1371:
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1144:
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54:
356:
After Henry's death, Agnes was placed in a difficult position between secular and religious powers. She had support from her retinue and territories she had brought from France upon her marriage, and she wanted to follow the example of
260:
After the death of her husband, she proved an inexperienced regent unable to effectively assert her power and secure loyal allies. In
Germany, she is still remembered as a sympathetic historical figure, even if a flawed politician.
353:. However, despite being related to kings of Italy and Burgundy, she gained little respect as a leader. The loss of some of her family's ancestral lands later weakened her son's position tremendously.
486:
did not end until
Pentecost 1064. The empress' candidate could not prevail against the Roman Curia; in consequence, Agnes retired from politics, leaving the regency to her confidant Bishop
434:, Agnes opposed the contemporary papal reform movement, and took the side of Italian anti-reform party. Things had worsened after the death of Pope Victor II in 1057: his successor
995:
According to the sources, feeling his was nearing his end, Stephen had his cardinal swear that they would wait for
Hildebrand's return to Rome before electing his successor.
501:
Bishop Henry did not receive wide acceptance due to his awkward and haughty manners, as well as scandalous rumours about his relationship with the empress, as recorded by
309:, in 1038. This marriage helped to solidify the Empire's relationships with the princely houses in the west. King Henry was able to improve his position versus the
1148:
2543:
457:
Though
Stephen died before being able to return to Rome, Agnes' help was instrumental in enabling Hildebrand to depose the antipope and to replace him by the
566:
Agnes was a reserved and gentle woman, lacking the sternness and imposing qualities that characterized successful
Ottonian and Salian queen-empresses like
1638:
1360:
2022:
1552:
1285:
1099:
527:, and despite jumping overboard to escape, he was recaptured. From this point, the power shifted to Rome, as the pope elected the emperor.
333:
After her husband's death on 5 October 1056, Empress Agnes served as regent on behalf of her young son Henry IV. Henry III had secured the
2518:
554:. Agnes went on to act as a mediator and peacemaker between her son and the papacy. She died in Rome on 14 December 1077 and is buried at
1882:
2109:
1107:
400:, Rudolf had possibly abducted Matilda and extorted the betrothal. However, Agnes' late husband had promised the Swabian duchy to
2558:
2435:
1952:
1631:
1487:
550:
Abbey after the coup. When Henry IV reached the age of majority, Agnes moved to Rome, where her arrival in 1065 is documented by
278:
215:
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31:
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167:
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as the sole electors of the pope, denying this power to the emperor and all temporal rulers, including Agnes herself.
2243:
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1345:
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When Pope
Alexander II was elected on 30 September 1061, Empress Agnes refused to acknowledge him and had
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Medieval Elite Women and the
Exercise of Power, 1100–1400: Moving beyond the Exceptionalist Debate
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1947:
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was unable to take actual possession of Rome due to the Roman aristocracy's election of antipope
38:
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1937:
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Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for
Feminist Art: The Dinner Party: Heritage Floor: Agnes of Poitou
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Defeated, Agnes resigned as regent and was replaced by Anno together with the archbishops
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and Otto of
Nordheim, in a conspiracy to remove Agnes from the throne, referred to as the
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8:
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Royal and Elite
Households in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: More than Just a Castle
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and offered him the hand of her daughter Matilda. According to the medieval chronicler
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At the same time, while German forces interfered in the fratricidal struggle of King
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1014:
Histories of England, France, Germany, and Holland from the Encyclopaedia Britannica
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423:. He reached a settlement with Hungary by enforcing the coronation of Andrew's son
420:
416:
349:, Agnes tried to continue her husband's politics and to strengthen the rule of the
234:
179:
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Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino (December 2008). "Una carriera dieotr le quinte".
404:, who in turn had to be compensated with Carinthia upon Conrad's death in 1061.
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1100:
Women and Power in the Middle Ages: Political Aspects of Medieval Queenship
918:(2nd rev., expanded and updated ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO.
595:
551:
53:
2162:
318:
317:. Agnes, like her husband, was of profound piety; her family had founded
2213:
2141:
1325:
1263:
675:
547:
515:. In 1062, young Henry IV was abducted by a group including Archbishop
465:. Thereafter, on Easter 1059 Nicholas issued the momentous papal bull
365:
195:
83:
505:. Moreover, the fact that the heir to the throne was raised by common
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2237:
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1392:
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361:. She was however more restricted than the Ottonian queen-empresses.
282:
270:
651:
2189:
1102:
PDF of an article from an unknown book, lacks footnote information.
659:
2087:
899:. Translated by Reuter, T. Cambridge University Press. p. 40.
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1718:
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190:
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914:
Women rulers throughout the ages : an illustrated guide
137:
720:
Munster cites November 21; Jackson-Laufer cites November 1
824:
1370:
454:) to Germany to obtain the support of Agnes as regent.
37:"Agnes of Poitiers" redirects here. For the saint, see
858:
829:
Women rulers throughout the ages: an illustrated guide
546:
According to Frutolf of Michelsberg, Agnes retired to
692:– 14 March 1092 or 1096), married firstly 1063
427:
but later became a bitter rival of her son Henry IV.
1105:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
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1646:
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604:, being represented as one of the 999 names on the
341:on his deathbed. Aided by Abbott Hugh of Cluny and
911:
826:
803:
2485:
442:, and Stephen sent Anselm of Lucca (future Pope
313:royal dynasty and to exert his influence in the
1080:The Dinner Party: From Creation to Preservation
30:For other people named Agnes of Aquitaine, see
2544:11th-century women from the Holy Roman Empire
2103:
2023:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1632:
1553:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1279:
27:11th century empress of the Holy Roman Empire
897:Germany in the high middle ages c. 1050–1200
903:
779:
777:
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771:
2110:
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1639:
1625:
1286:
1272:
364:To win allies, she gave away three German
160:
52:
1129:Fulk Nerra, the Neo-Roman Consul 987–1040
1293:
1126:
940:"Agnes of Poitiers, empress | Epistolae"
894:
864:
768:
492:
909:
14:
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2077:Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
1149:Agnes of Aquitaine, Holy Roman Empress
740:
2249:Anna of Constantinople (900–905)
2091:
1620:
1267:
1029:
1059:
629:– 11 January 1096), abbess of
241:from 1046 until 1056 as the wife of
2117:
1106:Henry Gardiner Adams, ed. (1857). "
650:(October 1048 – 12 May 1060,
430:Though initially a follower of the
325:was godfather of her son Henry IV.
245:. From 1056 to 1061, she ruled the
32:Agnes of Aquitaine (disambiguation)
24:
2048:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
1578:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
825:Guida Myrl Jackson-Laufer (1999).
233:– 14 December 1077) was the
168:Adelaide II, Abbess of Quedlinburg
25:
2585:
1136:
1131:. University of California Press.
1112:A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography
618:Agnes and Henry's children were:
392:, appointed him administrator of
368:: already on Christmas 1056, the
253:during the minority of their son
1903:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
1818:Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy
1601:
1600:
1468:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
1369:
1142:
301:. She was his second wife after
239:empress of the Holy Roman Empire
69:Empress of the Holy Roman Empire
2519:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica
2258:Anna of Provence (915–924)
2067:Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
1648:Queens and empresses of Germany
1563:Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary
1005:
989:
956:
2559:Mothers of Holy Roman Emperors
2072:Victoria of the United Kingdom
2018:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
1590:For Empresses after 1806, see
1548:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
1433:Beatrice, Countess of Burgundy
932:
888:
870:
734:
714:
594:Agnes is a featured figure on
561:
384:. The next year she enfeoffed
305:, who had died, possibly from
269:Agnes was the daughter of the
13:
1:
2534:11th-century Italian nobility
2013:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
1543:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
1172:
1127:Bachrach, Bernard S. (1993).
1094:Henry IV of Germany 1056–1106
1017:. Scribner. 1883. p. 487
727:
541:
376:, a nephew of Count palatine
264:
227:
148:Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
115:
2569:Mothers of Bavarian monarchs
2312:Berta di Luni (1002–14)
2307:Theophanu of Constantinople
2008:Claudia Felicitas of Austria
1538:Claudia Felicitas of Austria
281:and as such a member of the
206:William V, Duke of Aquitaine
172:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
7:
1993:Maria Leopoldine of Austria
1968:Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
1878:Imagina of Isenburg-Limburg
1523:Maria Leopoldine of Austria
1458:Yolande, Queen of Jerusalem
1393:Theophanu of Constantinople
968:. Brill. 2018. p. 54.
741:Tanner, Heather J. (2019).
10:
2590:
2574:Mothers of German monarchs
2539:11th-century Italian women
2524:11th-century women regents
2204:Cunigunda of Laon (?)
2201:Bertha of Gellone (?)
1823:Constance, Queen of Sicily
1596:the corresponding template
1438:Constance, Queen of Sicily
1336:Saint Richardis of Nordgau
1082:. London: Merrell (2007).
1072:
944:epistolae.ctl.columbia.edu
910:Jackson, Guida M. (1999).
789:Säulen der Macht Ingelheim
328:
288:
184:Matilda, Duchess of Swabia
176:Conrad II, Duke of Bavaria
36:
29:
2549:11th-century German women
2168:Gundiberga (626–652)
2125:
2056:
2003:Margaret Theresa of Spain
1732:
1693:
1654:
1586:
1533:Margaret Theresa of Spain
1378:
1367:
1301:
1251:
1240:
1232:Queen consort of Burgundy
1229:
1221:
1211:
1202:
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1189:
1157:
747:. Springer. p. 181.
589:
511:provoked anger among the
299:Imperial Palace Ingelheim
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111:
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46:
2448:Joséphine de Beauharnais
2388:Isabella II of Jerusalem
2376:Beatrice of Hohenstaufen
2038:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
1848:Isabella II of Jerusalem
1568:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
1205:Queen consort of Germany
707:
678:– 10 April 1055),
613:
497:Kaiserswerth Pfalz ruins
297:in November 1043 at the
180:Judith, Queen of Hungary
94:Queen consort of Germany
58:Agnes at Mary's throne,
2454:Marie Louise of Austria
2316:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
2171:Guntrude (712–744)
2147:Berthora (549–552)
1948:Elizabeth of Luxembourg
1758:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
1558:Maria Amalia of Austria
1398:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
523:. Henry was brought to
39:Saint Agnes of Poitiers
2424:Elizabeth of Pomerania
2412:Margaret II of Hainaut
2364:Beatrice I of Burgundy
2238:Ageltrude of Benevento
1938:Elisabeth of Nuremberg
1923:Elizabeth of Pomerania
1883:Elisabeth of Carinthia
1478:Elizabeth of Pomerania
1351:Anna of Constantinople
1341:Ageltrude of Benevento
1254:Queen consort of Italy
885:, 1550, Book III, 333.
598:'s installation piece
498:
398:Frutolf of Michelsberg
275:William V of Aquitaine
2564:Italian queen mothers
2472:Marie-José of Belgium
2190:Fastrada of Franconia
2174:Tassia (744–749)
1868:Gertrude of Hohenberg
1714:Matilda of Ringelheim
1493:Bianca Maria of Milan
1311:Ermengarde of Hesbaye
895:Fuhrmann, H. (1995).
833:. ABC-CLIO. pp.
658:, duke of Swabia and
656:Rudolf of Rheinfelden
496:
402:Berthold of Zähringen
386:Rudolf of Rheinfelden
2529:11th-century regents
2499:Holy Roman Empresses
2442:Isabella of Portugal
2358:Richenza of Northeim
2220:Richilde of Provence
2043:Maria Luisa of Spain
1963:Isabella of Portugal
1918:Anna von Schweidnitz
1873:Isabella of Burgundy
1863:Elisabeth of Bavaria
1808:Gertrude of Sulzbach
1798:Richenza of Northeim
1592:Empresses of Austria
1498:Isabella of Portugal
1428:Richenza of Northeim
1331:Richilde of Provence
1295:Holy Roman Empresses
1151:at Wikimedia Commons
556:St. Peter's Basilica
521:Coup of Kaiserswerth
488:Henry II of Augsburg
446:) and Hildebrand of
295:Henry III of Germany
2554:Abbey of Fruttuaria
2504:Duchesses of Swabia
2466:Elena of Montenegro
2460:Margherita of Savoy
2436:Eleanor of Portugal
2406:Margaret of Brabant
2394:Isabella of England
2382:Constance of Aragon
2370:Constance of Sicily
2346:Constance of Sicily
2271:Marozia of Tusculum
2267:Alda (924–932)
2226:Richardis of Swabia
2214:Engelberga of Parma
2208:Ermengarde of Tours
2196:Luitgard of Sundgau
1988:Maria Anna of Spain
1958:Bianca Maria Sforza
1953:Eleanor of Portugal
1893:Beatrice of Silesia
1888:Margaret of Brabant
1853:Isabella of England
1843:Margaret of Austria
1838:Constance of Aragon
1813:Adelaide of Vohburg
1803:Gertrude of Comburg
1788:Constance of Sicily
1768:Gunhilda of Denmark
1709:Cunigunde of Swabia
1661:Carolingian dynasty
1518:Maria Anna of Spain
1488:Eleanor of Portugal
1463:Isabella of England
1453:Constance of Aragon
1326:Engelberga of Parma
1321:Ermengarde of Tours
1198:Gunhilda of Denmark
644:– 6 May 1053)
503:Lambert of Hersfeld
378:Ezzo of Lotharingia
347:bishop of Eichstätt
303:Gunhilda of Denmark
293:Agnes married King
2352:Matilda of England
2253:Bertila of Spoleto
2232:Bertila of Spoleto
1898:Isabella of Aragon
1833:Beatrice of Swabia
1793:Matilda of England
1734:Kingdom of Germany
1700:Kingdom of Germany
1675:Liutgard of Saxony
1528:Eleonora of Mantua
1513:Eleonora of Mantua
1443:Beatrice of Swabia
1423:Matilda of England
1303:Carolingian Empire
1243:Holy Roman Empress
698:Ladislaus I Herman
696:and secondly 1089
694:Solomon of Hungary
536:Adalbert of Bremen
532:Siegfried of Mainz
517:Anno II of Cologne
499:
459:bishop of Florence
415:, Agnes ceded the
382:Duchy of Carinthia
339:King of the Romans
60:Speyer Evangeliary
2494:House of Poitiers
2481:
2480:
2462: (1878–1900)
2301:Adelaide of Italy
2283:Adelaide of Italy
2085:
2084:
1933:Sophia of Bavaria
1928:Joanna of Bavaria
1908:Blanche of Valois
1748:Adelaide of Italy
1739:Holy Roman Empire
1724:Adelaide of Italy
1614:
1613:
1573:Ludovica of Spain
1388:Adelaide of Italy
1380:Holy Roman Empire
1316:Judith of Bavaria
1262:
1261:
1212:Succeeded by
1164:House of Poitiers
1147:Media related to
1037:"Agnes of Poitou"
975:978-90-04-36076-1
877:Sebastian Münster
844:978-1-57607-091-8
754:978-3-030-01346-2
471:establishing the
413:Béla I of Hungary
315:Duchy of Burgundy
279:Agnes of Burgundy
247:Holy Roman Empire
243:Emperor Henry III
221:
220:
216:Agnes of Burgundy
16:(Redirected from
2581:
2430:Barbara of Cilli
2418:Anna of Świdnica
2340:Eupraxia of Kiev
2322:Gisela of Swabia
2289:Willa of Tuscany
2277:Bertha of Swabia
2262:Bertha of Swabia
2112:
2105:
2098:
2089:
2088:
1998:Eleonora Gonzaga
1983:Eleonora Gonzaga
1973:Maria of Austria
1943:Barbara of Cilli
1783:Eupraxia of Kiev
1763:Gisela of Swabia
1641:
1634:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1604:
1603:
1483:Barbara of Cilli
1473:Anna of Świdnica
1448:Maria of Brabant
1418:Eupraxia of Kiev
1403:Gisela of Swabia
1373:
1372:
1361:Anna of Provence
1356:Bertila of Parma
1288:
1281:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1258:1043–1056
1236:1043–1056
1225:Gisela of Swabia
1222:Preceded by
1209:1043–1054
1195:Preceded by
1185:
1184:14 December 1077
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1177:
1174:
1159:Agnes of Poitou
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761:
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718:
654:), married 1059
601:The Dinner Party
468:In nomine Domini
421:Otto of Nordheim
417:Duchy of Bavaria
359:Empress Adelheid
235:queen of Germany
232:
229:
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135:14 December 1077
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88:25 December 1046
56:
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2468: (1900–46)
2456: (1810–14)
2450: (1805–10)
2444: (1530–39)
2438: (1452–67)
2432: (1431–37)
2426: (1363–78)
2420: (1355–62)
2414: (1327–47)
2396: (1235–41)
2390: (1225–28)
2384: (1212–22)
2372: (1191–97)
2366: (1156–84)
2360: (1128–37)
2354: (1114–25)
2348: (1095–98)
2342: (1089–93)
2336: (1080–87)
2334:Bertha of Savoy
2330: (1043–56)
2328:Agnes of Poitou
2324: (1026–39)
2318: (1004–24)
2309: (972–983)
2303: (951–973)
2297: (957–963)
2291: (950–953)
2285: (948–950)
2279: (937–948)
2273: (932–933)
2264: (922–926)
2255: (905–915)
2246: (896–899)
2244:Ota of Neustria
2240: (889–894)
2234: (888–889)
2228: (879–888)
2222: (875–877)
2216: (851–875)
2210: (821–851)
2198: (794–800)
2192: (784–794)
2186: (774–783)
2180: (756–774)
2165: (589–616)
2159: (567–573)
2144: (536–540)
2138: (526–534)
2132: (493–526)
2121:
2119:Queens of Italy
2116:
2086:
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1913:Anne of Bavaria
1778:Bertha of Savoy
1773:Agnes of Poitou
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1698:
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1645:
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1582:
1413:Bertha of Savoy
1408:Agnes of Poitou
1374:
1365:
1346:Ota of Neustria
1297:
1292:
1257:
1246:
1235:
1227:
1217:
1215:Bertha of Savoy
1208:
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1179:
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1092:Robinson, I.S.
1078:Chicago, Judy.
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719:
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680:Duke of Bavaria
668:, his successor
616:
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432:Cluniac Reforms
380:, received the
331:
291:
267:
230:
224:Agnes of Poitou
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174:
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158:
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136:
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63:
47:Agnes of Poitou
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35:
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18:Agnes de Poitou
15:
12:
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5:
2587:
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2054:
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2040:
2035:
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2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
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1830:
1828:Irene Angelina
1825:
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1795:
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1555:
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1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1503:Maria of Spain
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
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1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1384:
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1376:
1375:
1368:
1366:
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1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
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1333:
1328:
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1307:
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1249:
1248:
1238:
1237:
1228:
1223:
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1218:
1213:
1210:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1190:Regnal titles
1187:
1186:
1161:
1158:
1153:
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1138:
1137:External links
1135:
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1103:
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1058:
1028:
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869:
867:, p. 268.
857:
843:
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753:
732:
731:
729:
726:
723:
722:
712:
711:
709:
706:
705:
704:
702:Duke of Poland
683:
669:
663:
645:
640:Gisela (1047,
638:
633:from 1061 and
615:
612:
607:Heritage Floor
591:
588:
563:
560:
543:
540:
482:elected. This
351:Salian dynasty
343:Pope Victor II
337:of his son as
330:
327:
323:Hugh the Great
290:
287:
277:(d. 1030) and
266:
263:
237:from 1043 and
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2402: (1244?)
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2400:Bianca Lancia
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2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:Maria Theresa
2031:
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2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
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1991:
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1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Anna of Tyrol
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1858:Bianca Lancia
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1065:Chicago, 121.
1062:
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1038:
1032:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1000:
992:
977:
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898:
891:
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865:Bachrach 1993
861:
846:
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813:
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809:
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559:
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549:
539:
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533:
528:
526:
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518:
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508:ministeriales
504:
495:
491:
489:
485:
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476:
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470:
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455:
453:
450:(future Pope
449:
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428:
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66:
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2509:1020s births
2474: (1946)
2408: (1311)
2378: (1212)
2327:
2153: (560s)
2136:Amalasuintha
2028:Maria Amalia
1772:
1695:East Francia
1656:East Francia
1407:
1252:
1241:
1230:
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1169:
1162:
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1040:
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1013:
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991:
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964:
958:
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943:
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890:
882:Cosmographia
880:
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860:
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828:
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788:
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743:
736:
716:
617:
605:
599:
596:Judy Chicago
593:
565:
552:Peter Damian
545:
529:
506:
500:
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466:
456:
444:Alexander II
429:
406:
363:
355:
332:
292:
268:
259:
223:
222:
159:
2514:1077 deaths
2163:Theodelinda
2060:(1871–1918)
1176: 1025
1051:17 December
850:18 December
791:(in German)
682:(from 1054)
635:Quedlinburg
631:Gandersheim
623:Adelaide II
562:Personality
480:Honorius II
463:Nicholas II
452:Gregory VII
319:Cluny Abbey
231: 1025
119: 1025
2488:Categories
2151:Chlothsind
2142:Matasuntha
1741:(962–1806)
1736:within the
1658:during the
1247:1046–1056
1120:Q115346632
1088:1858943701
1001:(143): 70.
949:2019-04-02
925:1576070913
728:References
676:Regensburg
548:Fruttuaria
542:Later life
440:Benedict X
436:Stephen IX
374:Conrad III
321:and Abbot
265:Early life
196:Ramnulfids
131:1077-12-14
84:Coronation
2184:Hildegard
2130:Audofleda
1753:Theophanu
1702:(919–962)
1697:(911–919)
1680:Richardis
1663:(843–911)
672:Conrad II
660:anti-king
637:from 1063
580:Kunigunde
576:Theophanu
473:cardinals
419:to Count
283:Ramnulfid
271:Ramnulfid
103:1043–1056
78:1046–1056
2295:Gerberga
2157:Rosamund
1606:Category
1116:Wikidata
999:Medioevo
572:Adelaide
409:Andrew I
394:Burgundy
335:election
285:family.
255:Henry IV
1719:Eadgyth
1073:Sources
1021:24 July
981:24 July
795:24 July
785:"Agnes"
760:24 July
688:(1054,
674:(1052,
648:Matilda
642:Ravenna
625:(1045,
568:Matilda
525:Cologne
513:princes
425:Solomon
370:Ezzonid
366:duchies
345:, also
329:Regency
307:malaria
289:Empress
161:more...
1180:
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1096:, 2000
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686:Judith
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652:Pöhlde
627:Goslar
590:Legacy
584:Gisela
484:schism
448:Sovana
390:Swabia
372:scion
311:French
251:regent
212:Mother
202:Father
144:Spouse
100:Tenure
75:Tenure
62:, 1046
1670:Hemma
1182:Died:
1170:Born:
1108:Agnes
837:–13.
708:Notes
666:Henry
614:Issue
388:with
273:Duke
191:House
155:Issue
2178:Ansa
1594:and
1084:ISBN
1053:2011
1023:2022
983:2022
970:ISBN
920:ISBN
852:2011
839:ISBN
797:2022
762:2022
749:ISBN
582:and
534:and
411:and
138:Rome
125:Died
112:Born
1685:Ota
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249:as
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