: 15255: 15229: 15223: 15220: 15217: 15214: 15211: 15185: 15169: 15168: 15119: 15117: 15110: 15104: 15098: 15093: 15069: 15043: 15011: 15003: 14989: 14983: 14955: 14951: 14936: 14935: 14924: 14917: 14905: 14900: 14897: 14894: 14877: 14869: 14856: 14852: 14839: 14832: 14828: 14823: 14819: 14812: 14806: 14800: 14793: 14781: 14776: 14773: 14770: 14756: 14748: 14739: 14735: 14726: 14719: 14715: 14710: 14706: 14688: 14687: 14676: 14664: 14658: 14647: 14638: 14629: 14626: 14623: 14620: 14617: 14611: 14605: 14599: 14588: 14585: 14582: 14579: 14576: 14570: 14561: 14552: 14549: 14546: 14543: 14540: 14534: 14528: 14517: 14508: 14499: 14496: 14493: 14481: 14474: 14459: 14454: 14451: 14441: 14437: 14434: 14400: 14377: 14376: 14365: 14359: 14356: 14353: 14350: 14347: 14341: 14327: 14319: 14313: 14310: 14301: 14292: 14289: 14286: 14260: 14237: 14231: 14216: 14208: 14202: 14199: 14173: 14147: 14119:Main article: 14116: 14113: 14112: 14111: 14091: 14085: 14080: 14076: 14066: 14063: 14050: 14044: 14030: 14025: 14021: 14011: 14005: 14002: 13992: 13986: 13983: 13954: 13945: 13942: 13902: 13899: 13896: 13862: 13859: 13854: 13850: 13826: 13820: 13817: 13814: 13787: 13777: 13769: 13758: 13755: 13748: 13739: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13718: 13703: 13702: 13685: 13674: 13671: 13665: 13662: 13654: 13643: 13640: 13627: 13624: 13604: 13600: 13593: 13584: 13581: 13569: 13560: 13531: 13517: 13516: 13501: 13490: 13484: 13479: 13475: 13464: 13458: 13453: 13444: 13430: 13427: 13416: 13411: 13405: 13402: 13382: 13381: 13365: 13360: 13356: 13352: 13349: 13346: 13340: 13337: 13305: 13276: 13271: 13252: 13249: 13177: 13148: 13142: 13139: 13136: 13112: 13106: 13080: 13048: 13044: 13015: 13011: 12996:F-distribution 12980: 12953: 12944: 12940: 12936: 12928: 12924: 12917: 12911: 12904: 12899: 12873: 12847: 12833: 12832: 12819: 12816: 12811: 12797: 12790: 12784: 12781: 12778: 12775: 12769: 12763: 12757: 12754: 12751: 12748: 12745: 12739: 12733: 12724: 12716: 12705: 12702: 12695: 12690: 12681: 12678: 12675: 12672: 12669: 12661: 12658: 12655: 12646: 12643: 12636: 12625: 12616: 12607: 12596: 12593: 12588: 12574: 12567: 12561: 12558: 12555: 12552: 12549: 12543: 12537: 12531: 12525: 12519: 12513: 12504: 12496: 12481: 12476: 12470: 12459: 12456: 12453: 12450: 12447: 12438: 12435: 12428: 12408:F-distribution 12404: 12403: 12392: 12385: 12378: 12372: 12364: 12360: 12356: 12351: 12341: 12333: 12321: 12312: 12282: 12279: 12276: 12262: 12261: 12246: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12227: 12217: 12209: 12194: 12189: 12186: 12180: 12174: 12170: 12140: 12137: 12134: 12111: 12105: 12075: 12041: 12034: 12028: 12024: 12017: 12009: 12005: 11997: 11982: 11981: 11970: 11961: 11953: 11942: 11939: 11933: 11927: 11919: 11910: 11907: 11904: 11901: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11887: 11884: 11881: 11873: 11869: 11858: 11854: 11848: 11844: 11833: 11830: 11827: 11824: 11821: 11818: 11815: 11812: 11809: 11806: 11803: 11800: 11795: 11792: 11789: 11786: 11783: 11780: 11766: 11755: 11746: 11738: 11721: 11712: 11704: 11695: 11692: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11678: 11675: 11672: 11664: 11661: 11658: 11654: 11643: 11639: 11633: 11629: 11615: 11612: 11609: 11606: 11603: 11600: 11597: 11593: 11587: 11584: 11581: 11577: 11566: 11563: 11560: 11557: 11554: 11551: 11521: 11513: 11509: 11502: 11499: 11493: 11485: 11481: 11455: 11449: 11423: 11388: 11381: 11375: 11369: 11363: 11357: 11350: 11345: 11319: 11293: 11279: 11278: 11263: 11256: 11253: 11250: 11244: 11238: 11235: 11232: 11226: 11217: 11209: 11198: 11195: 11188: 11183: 11177: 11171: 11165: 11158: 11154: 11151: 11148: 11145: 11142: 11136: 11130: 11124: 11115: 11107: 11095: 11090: 11069: 11068: 11057: 11049: 11045: 11041: 11036: 11028: 11018: 11015: 11000: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10970: 10962: 10952: 10949: 10934: 10931: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10905: 10897: 10887: 10884: 10869: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10839: 10831: 10821: 10818: 10803: 10788: 10780: 10772: 10737: 10733: 10706: 10703: 10700: 10673: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10651: 10643: 10630: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10612: 10604: 10590: 10564: 10558: 10532: 10505: 10501: 10498: 10495: 10491: 10485: 10482: 10479: 10451: 10448: 10445: 10442: 10439: 10425: 10424: 10413: 10406: 10393: 10385: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10352: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10338: 10331: 10327: 10322: 10309: 10298: 10291: 10284: 10276: 10272: 10254: 10253: 10238: 10225: 10217: 10206: 10202: 10195: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10181: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10167: 10160: 10156: 10151: 10138: 10127: 10120: 10113: 10105: 10101: 10086: 10085: 10070: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10050: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10030: 10012: 10011: 9995: 9991: 9987: 9982: 9978: 9949: 9943: 9940: 9937: 9921: 9918: 9887: 9884: 9881: 9851: 9848: 9845: 9815: 9812: 9809: 9784: 9777: 9767: 9759: 9748: 9745: 9742: 9739: 9733: 9727: 9719: 9708: 9705: 9698: 9671: 9662: 9654: 9643: 9640: 9614: 9605: 9597: 9562: 9554: 9550: 9547: 9544: 9540: 9533: 9510: 9504: 9501: 9498: 9472: 9469: 9466: 9441: 9434: 9427: 9419: 9408: 9405: 9402: 9399: 9396: 9390: 9382: 9371: 9368: 9364: 9337: 9307: 9281: 9254: 9247: 9240: 9232: 9221: 9215: 9207: 9195: 9163: 9157: 9143:Jeffreys prior 9121: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9085: 9082: 9078: 9077: 9066: 9059: 9049: 9041: 9027: 9024: 9018: 9014: 9007: 9001: 8990: 8984: 8976: 8970: 8964: 8961: 8951: 8947: 8940: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8906: 8903: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8884: 8881: 8876: 8849: 8841: 8837: 8810: 8796: 8795: 8784: 8776: 8761: 8756: 8752: 8745: 8742: 8736: 8733: 8727: 8724: 8721: 8712: 8709: 8700: 8694: 8676: 8670: 8655: 8651: 8634: 8618: 8612: 8598: 8593: 8589: 8581: 8575: 8572: 8561: 8550: 8546: 8537: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8521: 8514: 8506: 8498: 8494: 8487: 8480: 8470: 8462: 8448: 8445: 8439: 8433: 8430: 8420: 8412: 8409: 8406: 8403: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8349: 8343: 8315: 8309: 8306: 8301: 8277: 8271: 8268: 8262: 8259: 8233: 8227: 8199: 8193: 8190: 8185: 8161: 8155: 8152: 8146: 8143: 8115: 8109: 8106: 8100: 8097: 8068: 8065: 8059: 8056: 8039: 8038: 8023: 8019: 8005: 7999: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7963: 7956: 7950: 7938: 7934: 7931: 7925: 7922: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7894: 7891: 7885: 7882: 7878: 7868: 7865: 7856: 7850: 7847: 7842: 7835: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7812: 7801: 7797: 7789: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7758: 7749: 7743: 7728: 7722: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7690: 7687: 7682: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7667: 7653: 7647: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7611: 7604: 7598: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7573: 7570: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7542: 7539: 7533: 7530: 7526: 7516: 7513: 7504: 7498: 7495: 7490: 7483: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7449: 7445: 7437: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7409: 7406: 7397: 7391: 7376: 7370: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7335: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7283: 7278: 7274: 7269: 7263: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7213: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7178: 7175: 7121: 7111: 7107: 7100: 7092: 7088: 7079: 7038: 7035: 7015: 6989: 6961: 6957: 6942: 6941: 6930: 6923: 6911: 6907: 6897: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6855: 6846: 6838: 6817: 6814: 6808: 6805: 6787: 6776: 6772: 6762: 6756: 6746: 6712: 6703: 6700: 6694: 6689: 6685: 6670: 6669: 6652: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6625: 6616: 6612: 6602: 6594: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6559: 6553: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6534: 6507: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6484: 6481: 6475: 6470: 6439: 6431: 6426: 6422: 6415: 6407: 6366: 6363: 6337: 6328: 6320: 6283: 6280: 6252: 6244: 6234: 6229: 6218: 6212: 6209: 6181: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6122: 6116: 6111: 6087: 6081: 6076: 6064: 6063: 6052: 6039: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6013: 6008: 5998: 5993: 5983: 5978: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5933: 5929: 5920: 5909: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5883: 5878: 5874: 5864: 5856: 5845: 5839: 5834: 5821: 5815: 5812: 5805: 5776: 5771: 5741: 5736: 5721: 5720: 5709: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5689: 5677: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5553: 5552: 5536: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5502: 5496: 5493: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5472: 5469: 5460: 5454: 5436: 5430: 5415: 5411: 5394: 5382: 5376: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5349: 5343: 5340: 5329: 5318: 5314: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5282: 5271: 5260: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5221: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5197: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5136: 5133: 5104: 5081: 5075: 5049: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5012: 5002: 4995: 4992: 4980: 4975: 4972: 4965: 4956: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4924: 4921: 4912: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4875: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4849: 4846: 4839: 4815: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4755: 4751: 4724: 4695: 4692: 4666: 4660: 4646: 4645: 4634: 4626: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4553: 4550: 4545: 4538: 4535: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4465: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4430: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4384: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4365: 4341: 4335: 4312: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4186: 4182: 4167: 4166: 4148: 4144: 4135: 4125: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4106: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4043: 3988: 3985: 3972: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3931: 3928: 3916: 3908: 3875: 3872: 3849: 3840: 3832: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3762: 3753: 3745: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3710: 3709: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3618: 3615: 3604: 3601: 3592: 3589: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3548: 3539: 3536: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3486: 3457: 3454: 3437:standard error 3433: 3432: 3421: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3278: 3275: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3245:therefore is: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3079: 3075: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3030: 3026: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2953: 2949: 2926: 2922: 2888: 2884: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2810: 2807: 2795: 2789: 2761: 2757: 2730: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2511: 2487: 2481: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2412: 2408: 2381: 2355: 2327: 2317: 2312: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2264: 2250: 2249: 2238: 2225: 2215: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2136: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2096: 2095: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2049: 2046: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2006: 1991: 1982: 1973: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1926: 1923: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1852: 1846: 1827: 1824: 1784: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1722: 1714: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1656: 1655: 1644: 1637: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1603: 1582: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1549: 1546: 1535: 1527: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1480: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1450: 1444: 1434: 1410: 1404: 1374: 1337: 1334: 1328: 1325: 1311: 1310: 1291: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1207: 1199: 1190: 1187: 1170: 1144: 1141: 1108: 1083: 1077: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1038: 1035: 1029: 1021: 1010: 1007: 984: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 937: 931: 891: 883: 872: 869: 841: 837: 807: 802: 798: 795: 792: 786: 781: 768:successes and 751: 746: 719: 705: 704: 693: 680: 669: 664: 648: 637: 632: 610: 595: 591: 583: 578: 567: 562: 545: 536: 503: 471: 460: 455: 444: 438: 435: 418: 417: 406: 394: 387: 384: 378: 375: 371: 361: 358: 338: 323: 319: 311: 305: 302: 290: 281: 252: 199: 196: 170:logistic curve 161: 158: 116: 111: 84: 58: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16810: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16790: 16788: 16767: 16760: 16752: 16748: 16744: 16740: 16736: 16732: 16731: 16726: 16719: 16711: 16707: 16703: 16699: 16695: 16691: 16687: 16683: 16682: 16674: 16667: 16656: 16649: 16648: 16640: 16634: 16629: 16625: 16618: 16610: 16603: 16595: 16591: 16587: 16583: 16578: 16573: 16569: 16565: 16561: 16557: 16553: 16549: 16548: 16543: 16536: 16522: 16518: 16511: 16496: 16492: 16486: 16471: 16467: 16461: 16453: 16449: 16445: 16441: 16437: 16433: 16429: 16425: 16424: 16419: 16418:Agresti, Alan 16413: 16411: 16409: 16407: 16405: 16396: 16392: 16388: 16384: 16380: 16376: 16371: 16366: 16362: 16358: 16357: 16349: 16347: 16345: 16336: 16332: 16328: 16324: 16323: 16318: 16317:Pearson, E.S. 16315:Clopper, C.; 16311: 16303: 16299: 16295: 16291: 16290: 16285: 16279: 16271: 16269:9781138589384 16265: 16261: 16260: 16252: 16250: 16248: 16246: 16244: 16235: 16231: 16227: 16223: 16219: 16215: 16211: 16205: 16203: 16194: 16190: 16184: 16176: 16172: 16168: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16150: 16146: 16142: 16135: 16133: 16124: 16120: 16119: 16114: 16113:Laplace, P.S. 16108: 16100: 16096: 16092: 16088: 16084: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16066: 16062: 16061: 16056: 16052: 16046: 16044: 16042: 16040: 16038: 16036: 16034: 16032: 16030: 16021: 16017: 16013: 16009: 16005: 16001: 16000: 15992: 15985: 15983: 15981: 15979: 15977: 15975: 15973: 15964: 15960: 15956: 15952: 15948: 15944: 15943: 15935: 15933: 15931: 15929: 15927: 15925: 15923: 15921: 15912: 15908: 15904: 15897: 15893: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15865: 15859: 15853: 15848: 15844: 15823: 15820: 15808: 15794: 15774: 15767: 15761: 15758: 15751: 15739: 15733: 15725: 15712: 15705: 15698: 15692: 15686: 15678: 15667: 15664: 15657: 15630: 15627: 15618: 15603: 15590: 15583: 15576: 15568: 15554: 15551: 15544: 15517: 15514: 15505: 15479: 15473: 15462: 15461:rule of three 15452: 15450: 15446: 15442: 15414: 15411: 15408: 15399: 15396: 15387: 15384: 15381: 15375: 15372: 15369: 15366: 15360: 15354: 15347: 15332: 15329: 15326: 15318: 15315: 15312: 15296: 15292: 15278: 15274: 15271: 15265: 15257: 15253: 15242: 15241: 15240: 15227: 15221: 15218: 15215: 15212: 15209: 15183: 15165: 15162: 15154: 15144: 15140: 15136: 15130: 15129: 15125: 15120:This section 15118: 15114: 15109: 15108: 15101: 15097: 15092: 15067: 15041: 15029: 15009: 15001: 14987: 14981: 14953: 14949: 14922: 14915: 14903: 14898: 14895: 14892: 14875: 14867: 14854: 14850: 14837: 14830: 14826: 14821: 14817: 14810: 14804: 14798: 14791: 14779: 14774: 14771: 14768: 14754: 14746: 14737: 14733: 14724: 14717: 14713: 14708: 14704: 14693: 14692: 14691: 14674: 14662: 14656: 14645: 14636: 14624: 14621: 14618: 14609: 14603: 14597: 14583: 14580: 14577: 14568: 14559: 14547: 14544: 14541: 14532: 14526: 14506: 14494: 14491: 14479: 14472: 14457: 14452: 14449: 14439: 14435: 14432: 14422: 14421: 14420: 14398: 14382: 14363: 14354: 14351: 14348: 14339: 14325: 14317: 14311: 14299: 14287: 14284: 14277: 14276: 14275: 14258: 14235: 14229: 14214: 14206: 14200: 14197: 14171: 14145: 14133: 14128: 14122: 14089: 14083: 14078: 14074: 14064: 14061: 14048: 14042: 14028: 14023: 14019: 14009: 14000: 13990: 13981: 13968: 13967: 13966: 13952: 13940: 13925: 13923: 13919: 13900: 13897: 13894: 13883: 13879: 13860: 13857: 13852: 13848: 13824: 13818: 13815: 13812: 13785: 13775: 13767: 13756: 13753: 13746: 13737: 13725: 13720: 13716: 13683: 13669: 13663: 13660: 13652: 13638: 13622: 13602: 13598: 13591: 13579: 13567: 13558: 13548: 13547: 13546: 13529: 13499: 13488: 13482: 13477: 13473: 13462: 13451: 13442: 13425: 13414: 13409: 13400: 13387: 13386: 13385: 13363: 13358: 13354: 13350: 13347: 13344: 13335: 13322: 13321: 13320: 13303: 13293:successes in 13269: 13256: 13175: 13168: 13166: 13160: 13146: 13140: 13137: 13134: 13110: 13104: 13078: 13065: 13046: 13042: 13013: 13009: 12997: 12978: 12951: 12942: 12938: 12934: 12926: 12922: 12915: 12909: 12902: 12897: 12871: 12845: 12817: 12814: 12809: 12795: 12782: 12779: 12776: 12767: 12761: 12752: 12749: 12746: 12737: 12731: 12722: 12714: 12703: 12700: 12693: 12688: 12676: 12673: 12670: 12659: 12656: 12653: 12644: 12641: 12634: 12623: 12614: 12605: 12594: 12591: 12586: 12572: 12559: 12556: 12553: 12550: 12547: 12535: 12529: 12523: 12517: 12511: 12502: 12494: 12479: 12474: 12468: 12457: 12454: 12451: 12448: 12445: 12436: 12433: 12426: 12417: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12409: 12390: 12383: 12376: 12370: 12362: 12358: 12354: 12349: 12339: 12331: 12319: 12310: 12299: 12298: 12297: 12280: 12277: 12274: 12244: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12225: 12215: 12207: 12192: 12187: 12184: 12178: 12172: 12168: 12157: 12156: 12155: 12138: 12135: 12132: 12109: 12103: 12073: 12061: 12059: 12055: 12039: 12032: 12022: 12015: 12003: 11995: 11968: 11959: 11951: 11940: 11937: 11931: 11925: 11908: 11905: 11902: 11899: 11896: 11888: 11885: 11882: 11871: 11867: 11852: 11846: 11842: 11828: 11825: 11822: 11810: 11807: 11804: 11790: 11787: 11784: 11767: 11753: 11744: 11736: 11719: 11710: 11693: 11690: 11687: 11679: 11676: 11673: 11662: 11659: 11656: 11652: 11637: 11631: 11627: 11610: 11607: 11604: 11601: 11598: 11582: 11561: 11558: 11555: 11535: 11534: 11533: 11519: 11507: 11500: 11497: 11491: 11479: 11466: 11453: 11447: 11421: 11410: 11386: 11379: 11373: 11367: 11361: 11355: 11348: 11343: 11317: 11291: 11261: 11254: 11251: 11248: 11242: 11236: 11233: 11230: 11224: 11215: 11207: 11196: 11193: 11186: 11181: 11175: 11169: 11163: 11156: 11152: 11149: 11146: 11143: 11140: 11134: 11128: 11122: 11113: 11105: 11093: 11088: 11078: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11055: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11034: 11026: 11016: 11013: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10968: 10960: 10950: 10947: 10932: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10903: 10895: 10885: 10882: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10837: 10829: 10819: 10816: 10801: 10800: 10799: 10786: 10778: 10770: 10735: 10731: 10704: 10701: 10698: 10671: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10649: 10641: 10628: 10623: 10619: 10615: 10610: 10602: 10588: 10575: 10562: 10556: 10530: 10503: 10499: 10496: 10493: 10489: 10449: 10446: 10443: 10440: 10437: 10411: 10404: 10391: 10383: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10350: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10336: 10329: 10325: 10296: 10289: 10282: 10274: 10270: 10259: 10258: 10257: 10236: 10223: 10215: 10204: 10200: 10193: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10179: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10165: 10158: 10154: 10125: 10118: 10111: 10103: 10099: 10091: 10090: 10089: 10068: 10062: 10058: 10048: 10040: 10036: 10028: 10017: 10016: 10015: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9980: 9976: 9965: 9964: 9963: 9960: 9947: 9941: 9938: 9935: 9917: 9915: 9911: 9906: 9885: 9882: 9879: 9849: 9846: 9843: 9833: , when 9813: 9807: 9795: 9782: 9775: 9765: 9757: 9746: 9743: 9740: 9737: 9731: 9725: 9717: 9706: 9703: 9696: 9669: 9660: 9652: 9641: 9638: 9612: 9603: 9595: 9552: 9548: 9545: 9542: 9538: 9531: 9508: 9502: 9499: 9496: 9470: 9467: 9464: 9452: 9439: 9432: 9425: 9417: 9406: 9403: 9400: 9397: 9394: 9388: 9380: 9369: 9366: 9362: 9335: 9324: 9305: 9295:successes in 9279: 9268: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9230: 9219: 9213: 9205: 9193: 9181: 9177: 9161: 9155: 9144: 9141: 9137: 9132: 9119: 9113: 9110: 9107: 9096: 9091: 9081: 9064: 9057: 9047: 9039: 9025: 9022: 9016: 9012: 9005: 8999: 8988: 8982: 8974: 8968: 8959: 8949: 8938: 8893: 8888: 8874: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8847: 8839: 8835: 8808: 8782: 8759: 8754: 8750: 8743: 8731: 8725: 8722: 8707: 8698: 8692: 8674: 8668: 8653: 8649: 8632: 8616: 8610: 8596: 8591: 8587: 8579: 8570: 8548: 8544: 8535: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8519: 8512: 8504: 8496: 8492: 8485: 8478: 8468: 8460: 8446: 8443: 8437: 8428: 8418: 8366: 8365: 8364: 8360: 8347: 8341: 8313: 8299: 8275: 8269: 8266: 8257: 8231: 8225: 8197: 8183: 8159: 8153: 8150: 8141: 8126: 8113: 8107: 8104: 8095: 8066: 8063: 8054: 8021: 8017: 8003: 7997: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7961: 7954: 7948: 7936: 7932: 7929: 7920: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7889: 7883: 7880: 7876: 7863: 7854: 7848: 7845: 7840: 7833: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7810: 7799: 7795: 7787: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7756: 7747: 7741: 7726: 7720: 7710: 7703: 7701: 7694: 7680: 7672: 7665: 7651: 7645: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7609: 7602: 7596: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7568: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7537: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7511: 7502: 7496: 7493: 7488: 7481: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7458: 7447: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7404: 7395: 7389: 7374: 7368: 7358: 7351: 7349: 7342: 7328: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7296: 7290: 7276: 7272: 7267: 7253: 7248: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7224: 7211: 7205: 7202: 7199: 7188: 7184: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7109: 7105: 7098: 7090: 7086: 7048: 7043: 7034: 7032: 7013: 6987: 6959: 6955: 6928: 6921: 6909: 6905: 6895: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6853: 6844: 6836: 6815: 6812: 6803: 6785: 6774: 6770: 6754: 6744: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6723: 6710: 6698: 6692: 6687: 6683: 6650: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6623: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6592: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6557: 6551: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6532: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6505: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6482: 6479: 6468: 6437: 6429: 6424: 6420: 6413: 6405: 6386: 6361: 6335: 6326: 6318: 6278: 6263: 6250: 6242: 6227: 6216: 6207: 6192: 6179: 6165: 6161: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6120: 6109: 6085: 6074: 6050: 6037: 6028: 6023: 6019: 6011: 6006: 5991: 5976: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5931: 5927: 5918: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5862: 5854: 5843: 5832: 5819: 5813: 5810: 5803: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5769: 5734: 5707: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5675: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5615: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5577: 5571: 5568: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5491: 5485: 5482: 5467: 5458: 5452: 5434: 5428: 5413: 5409: 5392: 5380: 5374: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5347: 5338: 5316: 5312: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5280: 5269: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5211: 5205: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5131: 5102: 5079: 5073: 5047: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5000: 4990: 4973: 4970: 4963: 4954: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4928: 4919: 4910: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4873: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4844: 4837: 4813: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4753: 4749: 4722: 4690: 4664: 4658: 4632: 4624: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4551: 4548: 4543: 4533: 4526: 4517: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4463: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4363: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4339: 4333: 4310: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4268: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4184: 4180: 4146: 4142: 4133: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4104: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4074: 4073: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 3993: 3984: 3970: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3926: 3914: 3906: 3873: 3870: 3847: 3838: 3830: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3760: 3751: 3743: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3613: 3602: 3587: 3575: 3572: 3562: 3561: 3560: 3546: 3534: 3508: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3484: 3452: 3438: 3419: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3356: 3353: 3342: 3338: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3273: 3261: 3258: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3142: 3136: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3105: 3077: 3073: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3028: 3024: 3015: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2973: 2951: 2947: 2924: 2920: 2911: 2907: 2886: 2882: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2839: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2806: 2793: 2787: 2759: 2755: 2728: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2655: 2617: 2613: 2599: 2595: 2581: 2577: 2563: 2559: 2545: 2541: 2527: 2523: 2509: 2485: 2479: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2410: 2406: 2379: 2353: 2325: 2310: 2300: 2291: 2262: 2236: 2223: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2134: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2047: 2044: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2011: 2007: 2004: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1924: 1921: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1850: 1844: 1833: 1832:Michael Short 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808:Wald interval 1805: 1800: 1798: 1795:which is the 1782: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1750: 1746: 1720: 1712: 1699:is the lower 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1642: 1635: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1601: 1580: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1544: 1533: 1525: 1508: 1505: 1496: 1478: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1442: 1432: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1408: 1402: 1391: 1372: 1359: 1332: 1326: 1323: 1308: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1205: 1197: 1185: 1171: 1139: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1106: 1094: 1081: 1075: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1036: 1033: 1027: 1019: 1008: 1005: 982: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 958: 935: 929: 918: 914: 910: 889: 881: 870: 867: 839: 835: 800: 796: 793: 790: 779: 744: 717: 691: 678: 662: 646: 630: 608: 593: 589: 581: 576: 560: 543: 534: 524: 523: 522: 520: 501: 490: 469: 453: 442: 433: 404: 392: 382: 376: 373: 369: 356: 336: 321: 317: 309: 300: 288: 279: 269: 268: 267: 250: 238: 228: 224: 220: 216: 194: 179: 175: 171: 166: 157: 154: 149: 147: 143: 139: 134: 109: 82: 56: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 16770:. Retrieved 16759: 16734: 16728: 16718: 16685: 16679: 16666: 16655:the original 16646: 16639: 16628:the original 16617: 16608: 16602: 16551: 16545: 16535: 16524:. Retrieved 16520: 16510: 16499:. Retrieved 16494: 16485: 16474:. Retrieved 16470:stat.ethz.ch 16469: 16460: 16427: 16421: 16360: 16354: 16326: 16320: 16310: 16296:(1): 63–88. 16293: 16287: 16278: 16258: 16217: 16213: 16210:Wilson, E.B. 16192: 16183: 16148: 16144: 16122: 16117: 16107: 16064: 16058: 16055:Cai, T. Tony 16003: 15997: 15946: 15940: 15906: 15896: 15849: 15845: 15792: 15737: 15734: 15731: 15604: 15458: 15448: 15440: 15438: 15172: 15157: 15148: 15133:Please help 15121: 15099: 15095: 15083:is close to 15030: 14937: 14689: 14378: 14134: 14130: 13926: 13704: 13545:is given by 13518: 13383: 13257: 13254: 13169: 13161: 13066: 12834: 12405: 12263: 12062: 11983: 11467: 11280: 11070: 10576: 10426: 10255: 10087: 10013: 9961: 9923: 9907: 9796: 9453: 9321:trials, the 9133: 9095:equal-tailed 9094: 9089: 9087: 9079: 8797: 8361: 8127: 8040: 7236: 7225: 7180: 7164: 7153: 7147: 7064: 6943: 6724: 6671: 6520: 6264: 6193: 6065: 5722: 5554: 4829:gives this: 4647: 4168: 4070: 4067: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4008: 4006: 3711: 3436: 3434: 3242: 2970: . The 2812: 2718:For a fixed 2251: 2097: 1829: 1816:Abraham Wald 1811: 1807: 1801: 1796: 1657: 1360: 1312: 1306: 1095: 706: 419: 239: 183: 177: 173: 150: 135: 35: 29: 16577:1885/152287 16554:(1): 3–10. 15878:pseudocount 13182:scipy.stats 12414:quantiles: 6385:pseudocount 4013:E.B. Wilson 2871:where each 2744:(and hence 2395:successes, 1812:Wald method 1126:First, for 915:(i.e., the 133:are known. 16787:Categories 16772:2 December 16526:2020-09-08 16501:2023-12-02 16476:2023-12-02 16322:Biometrika 16099:1059.62533 15889:References 14379:Using the 12089:is either 7031:score test 6977:the lower 4017:asymmetric 3999:and where 3179:for every 2252:and where 1799:quantile. 32:statistics 16586:0012-9658 16387:1935-7524 16370:1303.1288 16284:Cai, T.T. 16175:243974180 16167:0361-0926 16069:CiteSeerX 15812:^ 15738:overshoot 15668:− 15622:^ 15509:^ 15412:− 15400:⁡ 15385:− 15376:− 15370:⁡ 15330:− 15316:− 15275:⁡ 15219:≤ 15213:≤ 15151:July 2017 15122:does not 15103:transform 15002:α 14988:− 14954:α 14899:⁡ 14855:α 14827:⁡ 14805:θ 14775:⁡ 14738:α 14725:− 14714:⁡ 14622:− 14581:− 14545:− 14495:⁡ 14480:≈ 14453:⁡ 14436:⁡ 14352:− 14288:⁡ 14127:Cohen's h 14079:α 14024:α 14004:^ 13985:~ 13944:~ 13813:α 13768:α 13757:− 13731:Φ 13721:α 13673:~ 13664:− 13642:~ 13626:~ 13603:α 13592:± 13583:~ 13568:≈ 13478:α 13429:~ 13404:~ 13359:α 13345:≡ 13339:~ 13141:α 13138:− 12815:− 12780:− 12715:α 12704:− 12657:− 12592:− 12551:− 12495:α 12449:− 12332:α 12264:and when 12208:α 12188:− 11952:α 11941:− 11906:− 11900:− 11886:− 11843:∫ 11826:− 11817:Γ 11799:Γ 11779:Γ 11737:α 11691:− 11677:− 11660:− 11628:∫ 11602:− 11592:Γ 11576:Γ 11550:Γ 11252:− 11208:α 11197:− 11144:− 11106:α 11044:ε 10978:ε 10913:ε 10909:− 10847:ε 10843:− 10771:α 10732:ε 10705:α 10702:− 10659:ε 10620:ε 10616:− 10447:≤ 10441:≤ 10384:α 10362:≥ 10340:⁡ 10326:⁡ 10283:≡ 10275:≥ 10216:α 10191:≤ 10169:⁡ 10155:⁡ 10112:≡ 10104:≤ 10063:≤ 10041:≥ 9994:≥ 9986:∩ 9981:≤ 9942:α 9939:− 9811:→ 9741:− 9670:α 9642:− 9613:α 9561:% 9549:α 9546:− 9500:≠ 9468:≠ 9401:− 9040:α 8969:− 8963:^ 8889:− 8840:α 8809:α 8755:α 8735:^ 8726:− 8711:^ 8654:α 8633:− 8592:α 8574:^ 8531:α 8497:− 8486:≡ 8461:α 8432:^ 8261:^ 8198:− 8145:^ 8105:≠ 8099:^ 8064:≠ 8058:^ 7993:α 7930:− 7924:^ 7904:− 7893:^ 7884:− 7867:^ 7825:− 7815:α 7800:α 7774:α 7760:^ 7641:α 7578:− 7572:^ 7541:^ 7532:− 7515:^ 7473:− 7463:α 7448:α 7432:− 7422:α 7408:^ 7343:− 7268:− 7206:α 7203:− 7091:− 7014:θ 6988:α 6960:α 6910:α 6896:≤ 6871:θ 6868:− 6854:θ 6816:θ 6813:− 6807:^ 6786:≤ 6775:α 6755:θ 6702:^ 6634:− 6575:α 6567:± 6561:^ 6425:α 6365:^ 6282:^ 6217:≡ 6211:^ 6121:≡ 6086:≡ 6024:α 5952:α 5932:α 5919:± 5903:α 5877:α 5820:α 5814:≈ 5811:∈ 5702:α 5699:− 5651:− 5635:∈ 5616:⁡ 5578:α 5572:≈ 5569:∈ 5515:α 5495:^ 5486:− 5471:^ 5414:α 5393:± 5360:α 5342:^ 5299:α 5233:− 5212:α 5206:≈ 5203:∈ 5170:α 5167:− 5153:and with 5135:^ 4994:^ 4941:α 4923:^ 4900:− 4860:α 4788:α 4785:− 4754:α 4694:^ 4677:treating 4611:α 4586:− 4567:α 4537:^ 4521:^ 4500:− 4454:− 4415:α 4383:^ 4374:− 4283:− 4249:σ 4219:α 4216:− 4185:α 4143:σ 4124:^ 4115:− 4095:≈ 4090:α 4048:α 4045:− 4021:overshoot 3954:^ 3945:− 3930:^ 3874:⁡ 3785:∑ 3654:∑ 3641:^ 3632:− 3617:^ 3603:≈ 3591:^ 3576:⁡ 3538:^ 3497:− 3456:^ 3382:∑ 3369:− 3316:⁡ 3293:∑ 3277:^ 3262:⁡ 3214:… 3155:− 3109:⁡ 3001:∑ 2991:^ 2910:Bernoulli 2840:… 2788:α 2760:α 2729:α 2698:α 2480:α 2448:α 2442:− 2411:α 2301:≡ 2295:^ 2181:− 2144:− 2124:≡ 2118:^ 2070:α 2048:^ 2034:α 1990:≤ 1972:≤ 1950:α 1925:^ 1911:α 1903:− 1804:Wald test 1767:α 1713:α 1674:α 1616:α 1602:≤ 1574:^ 1565:− 1548:^ 1509:θ 1506:− 1500:^ 1479:≤ 1460:α 1443:θ 1403:θ 1358: .) 1336:^ 1327:− 1307:overshoot 1232:α 1189:^ 1143:^ 1020:α 1009:− 968:− 959:α 930:α 882:α 871:− 840:α 797:− 594:α 582:± 544:≈ 443:≡ 437:^ 386:^ 377:− 360:^ 322:α 310:± 304:^ 289:≈ 213:, with a 198:^ 174:overshoot 16751:12878234 16702:12590417 16594:21560670 16395:88519382 16115:(1812). 16020:16741749 15862:See also 15091: . 14381:arc sine 12056:and the 11409:quantile 9905: . 3889:becomes 1822:(1812). 1814:, after 1745:quantile 909:quantile 237: . 223:binomial 16710:7715293 16556:Bibcode 16547:Ecology 16452:1628435 16444:2685469 16234:2276774 16091:1861069 15963:9595616 15143:removed 15128:sources 14971:is the 13918:Agresti 12968:is the 11532:where: 11403:is the 3773:giving 2908:from a 2428:is the 1820:Laplace 857:is the 16749:  16708:  16700:  16592:  16584:  16450:  16442:  16393:  16385:  16266:  16232:  16173:  16165:  16097:  16089:  16071:  16018:  15961:  15827:  15818:  15803:  15779:  15771:  15765:  15756:  15748:  15710:  15702:  15696:  15683:  15676:  15662:  15654:  15634:  15613:  15588:  15573:  15566:  15558:  15549:  15541:  15521:  15500:  15477:  15471:  15424:  15418:  15406:  15394:  15364:  15358:  15352:  15344:  15338:  15307:  15302:  15289:  15283:  15269:  15263:  15250:  15225:  15207:  15187:  15181:  15071:  15065:  15045:  15039:  15016:  15006:  14999:  14991:  14985:  14979:  14959:  14946:  14938:where 14920:  14912:  14907:  14896:arcsin 14890:  14884:  14879:  14871:  14865:  14860:  14847:  14841:  14835:  14814:  14808:  14802:  14796:  14788:  14783:  14772:arcsin 14763:  14758:  14750:  14744:  14728:  14722:  14701:  14672:  14666:  14660:  14654:  14649:  14643:  14631:  14613:  14607:  14601:  14595:  14590:  14572:  14566:  14554:  14536:  14530:  14524:  14519:  14513:  14510:  14504:  14501:  14489:  14483:  14477:  14469:  14466:  14461:  14450:arcsin 14447:  14444:  14430:  14407:  14402:  14396:  14391:  14361:  14343:  14337:  14330:  14323:  14306:  14303:  14297:  14294:  14262:  14256:  14233:  14227:  14219:  14212:  14195:  14175:  14169:  14149:  14143:  14099:  14071:  14052:  14046:  14040:  14035:  14016:  13976:  13950:  13935:  13920:& 13904:  13892:  13864:  13845:  13822:  13810:  13790:  13782:  13772:  13765:  13751:  13713:  13705:where 13688:  13680:  13658:  13649:  13633:  13617:  13608:  13595:  13589:  13574:  13571:  13565:  13562:  13556:  13533:  13527:  13504:  13496:  13470:  13448:  13436:  13420:  13395:  13369:  13330:  13307:  13301:  13281:  13266:  13258:Given 13185:import 13144:  13132:  13108:  13102:  13082:  13076:  13052:  13039:  13019:  13006:  12982:  12976:  12956:  12948:  12932:  12919:  12913:  12907:  12895:  12875:  12869:  12849:  12843:  12835:where 12806:  12800:  12792:  12786:  12771:  12765:  12759:  12741:  12735:  12729:  12719:  12712:  12698:  12686:  12683:  12663:  12651:  12639:  12630:  12627:  12621:  12618:  12612:  12609:  12603:  12600:  12583:  12577:  12569:  12563:  12545:  12539:  12533:  12527:  12521:  12515:  12509:  12499:  12492:  12484:  12472:  12466:  12461:  12443:  12431:  12388:  12380:  12374:  12368:  12346:  12336:  12329:  12315:  12307:  12296:it is 12284:  12272:  12249:  12222:  12212:  12205:  12197:  12182:  12176:  12165:  12142:  12130:  12107:  12101:  12077:  12071:  12037:  12019:  12013:  12000:  11992:  11966:  11956:  11949:  11935:  11929:  11923:  11914:  11877:  11864:  11839:  11751:  11741:  11734:  11726:  11723:  11717:  11714:  11708:  11699:  11668:  11649:  11624:  11617:  11589:  11573:  11568:  11547:  11517:  11504:  11495:  11489:  11476:  11468:Thus, 11451:  11445:  11425:  11419:  11391:  11383:  11377:  11371:  11365:  11359:  11353:  11341:  11321:  11315:  11295:  11289:  11281:where 11266:  11258:  11246:  11240:  11228:  11222:  11212:  11205:  11191:  11179:  11173:  11167:  11161:  11138:  11132:  11126:  11120:  11110:  11103:  11086:  11053:  11031:  11024:  11011:  10999:with H 10987:  10965:  10958:  10945:  10900:  10893:  10880:  10868:with H 10856:  10834:  10827:  10814:  10784:  10775:  10768:  10761:  10741:  10728:  10708:  10696:  10676:  10668:  10646:  10639:  10632:  10607:  10600:  10593:  10585:  10560:  10554:  10534:  10528:  10508:  10473:  10453:  10435:  10427:where 10409:  10401:  10398:  10388:  10381:  10334:  10316:  10313:  10303:  10300:  10294:  10286:  10280:  10267:  10241:  10233:  10230:  10220:  10213:  10197:  10163:  10145:  10142:  10132:  10129:  10123:  10115:  10109:  10073:  10052:  10046:  10025:  9999:  9973:  9945:  9933:  9910:G-test 9889:  9877:  9853:  9841:  9817:  9805:  9780:  9772:  9762:  9755:  9735:  9722:  9715:  9701:  9693:  9673:  9667:  9657:  9650:  9636:  9616:  9610:  9600:  9593:  9585:  9565:  9557:  9535:  9529:  9506:  9494:  9474:  9462:  9437:  9422:  9415:  9385:  9378:  9359:  9339:  9333:  9309:  9303:  9283:  9277:  9250:  9235:  9228:  9210:  9203:  9190:  9159:  9153:  9117:  9105:  9062:  9054:  9044:  9037:  9029:  9020:  9009:  9003:  8993:  8986:  8980:  8954:  8943:  8871:  8845:  8832:  8812:  8806:  8798:where 8780:  8770:  8765:  8747:  8717:  8702:  8696:  8690:  8685:  8679:  8672:  8666:  8660:  8646:  8639:  8636:  8630:  8627:  8621:  8614:  8608:  8602:  8565:  8552:  8541:  8517:  8508:  8502:  8489:  8483:  8475:  8465:  8458:  8450:  8441:  8423:  8374:  8345:  8339:  8319:  8296:  8273:  8252:  8229:  8223:  8203:  8180:  8157:  8136:  8111:  8090:  8070:  8049:  8011:  8008:  7971:  7966:  7958:  7952:  7946:  7941:  7915:  7873:  7858:  7852:  7837:  7831:  7805:  7792:  7751:  7745:  7739:  7733:  7730:  7724:  7718:  7715:  7670:  7659:  7656:  7619:  7614:  7606:  7600:  7594:  7589:  7563:  7521:  7506:  7500:  7485:  7479:  7453:  7440:  7399:  7393:  7387:  7381:  7378:  7372:  7366:  7363:  7301:  7245:  7209:  7197:  7139:z-test 7125:  7115:  7102:  7096:  7083:  7073:  7017:  7011:  6991:  6985:  6965:  6952:  6944:(with 6926:  6918:  6915:  6902:  6899:  6893:  6890:  6884:  6879:  6857:  6851:  6841:  6834:  6824:  6819:  6798:  6792:  6789:  6783:  6780:  6767:  6752:  6749:  6708:  6680:  6655:  6647:  6628:  6620:  6607:  6597:  6590:  6580:  6538:  6503:  6486:  6465:  6459:  6435:  6410:  6403:  6395:  6371:  6356:  6333:  6323:  6316:  6308:  6288:  6273:  6248:  6239:  6224:  6202:  6177:  6141:  6106:  6048:  6043:  6034:  6003:  5988:  5973:  5962:  5938:  5922:  5916:  5887:  5869:  5859:  5852:  5829:  5781:  5766:  5746:  5731:  5705:  5683:  5680:  5672:  5659:  5643:  5629:  5626:  5606:  5583:  5563:  5555:where 5540:  5530:  5525:  5507:  5477:  5462:  5456:  5450:  5445:  5439:  5432:  5426:  5420:  5406:  5399:  5396:  5390:  5387:  5378:  5370:  5333:  5320:  5309:  5285:  5276:  5273:  5267:  5264:  5254:  5241:  5225:  5173:  5161:  5141:  5126:  5106:  5100:  5077:  5071:  5051:  5045:  5022:  5006:  4984:  4968:  4960:  4951:  4914:  4908:  4887:  4879:  4870:  4842:  4817:  4811:  4791:  4779:  4759:  4746:  4726:  4720:  4700:  4685:  4662:  4656:  4630:  4621:  4599:  4577:  4555:  4512:  4506:  4468:  4460:  4448:  4440:  4434:  4425:  4389:  4368:  4337:  4331:  4308:  4303:  4294:  4272:  4266:  4245:  4222:  4210:  4190:  4177:  4169:where 4154:  4138:  4130:  4109:  4101:  4082:  4051:  4039:  3968:  3963:  3936:  3921:  3911:  3904:  3877:  3868:  3845:  3835:  3828:  3781:  3758:  3748:  3741:  3720:  3697:  3692:  3689:  3650:  3623:  3608:  3597:  3582:  3570:  3544:  3529:  3506:  3488:  3482:  3462:  3447:  3417:  3378:  3360:  3348:  3335:  3322:  3283:  3268:  3256:  3226:  3217:  3211:  3202:  3196:  3190:  3187:  3167:  3164:  3146:  3140:  3134:  3128:  3115:  3103:  3083:  3070:  3047:  3034:  3021:  2982:  2892:  2879:  2859:  2846:  2837:  2821:  2791:  2785:  2765:  2752:  2732:  2726:  2703:  2690:  2670:  2652:  2632:  2506:  2483:  2477:  2457:  2436:  2416:  2403:  2383:  2377:  2357:  2351:  2331:  2322:  2307:  2286:  2266:  2260:  2234:  2229:  2220:  2178:  2138:  2132:  2109:  2083:  2054:  2039:  2002:  1996:  1993:  1987:  1984:  1978:  1975:  1969:  1966:  1960:  1936:  1931:  1916:  1879:  1873:  1848:  1842:  1780:  1759:  1751:, vs. 1732:  1725:  1718:  1707:  1687:  1666:  1658:where 1640:  1632:  1629:  1608:  1605:  1599:  1596:  1590:  1585:  1554:  1539:  1530:  1523:  1512:  1491:  1485:  1482:  1476:  1473:  1440:  1437:  1406:  1400:  1376:  1370:  1342:  1321:  1293:  1284:  1272:  1248:  1242:  1210:  1201:  1195:  1180:  1149:  1134:  1110:  1104:  1079:  1060:  1040:  1024:  1017:  1003:  980:  956:  933:  927:  917:probit 896:  886:  879:  865:  845:  832:  812:  776:  756:  741:  721:  715:  689:  684:  675:  659:  652:  643:  627:  615:  604:  599:  573:  557:  550:  547:  541:  538:  532:  505:  499:  475:  466:  450:  428:  420:where 402:  397:  366:  349:  343:  332:  327:  295:  292:  286:  283:  277:  254:  248:  121:  106:  86:  80:  60:  54:  16706:S2CID 16676:(PDF) 16658:(PDF) 16651:(PDF) 16440:JSTOR 16391:S2CID 16365:arXiv 16230:JSTOR 16171:S2CID 16121:[ 16016:S2CID 15994:(PDF) 15856:binom 13922:Coull 13878:Brown 13209:alpha 13172:qbeta 12998:with 12063:When 10088:with 9454:When 9178:is a 8860:Then 8288:then 8172:then 6672:with 6348:with 2906:i.i.d 2098:with 1797:upper 1747:of a 1037:0.975 911:of a 38:is a 16774:2023 16747:PMID 16698:PMID 16590:PMID 16582:ISSN 16383:ISSN 16264:ISBN 16163:ISSN 15959:PMID 15459:The 15173:Let 15126:any 15124:cite 14811:< 14799:< 14135:Let 13861:1.96 13819:0.05 13384:and 13230:beta 13215:0.05 13188:beta 13179:from 13094:and 13031:and 12624:< 12606:< 11501:< 11492:< 11437:and 11176:< 11164:< 11017:< 10886:> 10373:> 10256:and 10205:> 9628:and 9486:and 9325:for 9174:The 9088:The 8082:and 8041:for 7045:The 6300:and 5758:and 4712:and 4481:or 4023:and 4007:The 3860:The 3435:The 3241:the 2974:is: 2644:and 1198:< 1076:1.96 1052:and 977:0.05 971:0.95 176:and 34:, a 16739:doi 16690:doi 16572:hdl 16564:doi 16432:doi 16375:doi 16331:doi 16298:doi 16294:131 16222:doi 16153:doi 16095:Zbl 16079:doi 16008:doi 15951:doi 15839:or 15795:at 15791:), 15397:log 15367:log 15272:log 15137:by 15087:or 14818:sin 14705:sin 14492:var 14433:var 14419:is 14285:var 14274:is 13882:Cai 13853:.05 13236:ppf 13224:p_o 13218:p_u 13206:400 12093:or 12027:max 12008:min 11857:max 11642:min 11512:max 11484:min 11407:th 10720:if 10337:Bin 10166:Bin 10055:sup 10033:inf 9829:or 9532:100 9114:0.5 8946:max 8244:if 8128:If 7707:min 7355:max 7159:PDF 7154:see 7141:or 7058:PDF 7052:PDF 6729:or 6387:of 5793:is 3439:of 3313:var 3259:var 3106:var 2904:is 1810:or 1165:or 1068:.05 995:so 233:or 30:In 16789:: 16745:. 16735:33 16733:. 16727:. 16704:. 16696:. 16686:22 16684:. 16678:. 16588:. 16580:. 16570:. 16562:. 16552:92 16550:. 16544:. 16519:. 16468:. 16448:MR 16446:. 16438:. 16428:52 16426:. 16403:^ 16389:. 16381:. 16373:. 16359:. 16343:^ 16327:26 16325:. 16292:. 16242:^ 16228:. 16218:22 16216:. 16201:^ 16191:. 16169:. 16161:. 16149:52 16147:. 16143:. 16131:^ 16093:. 16087:MR 16085:. 16077:. 16065:16 16063:. 16053:; 16028:^ 16014:. 16004:20 16002:. 15996:. 15971:^ 15957:. 15947:17 15945:. 15919:^ 15905:. 15858:. 13924:. 13880:, 13239:(, 13197:20 13167:. 12060:. 11003:: 10937:: 10872:: 10806:: 9265:a 7234:. 7145:. 7033:. 3871:SE 3573:SE 1309:). 16776:. 16753:. 16741:: 16712:. 16692:: 16596:. 16574:: 16566:: 16558:: 16529:. 16504:. 16479:. 16454:. 16434:: 16397:. 16377:: 16367:: 16361:8 16337:. 16333:: 16304:. 16300:: 16272:. 16236:. 16224:: 16177:. 16155:: 16101:. 16081:: 16022:. 16010:: 15965:. 15953:: 15852:R 15841:1 15824:0 15821:= 15809:p 15775:] 15768:1 15762:, 15759:0 15752:[ 15713:. 15706:) 15699:1 15693:, 15687:n 15679:3 15665:1 15658:( 15631:1 15628:= 15619:p 15591:. 15584:) 15577:n 15569:3 15555:, 15552:0 15545:( 15518:0 15515:= 15506:p 15480:, 15474:p 15449:a 15441:a 15421:) 15415:p 15409:1 15403:( 15391:) 15388:a 15382:2 15379:( 15373:p 15361:a 15355:= 15348:) 15333:a 15327:2 15323:) 15319:p 15313:1 15310:( 15297:a 15293:p 15279:( 15266:= 15258:a 15254:t 15228:, 15222:2 15216:a 15210:0 15184:p 15164:) 15158:( 15153:) 15149:( 15145:. 15131:. 15100:a 15096:t 15089:1 15085:0 15068:p 15042:p 15010:2 14982:1 14950:z 14923:, 14916:) 14904:p 14893:+ 14876:n 14868:2 14851:z 14838:+ 14831:( 14822:2 14792:) 14780:p 14769:+ 14755:n 14747:2 14734:z 14718:( 14709:2 14675:. 14663:n 14657:4 14646:1 14637:= 14628:) 14625:p 14619:1 14616:( 14610:p 14604:n 14598:4 14587:) 14584:p 14578:1 14575:( 14569:p 14560:= 14551:) 14548:p 14542:1 14539:( 14533:p 14527:4 14516:} 14507:p 14498:{ 14473:} 14458:p 14440:{ 14399:p 14364:. 14358:) 14355:p 14349:1 14346:( 14340:p 14326:n 14318:1 14312:= 14309:} 14300:p 14291:{ 14259:p 14236:. 14230:X 14215:n 14207:1 14201:= 14198:p 14172:n 14146:X 14090:n 14084:2 14075:z 14065:+ 14062:1 14049:n 14043:2 14029:2 14020:z 14010:+ 14001:p 13991:= 13982:p 13953:, 13941:p 13901:2 13898:= 13895:z 13858:= 13849:z 13825:, 13816:= 13786:) 13776:2 13754:1 13747:( 13738:1 13735:- 13726:= 13717:z 13684:) 13670:p 13661:1 13653:( 13639:n 13623:p 13599:z 13580:p 13559:p 13530:p 13500:) 13489:2 13483:2 13474:z 13463:+ 13457:s 13452:n 13443:( 13426:n 13415:1 13410:= 13401:p 13364:2 13355:z 13351:+ 13348:n 13336:n 13304:n 13275:s 13270:n 13245:) 13242:, 13233:. 13227:= 13221:, 13212:= 13203:= 13200:n 13194:= 13191:k 13147:, 13135:1 13111:. 13105:p 13079:n 13047:2 13043:d 13014:1 13010:d 12979:c 12952:) 12943:2 12939:d 12935:, 12927:1 12923:d 12916:; 12910:c 12903:( 12898:F 12872:n 12846:x 12818:1 12810:) 12796:] 12789:) 12783:x 12777:n 12774:( 12768:2 12762:, 12756:) 12753:1 12750:+ 12747:x 12744:( 12738:2 12732:; 12723:2 12701:1 12694:[ 12689:F 12680:) 12677:1 12674:+ 12671:x 12668:( 12660:x 12654:n 12645:+ 12642:1 12635:( 12615:p 12595:1 12587:) 12573:] 12566:) 12560:1 12557:+ 12554:x 12548:n 12542:( 12536:2 12530:, 12524:x 12518:2 12512:; 12503:2 12480:[ 12475:F 12469:x 12458:1 12455:+ 12452:x 12446:n 12437:+ 12434:1 12427:( 12412:F 12391:. 12384:) 12377:1 12371:, 12363:n 12359:/ 12355:1 12350:) 12340:2 12320:( 12311:( 12281:n 12278:= 12275:x 12245:) 12239:n 12235:/ 12231:1 12226:) 12216:2 12193:( 12185:1 12179:, 12173:0 12169:( 12139:0 12136:= 12133:x 12110:, 12104:n 12091:0 12074:x 12040:, 12033:) 12023:p 12016:, 12004:p 11996:( 11969:. 11960:2 11938:1 11932:= 11926:t 11918:d 11909:1 11903:x 11897:n 11893:) 11889:t 11883:1 11880:( 11872:x 11868:t 11853:p 11847:0 11832:) 11829:x 11823:n 11820:( 11814:) 11811:1 11808:+ 11805:x 11802:( 11794:) 11791:1 11788:+ 11785:n 11782:( 11754:, 11745:2 11720:= 11711:t 11703:d 11694:x 11688:n 11684:) 11680:t 11674:1 11671:( 11663:1 11657:x 11653:t 11638:p 11632:0 11614:) 11611:1 11608:+ 11605:x 11599:n 11596:( 11586:) 11583:x 11580:( 11565:) 11562:1 11559:+ 11556:n 11553:( 11520:, 11508:p 11498:p 11480:p 11454:. 11448:w 11422:v 11405:p 11387:) 11380:w 11374:, 11368:v 11362:; 11356:p 11349:( 11344:B 11318:n 11292:x 11262:) 11255:x 11249:n 11243:, 11237:1 11234:+ 11231:x 11225:; 11216:2 11194:1 11187:( 11182:B 11170:p 11157:) 11153:1 11150:+ 11147:x 11141:n 11135:, 11129:x 11123:; 11114:2 11094:( 11089:B 11056:. 11048:2 11040:+ 11035:n 11027:x 11014:p 11001:A 10982:2 10974:+ 10969:n 10961:x 10951:= 10948:p 10935:0 10933:H 10917:1 10904:n 10896:x 10883:p 10870:A 10851:1 10838:n 10830:x 10820:= 10817:p 10804:0 10802:H 10787:: 10779:2 10736:i 10699:1 10672:) 10663:2 10655:+ 10650:n 10642:x 10629:, 10624:1 10611:n 10603:x 10589:( 10563:. 10557:p 10531:n 10504:) 10500:p 10497:; 10494:n 10490:( 10484:n 10481:i 10478:B 10450:n 10444:x 10438:0 10412:, 10405:} 10392:2 10369:} 10365:x 10358:) 10354:p 10351:; 10348:n 10344:( 10330:{ 10321:P 10308:| 10297:p 10290:{ 10271:S 10237:} 10224:2 10201:} 10194:x 10187:) 10183:p 10180:; 10177:n 10173:( 10159:{ 10150:P 10137:| 10126:p 10119:{ 10100:S 10069:) 10059:S 10049:, 10037:S 10029:( 9990:S 9977:S 9948:. 9936:1 9903:1 9886:n 9883:= 9880:x 9867:0 9850:0 9847:= 9844:x 9831:1 9814:0 9808:p 9783:. 9776:) 9766:2 9758:1 9747:+ 9744:x 9738:n 9732:, 9726:2 9718:1 9707:+ 9704:x 9697:( 9661:2 9653:1 9639:1 9604:2 9596:1 9553:) 9543:1 9539:( 9509:, 9503:n 9497:x 9471:0 9465:x 9440:. 9433:) 9426:2 9418:1 9407:+ 9404:x 9398:n 9395:, 9389:2 9381:1 9370:+ 9367:x 9363:( 9336:p 9306:n 9280:x 9253:, 9246:) 9239:2 9231:1 9220:, 9214:2 9206:1 9194:( 9162:. 9156:p 9120:. 9111:= 9108:p 9065:. 9058:) 9048:2 9026:, 9023:n 9017:, 9013:} 9006:0 9000:, 8989:n 8983:2 8975:1 8960:p 8950:{ 8939:( 8931:r 8928:e 8925:w 8922:o 8919:l 8915:n 8911:o 8908:s 8905:l 8902:i 8899:W 8894:= 8883:c 8880:c 8875:w 8848:. 8836:z 8783:, 8775:) 8760:2 8751:z 8744:+ 8741:) 8732:p 8723:1 8720:( 8708:p 8699:n 8693:2 8675:n 8669:2 8650:z 8617:n 8611:2 8597:2 8588:z 8580:+ 8571:p 8560:( 8549:n 8545:/ 8536:2 8527:z 8523:+ 8520:1 8513:1 8505:= 8493:w 8479:) 8469:2 8447:, 8444:n 8438:, 8429:p 8419:( 8411:r 8408:e 8405:w 8402:o 8399:l 8395:n 8391:o 8388:s 8385:l 8382:i 8379:W 8348:. 8342:1 8314:+ 8308:c 8305:c 8300:w 8276:, 8270:1 8267:= 8258:p 8232:; 8226:0 8192:c 8189:c 8184:w 8160:, 8154:0 8151:= 8142:p 8114:. 8108:1 8096:p 8067:0 8055:p 8022:, 8018:} 8004:) 7998:2 7989:z 7985:+ 7982:n 7978:( 7974:2 7962:] 7955:1 7949:+ 7937:) 7933:2 7921:p 7912:4 7908:( 7900:) 7890:p 7881:1 7877:( 7864:p 7855:n 7849:4 7846:+ 7841:n 7834:1 7820:2 7811:z 7796:z 7788:[ 7784:+ 7779:2 7770:z 7766:+ 7757:p 7748:n 7742:2 7727:, 7721:1 7711:{ 7704:= 7695:+ 7689:c 7686:c 7681:w 7673:, 7666:} 7652:) 7646:2 7637:z 7633:+ 7630:n 7626:( 7622:2 7610:] 7603:1 7597:+ 7585:) 7581:2 7569:p 7560:4 7556:( 7552:+ 7548:) 7538:p 7529:1 7525:( 7512:p 7503:n 7497:4 7494:+ 7489:n 7482:1 7468:2 7459:z 7444:z 7436:[ 7427:2 7418:z 7414:+ 7405:p 7396:n 7390:2 7375:, 7369:0 7359:{ 7352:= 7337:c 7334:c 7329:w 7297:) 7291:+ 7285:c 7282:c 7277:w 7273:, 7262:c 7259:c 7254:w 7249:( 7212:. 7200:1 7120:) 7110:+ 7106:w 7099:, 7087:w 7078:( 7049:( 6956:y 6929:, 6922:} 6906:z 6875:) 6865:1 6861:( 6845:n 6837:1 6804:p 6771:y 6761:| 6745:{ 6711:. 6699:p 6693:= 6688:0 6684:p 6651:) 6642:k 6638:p 6631:1 6624:( 6615:k 6611:p 6601:n 6593:1 6571:z 6558:p 6552:= 6547:1 6544:+ 6541:k 6533:p 6506:, 6497:4 6494:+ 6491:n 6483:2 6480:+ 6474:s 6469:n 6438:, 6430:2 6421:z 6414:2 6406:1 6362:p 6336:, 6327:2 6319:1 6279:p 6251:. 6243:n 6233:s 6228:n 6208:p 6180:. 6171:f 6166:n 6162:+ 6156:s 6151:n 6147:= 6144:n 6115:f 6110:n 6080:s 6075:n 6051:, 6038:4 6029:2 6020:z 6012:+ 6007:n 5997:f 5992:n 5982:s 5977:n 5957:2 5948:z 5944:+ 5941:n 5928:z 5908:2 5899:z 5895:+ 5892:n 5882:2 5873:z 5863:2 5855:1 5844:+ 5838:s 5833:n 5804:p 5775:f 5770:n 5740:s 5735:n 5708:. 5696:1 5693:= 5688:} 5676:) 5667:+ 5663:w 5656:, 5647:w 5639:( 5632:p 5621:{ 5611:P 5535:) 5520:2 5511:z 5504:+ 5501:) 5492:p 5483:1 5480:( 5468:p 5459:n 5453:4 5435:n 5429:2 5410:z 5381:n 5375:2 5365:2 5356:z 5348:+ 5339:p 5328:( 5317:n 5313:/ 5304:2 5295:z 5291:+ 5288:1 5281:1 5270:= 5259:) 5249:+ 5245:w 5238:, 5229:w 5220:( 5196:p 5164:1 5132:p 5103:p 5080:. 5074:p 5048:p 5025:, 5019:0 5016:= 5011:) 5001:2 4991:p 4979:( 4974:+ 4971:p 4964:) 4955:n 4946:2 4937:z 4929:+ 4920:p 4911:2 4904:( 4895:2 4891:p 4883:) 4874:n 4865:2 4856:z 4848:+ 4845:1 4838:( 4814:p 4782:1 4750:z 4723:n 4691:p 4665:, 4659:p 4633:. 4625:n 4616:2 4607:z 4594:2 4590:p 4581:n 4572:2 4563:z 4552:p 4549:= 4544:2 4534:p 4527:+ 4518:p 4509:p 4503:2 4495:2 4491:p 4464:) 4457:p 4451:1 4444:( 4437:p 4429:n 4420:2 4411:z 4403:= 4398:2 4393:) 4380:p 4371:p 4364:( 4340:: 4334:p 4311:. 4298:n 4290:) 4286:p 4280:1 4276:( 4269:p 4258:= 4253:n 4225:. 4213:1 4181:z 4147:n 4134:) 4121:p 4112:p 4105:( 4086:z 4054:. 4042:1 4001:p 3997:n 3971:, 3960:) 3951:p 3942:1 3939:( 3927:p 3915:n 3907:1 3848:. 3839:n 3831:1 3820:= 3815:2 3810:i 3806:w 3800:n 3795:1 3792:= 3789:i 3761:, 3752:n 3744:1 3733:= 3728:i 3724:w 3684:2 3679:i 3675:w 3669:n 3664:1 3661:= 3658:i 3647:) 3638:p 3629:1 3626:( 3614:p 3600:} 3588:p 3579:{ 3547:, 3535:p 3509:, 3503:) 3500:p 3494:1 3491:( 3485:p 3453:p 3420:. 3412:2 3407:i 3403:w 3397:n 3392:1 3389:= 3386:i 3375:) 3372:p 3366:1 3363:( 3357:p 3354:= 3351:} 3343:i 3339:X 3330:i 3326:w 3319:{ 3308:n 3303:1 3300:= 3297:i 3289:= 3286:} 3274:p 3265:{ 3229:, 3223:n 3220:, 3208:, 3205:1 3199:= 3193:i 3161:) 3158:p 3152:1 3149:( 3143:p 3137:= 3131:} 3123:i 3119:X 3112:{ 3078:i 3074:X 3050:. 3042:i 3038:X 3029:i 3025:w 3016:n 3011:1 3008:= 3005:i 2997:= 2988:p 2968:1 2952:i 2948:w 2925:i 2921:w 2887:i 2883:X 2854:n 2850:X 2843:, 2834:, 2829:1 2825:X 2794:. 2756:z 2706:. 2694:z 2664:4 2661:U 2656:C 2626:3 2623:U 2618:C 2614:, 2608:2 2605:U 2600:C 2596:, 2590:1 2587:U 2582:C 2578:, 2572:4 2569:L 2564:C 2560:, 2554:3 2551:L 2546:C 2542:, 2536:2 2533:L 2528:C 2524:, 2518:1 2515:L 2510:C 2486:, 2451:2 2439:1 2407:z 2380:k 2354:n 2326:n 2316:s 2311:n 2292:p 2263:p 2237:, 2224:n 2214:4 2211:L 2206:C 2202:+ 2199:k 2193:3 2190:L 2185:C 2175:n 2169:2 2166:L 2161:C 2157:+ 2152:2 2148:k 2141:k 2135:n 2115:W 2075:2 2066:z 2062:+ 2059:n 2045:W 2030:z 2026:+ 2020:1 2017:U 2012:C 2008:+ 2005:k 1981:p 1955:2 1946:z 1942:+ 1939:n 1922:W 1907:z 1897:1 1894:L 1889:C 1885:+ 1882:k 1851:: 1845:p 1783:, 1775:2 1771:/ 1763:z 1721:2 1682:2 1678:/ 1670:y 1643:, 1636:} 1624:2 1620:/ 1612:z 1581:) 1571:p 1562:1 1558:( 1545:p 1534:n 1526:1 1497:p 1468:2 1464:/ 1456:y 1449:| 1433:{ 1409:, 1373:p 1356:1 1333:p 1324:1 1305:( 1290:] 1287:1 1281:, 1278:0 1275:[ 1262:0 1237:2 1228:z 1223:/ 1219:n 1216:+ 1213:1 1206:1 1186:p 1167:0 1163:1 1140:p 1107:p 1082:. 1073:= 1064:z 1034:= 1028:2 1006:1 983:, 974:= 965:1 962:= 936:. 890:2 868:1 836:z 806:s 801:n 794:n 791:= 785:f 780:n 750:s 745:n 718:n 692:, 679:n 668:f 663:n 647:n 636:s 631:n 609:n 590:z 577:n 566:s 561:n 535:p 502:p 470:n 459:s 454:n 434:p 405:, 393:) 383:p 374:1 370:( 357:p 337:n 318:z 301:p 280:p 251:p 235:1 231:0 195:p 180:. 115:s 110:n 83:n 57:p 20:)

Index

Agresti–Coull interval
statistics
confidence interval
Bernoulli trials
binomial distribution
statistically independent
discrete probability distribution
coin is flipped

logistic curve
normal distribution
de Moivre–Laplace theorem
binomial
central limit theorem
Bernoulli trial
Bernoulli distribution
quantile
standard normal distribution
probit
population proportion
quantile
standard normal distribution
Wald test
Abraham Wald
Laplace
Michael Short
i.i.d
Bernoulli
weighted sample proportion

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