518:
246:
711:
1063:
168:
66:
25:
366:
1030:. They formed the JG73 "Steinhoff" squadron, that was partially used as Aggressor squadron. NATO air forces compared the Luftwaffe's Fulcrums with western types during NATO training exercises. Many western pilots were able to train combat tactics against a real Russian fighter flown by highly experienced pilots and to execute air-air-combats against 'the real thing'.
988:, in 1970. The program was prompted by the poor performance of Soviet-supplied aircraft in the Middle East and by the equivalent American programmes. Before that the Air Force units used some of its own planes in MV roles, the MV standing for Modyeliruyemyiy Vrag which translates as “simulated enemy”.
572:
Aggressor aircraft in the United States are typically painted in colorful camouflage schemes, matching the colors of many Soviet aircraft and contrasting with the gray colors used in most operational US combat aircraft. Camouflage schemes that consist of many shades of blue (similar to those used in
556:
Despite the airframe being strengthened to cope with the continuous high-G loads associated with air combat maneuvering, cracks were detected on the wings after only a few years of operation, leading to grounding of the Navy F-16 fleet by 1992 and complete retirement of the F-16N by 1994. In 2002,
548:
The F-16C won the competition and the F-20 failed to win another order. This, compounded with other lost contracts, led to the demise of the F-20 program and the elimination of one more competitor for the F-16 in the worldwide fighter market. The F-16C as procured by the Navy was equipped with the
552:
Any equipment not necessary for visual-range aerial combat was removed, enhancing their agility and dog-fighting abilities. These F-16s were designated F-16N, and twenty-two single seat aircraft and four twin seat, designated the TF-16N, were built for the US Navy and flown at its famous "TOPGUN"
525:
While aircraft used for the aggressor role are usually older jet fighters, this has not always been the case. During the mid-1980s, the US Navy determined that the A-4s and F-5s flown at Top Gun were not adequate in simulating the air-to-air capabilities of the newest Soviet fighters such as the
1097:
Some aggressor missions do not require dogfighting, but instead involve flying relatively simple profiles to test the target acquisition and tracking capabilities of radars, missiles and aircraft. Some of these missions are outsourced to private companies that operate ex-military jets or small
892:, all other Hawk T1 aircraft in the British military would be retired and these two squadrons disbanded on 31 March 2022. On 28 March 2022, the RAF announced that a six-year contract to provide these services, now known as the Interim Red Air Aggressor Training Service (IRAATS) was awarded to
277:. Aggressor squadrons use enemy tactics, techniques, and procedures to give a realistic simulation of air combat (as opposed to training against one's own forces). Since it is impractical to use actual enemy aircraft and equipment, surrogate aircraft are used to emulate potential adversaries.
537:. According to George Hall's "Top Gun," many instructors at the Navy Fighter Weapons School preferred that the Navy procure the F-20. One reason given was the similarity to the F-5E Tiger aircraft already used by Top Gun and the four active duty adversary squadrons (VF-43,
549:
lighter AN/APG-63 radar set as flown in the F-16A and had a titanium wing spar as in other F-16s. It was not equipped with the M61 Vulcan gun system and had twin lens pods on both sides of the intake to enlarge the relatively small radar cross section of the F-16.
1036:
In Italy since 2015 the
Typhoon squadrons started cooperating with the 212° Gruppo (Squadron) that is responsible for Lead-In Fighter Training course and employs their T-346A Master advanced jet trainers in the Aggressors role. Italian Air Force
1134:. Nearly all the pilots who fly for these companies have experience of flying combat aircraft, being either retired military officers or still serving officers concurrently flying in the Reserve, Air National Guard or equivalent.
799:. The squadron provides adversary training to the RCAF and RCN in both jamming and threat replication. The squadron has previously supported Canadian Army air defense units, but with the retirement of the
1054:, also known as the Flying Dragon or Red Squadron. It is the sole IAF squadron to operate fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters and also ground-based assets. The unit also offers its services to other nations.
565:
that were brand new aircraft originally intended for
Pakistan, but had been embargoed. All 14 are operated by NSAWC for use by TOPGUN in addition to the F/A-18A aircraft already in operation at
530:. At this point, the U.S. Navy held a competition for an adversary platform that could viably represent fourth-generation fighter threats embodied by the MiG-29, Su-27 and the Mirage 2000.
281:
1457:
688:
1332:
553:
Navy
Fighter Weapons School starting in 1987. They were also flown by VF-43, VF-45 and VF-126, which were still active duty Adversary squadrons at the time.
676:
With the exception of the NSAWC aircraft, all the US Navy and US Marine Corps adversary squadrons are
Reserve Component units and aircraft belonging to the
1044:
NATO integrated opposing force (IOPFOR) Program will mean privately owned lightweight fighters could provide an aggressor training service for NATO.
400:) were flown along with T-38 Talons that were immediately available and served as placeholders until new F-5E/F Tiger II aircraft were introduced.
654:
1250:
699:
near
Ipswich. The 527th initially flew F-5s, then later switched to F-16s. They trained over the North Sea and in Germany, Spain and Italy. The
178:
746:. These wore quasi-Warsaw Pact colours similar to those worn by USAF/USN aircraft. This role ended with the retirement of the CF-5 in 1995.
558:
1033:
Between 1985 and the mid-nineties
Norwegian Air Force 336th squadron was used in the aggressor role on numerous exercises and DACT courses.
1263:
377:
US aggressor squadrons fly small and low-wing loaded fighters that are used to represent those of the potential adversaries. Originally
1047:
Egypt has recently established an
Aggressor squadron Called "95 Aggressor Squadron" Operating F-16s Block 52s that were added lately.
1452:
324:, the antagonists captured each other's aircraft and introduced them into a modest DACT role. The Germans created a unit known as "
1215:
913:
811:
807:
130:
1432:
102:
1288:
1162:
517:
1358:
408:
478:
German MiG-29 aircraft were regular visitors to the United States before being sold to Poland and participated in valuable
1174:
411:(for the US Navy), and F-16A models (for the Air Force). At the end of 2005, the USAF started using the larger and faster
109:
666:
83:
38:
945:
681:
423:, the F-16C became the only dedicated aggressor type at Nellis AFB until 2022, when the 65th was reactivated with the
336:
etc. that visited fighter bases and even let the senior pilots fly the adversary aircraft themselves. The RAF created
296:(DACT) led to transition of Navy Instrument Training Squadrons equipped with the A-4 into Adversary Squadrons at each
1414:
1400:
1386:
1372:
424:
245:
230:
212:
149:
52:
116:
819:
404:
1089:
air defences, but also were used in DACT with RAAF F/A-18 Hornets. The squadron was disbanded in
December 2001.
419:. However, the USAF began phasing out its F-15 aggressors towards the end of 2014. With the deactivation of the
796:
293:
98:
87:
1038:
662:
502:
349:
800:
658:
412:
1426:
941:
757:
724:
370:
329:
1103:
814:
sometimes filled an adversary role, using their CT-133s to simulate sea-skimming missiles, such as the
792:
677:
953:
868:
In 2011, the 3rd
Regiment of the FTTC traveled to Pakistan to exercise with the Pakistani Air Force.
753:
333:
876:
The United
Kingdom maintained two units to undertake the aggressor role, both of which operated the
534:
378:
194:
1239:
1307:
1127:
1000:
996:
765:
602:
598:
590:
448:
444:
440:
420:
397:
301:
289:
190:
76:
44:
123:
1041:
belonging to the 61° Stormo deployed to Tactical Leadership Programme in the Aggressors role.
885:
486:
in addition to providing details to overseas locations or hosting US squadrons in Germany. One
687:
The USAF also operated Aggressor squadrons in the UK and in the Philippines. The 527 AS was a
578:
1086:
1051:
1027:
1006:
A third squadron operated drones for target practice for the visiting Soviet Air Force units.
435:
Foreign aircraft have been used as aggressors in the United States, most notably the Israeli
416:
305:
186:
1365:...And Kill MiGs, Air to Air Combat From Vietnam to the Gulf War - Aircraft Specials series
1070:
893:
881:
736:
341:
8:
1123:
929:
545:, and VFA-127). However, General Dynamics priced the Falcon for the Navy at below cost.
451:
have also been flown by the US Air Force as Aggressors over the Nellis ranges, under the
381:
337:
309:
285:
266:
780:, until 2002. The squadron re-formed in 2009, again in the EW adversary role, based in
1099:
981:
901:
769:
761:
700:
385:
1003:. Later both were equipped with MiG-29, painted to make them look like the F-15 Eagle.
710:
1410:
1396:
1382:
1368:
1354:
977:
562:
345:
274:
991:
The unit was also known as the 1521st Aviation Base, and consisted of 3 squadrons:
921:
789:
703:
counterpart, the 26th Training Aggressor Squadron, operated F-5s out of the former
1078:
925:
897:
861:
610:
577:
fighters) or of green and mostly-light brown (similar to the colors used in many
538:
325:
297:
1200:
521:
Three F-5E Tiger II from the 527th Tactical Fighter Training Aggressor Squadron.
490:
was loaned to the US for evaluation providing insight in the threat technology.
1178:
1111:
965:
917:
704:
696:
487:
270:
714:
A US Navy Vought EA-7L Corsair II aircraft with a Soviet star and red numbers.
1446:
1107:
980:
began a program known as the 1521st Center for Combat Employment, located in
773:
739:
728:
692:
661:(US Navy) which is not a squadron per se, but operates F-16A, F/A-18A/B, and
459:
operates eleven Soviet or Russian aircraft for adversary training, including
964:
fighters as aggressors. The squadron is located at the Zhi-Hang Air Base in
280:
The first formal use of dissimilar aircraft for training was in 1969 by the
1082:
1062:
1015:
1011:
961:
957:
854:
843:
839:
749:
732:
646:
527:
483:
472:
452:
389:
321:
1014:
in 1992. It is supposed to have been disbanded after the collapse of the
985:
850:
594:
439:
fighter, designated F-21 in its use as an adversary asset. Actual Soviet
889:
670:
638:
630:
606:
566:
533:
The competing airframes were the General Dynamics F-16C Falcon and the
1115:
1074:
834:. FTTC is organized into 3 regiments which simulate enemy aircraft.
618:
494:
460:
393:
1066:
TA-4K Kahu Skyhawk, NZ6254 operated by both 75 and 2 Squadrons RNZAF
65:
1119:
877:
831:
614:
506:
468:
464:
253:
aggressor aircraft. The camouflage scheme emulates Soviet markings.
995:
Two squadrons took “aggressor” roles. Initially they operated the
1131:
785:
777:
743:
731:(both single- and two-seat) aircraft in the "adversary" role, by
650:
642:
622:
456:
1010:
The current status of 1521st is not known. It was taken over by
1143:
1098:
business jets in the aggressor role. Such aircraft include the
949:
815:
781:
634:
626:
557:
the Navy began to receive fourteen F-16A and F-16B models from
542:
574:
498:
250:
1393:
Bandits - Pictorial History of American Adversarial Aircraft
589:
Aggressor squadrons in the US armed forces include the USAF
365:
1216:"China Receives First Advanced Su-35 "Flankers from Russia"
479:
436:
493:
The Navy and Marine Corps briefly operated 2 squadrons of
830:
The Flight Test and Training Centre (FTTC) is located at
1289:"New Red Air training service for RAF Fighter Squadrons"
304:
followed suit with their first aggressor squadrons at
1437:
944:
was established in 1972 under the guidance of the US
1264:"RAF workhorse Hawk T1s to go into early retirement"
695:
near Cambridge, England, then later from the former
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1458:Aggressor squadrons of the United States Air Force
1427:Images and information about VMFT-401's operations
888:It was announced in July 2021 that apart from the
403:These were eventually supplemented by early-model
16:Squadron acting as an enemy in military exercises
1444:
1092:
655:Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans
920:aircraft as aggressors. Since 1990 it has used
415:as an aggressor aircraft alongside the F-16 at
1050:The Israeli Air Force's aggressor squadron is
360:
175:The examples and perspective in this article
1201:"F-16 Air Forces - United States of America"
1167:
1026:Reunified Germany inherited 24 MiG-29s from
427:to better simulate stealth fighter threats.
352:and RAF bases for familiarization training.
1379:Top Gun - The Navy's Fighter Weapons School
691:unit that first operated out of the former
348:) that were fully tested and then taken to
284:(better known as "Topgun"), which used the
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1438:Virtual aggressor squadron for Falcon4 AF
940:The 46th Imaginary Enemy Squadron of the
579:Middle Eastern countries' combat aircraft
512:
282:United States Navy Fighter Weapons School
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
213:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1261:
1061:
709:
516:
430:
364:
244:
1391:Parsons, Dave and Nelson, Derek (1993)
1445:
1308:"1521st Center for Combat Employment"
803:platform this role was discontinued.
373:painted to resemble an Iranian F-14.
308:equipped with the readily available
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
1295:. Ministry of Defence. 5 July 2022.
1213:
1156:
960:from 1977 to 1981, and now it uses
667:Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center
288:to simulate the performance of the
13:
1343:
1021:
946:Military Assistance Advisory Group
482:training at Nellis AFB as well as
369:An F-14A Tomcat aircraft from the
340:with Luftwaffe captured fighters (
14:
1469:
1420:
1351:Red Eagles: America's Secret MiGs
1262:Sedgwick, Philip (17 July 2021).
916:was established in 1981. It used
871:
657:, as well as the famous "TOPGUN"
34:This article has multiple issues.
1367:, Squadron/Signal Publications.
1305:
1085:primarily served as targets for
956:aircraft from 1972 to 1977, the
820:Canadian Forces Maritime Command
707:near Angeles City, Philippines.
355:
166:
64:
23:
1453:Military education and training
1325:
971:
914:Tactical Fighter Training Group
849:The 2nd FTTC Regiment operates
838:The 1st FTTC Regiment operates
265:(in the US Navy and USMC) is a
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1299:
1281:
1255:
1244:
1233:
1207:
1193:
1057:
797:Discovery Air Defence Services
294:dissimilar air combat training
1:
1405:Wilcox, Robert (2005-reissue)
1268:Darlington and Stockton Times
1149:
1093:Private/outsourced aggressors
795:owned by civilian contractor
503:Marine Corps Air Station Yuma
269:that is trained to act as an
1395:, Motorbooks International.
1363:Drendel, Lou (revised 1984)
1214:Yeo, Mike (9 January 2017).
659:Naval Fighter Weapons School
584:
292:. The success of formalized
7:
1137:
942:Republic of China Air Force
793:Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jets
725:Canadian Forces Air Command
497:adversaries at NAS Oceana (
407:(US Navy), specially built
371:Navy Fighter Weapons School
189:, discuss the issue on the
10:
1474:
1081:, in February 1991. Their
860:The 3rd Regiment operates
361:Domestically-made aircraft
315:
935:
924:aircraft. It is based at
772:(EW) adversary role from
718:
1433:Nellis AFB Aggressor Ops
1130:, and various models of
1039:Alenia Aermacchi T-346As
907:
825:
806:Fleet support squadrons
665:aircraft as part of the
603:65th Aggressor Squadrons
535:Northrop F-20 Tigershark
1175:""Soldiers", June 1995"
591:18th Aggressor Squadron
421:65th Aggressor Squadron
326:Touring Zirkus Rosarius
302:United States Air Force
1251:736 Naval Air Squadron
1067:
958:F-5A/B Freedom Fighter
886:736 Naval Air Squadron
715:
522:
513:Aggressor performances
374:
254:
1377:Hall, George (1986).
1349:Davies, Steve (2008)
1087:Royal Australian Navy
1065:
1028:East German Air Force
713:
520:
431:Foreign-made aircraft
417:Nellis Air Force Base
368:
248:
1071:No. 2 Squadron RNZAF
882:No. 100 Squadron RAF
737:Canadian Forces Base
682:Marine Corps Reserve
195:create a new article
187:improve this article
177:may not represent a
99:"Aggressor squadron"
84:improve this article
1181:on 17 November 2006
930:Ishikawa Prefecture
922:Mitsubishi F-15J/DJ
902:Dassault Falcon 20s
581:) are most common.
338:No. 1426 Flight RAF
1381:, Presidio Press.
1353:Osprey Publishing
1083:A-4K Kahu Skyhawks
1068:
900:Honey Badgers and
770:electronic warfare
716:
523:
425:F-35A Lightning II
375:
263:adversary squadron
259:aggressor squadron
255:
1359:978-1-84603-378-0
978:Soviet Air Forces
896:using a fleet of
563:Davis-Monthan AFB
241:
240:
233:
223:
222:
215:
197:, as appropriate.
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
1465:
1407:Scream of Eagles
1337:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1259:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1177:. Archived from
1171:
1165:
1160:
926:Komatsu Air Base
328:" with captured
322:Second World War
236:
229:
218:
211:
207:
204:
198:
170:
169:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1443:
1442:
1423:
1346:
1344:Further reading
1341:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1306:Holm, Michael.
1304:
1300:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1245:
1240:No 100 Squadron
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1140:
1095:
1079:New South Wales
1060:
1024:
1022:NATO and others
974:
962:F-5E/F Tiger II
938:
910:
898:Aero L-159 ALCA
874:
828:
721:
611:US Marine Corps
587:
515:
433:
363:
358:
318:
298:master jet base
237:
226:
225:
224:
219:
208:
202:
199:
184:
171:
167:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1471:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1422:
1421:External links
1419:
1418:
1417:
1409:, Pocketstar.
1403:
1389:
1375:
1361:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1324:
1298:
1280:
1254:
1243:
1232:
1206:
1192:
1166:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1094:
1091:
1059:
1056:
1023:
1020:
1008:
1007:
1004:
973:
970:
952:. It used the
937:
934:
918:Mitsubishi T-2
909:
906:
873:
872:United Kingdom
870:
866:
865:
858:
847:
827:
824:
720:
717:
705:Clark Air Base
697:RAF Bentwaters
586:
583:
514:
511:
432:
429:
362:
359:
357:
354:
317:
314:
271:opposing force
239:
238:
221:
220:
181:of the subject
179:worldwide view
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1470:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1415:0-7434-9724-4
1412:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1401:0-87938-623-1
1398:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1387:0-87938-520-0
1384:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1373:0-89747-381-7
1370:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1334:
1328:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1196:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:Hawker Hunter
1105:
1101:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:was moved to
1072:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
992:
989:
987:
983:
979:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
905:
903:
899:
895:
894:Draken Europe
891:
887:
883:
879:
869:
863:
859:
856:
852:
848:
845:
841:
837:
836:
835:
833:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:CFB North Bay
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
752:operated the
751:
747:
745:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
712:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:RAF Alconbury
690:
685:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
582:
580:
576:
570:
568:
564:
560:
554:
550:
546:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
519:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:program. The
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
390:Northrop F-5s
387:
383:
380:
372:
367:
356:United States
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
252:
247:
243:
235:
232:
217:
214:
206:
196:
192:
188:
182:
180:
173:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1406:
1392:
1378:
1364:
1350:
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1311:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1267:
1257:
1246:
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1220:Defense News
1219:
1209:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1179:the original
1169:
1163:Constant Peg
1158:
1096:
1069:
1052:115 Squadron
1049:
1046:
1043:
1035:
1032:
1025:
1016:Soviet Union
1012:Turkmenistan
1009:
990:
975:
972:Soviet Union
939:
911:
875:
867:
829:
822:'s vessels.
805:
788:, flying ex-
750:414 Squadron
748:
733:419 Squadron
722:
686:
678:Navy Reserve
675:
647:NAS Key West
588:
571:
555:
551:
547:
532:
524:
492:
484:NAS Key West
477:
453:Constant Peg
434:
402:
376:
319:
279:
273:in military
262:
258:
256:
242:
227:
209:
200:
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1333:"Luftwaffe"
1293:RAF website
1225:10 February
1185:14 November
1124:A-4 Skyhawk
1112:Saab Draken
1058:New Zealand
986:Turkmen SSR
857:, and JL-9.
669:(NSAWC) at
595:Eielson AFB
526:MiG-29 and
286:A-4 Skyhawk
140:August 2008
1447:Categories
1150:References
954:F-86 Sabre
890:Red Arrows
818:, for the
671:NAS Fallon
639:NAS Fallon
631:NAS Oceana
607:Nellis AFB
567:NAS Fallon
413:F-15 Eagle
392:(US Navy,
310:T-38 Talon
306:Nellis AFB
110:newspapers
39:improve it
1317:8 January
1104:Alpha Jet
1075:NAS Nowra
1001:MiG-23MLD
997:MiG-21bis
790:Luftwaffe
740:Cold Lake
727:operated
663:F/A-18E/F
619:MCAS Yuma
585:Squadrons
495:F-21 Kfir
398:Air Force
191:talk page
45:talk page
1138:See also
1132:Learjets
1120:IAI Kfir
999:and the
878:BAE Hawk
862:Su-30MKK
842:and the
840:J-10A/AS
832:Cangzhou
680:and the
621:and the
615:VMFT-401
507:VMFT-401
405:F/A-18As
275:wargames
267:squadron
203:May 2010
185:You may
1273:23 July
966:Taitung
786:Ontario
778:Ontario
768:in the
744:Alberta
651:VFC-204
643:VFC-111
623:US Navy
457:US Army
449:MiG-23s
445:MiG-21s
441:MiG-17s
394:Marines
386:US Navy
379:Douglas
346:Fw 190s
342:Bf 109s
320:In the
316:Origins
249:A USAF
124:scholar
1413:
1399:
1385:
1371:
1357:
1312:ww2.dk
1144:Vismod
1128:MiG-21
950:Taiwan
936:Taiwan
855:J-8D/F
816:Exocet
782:Ottawa
766:EF-101
762:CC-117
758:CT-133
754:CF-100
719:Canada
635:VFC-13
627:VFC-12
609:, the
601:, the
597:, the
575:Sukhoi
543:VF-126
501:) and
488:MiG-29
471:, and
461:Mi-24s
447:, and
409:F-16Ns
396:, and
388:) and
300:. The
290:MiG-17
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
1116:BD-5J
908:Japan
826:China
812:VU-33
808:VU-32
801:ADATS
701:PACAF
689:USAFE
559:AMARC
539:VF-45
528:Su-27
499:VF-43
473:An-2s
469:Mi-2s
465:Mi-8s
350:USAAF
334:P-47s
330:P-51s
251:F-16C
193:, or
131:JSTOR
117:books
1411:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1369:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1319:2016
1275:2021
1227:2020
1187:2006
1100:L-39
982:Mary
976:The
912:The
884:and
851:J-7E
844:JL-9
810:and
764:and
729:CF-5
723:The
673:.
649:and
599:64th
480:DACT
437:Kfir
382:A-4s
344:and
103:news
948:in
928:in
735:at
653:at
645:at
637:at
629:at
625:'s
617:at
605:at
593:at
561:at
509:).
261:or
257:An
86:by
1449::
1310:.
1291:.
1266:.
1218:.
1126:,
1122:,
1118:,
1114:,
1110:,
1106:,
1102:,
1077:,
1018:.
984:,
968:.
932:.
904:.
880:,
853:,
784:,
776:,
760:,
756:,
742:,
684:.
641:,
633:,
613:'
569:.
541:,
475:.
467:,
463:,
443:,
332:,
312:.
48:.
1429:.
1335:.
1321:.
1277:.
1229:.
1203:.
1189:.
864:.
846:.
505:(
384:(
234:)
228:(
216:)
210:(
205:)
201:(
183:.
153:)
147:(
142:)
138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)