317:
294:
216:
191:
323:
222:
3332:
3347:
1315:
40:
1505:
AgRP neurons are also sensitive to satiety and hunger hormonal signals. One is an appetite stimulant, ghrelin which makes AgRP neurons more excitable through interactions with specialized ghrelin receptors. Another is a satiety signal, leptin, which modulates AgRP activity through inwardly rectifying
1161:
peptides. Ghrelin has receptors on NPY/AgRP neurons that stimulate the secretion of NPY and AgRP to increase appetite. AgRP is stored in intracellular secretory granules and is secreted via a regulated pathway. The transcriptional and secretory action of AgRP is regulated by inflammatory signals.
1509:
Although AgRP neurons can drive many different phases of feeding behavior, separate AgRP neurons project to different areas of the brain, demonstrating a parallel organizational structure. This is evidenced by different projections of AgRP neurons to various areas of the brain driving different food
1501:
Despite this, AgRP neurons are rapidly inhibited upon food presentation and the onset of eating. One mechanism which may account for this discrepancy is the fact that AgRP neurons signal with
Neuropeptide Y in order to allow for sustained feeding behavior that outlasts the activation of the neurons.
1497:
According to Mark L. Andermann and
Bradford B. Lowell: "...AgRP neurons and the wiring diagram within which they operate can be viewed as the physical embodiment of the intervening variable, hunger." Stimulation of neurons expressing AgRP can induce robust feeding behavior in mice that will trigger:
3086:
Creemers JW, Pritchard LE, Gyte A, Le Rouzic P, Meulemans S, Wardlaw SL, et al. (April 2006). "Agouti-related protein is posttranslationally cleaved by proprotein convertase 1 to generate agouti-related protein (AGRP)83-132: interaction between AGRP83-132 and melanocortin receptors cannot be
1861:
Creemers JW, Pritchard LE, Gyte A, Le Rouzic P, Meulemans S, Wardlaw SL, et al. (April 2006). "Agouti-related protein is posttranslationally cleaved by proprotein convertase 1 to generate agouti-related protein (AGRP)83-132: interaction between AGRP83-132 and melanocortin receptors cannot be
1123:
homologue of AgRP consists of 111 amino acids (precursor is 131 amino acids) and shares 81% amino acid identity with the human protein. Biochemical studies indicate AgRP to be very stable to thermal denaturation and acid degradation. Its secondary structure consists mainly of random coils and
1285:
models for treating obesity. AgRP mRNA levels have been found to be down regulated following an acute stressful event. Studies suggest that systems involved in the regulation of stress response and of energy balance are highly integrated. Loss or gain of AgRP function may result in inadequate
66:
1114:
AgRP is a paracrine signaling molecule made of 112 amino acids (the gene product of 132 amino acids is processed by removal of the N-terminal 20-residue signal peptide domain). It was independently identified by two teams in 1997 based on its sequence similarity with
1144:
Agouti-related protein is expressed primarily in the adrenal gland, subthalamic nucleus, and hypothalamus, with lower levels of expression in the testis, kidneys, and lungs. The appetite-stimulating effects of AgRP are inhibited by the hormone
1506:
potassium channels, which alter the excitability of the neurons. Leptin can also decrease the ability of AgRP neurons to carry out other physiological functions, such as triggering Long Term
Potentiation of adjacent neurons.
1230:. The exact mechanism by which AgRP inhibits melanocortin-receptor signalling is not completely clear. It has been suggested that Agouti-related protein binds MSH receptors and acts as a competitive antagonist of
1749:
Rosenfeld RD, Zeni L, Welcher AA, Narhi LO, Hale C, Marasco J, et al. (November 1998). "Biochemical, biophysical, and pharmacological characterization of bacterially expressed human agouti-related protein".
330:
229:
3186:
Jackson PJ, Yu B, Hunrichs B, Thompson DA, Chai B, Gantz I, Millhauser GL (October 2005). "Chimeras of the agouti-related protein: insights into agonist and antagonist selectivity of melanocortin receptors".
1178:. It also enhances the ACTH response to IL-1-beta, suggesting it may play a role in the modulation of neuroendocrine response to inflammation. Conversely, AgRP-secreting neurons inhibit the release of
3224:
Bäckberg M, Madjid N, Ogren SO, Meister B (June 2004). "Down-regulated expression of agouti-related protein (AGRP) mRNA in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of hyperphagic and obese tub/tub mice".
1785:
Jackson PJ, McNulty JC, Yang YK, Thompson DA, Chai B, Gantz I, et al. (June 2002). "Design, pharmacology, and NMR structure of a minimized cystine knot with agouti-related protein activity".
1632:
Bäckberg M, Madjid N, Ogren SO, Meister B (June 2004). "Down-regulated expression of agouti-related protein (AGRP) mRNA in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of hyperphagic and obese tub/tub mice".
3387:
2194:
Dhillo WS, Small CJ, Gardiner JV, Bewick GA, Whitworth EJ, Jethwa PH, et al. (January 2003). "Agouti-related protein has an inhibitory paracrine role in the rat adrenal gland".
1714:
Ollmann MM, Wilson BD, Yang YK, Kerns JA, Chen Y, Gantz I, Barsh GS (October 1997). "Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein".
3380:
3661:
1460:
2969:
Dhillo WS, Gardiner JV, Castle L, Bewick GA, Smith KL, Meeran K, et al. (December 2005). "Agouti related protein (AgRP) is upregulated in
Cushing's syndrome".
1214:(melanocyte-stimulating hormone) and antagonized by the agouti-related protein. Whereas α-MSH acts broadly on most members of the MCR family (with the exception of
3373:
1281:, whilst AgRP plasma levels have been found to be elevated in obese human males. Understanding the role AgRP plays in weight gain may assist in developing
1257:
of AgRP, ASIP, MCIR, and MC4R have been found in mammalian, teleost fish, and avian genomes. This suggests that the agouti-melanocortin system evolved by
1099:
and energy expenditure. It is one of the most potent and long-lasting of appetite stimulators. In humans, the agouti-related peptide is encoded by the
797:
152:
778:
4312:
3827:
4337:
4332:
4302:
3852:
3847:
3654:
1948:"Agouti-related protein stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and enhances the HPA response to interleukin-1 in the primate"
1416:
1404:
4263:
4131:
3944:
1614:
4066:
4013:
1596:
4327:
4317:
4307:
4297:
3842:
3832:
3822:
3817:
3433:
1510:
related behaviors; for example, certain projections will promote increased food consumption, but not increased food odor investigation.
4421:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4126:
4121:
4116:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3045:"Regulation of agouti-related protein messenger ribonucleic acid transcription and peptide secretion by acute and chronic inflammation"
1899:"Regulation of agouti-related protein messenger ribonucleic acid transcription and peptide secretion by acute and chronic inflammation"
1163:
1012:
1005:
4370:
4111:
4041:
3998:
3753:
3647:
3271:
2278:
Graham M, Shutter JR, Sarmiento U, Sarosi I, Stark KL (November 1997). "Overexpression of Agrt leads to obesity in transgenic mice".
1157:
secrete leptin in response to food intake. This hormone acts in the arcuate nucleus and inhibits the AgRP/NPY neuron from releasing
4205:
4200:
4136:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4056:
3949:
3939:
3919:
3720:
3715:
3629:
1182:
from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which may contribute to conservation of energy in starvation. This pathway is part of a
3331:
2718:
Chen Y, Essner RA, Kosar S, Miller OH, Lin YC, Mesgarzadeh S, Knight ZA (April 2019). Palmiter RD, Dulac C, Krashes MJ (eds.).
1286:
adaptive behavioural responses to environmental events, such as stress, and have potential to contribute to the development of
17:
4401:
4396:
3311:
1384:
1579:
1480:
3542:
3346:
1211:
63:
3277:
3153:"Differential regulation of agouti-related protein and neuropeptide Y in hypothalamic neurons following a stressful event"
3591:
3527:
1558:
3438:
1119:(ASIP), a protein synthesized in the skin controlling coat colour. AgRP is approximately 25% identical to ASIP. The
316:
1672:"Hypothalamic expression of ART, a novel gene related to agouti, is up-regulated in obese and diabetic mutant mice"
3537:
1583:
1562:
293:
1498:
increased food consumption, increased willingness to work for food, and increased investigation of food odors.
4210:
4018:
3891:
3725:
3606:
3428:
1223:
842:
1468:
1989:"Regulation of the hypothalamic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) neuron by neuronal and peripheral inputs"
1179:
215:
190:
2820:"Leptin modulates the intrinsic excitability of AgRP/NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus"
823:
132:
3365:
4185:
3988:
3876:
3807:
3695:
3611:
2229:
Huszar D, Lynch CA, Fairchild-Huntress V, Dunmore JH, Fang Q, Berkemeier LR, et al. (January 1997).
1294:
as well as obesity. Some studies suggest that inadequate signalling of AgRP during stress may result in
1464:
329:
228:
4258:
4091:
3934:
3783:
3304:
1822:"Diet-induced obesity causes severe but reversible leptin resistance in arcuate melanocortin neurons"
1519:
1397:
1116:
322:
221:
2411:
Kaushik S, Rodriguez-Navarro JA, Arias E, Kiffin R, Sahu S, Schwartz GJ, et al. (August 2011).
1162:
Levels of AgRP are increased during periods of fasting. It has been found that AgRP stimulates the
3532:
3512:
3418:
3264:
984:
933:
140:
119:
3260:
1820:
Enriori PJ, Evans AE, Sinnayah P, Jobst EE, Tonelli-Lemos L, Billes SK, et al. (March 2007).
4171:
3974:
3862:
3681:
3413:
1215:
1203:
1199:
2362:
Vink T, Hinney A, van Elburg AA, van Goozen SH, Sandkuijl LA, Sinke RJ, et al. (May 2001).
988:
963:
937:
912:
4406:
3517:
2036:
Krashes MJ, Shah BP, Madara JC, Olson DP, Strochlic DE, Garfield AS, et al. (March 2014).
1125:
3670:
3397:
3043:
Scarlett JM, Zhu X, Enriori PJ, Bowe DD, Batra AK, Levasseur PR, et al. (October 2008).
2096:
Jackson PJ, Douglas NR, Chai B, Binkley J, Sidow A, Barsh GS, Millhauser GL (December 2006).
1897:
Scarlett JM, Zhu X, Enriori PJ, Bowe DD, Batra AK, Levasseur PR, et al. (October 2008).
1195:
204:
3297:
2625:
2049:
1447:
3116:
Katsuki A, Sumida Y, Gabazza EC, Murashima S, Tanaka T, Furuta M, et al. (May 2001).
2513:"AGRP neurons are sufficient to orchestrate feeding behavior rapidly and without training"
2321:
Katsuki A, Sumida Y, Gabazza EC, Murashima S, Tanaka T, Furuta M, et al. (May 2001).
160:
8:
4375:
3423:
3283:
1530:
1219:
2629:
2053:
1238:
cells supported this logic. The expression of AgRP in the adrenal gland is regulated by
3673:
3522:
3212:
3069:
3044:
2942:
2917:
2893:
2868:
2844:
2819:
2795:
2770:
2746:
2719:
2695:
2670:
2646:
2613:
2586:
2561:
2537:
2512:
2488:
2461:
2437:
2412:
2393:
2303:
2260:
2122:
2097:
2070:
2037:
2013:
1988:
1923:
1898:
1409:
164:
3237:
2918:"Parallel, redundant circuit organization for homeostatic control of feeding behavior"
2364:"Association between an agouti-related protein gene polymorphism and anorexia nervosa"
2247:
2230:
2207:
2171:
2146:
2098:"Structural and molecular evolutionary analysis of Agouti and Agouti-related proteins"
1645:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
605:
600:
4416:
3241:
3204:
3174:
3139:
3104:
3074:
3031:
2996:
2947:
2898:
2849:
2800:
2751:
2700:
2651:
2591:
2542:
2493:
2442:
2385:
2344:
2295:
2252:
2211:
2176:
2147:"Interaction of Agouti protein with the melanocortin 1 receptor in vitro and in vivo"
2127:
2075:
2018:
1969:
1928:
1879:
1843:
1802:
1767:
1731:
1693:
1649:
1455:
1389:
112:
56:
3216:
2307:
2264:
1340:
4411:
3639:
3576:
3233:
3200:
3196:
3164:
3129:
3096:
3064:
3056:
3021:
2986:
2978:
2937:
2929:
2888:
2880:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2790:
2782:
2741:
2731:
2690:
2682:
2641:
2633:
2581:
2573:
2560:
Krashes MJ, Koda S, Ye C, Rogan SC, Adams AC, Cusher DS, et al. (April 2011).
2532:
2524:
2483:
2473:
2432:
2424:
2397:
2375:
2334:
2287:
2242:
2203:
2166:
2158:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2065:
2057:
2008:
2000:
1959:
1918:
1910:
1871:
1833:
1794:
1759:
1723:
1683:
1641:
1443:
1291:
1269:
AgRP induces obesity by chronic antagonism of the MC4-R. Overexpression of AgRP in
1258:
1218:), AGRP is highly specific for only MC3-R and MC4-R. This inverse agonism not only
409:
340:
284:
239:
144:
2769:
Wang Q, Liu C, Uchida A, Chuang JC, Walker A, Liu T, et al. (February 2014).
1421:
1353:
2818:
Baver SB, Hope K, Guyot S, Bjørbaek C, Kaczorowski C, O'Connell KM (April 2014).
2786:
2478:
2413:"Autophagy in hypothalamic AgRP neurons regulates food intake and energy balance"
2038:"An excitatory paraventricular nucleus to AgRP neuron circuit that drives hunger"
1727:
1365:
1287:
1270:
1222:
the action of melanocortin agonists such as α-MSH but also further decreases the
1088:
384:
168:
4364:
4360:
2771:"Arcuate AgRP neurons mediate orexigenic and glucoregulatory actions of ghrelin"
2004:
1619:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1601:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
4322:
4233:
4046:
3914:
3837:
3748:
2933:
2884:
2686:
2637:
2428:
2231:"Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice"
1838:
1821:
1282:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1084:
485:
2562:"Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice"
1290:. It has been shown that polymorphisms in the AgRP gene have been linked with
1210:
and body weight control. These receptors are activated by the peptide hormone
4390:
4195:
4190:
4071:
4008:
3993:
3886:
3881:
3793:
3710:
3700:
3405:
1535:
1183:
587:
3026:
3009:
545:
423:
4228:
4036:
3909:
3743:
3395:
3245:
3208:
3178:
3143:
3134:
3117:
3108:
3078:
3035:
3000:
2951:
2902:
2853:
2804:
2755:
2704:
2655:
2595:
2546:
2497:
2446:
2389:
2348:
2339:
2322:
2215:
2131:
2079:
2022:
1973:
1964:
1947:
1932:
1883:
1847:
1806:
1670:
Shutter JR, Graham M, Kinsey AC, Scully S, Lüthy R, Stark KL (March 1997).
1653:
1295:
1235:
1076:
402:
181:
2982:
2614:"Hunger enhances food-odour attraction through a neuropeptide Y spotlight"
2380:
2363:
2299:
2256:
2180:
1771:
1735:
1697:
1393:
1052:
1047:
4051:
3616:
3601:
3100:
3060:
2991:
2869:"AgRP neurons trigger long-term potentiation and facilitate food seeking"
2162:
1914:
1875:
1688:
1671:
1302:
generates free fatty acids, which in turn regulate neuronal AgRP levels.
1274:
1261:
from individual ligand and receptor genes in the last 500 million years.
887:
868:
3169:
3152:
2867:
Wang C, Zhou W, He Y, Yang T, Xu P, Yang Y, et al. (January 2021).
2736:
2061:
1091:
in the hypothalamus. AgRP is co-expressed with NPY and acts to increase
4356:
3705:
3596:
3581:
3554:
3151:
Kas MJ, Bruijnzeel AW, Haanstra JR, Wiegant VM, Adan RA (August 2005).
2291:
1377:
1207:
1158:
1154:
1096:
301:
198:
148:
2671:"Sensory detection of food rapidly modulates arcuate feeding circuits"
1798:
1763:
1206:. The melanocortin receptors, MC3-R and MC4-R, are directly linked to
89:
85:
4292:
4003:
3812:
3773:
3507:
2577:
1299:
1175:
1087:(NPY)-containing cell bodies located in the ventromedial part of the
742:
368:
355:
267:
254:
156:
3118:"Plasma levels of agouti-related protein are increased in obese men"
2528:
2323:"Plasma levels of agouti-related protein are increased in obese men"
2228:
3549:
2410:
1946:
Xiao E, Xia-Zhang L, Vulliémoz NR, Ferin M, Wardlaw SL (May 2003).
1360:
1254:
1171:
1092:
1036:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4030:
4026:
4022:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3737:
3733:
3729:
4061:
1372:
1278:
1150:
854:
809:
727:
723:
136:
3448:
2720:"Sustained NPY signaling enables AgRP neurons to drive feeding"
1475:
1186:, since TRH-secreting neurons from PVN stimulate AgRP neurons.
1146:
1120:
1020:
764:
3289:
3085:
2361:
2145:
Ollmann MM, Lamoreux ML, Wilson BD, Barsh GS (February 1998).
1860:
4273:
4161:
3586:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3115:
2320:
1194:
AGRP has been demonstrated to be a competitive antagonist of
1080:
3150:
3010:"Agouti and agouti-related protein: analogies and contrasts"
2277:
4076:
3569:
3564:
3559:
2916:
Betley JN, Cao ZF, Ritola KD, Sternson SM (December 2013).
2462:"Toward a Wiring Diagram Understanding of Appetite Control"
1945:
1437:
1347:
1335:
1167:
1103:
3223:
2968:
2144:
1784:
1631:
3185:
2193:
2095:
1819:
1748:
1669:
1513:
392:
2915:
1314:
39:
3042:
2971:
Experimental and
Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes
2817:
2035:
1896:
1713:
2717:
557:
123:, agouti related neuropeptide, AGRT, ART, ASIP2, AgRP
3669:
3122:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2510:
2327:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
3340:: AGOUTI-RELATED PROTEIN (87-132) (AC-AGRP(87-132))
2768:
2669:Chen Y, Lin YC, Kuo TW, Knight ZA (February 2015).
2196:
2559:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1242:. The protein blocks α-MSH-induced secretion of
339:
238:
4388:
3396:Intercellular signaling peptides and proteins /
2668:
3355:: SOLUTION NMR STRUCTURE OF AGRP(87-120; C105A)
2459:
2091:
2089:
1568:
1547:
2866:
2511:Aponte Y, Atasoy D, Sternson SM (March 2011).
1580:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000005705
1273:(or intracerebroventricular injection) causes
3655:
3381:
3305:
3007:
2611:
1709:
1707:
1665:
1663:
1083:by the AgRP/NPY neuron. It is synthesized in
698:maternal process involved in female pregnancy
4323:Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin, cosyntropin)
3838:Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin, cosyntropin)
2404:
2355:
2314:
2187:
2086:
1939:
1890:
1854:
1813:
3434:Transforming growth factor beta superfamily
2271:
2222:
2138:
1625:
1559:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000159723
1492:
3662:
3648:
3388:
3374:
3312:
3298:
1742:
1704:
1660:
1164:hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis
3263:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3168:
3133:
3068:
3025:
2990:
2941:
2892:
2843:
2794:
2745:
2735:
2694:
2645:
2585:
2536:
2487:
2477:
2436:
2379:
2338:
2246:
2170:
2121:
2069:
2012:
1963:
1922:
1837:
1687:
713:regulation of signaling receptor activity
3226:Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research
1634:Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research
2460:Andermann ML, Lowell BB (August 2017).
678:positive regulation of feeding behavior
27:Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
14:
4389:
1986:
3643:
3369:
3293:
2607:
2605:
2566:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
1514:Human proteins containing this domain
344:
305:
300:
243:
202:
197:
3543:Nephroblastoma overexpressed protein
3008:Dinulescu DM, Cone RD (March 2000).
3592:Parathyroid hormone-related protein
3528:CCN intercellular signaling protein
3014:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2612:Horio N, Liberles SD (April 2021).
1132:maps to human chromosome 16q22 and
24:
3439:Vascular endothelial growth factor
3157:Journal of Molecular Endocrinology
2961:
2602:
1298:. Starvation-induced hypothalamic
1264:
703:hormone-mediated signaling pathway
528:choroid plexus of fourth ventricle
25:
4433:
4422:Melanocortin receptor antagonists
3254:
3238:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.03.012
1646:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.03.012
3345:
3330:
1313:
328:
321:
315:
292:
227:
220:
214:
189:
38:
4313:Norleusactide (pentacosactride)
3828:Norleusactide (pentacosactride)
3538:Connective tissue growth factor
3319:
2909:
2860:
2811:
2762:
2711:
2662:
2553:
2504:
2453:
2029:
1993:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
1980:
1234:. Studies of Agouti protein in
3630:extracellular ligand disorders
3607:Tolloid-like metalloproteinase
3429:Platelet-derived growth factor
3201:10.1016/j.peptides.2004.12.036
2836:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4861-12.2014
2114:10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.10.006
1778:
1607:
1589:
673:regulation of feeding behavior
668:neuropeptide signaling pathway
546:More reference expression data
13:
1:
2248:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81865-6
2208:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02991-1
1541:
1432:Available protein structures:
1149:and activated by the hormone
601:neuropeptide hormone activity
313:
212:
4402:Peripheral membrane proteins
4397:Genes on human chromosome 16
2787:10.1016/j.molmet.2013.10.001
2479:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.014
1728:10.1126/science.278.5335.135
1189:
1136:to mouse chromosome 8D1-D2.
1109:
7:
4191:Afamelanotide (melanotan I)
3994:Afamelanotide (melanotan I)
3882:Afamelanotide (melanotan I)
3701:Afamelanotide (melanotan I)
3087:influenced by syndecan-3".
2824:The Journal of Neuroscience
2005:10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.01.001
1862:influenced by syndecan-3".
1524:
1139:
1124:β-sheets that fold into an
10:
4438:
4376:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
3282:gene details page in the
2934:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.002
2885:10.1038/s41398-020-01161-1
2687:10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.033
2638:10.1038/s41586-021-03299-4
2429:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.06.008
1839:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.02.004
1249:
606:signaling receptor binding
4346:
4328:Tosactide (octacosactrin)
4282:
4170:
3973:
3861:
3843:Tosactide (octacosactrin)
3792:
3680:
3625:
3500:
3447:
3404:
3325:
1615:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
1597:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1474:
1454:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1346:
1334:
1326:
1321:
1312:
1307:
1226:produced by the affected
1117:agouti signalling peptide
1051:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1019:
1013:Chr 8: 106.29 – 106.36 Mb
1000:
981:
977:
960:
956:
949:
930:
926:
909:
905:
898:
885:
881:
866:
862:
853:
840:
836:
821:
817:
808:
795:
791:
776:
772:
763:
748:
741:
737:
721:
586:
582:
570:
565:
556:
543:
492:
483:
430:
421:
391:
383:
379:
362:
349:
312:
291:
282:
278:
261:
248:
211:
188:
179:
175:
130:
127:
117:
110:
105:
82:
77:
60:
55:
50:
46:
37:
32:
3533:Cysteine-rich protein 61
3513:Agouti signaling protein
3419:Fibroblast growth factor
3265:Medical Subject Headings
2873:Translational Psychiatry
1987:Nillni EA (April 2010).
1493:Role in hunger circuitry
1006:Chr 16: 67.48 – 67.48 Mb
4371:N-POMC (NPP, pro-γ-MSH)
3414:Epidermal growth factor
3027:10.1074/jbc.275.10.6695
2151:Genes & Development
2102:Chemistry & Biology
1676:Genes & Development
708:long-day photoperiodism
466:upper lobe of left lung
3518:Agouti-related protein
3261:agouti-related+protein
3135:10.1210/jcem.86.5.7458
2340:10.1210/jcem.86.5.7458
1965:10.1210/en.2002-220013
1196:melanocortin receptors
1126:inhibitor cystine knot
1073:agouti-related peptide
1065:Agouti-related protein
663:adult feeding behavior
508:neural layer of retina
18:Agouti-related protein
3671:Melanocortin receptor
3612:Tumor necrosis factor
2983:10.1055/s-2005-872895
2381:10.1038/sj.mp.4000854
205:Chromosome 16 (human)
4186:ACTH (corticotropin)
3989:ACTH (corticotropin)
3877:ACTH (corticotropin)
3808:ACTH (corticotropin)
3696:ACTH (corticotropin)
3276:genome location and
3101:10.1210/en.2005-1373
3061:10.1210/en.2007-1680
2775:Molecular Metabolism
2368:Molecular Psychiatry
2163:10.1101/gad.12.3.316
1915:10.1210/en.2007-1680
1876:10.1210/en.2005-1373
1689:10.1101/gad.11.5.593
627:extracellular region
446:right adrenal cortex
307:Chromosome 8 (mouse)
78:List of PDB id codes
51:Available structures
3424:Nerve growth factor
3284:UCSC Genome Browser
3170:10.1677/jme.1.01819
2737:10.7554/eLife.46348
2630:2021Natur.592..262H
2517:Nature Neuroscience
2062:10.1038/nature12956
2054:2014Natur.507..238K
1531:Proopiomelanocortin
658:response to insulin
642:extracellular space
442:right adrenal gland
438:left adrenal cortex
3523:Angiogenic protein
2292:10.1038/ng1197-273
843:ENSMUSG00000005705
651:Biological process
632:neuronal cell body
615:Cellular component
594:Molecular function
454:tail of epididymis
434:left adrenal gland
4384:
4383:
3637:
3636:
3363:
3362:
2624:(7853): 262–266.
1799:10.1021/bi012000x
1764:10.1021/bi981027m
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:structure summary
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1031:
1030:
996:
995:
971:
970:
945:
944:
920:
919:
894:
893:
875:
874:
849:
848:
830:
829:
804:
803:
785:
784:
733:
732:
578:
577:
574:
573:
552:
551:
539:
538:
532:perirhinal cortex
477:
476:
450:corpus epididymis
375:
374:
274:
273:
101:
100:
97:
96:
61:Ortholog search:
16:(Redirected from
4429:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3641:
3640:
3577:Hedgehog protein
3390:
3383:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3349:
3334:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3249:
3220:
3182:
3172:
3147:
3137:
3112:
3082:
3072:
3039:
3029:
3004:
2994:
2956:
2955:
2945:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2749:
2739:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2649:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2578:10.1172/JCI46229
2557:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2481:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2383:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2250:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2108:(12): 1297–305.
2093:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2048:(7491): 238–42.
2033:
2027:
2026:
2016:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1758:(46): 16041–52.
1746:
1740:
1739:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1593:
1587:
1577:
1566:
1556:
1429:
1428:
1317:
1305:
1304:
1292:anorexia nervosa
1288:eating disorders
1259:gene duplication
1079:produced in the
1044:
1043:
1015:
1008:
991:
975:
974:
966:
954:
953:
950:RefSeq (protein)
940:
924:
923:
915:
903:
902:
879:
878:
860:
859:
834:
833:
815:
814:
789:
788:
770:
769:
739:
738:
688:feeding behavior
683:circadian rhythm
584:
583:
563:
562:
548:
488:
486:Top expressed in
481:
480:
462:caput epididymis
426:
424:Top expressed in
419:
418:
398:
397:
381:
380:
371:
358:
347:
332:
325:
319:
308:
296:
280:
279:
270:
257:
246:
231:
224:
218:
207:
193:
177:
176:
171:
169:AGRP - orthologs
122:
115:
92:
75:
74:
69:
48:
47:
42:
30:
29:
21:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4342:
4278:
4175:
4166:
3978:
3969:
3866:
3857:
3797:
3788:
3685:
3676:
3668:
3638:
3633:
3621:
3496:
3443:
3400:
3394:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3350:
3341:
3335:
3321:
3318:
3257:
3252:
3232:(1–2): 129–39.
3195:(10): 1978–87.
3055:(10): 4837–45.
2964:
2962:Further reading
2959:
2914:
2910:
2865:
2861:
2830:(16): 5486–96.
2816:
2812:
2767:
2763:
2716:
2712:
2667:
2663:
2610:
2603:
2558:
2554:
2529:10.1038/nn.2739
2509:
2505:
2458:
2454:
2417:Cell Metabolism
2409:
2405:
2360:
2356:
2319:
2315:
2280:Nature Genetics
2276:
2272:
2227:
2223:
2192:
2188:
2143:
2139:
2094:
2087:
2034:
2030:
1985:
1981:
1944:
1940:
1909:(10): 4837–45.
1895:
1891:
1859:
1855:
1826:Cell Metabolism
1818:
1814:
1793:(24): 7565–72.
1783:
1779:
1747:
1743:
1722:(5335): 135–8.
1712:
1705:
1668:
1661:
1640:(1–2): 129–39.
1630:
1626:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1578:
1569:
1557:
1548:
1544:
1527:
1516:
1495:
1405:OPM superfamily
1271:transgenic mice
1267:
1265:Role in obesity
1252:
1240:glucocorticoids
1198:, specifically
1192:
1142:
1112:
1089:arcuate nucleus
1071:), also called
1053:View/Edit Mouse
1048:View/Edit Human
1011:
1004:
1001:Location (UCSC)
987:
983:
962:
936:
932:
911:
824:ENSG00000159723
717:
693:eating behavior
646:
637:Golgi apparatus
610:
544:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
500:arcuate nucleus
498:
496:median eminence
484:
473:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
422:
366:
353:
345:
335:
334:
333:
326:
306:
283:Gene location (
265:
252:
244:
234:
233:
232:
225:
203:
180:Gene location (
131:
118:
111:
84:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4435:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4234:Modimelanotide
4231:
4226:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4047:Modimelanotide
4044:
4039:
4034:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3915:Modimelanotide
3912:
3907:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3749:Modimelanotide
3746:
3741:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3406:Growth factors
3402:
3401:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3370:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3268:
3256:
3255:External links
3253:
3251:
3250:
3221:
3183:
3148:
3113:
3095:(4): 1621–31.
3083:
3040:
3020:(10): 6695–8.
3005:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2928:(6): 1337–50.
2908:
2859:
2810:
2761:
2710:
2681:(5): 829–841.
2661:
2601:
2552:
2503:
2472:(4): 757–778.
2452:
2403:
2354:
2313:
2270:
2221:
2186:
2137:
2085:
2028:
1979:
1958:(5): 1736–41.
1938:
1889:
1870:(4): 1621–31.
1853:
1812:
1777:
1741:
1703:
1682:(5): 593–602.
1659:
1624:
1606:
1588:
1567:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1515:
1512:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1308:Agouti protein
1283:pharmaceutical
1266:
1263:
1251:
1248:
1244:corticosterone
1232:ligand binding
1191:
1188:
1141:
1138:
1111:
1108:
1085:neuropeptide Y
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
993:
979:
978:
972:
969:
968:
958:
957:
951:
947:
946:
943:
942:
928:
927:
921:
918:
917:
907:
906:
900:
896:
895:
892:
891:
883:
882:
876:
873:
872:
864:
863:
857:
851:
850:
847:
846:
838:
837:
831:
828:
827:
819:
818:
812:
806:
805:
802:
801:
793:
792:
786:
783:
782:
774:
773:
767:
761:
760:
755:
750:
746:
745:
735:
734:
731:
730:
719:
718:
716:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
654:
652:
648:
647:
645:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
618:
616:
612:
611:
609:
608:
603:
597:
595:
591:
590:
580:
579:
576:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
560:
554:
553:
550:
549:
541:
540:
537:
536:
534:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:
489:
478:
475:
474:
472:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:
427:
415:
414:
406:
395:
389:
388:
385:RNA expression
377:
376:
373:
372:
364:
360:
359:
351:
348:
343:
337:
336:
327:
320:
314:
310:
309:
304:
298:
297:
289:
288:
276:
275:
272:
271:
263:
259:
258:
250:
247:
242:
236:
235:
226:
219:
213:
209:
208:
201:
195:
194:
186:
185:
173:
172:
129:
125:
124:
116:
108:
107:
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:
80:
79:
71:
70:
59:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4434:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4407:Neuropeptides
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4196:Bremelanotide
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4072:Setmelanotide
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4009:Bremelanotide
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:Bremelanotide
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3711:Bremelanotide
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3632:
3631:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3354:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3163:(1): 159–64.
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3128:(5): 1921–4.
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:Endocrinology
3084:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3049:Endocrinology
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2977:(10): 602–6.
2976:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2572:(4): 1424–8.
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:(2): 173–83.
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2333:(5): 1921–4.
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2241:(1): 131–41.
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2157:(3): 316–30.
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1999:(2): 134–56.
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:Endocrinology
1949:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:Endocrinology
1900:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:Endocrinology
1857:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1832:(3): 181–94.
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1537:
1536:Agouti (gene)
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1184:feedback loop
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:and decrease
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
990:
986:
980:
976:
973:
967:
965:
959:
955:
952:
948:
941:
939:
935:
929:
925:
922:
916:
914:
908:
904:
901:
899:RefSeq (mRNA)
897:
890:
889:
884:
880:
877:
871:
870:
865:
861:
858:
856:
852:
845:
844:
839:
835:
832:
826:
825:
820:
816:
813:
811:
807:
800:
799:
794:
790:
787:
781:
780:
775:
771:
768:
766:
762:
759:
756:
754:
751:
747:
744:
740:
736:
729:
725:
720:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
653:
650:
649:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
617:
614:
613:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:Gene ontology
585:
581:
569:
564:
561:
559:
555:
547:
542:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:
491:
487:
482:
479:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:
429:
425:
420:
417:
416:
413:
411:
407:
405:
404:
400:
399:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
370:
365:
361:
357:
352:
342:
338:
331:
324:
318:
311:
303:
299:
295:
290:
286:
281:
277:
269:
264:
260:
256:
251:
241:
237:
230:
223:
217:
210:
206:
200:
196:
192:
187:
183:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
126:
121:
114:
109:
104:
93:
91:
87:
81:
76:
73:
72:
68:
65:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4354:Propeptides:
4353:
4338:Tridecactide
4333:Tricosactide
4303:Dersimelagon
4289:
4270:
4256:Antagonists:
4255:
4229:Melanotan II
4182:
4158:
4086:
4084:Antagonists:
4083:
4037:Melanotan II
3985:
3929:
3927:Antagonists:
3926:
3910:Melanotan II
3873:
3853:Tridecactide
3848:Tricosactide
3804:
3781:Antagonists:
3780:
3744:Melanotan II
3692:
3627:
3352:
3337:
3278:
3272:
3229:
3225:
3192:
3188:
3160:
3156:
3125:
3121:
3092:
3088:
3052:
3048:
3017:
3013:
2974:
2970:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2781:(1): 64–72.
2778:
2774:
2764:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2621:
2617:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2523:(3): 351–5.
2520:
2516:
2506:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2374:(3): 325–8.
2371:
2367:
2357:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2286:(3): 273–4.
2283:
2279:
2273:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2202:(1): 102–7.
2199:
2195:
2189:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2105:
2101:
2045:
2041:
2031:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1790:
1787:Biochemistry
1786:
1780:
1755:
1752:Biochemistry
1751:
1744:
1719:
1715:
1679:
1675:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1296:binge eating
1268:
1253:
1236:B16 melanoma
1193:
1143:
1133:
1129:
1113:
1100:
1077:neuropeptide
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
985:NP_001258735
982:
961:
934:NM_001271806
931:
910:
886:
867:
841:
822:
796:
777:
757:
752:
520:spermatocyte
408:
401:
367:106,364,025
354:106,293,330
128:External IDs
83:
4264:ML-00253764
4132:ML-00253764
4052:PF-00446687
3945:ML-00253764
3617:Wnt protein
3602:Somatomedin
3320:PDB gallery
2992:10044/1/270
1417:OPM protein
1322:Identifiers
1275:hyperphagia
1220:antagonizes
1166:to release
622:Golgi lumen
346:8|8 D3
266:67,483,547
253:67,482,571
106:Identifiers
4391:Categories
4357:Lipotropin
4067:Ro 27-3225
4014:LY-2112688
3706:BMS-470539
3674:modulators
3597:Semaphorin
3582:Interferon
3555:Endothelin
2730:: e46348.
1586:, May 2017
1565:, May 2017
1542:References
1444:structures
1208:metabolism
1159:orexigenic
1155:Adipocytes
1097:metabolism
504:blastocyst
458:right lung
412:(ortholog)
149:HomoloGene
4318:Seractide
4308:Giractide
4298:Codactide
4293:Alsactide
4290:Agonists:
4183:Agonists:
4004:BIM-22493
3986:Agonists:
3874:Agonists:
3833:Seractide
3823:Giractide
3818:Codactide
3813:Alsactide
3805:Agonists:
3774:SNAP-7941
3693:Agonists:
3628:see also
3508:Adipokine
2879:(1): 11.
1378:PDOC60024
1366:IPR007733
1300:autophagy
1255:Orthologs
1190:Mechanism
1176:prolactin
1110:Structure
989:NP_031453
964:NP_001129
938:NM_007427
913:NM_001138
743:Orthologs
157:GeneCards
4417:Peptides
4283:Unsorted
4271:Unknown:
4249:SHU-9119
4244:SHU-9005
4239:SHU-8914
4159:Unknown:
4152:SHU-9119
4147:SHU-9005
4142:SHU-8914
4127:MCL-0129
4122:MCL-0042
4117:MCL-0020
3965:SHU-9119
3960:SHU-9005
3955:SHU-8914
3769:SHU-9119
3764:SHU-9005
3759:SHU-8914
3550:Cytokine
3246:15193430
3217:45039327
3209:16009463
3189:Peptides
3179:16087729
3144:11344185
3109:16384863
3079:18583425
3036:10702221
3001:16320160
2952:24315102
2903:33414382
2854:24741039
2805:24567905
2756:31033437
2705:25703096
2656:33658716
2596:21364278
2547:21209617
2498:28817798
2447:21803288
2390:11326303
2349:11344185
2308:36127101
2265:14528879
2216:12535647
2132:17185225
2080:24487620
2023:20074584
1974:12697678
1933:18583425
1884:16384863
1848:17339026
1807:12056887
1654:15193430
1582:–
1561:–
1525:See also
1461:RCSB PDB
1361:InterPro
1172:cortisol
1140:Function
1093:appetite
1037:Wikidata
722:Sources:
470:monocyte
4412:Obesity
4112:JKC-363
4062:PL-6983
4042:MK-0493
3999:AZD2820
3754:PL-8177
3398:ligands
3070:2582916
2943:3970718
2894:7791100
2845:4298648
2796:3929914
2747:6513552
2696:4373539
2647:8035273
2626:Bibcode
2587:3069789
2538:3049940
2489:5657399
2438:3148494
2398:6755288
2300:9354787
2257:9019399
2181:9450927
2123:2907901
2071:3955843
2050:Bibcode
2014:2849853
1924:2582916
1772:9819197
1736:9311920
1716:Science
1698:9119224
1584:Ensembl
1563:Ensembl
1373:PROSITE
1341:PF05039
1279:obesity
1250:History
1151:ghrelin
1128:motif.
1075:, is a
855:UniProt
810:Ensembl
749:Species
728:QuickGO
387:pattern
245:16q22.1
113:Aliases
4347:Others
4206:HS-024
4201:HS-014
4137:MPB-10
4107:HS-131
4102:HS-024
4097:HS-014
4057:PG-931
3950:PG-106
3940:HS-014
3920:PG-931
3721:HS-024
3716:HS-014
3449:Ephrin
3270:Human
3267:(MeSH)
3244:
3215:
3207:
3177:
3142:
3107:
3077:
3067:
3034:
2999:
2950:
2940:
2901:
2891:
2852:
2842:
2803:
2793:
2754:
2744:
2703:
2693:
2654:
2644:
2618:Nature
2594:
2584:
2545:
2535:
2496:
2486:
2466:Neuron
2445:
2435:
2396:
2388:
2347:
2306:
2298:
2263:
2255:
2214:
2179:
2172:316484
2169:
2130:
2120:
2078:
2068:
2042:Nature
2021:
2011:
1972:
1931:
1921:
1882:
1846:
1805:
1770:
1734:
1696:
1652:
1518:AGRP;
1476:PDBsum
1450:
1440:
1398:SUPFAM
1354:CL0083
1330:Agouti
1327:Symbol
1147:leptin
1121:murine
1023:search
1021:PubMed
888:P56473
869:O00253
765:Entrez
558:BioGPS
524:embryo
516:embryo
512:morula
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