African trypanosomiasis

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product-development partnerships (PDP). A public-private partnership is an arrangement between one or more public entities and one or more private entities that exists to achieve a specific health outcome or to produce a health product. The partnership can exist in numerous ways; they may share and exchange funds, property, equipment, human resources, and intellectual property. These public-private partnerships and product-development partnerships have been established to address challenges in pharmaceutical industry, especially related to neglected disease research. These partnerships can help increase the scale of the effort towards therapeutic development by using different knowledge, skills, and expertise from different sources. These types of partnerships have been shown to be more effective than industry or public groups working independently.

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early symptoms are not evident or serious enough to warrant people with gambiense disease to seek medical attention, particularly in very remote areas. Also, diagnosis of the disease is difficult and health workers may not associate such general symptoms with trypanosomiasis. Systematic screening allows early-stage disease to be detected and treated before the disease progresses, and removes the potential human reservoir. A single case of sexual transmission of West African sleeping sickness has been reported.

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effort. However, in recent years, funding from high-income countries has been steadily decreasing; in 2007, high-income countries provided 67.5% of the total funding whereas, in 2012, high-income countries public funds only provided 60% of the total funding for kinetoplastid infections. This downwards trend leaves a gap for other funders, such as philanthropic foundations and private pharmaceutical companies to fill.

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the smart is forgot, and down they fall again into a state of Insensibility, drivling constantly from the Mouth as in deep salivation; breathe slowly, but not unequally nor snort. Young people are more subject to it than the old; and the Judgement generally pronounced is Death, the Prognostik seldom failing. If now and then one of them recovers, he certainly loses the little Reason he had, and turns Ideot...

4867:(DALYs) and an additional 70,075 recorded deaths yearly. For kinetoplastid infections, the total global research and development funding was approximately $ 136.3 million in 2012. Each of the three diseases, African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, and Leishmaniasis each received approximately a third of the funding, which was about US$ 36.8 million, US$ 38.7 million, and US$ 31.7 million, respectively. 4887:

eradication, through the development of new drugs, vaccines, public-health programs, and diagnostics. They are the second-highest funding source for neglected diseases, immediately behind the US National Institutes of Health. At a time where public funding is decreasing and government grants for scientific research are harder to obtain, the philanthropic world has stepped in to push the research forward.

865: 4468: 1039: 4604:. It was introduced in 1920 to treat the first stage of the disease. By 1922, Suramin was generally combined with tryparsamide (another pentavalent organoarsenic drug), the first drug to enter the nervous system and be useful in the treatment of the second stage of the gambiense form. Tryparsamide was announced in the 958: 4509:

The Sleepy Distemper (common among the Negroes) gives no other previous Notice, than a want of Appetite 2 or 3 days before; their sleeps are sound, and Sense and Feeling very little; for pulling, drubbing or whipping will scarce stir up Sense and Power enough to move; and the Moment you cease beating

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of at-risk communities is the best approach, because case-by-case screening is not practical in endemic regions. Systematic screening may be in the form of mobile clinics or fixed screening centres where teams travel daily to areas of high infection rates. Such screening efforts are important because

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In July 2000, a resolution was passed to form the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC). The campaign works to eradicate the tsetse vector population levels and subsequently the protozoan disease, by use of insecticide-impregnated targets, fly traps, insecticide-treated

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These antibodies will then act to destroy the parasites that circulate around the blood. However, from the several parasites present in the plasma, a small number of them will experience changes in their surface coats resulting in the formation of new VSGs. Thus, the antibodies produced by the immune

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For kinetoplastid infections specifically, they have donated an average of US$ 28.15 million annually between the years 2007 to 2011. They have labeled human African trypanosomiasis a high-opportunity target meaning it is a disease that presents the greatest opportunity for control, elimination, and

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For sleeping sickness, funding was split into basic research, drug discovery, vaccines, and diagnostics. The greatest amount of funding was directed towards basic research of the disease; approximately US$ 21.6 million was directed towards that effort. As for therapeutic development, approximately $

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drug families (containing melarsoprol and pentamidine, respectively). Drug uptake and degradation are two major issues to consider to avoid drug resistance development. In the case of nucleoside analogues, they need to be taken up by the P1 nucleoside transporter (instead of P2), and they also need

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is to target its nucleotide metabolism. The nucleotide metabolism studies have both led to the development of adenosine analogues looking promising in animal studies, and to the finding that downregulation of the P2 adenosine transporter is a common way to acquire partial drug resistance against the

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The entire life cycle of African trypanosomes is represented by extracellular stages. A tsetse fly becomes infected with bloodstream trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal on an infected mammalian host. In the fly's midgut, the parasites transform into procyclic trypomastigotes, multiply by binary

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types can affect other animals such as cattle and wild animals. African trypanosomiasis has generally been considered an anthroponotic disease and thus its control program was mainly focused on stopping the transmission by treating human cases and eliminating the vector. However, animal reservoirs

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The top funder for kinetoplastid infection research and development are public sources. About 62% of the funding comes from high-income countries while 9% comes from low- and middle-income countries. High-income countries' public funding is the largest contributor to the neglected disease research

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cases. The population at risk being about 69 million with one third of this number being at a 'very high' to 'moderate' risk and the remaining two thirds at a 'low' to 'very low' risk. The number of people being affected by the disease has declined. At this rate, sleeping sickness elimination is a

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parasites. While taking blood from a mammalian host, an infected tsetse fly injects metacyclic trypomastigotes into skin tissue. From the bite, parasites first enter the lymphatic system and then pass into the bloodstream. Inside the mammalian host, they transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes,

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The disease has been recorded as occurring in 37 countries, all in sub-Saharan Africa. It occurs regularly in southeast Uganda and western Kenya, and killed more than 48,000 Africans in 2008. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most affected country in the world, accounting for 75% of the

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The disease has been reported to present with atypical symptoms in infected individuals who originate from non-endemic areas (e.g. travelers). The reasons for this are unclear and may be genetic. The low number of such cases may also have skewed findings. In such persons, the infection is said to

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Initially, the first stage of the disease is characterized by fevers, headaches, itchiness, and joint pains, beginning one to three weeks after the bite. Weeks to months later, the second stage begins with confusion, poor coordination, numbness, and trouble sleeping. Diagnosis is by finding the

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African trypanosomiasis symptoms occur in two stages: the hemolymphatic stage and the neurological stage (the latter being characterised by parasitic invasion of the central nervous system). Neurological symptoms occur in addition to the initial features, and the two stages may be difficult to

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Much of the progress that has been made in African sleeping sickness and neglected disease research as a whole is a result of the other non-public funders. One of these major sources of funding has come from foundations, which have increasingly become more committed to neglected disease drug

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Currently there are few medically related prevention options for African trypanosomiasis (i.e. no vaccine exists for immunity). Although the risk of infection from a tsetse fly bite is minor (estimated at less than 0.1%), the use of insect repellants, wearing long-sleeved clothing, avoiding

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Three serological tests are also available for detection of the parasite: the micro-CATT (card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis), wb-CATT, and wb-LATEX. The first uses dried blood, while the other two use whole blood samples. A 2002 study found the wb-CATT to be the most efficient for

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with the population at risk being about 70 million in 36 countries. An estimated 11,000 people are currently infected with 2,800 new infections in 2015. In 2018 there were 977 new cases. In 2015 it caused around 3,500 deaths, down from 34,000 in 1990. More than 80% of these cases are in the

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Another important component of increased interest and funding has come from industry. In 2012, they contributed 13.1% total to the kinetoplastid research and development effort, and have additionally played an important role by contributing to public-private partnerships (PPP) as well as

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African trypanosomiasis. In 2014, the World Health Organization reported 3,797 cases of Human African Trypanosomiasis when the predicted number of cases were to be 5,000. The number of total reported cases in 2014 is an 86% reduction to the total number of cases reported in 2000.

1016:'s technique and examined under a microscope. Often, the parasite is in relatively low abundance in the sample, so techniques to concentrate the parasites can be used prior to microscopic examination. For blood samples, these include centrifugation followed by examination of the 761:

system will no longer recognize the parasite leading to proliferation until new antibodies are created to combat the novel VSGs. Eventually, the immune system will no longer be able to fight off the parasite due to the constant changes in VSGs and infection will arise.

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Those affected may additionally present with: skin rash, haemolytic anaemia, hepatomegaly and abnormal liver function, splenomegaly, endocrine disturbance, cardiac involvement (e.g. pericarditis, and congestive heart failure), and ophthalmic involvement.

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Prevention of severe disease involves screening the at-risk population with blood tests for TbG. Treatment is easier when the disease is detected early and before neurological symptoms occur. Treatment of the first stage has been with the medications

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In 2010, it caused around 9,000 deaths, down from 34,000 in 1990. As of 2000, the disability-adjusted life-years (9 to 10 years) lost due to sleeping sickness are 2.0 million. From 2010 to 2014, there was an estimated 55 million people at risk for

1192:, which accounts for 92% of all of the reported cases, a person can be infected for months or even years without signs or symptoms until the advanced disease stage, where it is too late to be treated successfully. For individuals affected by 6373: 558:

Sleep-wake disturbances are a leading feature of the neurological stage and give the disease its common name of "sleeping sickness". Infected individuals experience a disorganized and fragmented sleep-wake cycle. Those affected experience

753:(VSG). These proteins act to protect the parasite from any lytic factors that are present in human plasma. The host's immune system recognizes the glycoproteins present on the coat of the parasite leading to the production of different 1055:(SIT). The use of SIT in Zanzibar proved effective in eliminating the entire population of tsetse flies but was expensive and is relatively impractical to use in many of the endemic countries afflicted with African trypanosomiasis. 6448: 1155:. A major challenge has been to find drugs that readily pass the blood-brain barrier. The latest drug that has come into clinical use is fexinidazol, but promising results have also been obtained with the benzoxaborole drug 4649:

in those who survive the encephalopathy. However, due to its effectiveness, melarsoprol is still used today. Resistance to melarsoprol is increasing, and combination therapy with nifurtimox is currently under research.

1196:, which accounts for 2% of all reported cases, symptoms appear within weeks or months of the infection. Disease progression is rapid and invades the central nervous system, causing death within a short amount of time. 1020:; mini anion-exchange/centrifugation; and the quantitative buffy coat (QBC) technique. For other samples, such as spinal fluid, concentration techniques include centrifugation followed by examination of the sediment. 7860: 7845: 1159:(SCYX-7158). This drug is currently under evaluation as a single-dose oral treatment, which is a great advantage compared to currently used drugs. Another research field that has been extensively studied in 4479:

The condition has been present in Africa for thousands of years. Because of a lack of travel between indigenous people, sleeping sickness in humans had been limited to isolated pockets. This changed after

5137:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1008:

Trypanosomes can be detected from samples using two different preparations. A wet preparation can be used to look for the motile trypanosomes. Alternatively, a fixed (dried) smear can be stained using

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discovery in the 21st century. In 2012, philanthropic sources provided 15.9% of the total funding. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has been a leader in providing funding for neglected disease

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refer to a group of flagellate protozoa. Kinetoplastid infections include African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, and Leishmaniasis. All together, these three diseases accounted for 4.4 million

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and several proteins have been identified as potential targets for drug treatment. Analysis of the genome also revealed the reason why generating a vaccine for this disease has been so difficult.

4656:(difluoromethylornithine or DFMO), the most modern treatment, was developed in the 1970s by Albert Sjoerdsma and underwent clinical trials in the 1980s. The drug was approved by the United States 4495:) which is a disease that frequently befalls the inhabitants of these countries especially their chieftains. Sleep overtakes one of them in such a manner that it is hardly possible to awake him." 437:

Fever is intermittent, with attacks lasting from a day to a week, separated by intervals of a few days to a month or longer. Episodes of fever become less frequent over the course of the disease.

5240:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 997:. Detection of trypanosome-specific antibodies can be used for diagnosis, but the sensitivity and specificity of these methods are too variable to be used alone for clinical diagnosis. Further, 727:. These parasites primarily infect individuals in sub-Saharan Africa because that is where the vector (tsetse fly) is located. The two human forms of the disease also vary greatly in intensity. 6227:"Evaluation of the micro-CATT, CATT/Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and LATEX/T b gambiense methods for serodiagnosis and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis in West and Central Africa" 7659:"Molecular identification of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in naturally infected pigs, dogs and small ruminants confirms domestic animals as potential reservoirs for sleeping sickness in Chad" 1069:

Regular active surveillance, involving detection and prompt treatment of new infections, and tsetse fly control is the backbone of the strategy used to control sleeping sickness. Systematic

965:: typical trypomastigote stages (the only stages found in people), with a posterior kinetoplast, a centrally located nucleus, an undulating membrane, and an anterior flagellum. The two 7247: 583:

of a limb, abnormal muscle tone, gait disturbance, ataxia, speech disturbances, paraesthesia, hyperaesthesia, anaesthesia, visual disturbance, abnormal reflexes, seizures, and coma.

4883:. They have provided US$ 444.1 million towards neglected disease research in 2012. To date, they have donated over US$ 1.02 billion towards the neglected disease discovery efforts. 1082:

The treatment is dependent on if the disease is discovered in the first or second stage of the disease. A requirement for treatment of the second stage is that the drug passes the

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is mainly zoonotic, with accidental human infections. The epidemiology of African trypanosomiasis is dependent on the interactions between the parasite (trypanosome), the vector (

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In actuality, the two phases overlap and are difficult to distinguish based on clinical features alone; determining the actual stage of the disease is achieved by examining the

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in 1920. It was used during the grand epidemic in West and Central Africa on millions of people and was the mainstay of therapy until the 1960s. American medical missionary

449:, often to tremendous sizes. Posterior cervical lymph nodes are most commonly affected, however, axillary, inguinal, and epitrochlear lymph node involvement may also occur. 6669:"Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase Protects the Parasite from the Antitrypanosomal Effect of Deoxyadenosine: implications for the pharmacology of adenosine antimetabolites" 4675:

In addition to sleeping sickness, previous names have included negro lethargy, maladie du sommeil (Fr), Schlafkrankheit (Ger), African lethargy, and Congo trypanosomiasis.

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were reported to possibly play an important role in the endemic nature of African trypanosomiasis, and for its resurgence in the historic foci of West and Central Africa.

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Without treatment, the disease is invariably fatal, with progressive mental deterioration leading to coma, systemic organ failure, and death. An untreated infection with

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resulting in daytime sleep and somnolence, and nighttime periods of wakefulness and insomnia. Additionally, those affected also experience episodes of sudden sleepiness.

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tsetse-dense areas, implementing bush clearance methods and wild game culling are the best options to avoid infection available for local residents of affected areas.

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An Arab writer of the 14th century left the following description in the case of a sultan of the Mali Kingdom: "His end was to be overtaken by the sleeping sickness (

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has a limited geographical range and is responsible for causing the disease in east and southern Africa. In addition, a third subspecies of the parasite known as

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Berriman M, Ghedin E, Hertz-Fowler C, Blandin G, Renauld H, Bartholomeu DC, et al. (July 2005). "The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei".

6475: 5292:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 893:

fission, leave the midgut, and transform into epimastigotes. The epimastigotes reach the fly's salivary glands and continue multiplication by binary fission.

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Laboratories: accidental infections, for example, through the handling of blood of an infected person and organ transplantation, although this is uncommon.

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Using a genetically modified form of a bacterium that occurs naturally in the gut of the vectors is being studied as a method of controlling the disease.

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Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).

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The gold standard for diagnosis is identification of trypanosomes in a sample by microscopic examination. Samples that can be used for diagnosis include

6720:"9-(2'-Deoxy-2'-Fluoro-β-d-Arabinofuranosyl) Adenine Is a Potent Antitrypanosomal Adenosine Analogue That Circumvents Transport-Related Drug Resistance" 321:

works for both types, it is typically only used for TbR, due to serious side effects. Without treatment, sleeping sickness typically results in death.

5831: 5809: 7214: 6789: 7410:"Oral fexinidazole for late-stage African Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis: a pivotal multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority trial" 4847:. The results showed efficacy and safety in both stages of the disease, both in adults and children ≥ 6 years old and weighing ≥ 20 kg. The 745:

form of the disease, and death can occur within months since the symptoms emerge within weeks and it is more virulent and faster developing than

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that can remain in a passive phase for months or years before symptoms emerge and the infection can last about three years before death occurs.

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Rocha G, Martins A, Gama G, Brandão F, Atouguia J (January 2004). "Possible cases of sexual and congenital transmission of sleeping sickness".

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Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).

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almost always results in death, with only a few individuals shown in a long-term 15 year follow-up to have survived after refusing treatment.

8981: 4641:(Arsobal) developed in the 1940s is effective for people with second-stage sleeping sickness. However, 3–10% of those injected have reactive 1141:

Intravenous melarsoprol was previously the standard treatment for second-stage (neurological phase) disease and is effective for both types.

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is often needed to tell the difference between first- and second-stage disease. If the disease is not treated quickly, it can lead to death.

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approved it for first and second stage disease outside of Europe in November 2018. The treatment was approved in the DRC in December 2018.

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agent in western Africa, leading to a sharp decline in infection rates. At the time, eradication of the disease was thought to be at hand.

7982: 7783: 6137:"Seasonal prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in a tsetse-infested zone and a tsetse-free zone of the Amhara Region, north-west Ethiopia" 7798: 7072: 6419: 5110: 8592: 7579: 7532: 885:

and are carried to other sites throughout the body, reach other body fluids (e.g., lymph, spinal fluid), and continue to replicate by

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Fexinidazole may be used for the second stage of TbG, if the disease is not severe. Otherwise a regimen involving the combination of

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infection. The first/initial stage, known as the hemolymphatic phase, is characterized by non-specific, generalised symptoms like:

4630:, a highly effective drug for the first stage of the disease, has been used since 1937. During the 1950s, it was widely used as a 6773: 4960: 4832: 670:

accounts for the majority of African trypanosomiasis cases, with humans as the main reservoir needed for the transmission, while

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Individuals may exhibit psychiatric symptoms which may sometimes dominate the clinical diagnosis and may include aggressiveness,

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Kennedy PG (February 2013). "Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)".

4536:, killing more than 250,000 people, including about two-thirds of the population in the affected lakeshore areas. According to 87: 472: 7226: 7197: 7066: 5856: 1062:

has reduced the tsetse fly population by as much as 99% by introducing male flies which have been sterilized by exposure to

4515: 8554: 8159: 1134:(NECT), or eflornithine alone appear to be more effective and result in fewer side effects. These treatments may replace 31: 7245:

Robinson, Victor, ed. (1939). "African Lethargy, Sleeping Sickness, or Congo trypanosomiasis; Trypanosoma gambiense".

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but this species can also be found in pigs and other animals. Wild game animals and cattle are the main reservoir of

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developing at the site of the infectious fly bite within 2 days of infection. The ulcer is most commonly observed in

9166: 8432: 8427: 8399: 7482:"Fexinidazole, the first all-oral treatment for sleeping sickness, approved in Democratic Republic of Congo | DNDi" 6534:"Fexinidazole, the first all-oral treatment for sleeping sickness, approved in Democratic Republic of Congo – DNDi" 4840: 330: 8587: 8544: 8518: 8277: 7975: 949:

is a chemical compound produced by the trypanosomal parasite in sleeping sickness which induces sleep in humans.

6898: 6786: 4664:, the company responsible for its manufacture, halted production in 1999. In 2001, Aventis, in association with 4645:(convulsions, progressive coma, or psychotic reactions), and 10–70% of such cases result in death; it can cause 345:. Other animals, such as cows, may carry the disease and become infected in which case it is known as Nagana or 9136: 7386: 832: 706: 637: 273: 141: 8859: 8667: 8529: 7787: 4864: 4665: 453:, the tell-tale swollen lymph nodes along the back of the neck, may appear. Winterbottom's sign is common in 490:

Typical fine-spotted pink rash of acute African trypanosomiasis on the skin of the abdomen ("trypanid rash")

8967: 8539: 8467: 8312: 4657: 4556: 4488:, bringing parasites along. Gambian sleeping sickness travelled up the Congo River, and then further east. 4472: 795: 750: 696: 643: 267: 135: 7752: 9146: 9141: 9046: 8672: 8108: 6272:"Baited-boats: an innovative way to control riverine tsetse, vectors of sleeping sickness in West Africa" 5823: 5801: 5567: 4812:

has over 800 genes that make proteins the parasite "mixes and matches" to evade immune system detection.

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Capture devices for tsetse flies, on shore and on a boat in Africa. Efforts to prevent sleeping sickness.

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For current funding statistics, human African trypanosomiasis is grouped with kinetoplastid infections.

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Diagnosis may be delayed due to the vagueness of initial symptoms. The disease may also be mistaken for

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Two areas from a blood smear from a person with African trypanosomiasis, thin blood smear stained with

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Lundkvist GB, Kristensson K, Bentivoglio M (August 2004). "Why trypanosomes cause sleeping sickness".

277:(TbR). TbG causes over 92% of reported cases. Both are usually transmitted by the bite of an infected 9131: 8750: 8559: 8507: 8482: 7726: 7719: 6902: 6476:"The Tsetse Fly Eradication Project in Senegal Wins Award for Best Sustainable Development Practices" 4956: 4848: 4669: 1024:

diagnosis, while the wb-LATEX is a better exam for situations where greater sensitivity is required.

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Disease progression greatly varies depending on disease form. For individuals which are infected by

981:, are indistinguishable morphologically. The trypanosomes' length range is 14 to 33 μm; source: CDC. 9151: 8307: 7875: 4844: 1052: 5589:

Gómez-Junyent J, Pinazo MJ, Castro P, Fernández S, Mas J, Chaguaceda C, et al. (March 2017).

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There are two subspecies of the parasite that are responsible for starting the disease in humans.

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Klingman JD (April 1994). "Arthur Lewis Piper, M.D.: a medical missionary in the Belgian Congo".

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Mother-to-child infection: the trypanosome can sometimes cross the placenta and infect the fetus.

532: 7960: 6449:"A U.S.-funded nuclear project to zap a killer fly into extinction is saving West Africa's cows" 9084: 8943: 8492: 8327: 8128: 7791: 7525: 7331:"Tsetse-Wolbachia symbiosis: comes of age and has great potential for pest and disease control" 4900: 4818:

Recent findings indicate that the parasite is unable to survive in the bloodstream without its

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will cause death after several years. Damage caused in the neurological phase is irreversible.

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Doudoumis V, Alam U, Aksoy E, Abd-Alla AM, Tsiamis G, Brelsfoard C, et al. (March 2013).

7185: 7056: 5645:"Outcome of acute East African trypanosomiasis in a Polish traveller treated with pentamidine" 5486: 8765: 8497: 8218: 8083: 7583: 7408:

Mesu VK, Kalonji WM, Bardonneau C, Mordt OV, Blesson S, Simon F, et al. (January 2018).

6028: 4976: 4552: 1149:; however, it causes death in 5% of people who take it. Resistance to melarsoprol can occur. 970: 913: 520: 6135:

Cherenet T, Sani RA, Panandam JM, Nadzr S, Speybroeck N, van den Bossche P (December 2004).

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Invasion of the circulatory and lymphatic systems by the parasite is associated with severe

333:. Three major outbreaks have occurred in recent history: one from 1896 to 1906 primarily in 8919: 8232: 7764: 7606:

Büscher P, Bart JM, Boelaert M, Bucheton B, Cecchi G, Chitnis N, et al. (March 2018).

7338: 7287: 6811: 5357: 1185:, being a more acute and severe form of the disease, is consistently fatal if not treated. 1070: 5643:

Paul M, Stefaniak J, Smuszkiewicz P, Van Esbroeck M, Geysen D, Clerinx J (February 2014).

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Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).

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has contributed to the African sleeping sickness research by developing a compound called

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was active in using tryparsamide to treat sleeping sickness in the Belgian Congo in 1925.

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present mainly as fever with gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g. diarrhoea and jaundice) with

8: 8998: 8990: 8914: 8904: 8370: 8270: 8121: 8117: 8079: 7998: 7864: 6453: 5928:"Tackling Sleeping Sickness: Current and Promising Therapeutics and Treatment Strategies" 5568:"CDC – African Trypanosomiasis – General Information – East African Trypanosomiasis FAQs" 5187:

Simarro PP, Cecchi G, Franco JR, Paone M, Diarra A, Ruiz-Postigo JA, et al. (2012).

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possibility. The World Health Organization plans to eradicate sleeping sickness by 2030.

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The entire life cycle of the fly takes about three weeks. In addition to the bite of the

587:-like movements might arise due to non-specific movement disorders and speech disorders. 547: 7742: 7342: 7291: 6644: 6617: 5954: 5927: 5326: 5291: 535:. Progression to the neurological phase occurs after an estimated 21–60 days in case of 8924: 8677: 8577: 8442: 8087: 8033: 7812:

A Naturalist on Lake Victoria, with an Account of Sleeping Sickness and the Tse-tse Fly

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Rayaisse JB, Salou E, Courtin F, Yoni W, Barry I, Dofini F, et al. (April 2015).

6202: 6177: 6105: 5761: 5307: 5255: 5152: 5041: 1204: 317:

is a more recent treatment that can be taken by mouth, for either stage of TbG. While

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was the cause of a similar disease in horses and cattle that was transmitted by the

1138:

when available. NECT has the benefit of requiring fewer injections of eflornithine.

1051:

cattle, ultra-low dose aerial/ground spraying (SAT) of tsetse resting sites and the

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5848: 5607: 5205: 560: 446: 363: 290: 175: 66: 4822:. This insight gives researchers a new angle with which to attack the parasite. 341:, and two in 1920 and 1970, in several African countries. It is classified as a 37:

This article is about the human disease. For the disease affecting animals, see

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of the protozoa were differentiated in 1910. Bruce had earlier shown that

8879: 8755: 8695: 8647: 8642: 8633: 8472: 8422: 8417: 8299: 7921: 7608:"Do Cryptic Reservoirs Threaten Gambiense-Sleeping Sickness Elimination?" 6736: 6211: 5515:"Clinical and Neuropathogenetic Aspects of Human African Trypanosomiasis" 4638: 4627: 4545: 4485: 1156: 1142: 1135: 1099: 1013: 990: 749:. Furthermore, trypanosomes are surrounded by a coat that is composed of 576: 338: 318: 298: 286: 199: 191: 171: 30:"Sleeping sickness" and "Sleep fever" redirect here. For other uses, see 6398: 5893: 5770: 8938: 8884: 8864: 8662: 8638: 8569: 8487: 8380: 8350: 8345: 8335: 8198: 8184: 7943: 7153: 4568: 4560: 1209: 1123: 1017: 946: 927: 897: 873: 754: 675: 503: 411: 310: 278: 207: 182: 159: 75: 8959: 7837: 7188:. In Magill AJ, Strickland GT, Maguire JH, Ryan ET, Solomon T (eds.). 6193: 4953:"Fact sheet N°259: Trypanosomiasis, Human African (sleeping sickness)" 957: 390:

infection, ulcers are more common in persons from non-endemic areas).

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The Cambridge History of Africa: From the earliest times to c. 500 BC

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Parasites – African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness)

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Parasites – African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness)

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was first synthesized by Oskar Dressel and Richard Kothe in 1916 for

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will cause death within months whereas an untreated infection with

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treated and described cases while stationed aboard the

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occurs after the onset of clinical symptoms during a

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CRC Press. p. 60. 6903:World Health Organization 6622:FEMS Microbiology Reviews 6289:10.1186/s13071-015-0851-0 4957:World Health Organization 4849:European Medicines Agency 4828:are undergoing research. 4670:World Health Organization 4586:-based drug developed by 4463:Tsetse fly § History 1153:Drug development projects 1110:by injection is used for 764: 713:Trypanosoma brucei brucei 623:, attention deficit, and 253:African sleeping sickness 231: 223: 213: 181: 165: 149: 130: 122: 93: 81: 73: 64: 56: 51: 18:African sleeping sickness 8308:Rapid eye movement (REM) 7788:Médecins Sans Frontières 7676:10.1051/parasite/2020061 7625:10.1016/j.pt.2017.11.008 6810:(Report). Archived from 5662:10.1186/1471-2334-14-111 5532:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00039 4845:Central African Republic 4826:Trypanosomiasis vaccines 4666:Médecins Sans Frontières 4551:The causative agent and 1776:Central African Republic 1053:sterile insect technique 650: 366:developing only rarely. 9167:African trypanosomiasis 9111:Priority review voucher 8629:Exploding head syndrome 8438:Obstructive sleep apnea 8095:Cutaneous leishmaniasis 8040:African trypanosomiasis 7949:African trypanosomiasis 7753:African trypanosomiasis 7300:10.1126/science.1112642 7095:Parasites & Vectors 6929:Parasites & Vectors 6792:16 January 2013 at the 6686:10.1074/jbc.M116.715615 6327:Parasites & Vectors 6276:Parasites & Vectors 5649:BMC Infectious Diseases 5519:Frontiers in Immunology 531:by passing through the 525:meningoencephalic stage 447:swelling of lymph nodes 242:African trypanosomiasis 219:Fatal without treatment 126:1–3 weeks post exposure 74:Trypanosoma forms in a 52:African trypanosomiasis 8944:Sleeping while on duty 8493:Idiopathic hypersomnia 8129:Visceral leishmaniasis 7612:Trends in Parasitology 7337:. 112 Suppl: S94-103. 7108:10.1186/1756-3305-3-15 7033:10.3201/eid1004.020626 6635:10.1093/femsre/fuad020 6340:10.1186/1756-3305-1-24 6154:10.4102/ojvr.v71i4.250 4984:Cite journal requires 4901:Animal trypanosomiasis 4512: 4476: 1213: 1043: 982: 969:subspecies that cause 869: 664: 659:The life cycle of the 529:central nervous system 410:, headaches (severe), 347:animal trypanosomiasis 39:Animal trypanosomiasis 9137:Insect-borne diseases 8766:Neuroscience of sleep 8498:Night eating syndrome 8483:Kleine–Levin syndrome 8219:Trichomonas vaginalis 7727:Medical Knowledge app 6942:10.1186/1756-3305-1-3 5945:10.3390/ijms241512529 5881:Clinical Epidemiology 5317:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 5030:The Lancet. Neurology 4618:Rockefeller Institute 4514:French naval surgeon 4507: 4470: 1207: 1041: 971:human trypanosomiasis 960: 867: 833:T. brucei rhodesiense 658: 8920:Sleep and creativity 8233:Dientamoeba fragilis 6737:10.1128/AAC.02719-16 5996:10.1155/2016/6201350 5250:(10053): 1545–1602. 5147:(10053): 1459–1544. 4637:The organoarsenical 408:fever (intermittent) 309:or a combination of 8999:Diseases of poverty 8991:Diseases of poverty 8915:Sleep and breathing 8371:Sensorimotor rhythm 7794:on 23 October 2013. 7784:"Sleeping sickness" 7558:"Strategy Overview" 7343:2013JInvP.112S..94D 7292:2005Sci...309..416B 6454:The Washington Post 5894:10.2147/CLEP.S39728 5302:(9859): 2095–2128. 4529:in the late 1860s. 1208:Deaths per 100,000 1084:blood-brain barrier 1058:A pilot program in 995:cerebrospinal fluid 796:T. brucei gambiense 548:cerebrospinal fluid 533:blood–brain barrier 451:Winterbottom's sign 394:Hemolymphatic phase 244:is an insect-borne 9147:Protozoal diseases 9142:Parasitic diseases 9047:Neglected diseases 9032:Diarrheal diseases 8925:Sleep and learning 8678:Nocturnal emission 8578:Nightmare disorder 8443:Periodic breathing 7913:External resources 7803:University of Iowa 7765:"A doctor's dream" 7595:on 20 August 2014. 7420:(10116): 144–154. 7263:Strong RP (1944). 7184:Magill AJ (2012). 7154:10.1007/BF02260364 6981:Strong RP (1944). 4831:Additionally, the 4622:Arthur Lewis Piper 4573:Glossina morsitans 4482:Arab slave traders 4477: 1214: 1161:Trypanosoma brucei 1044: 983: 967:Trypanosoma brucei 870: 690:Trypanosoma brucei 683:Trypanosoma brucei 665: 661:Trypanosoma brucei 613:emotional lability 521:neurological phase 515:Neurological phase 433:Intermittent fever 420:hepatosplenomegaly 400:T. b. rhodesiense, 370:Trypanosomal ulcer 353:Signs and symptoms 326:sub-Saharan Africa 262:Trypanosoma brucei 155:Trypanosoma brucei 88:Infectious disease 9157:Tropical diseases 9119: 9118: 8957: 8956: 8935:Sleep deprivation 8774: 8773: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8170: 8169: 8154:Naegleria fowleri 8139: 8138: 7992:Parasitic disease 7958: 7957: 7488:. 29 January 2019 7286:(5733): 416–422. 7228:978-0-203-21151-9 7199:978-1-4557-4043-7 7068:978-0-521-22803-9 6814:on 22 March 2006. 6540:. 29 January 2019 6425:on 27 August 2021 6384:(9709): 148–159. 6194:10.1172/JCI109419 5756:(9709): 148–159. 4454: 4453: 2311:Equatorial Guinea 1194:T. b. rhodesiense 1183:T. b. rhodesiense 1147:T. b. rhodesiense 1112:T. b. rhodesiense 1102:by injection for 1003:T. b. rhodesiense 979:T. b. rhodesiense 910:Blood transfusion 862: 861: 739:T. b. rhodesiense 733:chronic condition 725:T. b. rhodesiense 678:), and the host. 638:T. b. rhodesiense 523:(also called the 508:T. b. rhodesiense 380:T. b. rhodesiense 257:sleeping sickness 239: 238: 167:Diagnostic method 46:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 9174: 9132:Health in Africa 8984: 8977: 8970: 8961: 8960: 8930:Sleep and memory 8870:Circadian rhythm 8617:Benign phenomena 8519:Circadian rhythm 8396: 8395: 8280: 8273: 8266: 8257: 8256: 8181: 8180: 8125: 8091: 8076:Leishmania major 8021: 8020: 8012: 8011: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7962: 7961: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7795: 7790:. Archived from 7779: 7777: 7775: 7769:stories.dndi.org 7739: 7738: 7722: 7706: 7705: 7704: 7698: 7688: 7678: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7637: 7627: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7543: 7537: 7530: 7521: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7462: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7429: 7405: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7385:. Archived from 7379: 7373: 7372: 7362: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7260: 7254: 7252: 7242: 7233: 7232: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7120: 7110: 7086: 7077: 7076: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7035: 7011: 7005: 7004: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6978: 6965: 6964: 6954: 6944: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6861: 6851: 6827: 6816: 6815: 6803: 6797: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6749: 6739: 6730:(6): e02719-16. 6715: 6709: 6708: 6698: 6688: 6679:(22): 11717–26. 6664: 6658: 6657: 6647: 6637: 6616:Hofer A (2022). 6613: 6604: 6603: 6593: 6561: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6514:on 22 March 2006 6510:. Archived from 6500: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6430: 6424: 6418:. Archived from 6401: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6352: 6342: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6301: 6291: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6246: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6205: 6188:(6): 1241–1248. 6173: 6167: 6166: 6156: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6089: 6080: 6079: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6008: 5998: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5957: 5947: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5906: 5896: 5872: 5861: 5860: 5845: 5836: 5835: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5773: 5745: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5694: 5685: 5684: 5674: 5664: 5640: 5631: 5630: 5620: 5610: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5564: 5555: 5554: 5544: 5534: 5510: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5483: 5438: 5437: 5401: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5329: 5319: 5287: 5278: 5277: 5267: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5218: 5208: 5184: 5175: 5174: 5164: 5132: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5107: 5062: 5061: 5025: 4994: 4993: 4987: 4982: 4980: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4948: 4881:drug development 4794: 4785: 4776: 4767: 4758: 4749: 4740: 4731: 4722: 4713: 4704: 4695: 4679:The British-led 1238: 1237: 769: 768: 599:, irritability, 537:T. b. rhodesiens 499: 487: 475: 69: 49: 48: 21: 9182: 9181: 9177: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9171: 9152:Sleep disorders 9122: 9121: 9120: 9115: 9094: 9080:River blindness 9070:Schistosomiasis 9041: 8993: 8988: 8958: 8953: 8848:Procrastination 8801:Four-poster bed 8770: 8734: 8728:Polysomnography 8706:Sleep induction 8682: 8653:Sleep paralysis 8612: 8564: 8523: 8520: 8512: 8454: 8413:Mouth breathing 8391:Sleep disorders 8385: 8322: 8313:Quiescent sleep 8293: 8291:sleep disorders 8284: 8254: 8245: 8239:Dientamoebiasis 8204: 8194:Giardia lamblia 8166: 8135: 8115: 8103:L. braziliensis 8073: 8060: 8025:Trypanosomiasis 8016:Trypanosomatida 8001: 7989: 7959: 7954: 7953: 7908: 7907: 7840: 7782: 7773: 7771: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7740: 7736: 7731: 7723: 7715: 7710: 7709: 7699: 7655: 7651: 7604: 7600: 7592: 7578: 7577: 7573: 7556: 7555: 7551: 7541: 7539: 7535: 7528: 7522: 7501: 7491: 7489: 7480: 7479: 7475: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7406: 7402: 7392: 7390: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7327: 7323: 7276: 7272: 7261: 7257: 7243: 7236: 7229: 7211: 7207: 7200: 7186:"Leishmaniasis" 7182: 7178: 7138: 7134: 7087: 7080: 7069: 7053: 7049: 7012: 7008: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6979: 6968: 6921: 6917: 6907: 6905: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6882: 6879: 6875: 6842:(5): e0005585. 6828: 6819: 6804: 6800: 6794:Wayback Machine 6785: 6781: 6768: 6767: 6763: 6716: 6712: 6665: 6661: 6614: 6607: 6576:(6): CD006201. 6562: 6553: 6543: 6541: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6517: 6515: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6487: 6485: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6459: 6457: 6445: 6441: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6370: 6366: 6319: 6315: 6268: 6264: 6237:(11): 882–886. 6223: 6219: 6174: 6170: 6133: 6129: 6090: 6083: 6052: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6027: 6026: 6022: 5975: 5971: 5924: 5920: 5873: 5864: 5855:. 11 May 2008. 5847: 5846: 5839: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5800: 5799: 5795: 5746: 5725: 5715: 5713: 5695: 5688: 5641: 5634: 5601:(3): e0005324. 5587: 5583: 5573: 5571: 5566: 5565: 5558: 5511: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5485: 5484: 5441: 5402: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5288: 5281: 5236: 5232: 5185: 5178: 5133: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5109: 5108: 5065: 5026: 4997: 4985: 4983: 4974: 4973: 4966: 4964: 4949: 4928: 4923: 4903: 4897: 4857: 4802: 4795: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4750: 4741: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4705: 4696: 4465: 4459: 1202: 1190:T. b. gambiense 1179:T. b. gambiense 1175: 1120: 1104:T. b. gambiense 1092: 1080: 1036: 1030: 975:T. b. gambiense 955: 944: 942:Pathophysiology 838:Eastern Africa 801:Western Africa 767: 757:(IgM and IgG). 747:T. b. gambiense 729:T. b. gambiense 721:T. b. gambiense 692: 686: 653: 644:T. b. gambiense 633: 593: 569: 561:sleep inversion 556: 554:Sleep disorders 541:T. b. gambiense 517: 510: 500: 491: 488: 479: 476: 463: 455:T. b. gambiense 443: 441:Lymphadenopathy 435: 404:T. b. gambiense 396: 388:T. b. gambiense 384:T. b. gambiense 372: 364:lymphadenopathy 355: 291:lumbar puncture 176:lumbar puncture 103: 47: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9180: 9170: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9113: 9108: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9075:Dracunculiasis 9072: 9067: 9062: 9060:Chagas disease 9057: 9051: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9003: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8987: 8986: 8979: 8972: 8964: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8875:Comfort object 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8850: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8782: 8780: 8776: 8775: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8746:Sleep medicine 8742: 8740: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8703: 8698: 8692: 8690: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8620: 8618: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8574: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8526: 8524: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8464: 8462: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8415: 8410: 8404: 8402: 8393: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8332: 8330: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8304: 8302: 8295: 8294: 8283: 8282: 8275: 8268: 8260: 8251: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8243: 8242: 8241: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8225:Trichomoniasis 8214: 8212: 8210:Trichomonadida 8206: 8205: 8203: 8202: 8189: 8187: 8178: 8172: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8149: 8147: 8145:Schizopyrenida 8141: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8113: 8112: 8111: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8070: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8054:Chagas disease 8044: 8043: 8042: 8029: 8027: 8018: 8009: 8003: 8002: 7988: 7987: 7980: 7973: 7965: 7956: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7940: 7929: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7894: 7883: 7872: 7857: 7841: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7832:Classification 7826: 7825: 7806: 7796: 7780: 7741: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7713:External links 7711: 7708: 7707: 7649: 7618:(3): 197–207. 7598: 7571: 7549: 7499: 7473: 7449: 7400: 7389:on 13 May 2006 7374: 7321: 7270: 7255: 7234: 7227: 7215:"Eflornithine" 7205: 7198: 7176: 7148:(2): 125–146. 7132: 7078: 7067: 7047: 7026:(4): 567–573. 7006: 6988: 6966: 6915: 6890: 6873: 6817: 6798: 6779: 6761: 6710: 6659: 6628:(3): fuad020. 6605: 6551: 6525: 6495: 6484:. 23 July 2015 6467: 6439: 6364: 6313: 6262: 6217: 6168: 6147:(4): 307–312. 6127: 6081: 6046: 6020: 5969: 5918: 5862: 5837: 5815: 5793: 5723: 5686: 5632: 5581: 5556: 5500: 5439: 5412:(4): 198–206. 5375: 5349: 5279: 5230: 5176: 5124: 5063: 5036:(2): 186–194. 4995: 4986:|journal= 4925: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4899:Main article: 4896: 4893: 4861:Kinetoplastids 4856: 4853: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4789: 4787: 4780: 4778: 4771: 4769: 4762: 4760: 4753: 4751: 4744: 4742: 4735: 4733: 4726: 4724: 4717: 4715: 4708: 4706: 4699: 4697: 4690: 4688: 4643:encephalopathy 4458: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1201: 1198: 1177:If untreated, 1174: 1171: 1119: 1116: 1091: 1088: 1079: 1076: 1029: 1026: 999:seroconversion 954: 951: 943: 940: 917: 916: 914:Sexual contact 911: 908: 905: 887:binary fission 860: 859: 846:G. swynnertoni 839: 836: 829: 825: 824: 809:G. tachinoides 802: 799: 792: 788: 787: 781: 778: 773: 766: 763: 688:Main article: 685: 680: 652: 649: 632: 629: 605:hallucinations 603:reactions and 592: 589: 568: 565: 555: 552: 516: 513: 512: 511: 501: 494: 492: 489: 482: 480: 477: 470: 462: 461:Other features 459: 442: 439: 434: 431: 395: 392: 371: 368: 354: 351: 285:parasite in a 237: 236: 233: 229: 228: 225: 221: 220: 217: 211: 210: 185: 179: 178: 169: 163: 162: 151: 147: 146: 132: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 97: 91: 90: 85: 79: 78: 71: 70: 62: 61: 58: 54: 53: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9179: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9099:Miscellaneous 9097: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9085:Leishmaniasis 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9044: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8985: 8980: 8978: 8973: 8971: 8966: 8965: 8962: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8777: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8737: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8721: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8701:Sleep hygiene 8699: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8658:Sleep inertia 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8615: 8609: 8608:Sleep-talking 8606: 8604: 8603:Sleep driving 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8571: 8567: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8515: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8448: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8388: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8376:Sleep spindle 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8325: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8281: 8276: 8274: 8269: 8267: 8262: 8261: 8258: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8223: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8211: 8207: 8200: 8196: 8195: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8185:Diplomonadida 8182: 8179: 8177: 8173: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8123: 8119: 8114: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8085: 8084:L. aethiopica 8081: 8077: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8066:Leishmaniasis 8063: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8036: 8035: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8007:Discicristata 8004: 8000: 7997: 7993: 7986: 7981: 7979: 7974: 7972: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7950: 7946: 7945: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7934: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7915: 7911: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7888: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7877: 7873: 7871: 7867: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7842: 7839: 7834: 7830: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7813: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7748: 7744: 7729: 7728: 7721: 7703: 7696: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7653: 7645: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7602: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7575: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7534: 7527: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7487: 7483: 7477: 7459: 7453: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7404: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7370: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7325: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7274: 7266: 7259: 7250: 7249: 7241: 7239: 7230: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7209: 7201: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7180: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7136: 7128: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7083: 7074: 7070: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7051: 7043: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6984: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6962: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6919: 6904: 6900: 6894: 6886: 6881: 6877: 6869: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6813: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6783: 6775: 6771: 6765: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6714: 6706: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6612: 6610: 6601: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6471: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6435:See pp. 154–5 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6309: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6100:(9404): 247. 6099: 6095: 6088: 6086: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6035:. 8 June 2018 6034: 6030: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5938:(15): 12529. 5937: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5914: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5842: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5691: 5682: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5637: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5569: 5563: 5561: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5488: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5284: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5199:(10): e1859. 5198: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5181: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5129: 5112: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4991: 4978: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4926: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4882: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4821: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4614:Louise Pearce 4611: 4610:Belgian Congo 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4593: 4592:Kiyoshi Shiga 4589: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4520:hospital ship 4517: 4511: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4500:naval surgeon 4496: 4494: 4493:illat an-nawm 4489: 4487: 4483: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2097:Côte d'Ivoire 2096: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1211: 1206: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1170: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1087: 1085: 1075: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1048: 1040: 1035: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 959: 950: 948: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 902: 901: 899: 894: 890: 888: 883: 879: 875: 866: 858: 857: 853: 852: 851:G. pallidipes 848: 847: 843: 840: 837: 835: 834: 830: 827: 826: 823: 822: 818: 817: 816: 811: 810: 806: 803: 800: 798: 797: 793: 790: 789: 785: 782: 780:Distribution 779: 777: 774: 771: 770: 762: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 717: 715: 714: 709: 708: 703: 699: 698: 691: 684: 679: 677: 673: 669: 662: 657: 648: 646: 645: 640: 639: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 564: 562: 551: 549: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 509: 505: 498: 493: 486: 481: 474: 469: 468: 467: 458: 456: 452: 448: 438: 430: 428: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 391: 389: 386:(however, in 385: 381: 377: 367: 365: 359: 350: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 327: 322: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 294: 292: 288: 282: 280: 276: 275: 270: 269: 264: 263: 258: 254: 249: 247: 243: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 216: 212: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 186: 184: 180: 177: 173: 170: 168: 164: 161: 157: 156: 152: 148: 144: 143: 138: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 118: 114: 110: 106: 101: 98: 96: 92: 89: 86: 84: 80: 77: 72: 68: 63: 59: 55: 50: 44: 40: 33: 19: 9106:Malnutrition 9064: 9017:Tuberculosis 8821:Sleeping bag 8598:Sleepwalking 8583:Night terror 8300:sleep cycles 8231: 8217: 8192: 8152: 8116: 8101: 8074: 8046: 8039: 8032: 7942: 7931: 7920: 7896: 7885: 7874: 7859: 7844: 7811: 7801:(Hardin MD/ 7792:the original 7772:. Retrieved 7768: 7751: 7750: 7749:profile for 7746: 7725: 7666: 7662: 7652: 7615: 7611: 7601: 7590:the original 7584: 7574: 7561: 7552: 7540:. Retrieved 7490:. Retrieved 7485: 7476: 7464:. Retrieved 7452: 7417: 7413: 7403: 7391:. Retrieved 7387:the original 7377: 7334: 7324: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7264: 7258: 7253:, pp. 20–21. 7246: 7218: 7208: 7189: 7179: 7145: 7141: 7135: 7098: 7094: 7057: 7050: 7023: 7019: 7009: 7000: 6991: 6982: 6932: 6928: 6918: 6906:. Retrieved 6893: 6876: 6839: 6835: 6812:the original 6801: 6782: 6764: 6727: 6723: 6713: 6676: 6672: 6662: 6625: 6621: 6573: 6569: 6542:. Retrieved 6537: 6528: 6516:. Retrieved 6512:the original 6507: 6498: 6486:. Retrieved 6479: 6470: 6458:. Retrieved 6452: 6442: 6434: 6429:25 September 6427:. Retrieved 6420:the original 6399:10144/114145 6381: 6377: 6367: 6330: 6326: 6316: 6279: 6275: 6265: 6234: 6230: 6220: 6185: 6181: 6171: 6144: 6140: 6130: 6097: 6093: 6062:(1): 57–59. 6059: 6055: 6049: 6037:. Retrieved 6032: 6023: 5986: 5982: 5972: 5935: 5931: 5921: 5884: 5880: 5852: 5827: 5818: 5805: 5796: 5771:10144/114145 5753: 5749: 5714:. Retrieved 5702: 5652: 5648: 5598: 5594: 5584: 5572:. Retrieved 5522: 5518: 5491:. Retrieved 5409: 5405: 5366:. Retrieved 5352: 5299: 5295: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5196: 5192: 5144: 5140: 5115:. Retrieved 5033: 5029: 4977:cite journal 4965:. Retrieved 4913: 4909: 4908:of both the 4905: 4904: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4858: 4837:fexinidazole 4830: 4824: 4817: 4814: 4809: 4803: 4680: 4674: 4654:Eflornithine 4652: 4647:brain damage 4636: 4632:prophylactic 4626: 4605: 4596: 4588:Paul Ehrlich 4577: 4572: 4564: 4550: 4537: 4531: 4522: 4513: 4508: 4498:The British 4497: 4492: 4490: 4478: 4346: 3274: 1562:Burkina Faso 1231: 1228: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1200:Epidemiology 1193: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1160: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1140: 1128:eflornithine 1121: 1118:Second stage 1111: 1103: 1098:by mouth or 1096:fexinidazole 1093: 1081: 1068: 1057: 1049: 1045: 1022: 1007: 1002: 984: 978: 974: 966: 945: 928:stable flies 918: 895: 891: 877: 871: 855: 854: 850: 849: 845: 844: 842:G. morsitans 841: 831: 821:G. morsitans 820: 819: 813: 812: 808: 807: 804: 794: 783: 775: 759: 746: 738: 737: 728: 724: 720: 718: 711: 705: 695: 693: 682: 671: 667: 666: 660: 642: 636: 634: 594: 570: 557: 545: 540: 536: 524: 518: 507: 464: 454: 444: 436: 424: 403: 399: 397: 387: 383: 379: 373: 360: 356: 323: 315:Fexinidazole 307:eflornithine 295: 283: 272: 266: 260: 256: 252: 250: 241: 240: 235:3,500 (2015) 204:eflornithine 188:Fexinidazole 160:tsetse flies 153: 140: 134: 104: 99: 43: 8905:Second wind 8880:Dream diary 8756:Sleep study 8696:Sleep diary 8648:Hypnopompia 8643:Sleep onset 8634:Hypnic jerk 8473:Hypersomnia 8423:Catathrenia 8418:Sleep apnea 8328:Brain waves 8298:Stages of 8118:L. donovani 8080:L. mexicana 7922:MedlinePlus 7466:19 November 6488:16 November 5989:: 6201350. 5887:: 257–275. 5368:28 November 4910:rhodesiense 4906:Trypanosoma 4687:, 1908–1913 4639:melarsoprol 4628:Pentamidine 4557:David Bruce 4503:John Atkins 4486:Congo River 4473:David Bruce 2953:South Sudan 1223:rhodesiense 1157:acoziborole 1143:Melarsoprol 1136:melarsoprol 1100:pentamidine 1090:First stage 991:bone marrow 920:Horse-flies 882:trypanosome 856:G. fuscipes 815:G. fuscipes 805:G. palpalis 776:Trypanosoma 577:hemiparesis 543:infection. 457:infection. 412:joint pains 339:Congo Basin 319:melarsoprol 299:pentamidine 287:blood smear 200:melarsoprol 192:pentamidine 172:Blood smear 123:Usual onset 76:blood smear 57:Other names 9126:Categories 8939:Sleep debt 8885:Microsleep 8865:Chronotype 8779:Daily life 8663:Somnolence 8639:Hypnagogia 8570:Parasomnia 8488:Narcolepsy 8400:Anatomical 8381:Theta wave 8351:Gamma wave 8346:Delta wave 8336:Alpha wave 8199:Giardiasis 8088:L. tropica 7994:caused by 7944:Patient UK 7887:DiseasesDB 7542:30 October 6544:4 November 5853:New Vision 5703:StatPearls 5406:Physiology 4921:References 4569:tsetse fly 4561:subspecies 4559:, and the 4461:See also: 3811:Mozambique 1210:population 1124:nifurtimox 1064:gamma rays 1032:See also: 1028:Prevention 1018:buffy coat 947:Tryptophol 898:tsetse fly 874:tsetse fly 755:antibodies 704:, whereas 676:tsetse fly 311:nifurtimox 279:tsetse fly 271:(TbG) and 255:or simply 227:977 (2018) 208:nifurtimox 183:Medication 158:spread by 9027:Pneumonia 8949:Sleepover 8900:Power nap 8895:Nightwear 8761:Melatonin 8723:Somnology 8688:Treatment 8521:disorders 8460:Dyssomnia 8366:PGO waves 8361:Mu rhythm 8356:K-complex 8341:Beta wave 8318:Slow-wave 8176:Trichozoa 8034:T. brucei 7933:eMedicine 7898:SNOMED CT 7815:. Unwin. 7101:(1): 15. 6997:"Médecin" 6908:19 August 6333:(1): 24. 5716:11 August 5574:11 August 5493:11 August 4914:gambiense 4820:flagellum 4810:T. brucei 4806:sequenced 4685:Nyasaland 4660:in 1990. 4565:T. brucei 4471:In 1903, 3490:Ethiopia 1219:gambiense 1173:Prognosis 1166:diamidine 1078:Treatment 1071:screening 953:Diagnosis 924:Tabanidae 731:causes a 663:parasites 617:confusion 601:psychotic 585:Parkinson 581:paralysis 502:Numerous 246:parasitic 224:Frequency 215:Prognosis 113:confusion 83:Specialty 9162:Zoonoses 9090:Trachoma 8816:Mattress 8791:Bunk bed 8711:Hypnosis 8503:Nocturia 8478:Insomnia 8122:infantum 8048:T. cruzi 7999:protozoa 7996:Excavata 7938:med/2140 7903:27031003 7695:33206595 7663:Parasite 7644:29396200 7566:Archived 7533:Archived 7444:46781585 7436:29113731 7369:22835476 7316:18649858 7308:16020726 7170:37502216 7127:20219092 7073:Archived 7042:15200843 6961:18275594 6935:(1): 3. 6868:28531222 6790:Archived 6774:Archived 6756:28373184 6705:27036940 6654:37156497 6645:10208901 6600:23807762 6538:dndi.org 6416:39433996 6408:19833383 6359:18673535 6308:25928366 6257:Archived 6253:12481210 6163:15732457 6114:14738812 6015:27034944 5964:37569903 5955:10420020 5913:25125985 5857:Archived 5832:Archived 5810:Archived 5788:39433996 5780:19833383 5711:30571034 5681:24571399 5627:28358876 5551:30740102 5434:17844506 5426:15304634 5362:Archived 5336:23245604 5327:10790329 5274:27733282 5225:23145192 5171:27733281 5050:23260189 4967:25 April 4961:Archived 4800:Research 4668:and the 4542:smallpox 4523:Caravane 4239:Zimbabwe 3913:No data 3910:No data 3907:No data 3904:No data 3586:No data 3583:No data 3580:No data 3577:No data 3574:No data 3571:No data 3568:No data 3565:No data 3562:No data 3559:No data 3556:No data 3553:No data 3550:No data 3547:No data 3544:No data 3541:No data 3538:No data 3535:No data 3532:No data 3529:No data 3526:No data 3523:No data 3520:No data 3517:No data 3514:No data 3511:No data 3508:No data 3505:No data 3502:No data 3499:No data 3496:No data 3493:No data 1669:Cameroon 932:Muscidae 878:Glossina 791:Chronic 625:delirium 337:and the 109:Insomnia 95:Symptoms 9055:Cholera 9022:Measles 9012:Malaria 8843:Bedtime 8838:Bedroom 8833:Bedding 8828:Bed bug 8811:Hammock 8716:Lullaby 8550:Jet lag 8450:Snoring 8408:Bruxism 7881:D014353 7821:2649363 7743:Scholia 7686:7673351 7635:5840517 7393:7 April 7360:3772542 7339:Bibcode 7288:Bibcode 7280:Science 7162:8006209 7118:2848007 6952:2270819 6859:5456402 6747:5444181 6696:4882440 6591:6532745 6518:1 March 6350:2526077 6299:4436790 6282:: 236. 6244:2567684 6122:5311361 6076:1170654 6039:18 June 6006:4789378 5904:4130665 5672:3941560 5655:: 111. 5618:5373517 5542:6355679 5344:1541253 5265:5055577 5216:3493382 5162:5388903 5058:8688394 4855:Funding 4662:Aventis 4616:of the 4598:Suramin 4584:arsenic 4457:History 4293:No data 4290:No data 4284:No data 4281:No data 4278:No data 4275:No data 4272:No data 4269:No data 4266:No data 4260:No data 4257:No data 4251:No data 4248:No data 4245:No data 4242:No data 4159:No data 4156:No data 4138:No data 3901:No data 3898:No data 3895:No data 3892:No data 3889:No data 3886:No data 3883:No data 3880:No data 3877:No data 3874:No data 3871:No data 3868:No data 3865:No data 3862:No data 3859:No data 3853:No data 3847:No data 3844:No data 3841:No data 3838:No data 3835:No data 3832:No data 3829:No data 2846:Nigeria 1108:Suramin 1060:Senegal 876:(genus 741:is the 609:anxiety 427:malaria 416:itching 303:suramin 196:suramin 139:(TbG), 105:Stage 2 100:Stage 1 9037:Plague 8910:Siesta 8796:Daybed 8624:Dreams 7927:001362 7819: 7774:14 May 7745:has a 7693: 7683: 7669:: 63. 7642: 7632: 7492:4 June 7442: 7434: 7414:Lancet 7367: 7357: 7314: 7306: 7225: 7196: 7168: 7160: 7125: 7115: 7065: 7040: 6959: 6949: 6866: 6856: 6754: 6744: 6703: 6693: 6652: 6642: 6598: 6588: 6460:1 June 6414: 6406: 6378:Lancet 6357: 6347: 6306: 6296: 6251: 6241: 6212:447842 6210: 6203:372073 6200: 6161: 6120: 6112: 6094:Lancet 6074: 6013: 6003: 5962: 5952: 5911: 5901: 5786: 5778: 5750:Lancet 5709: 5679: 5669: 5625: 5615: 5549: 5539: 5525:: 39. 5432: 5424: 5342: 5334: 5324: 5296:Lancet 5272: 5262: 5244:Lancet 5223: 5213: 5169: 5159: 5141:Lancet 5117:14 May 5056: 5048: 4580:atoxyl 4553:vector 4534:Uganda 4132:Zambia 3918:Uganda 3704:Malawi 3167:Uganda 2632:Guinea 1348:Angola 1012:'s or 1010:Giemsa 963:Giemsa 936:nagana 926:) and 828:Acute 786:ector 765:Vector 702:Africa 597:apathy 573:tremor 335:Uganda 232:Deaths 150:Causes 117:Ataxia 8853:Story 8806:Futon 8739:Other 8287:Sleep 7892:29277 7870:086.5 7747:topic 7593:(PDF) 7536:(PDF) 7529:(PDF) 7461:(PDF) 7440:S2CID 7312:S2CID 7166:S2CID 6423:(PDF) 6412:S2CID 6118:S2CID 5784:S2CID 5430:S2CID 5340:S2CID 5054:S2CID 4602:Bayer 4582:, an 4546:Congo 4527:Gabon 4347:Total 3597:Kenya 3485:2023 3333:10380 3330:10466 3327:11372 3324:15624 3321:17100 3318:19941 3315:23799 3312:26095 3309:25841 3306:27862 3303:37385 3300:36585 3297:28736 3294:23671 3291:23266 3288:16607 3285:14088 3282:10987 3279:12756 3275:Total 2525:Ghana 2418:Gabon 2252:10249 2249:10339 2246:11459 2243:13816 2240:17300 2237:16951 2234:18684 2231:26318 2228:25094 2225:19342 2222:18182 2219:19021 2216:11384 1990:Congo 1455:Benin 1343:2023 1014:Field 987:ulcer 772:Type 743:acute 651:Cause 621:mania 376:ulcer 145:(TbR) 131:Types 9007:AIDS 8289:and 7876:MeSH 7865:9-CM 7817:OCLC 7776:2020 7691:PMID 7640:PMID 7544:2016 7494:2019 7468:2018 7432:PMID 7395:2006 7365:PMID 7304:PMID 7223:ISBN 7194:ISBN 7158:PMID 7123:PMID 7063:ISBN 7038:PMID 6957:PMID 6910:2024 6864:PMID 6752:PMID 6701:PMID 6650:PMID 6596:PMID 6574:2013 6546:2019 6520:2006 6490:2021 6481:IAEA 6462:2019 6431:2019 6404:PMID 6355:PMID 6304:PMID 6249:PMID 6208:PMID 6159:PMID 6110:PMID 6072:PMID 6041:2024 6011:PMID 5987:2016 5960:PMID 5909:PMID 5776:PMID 5718:2020 5707:PMID 5677:PMID 5623:PMID 5576:2020 5547:PMID 5495:2020 5422:PMID 5370:2014 5332:PMID 5270:PMID 5221:PMID 5167:PMID 5119:2020 5046:PMID 4990:help 4969:2014 4912:and 4843:and 4590:and 4357:1147 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