827:(2 May 1896) Tolstoy wrote: "Still another important event the work of African Spir. I just read through what I wrote in the beginning of this notebook. At bottom, it is nothing else than a short summary of all of Spir's philosophy which I not only had not read at that time, but about which I had not the slightest idea. This work clarified my ideas on the meaning of life remarkably, and in some ways strengthened them. The essence of his doctrine is that things do not exist, but only our impressions which appear to us in our conception as objects. Conception (Vorstellung) has the quality of believing in the existence of objects. This comes from the fact that the quality of thinking consists in attributing an objectivity to impressions, a substance, and a projecting of them into space". The next day (3 May 1896) he added, "I am reading Spir all the time, and the reading provokes a mass of thoughts".
576:
later I studied in Odessa, in a gymnasium that corresponds more or less, if I am not mistaken, to a French high school. I didn't go to university, but I entered the
Midshipmen's School in Nicolayew, near the Black Sea. On leaving this school, in 1856, I left the naval service and retired to a countryside that belonged to me. In 1862 I left for Germany and spent two years there, to be more aware of spiritual matters. In 1867, I left Russia permanently, and I lived in Germany, first in Leipzig, then in Stuggart, where I married. From 1882 until now, I have lived in Lausanne. I have never had any other occupation than reading and solitary meditation, being moreover, of poor health and subject, for seven years, to a chronic cough.
788:
44:
2072:: *** "Africano Spir (1837–1890)"; E. Carando "La religione in Africano Spir", A. Del Noce " Osservazioni sul realismo e l'idealismo in A.Spir"; *** "Il dolore nel pesssimismo di A. Spir"; P. Martinetti "Il dualismo di A.Spir"; A. Poggi "Luci ed ombre nella morale di Africano Spir"; G. Solari "Diritto e metafisica nella morale di Africano Spir".
612:
602:
680:
principle, expression of the unconditioned essence of reality (Realität=Identität mit sich), which is opposed to the empirical reality (Wirklichkeit), which in turn is evolution (Geschehen). The principle of identity displays the essence of reality: only that which is identical to itself is real, the
575:
My name is
African Spir (this strange and unusual name, which I owe to a whim of my father, quite bothers me sometimes). I was born on November 15, 1837, in South Russia, and I was raised in the Greco-Russian religion, although my father was a Protestant. I spent my childhood in the countryside, and
442:
In 1862, he left
Elizabethgrad for a tour in Germany, where he spent two years "to know better the mind's matter". His sister Charitis died soon after his return to Russia in 1864. After the death of his mother, in 1867, he sold his estates at a ridiculously low price, distributed almost all of his
845:
called Spir "extraordinarily fascinating" and an "original thinker", and someone possessed of a "subtlety" not found in his 19th century contemporaries. As a consequence, Spir was unfortunately not understood and "suffered all the distress that a thinker can experience from being entirely ignored;
819:
has been a great joy for me. I do not know a philosopher so profound and at the same time so precise, I mean scientific, accepting only what is strictly necessary and clear for everybody. I am sure that his doctrine will be understood and appreciated as it deserves and that the destiny of his work
853:
Before the Second World War, Hélène Claparède-Spir published some new editions of her father's books in French and had an extensive exchange of letters to promote her father's thought. In 1937, for the centennial of Spir's birth, Martinetti published in Italy a monographic edition on Spir of the
865:
After the Second World War, African Spir fell into oblivion. In 1990, for the centennial of Spir's death in Geneva, the Geneva Public
Library organized an exhibition of African Spir's corpus and published the analytical catalogue. Many of Spir's books have not been entirely sold and are still
1773:
Elise Sophie Adelaïde
Gatternicht, born on 4 June 1850 in Stuttgart, daughter of Johann Adam Gatternicht and Jeanne Catherine, born Heuss (Excerpt of Certificate of Birth, Stuttgart, 19 July 1883), Fabrizio Frigerio (1990) p. 4, Personal Papers of African Spir, Ms. fr. 1406, 5, nos. 8 and
866:
available in their first or second edition (in German, French, Italian, English, or
Spanish translations). Presumably, due to the increasing interest in the argument at the beginning of the twenty-first century, a reprint of the Italian translation by Odoardo Campa in 1911 of Spir's
303:, was knighted, and became councillor and member of Kherson's Governorate hereditary nobility. His mother, Helena Constantinovna Spir, daughter of the major Poulevich, was on her mother's side the granddaughter of the Greek painter Logino, who arrived in Russia under the reign of
1704:
According to the
Russian Law about the Nobility, people who were awarded with the St. Vladimir Order (each class) had had the rights of hereditary nobility until the Emperor's Decree of 1900 was issued. After this only three first classes of the Order gave such a
334:
He described his education as follows: "I spent my childhood in the countryside and later I studied for a while in Odessa, first in a
Private boarding-school and after in a Gymnasium, more or less equivalent, if I do not mistake, to a French high-school".
737:
Although he spent most of his life as a philosopher, Spir never held a university appointment and his writings remained relatively unknown and unrecognized throughout his life. Indeed, Spir complained of a wall or conspiracy of silence
1744:"two philosophers, Stuart Mill and David Hume, that he appreciated very particularly, and who always stayed his preferred authors, "because, he said, of their clarity et of their perfect sincerity". Hélène Claparède-Spir,
1805:
Establishment's
Setting n. 18529, delivered 19 June 1886, to Mr. African De Spir, without profession, born 10 November 1837, from Russia, married to Miss Eisabeth De Gatternicht, Fabrizio Frigerio (1990) p. 5, no.
326:). Spir disliked his Christian name, simply signing his letters and books "A. Spir". His modesty impelled him not to use either the German "von" or the French "de"—denoting his noble status—before his family name.
1084:, Paris, Ancienne librairie Germer-Baillière et Cie, F. Alcan éditeur. (Russian translation by N. A. Bracker, Moscow, 1901; Italian translation by O. Campa, with an introduction by P. Martinetti, Milan, 1913).
1796:
Due to his chronic cough, it was not possible for Spir to read books in a public library; as a member of the "Société de
Lecture" it was possible for him to take at home the books that he wanted to read.
1678:, as well as Hélène's Claparède-Spir comments on these annotations in a letter in German to Hans Vaihinger (dated Geneva, March, 11th, 1930), cf. Fabrizio Frigerio (1990) p. 15, n. 29 c., Ms. l.e. 253.
1866:
The original letter can be consulted at the Bibliothèque de Genève, cf. Fabrizio Frigerio (1990) p.17, n. 2. Manuscript letter (in French) to Hélène Claparède-Spir in Stuttgart, 1/13 May 1896.
1836:
who, without being himself a German, has published many books in German, will submit his philosophy to the scrutiny of the French Public.", Fabrizio Frigerio (1990) p. 9, no. 14, Ms. fr. 1410.
701:
of the universe and mankind, but man's true nature and the norm of all things, in general. The moral and religious conscience live in the consciousness of the contrast between this norm (
681:
empirical world is ever-changing, therefore it is not real. Thus the empirical world has an illusory character, because phenomena are ever-changing, and empirical reality is unknowable.
519:) was published in 1873. A second edition, which was the one owned by Nietzsche, was published in 1877. In an attempt to reach a broader readership, Spir wrote directly in French his
537:
Manuscripts, personal papers, photographs, books by or on African Spir were donated in March 1940 by his daughter Hélène Claparède-Spir (who was married to the Swiss neurologist
527:), published for the first time in 1877. A new edition was published forty years after his death, in 1930, with an introduction by the French philosopher and professor at the
1787:(Geneva, 24 March 1873 – Geneva, 29 September 1940) and became Hélène Claparède-Spir (or Elena Afrikanovna Klapared-Spir, in russian: Елона Африкановна Клапаред-Спир (Шпир).
1731:
Or to abridge it, if it was absolutely necessary to maintain it, like in his engagement-card: "A. v. Spir-Elise Gatternicht Verlobte Odessa December 1871 Stuttgart", cf.
2419:
431:
After his father's death in 1852, he inherited his father's estates (his last remaining brother, the poet Aristarch, having died in 1841) whereupon he emancipated his
2444:
1983:
Der Substanzbegriff und eine erkentniss-theoretischen Grundlagen in der Philosophie des Afrikan Spir, 1837–1890. Historisch-kritischer Beitrag zu neueren Philosophie
780:, for example when debating a certain Kantian issue he wrote, "On the whole, the best recent treatment of the question known to me is in one of A. Spir's works, his
2464:
2345:
1849:
by A. Spir), which I started immediately to study diligently. The book produced immediately a great impression." 8 March 1930, in a memory on an article of the
2479:
556:"), was collated and published by his daughter, Hélène Claparède-Spir in 1937. Some of these thoughts were later reproduced in a collection of Spir's letters.
2353:
1206:
725:
Socially, Spir was not favourable to inherited wealth's accumulation in private hands and demanded just distribution of material goods, but disapproved of
496:
on 26 March 1890 in Geneva, at 6 rue Petitot. He was buried in the Saint-Georges cemetery. He was survived by his wife Elisabeth and his daughter, Hélène.
465:, where he lived with his family. In 1886, to enjoy the facilities of a bigger library (the "Société de Lecture", a private reading society), he moved to
2459:
1634:, Traduzione dal tedesco con prefazione e una bibliografia di Od. Campa, Lanciano, Carabba editore, 2008 (Ristampa anastatica della edizione originale).
2424:
469:. On 17 September 1889, he received authorization for his wife, his daughter, and himself to become Swiss citizens from the Swiss Federal Government.
454:
in 1871. Here, at the orthodox Church of the Court, he married on 30 January 1872, Elisabeth (Elise) Gatternich. The couple had a daughter, Hélène.
1590:
1362:
1326:
1297:
883:, Leipzig, J.G. Findel (under the pseudonym of "Prais", anagram of: A. Spir, 2nd ed. under the name of A. Spir 1867, Leipzig, Förster und Findel).
310:
Alexander and Helena had four children—three boys and one girl— Aristarque, Kharitine, Alexandre and African. The names were chosen, on the whim (
2199:
Nietzsche e il criticismo, Elementi kantiani e neokantiani e critica della dialettica hegeliana nella formazione filosofica del giovane Nietzsche
1223:
2474:
648:, and present the true nature of things by strict statements of facts and logically controlled inference. This method led Spir to proclaim the
1783:
Hélène-Catherine-Augusta Spir (Stuttgart, 14 February 1873 – Geneva, 12 November 1955), who will marry the Swiss neurologist and psychologist
2238:
Sergio Sánchez, "Logica, verità e credenza: alcune considerazioni in merito alla relazione Nietzsche–Spir" in: Maria Cristina Fornari (ed.),
571:
Spir provided a biographical sketch ("esquisse biographique") of himself that he added to some of his letters of correspondence, after 1882:
640:". He sought to establish philosophy as the science of first principles, he held that the task of philosophy was to investigate immediate
766:
as soon as it was published (1873) and recalls that it made a "great impression". Nietzsche described him as "a distinguished logician" (
2439:
2245:
Sergio Sánchez, "Linguaggio, conoscenza e verità nella filosofía del giovane Nietzsche: I frammenti postumi del 1873 e le loro fonti",
2387:
2329:
2286:
846:
killed by silence as the saying goes". After the First World War, the interpretation of Spir's thought by the Italian philosopher
713:
between the empirical nature of man and his moral nature" and the awareness of this dualism is the sole true foundation of moral
545:, formerly Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire de Genève), where they compose the "Fonds African Spir" and can be consulted.
2170:
291:
His father, Alexander Alexandrovich Spir, of German descent, was a Russian surgeon—Chief Physician of the military Hospital of
272:
Afrikan Spir was born on 10 November 1837 in his father's estates of Spirovska, near the city of Elisavetgrad (Elizabethgrad,
379:
revival of the 1860s. He was there at the same time that Nietzsche was a student, although it does not appear that they met.
1194:
319:
2469:
1491:
2484:
824:
800:
420:
322:, which is the source of the curious name "Afrikan" (a very uncommon name of a minor orthodox saint, the father of
726:
2429:
148:
710:
17:
1342:
1312:. Certificat de mariage d'African Spir et Elisabeth Gatternicht, Ms. fr. 1406/10. Bibliothèque de Genève.
664:) as the fundamental law of knowledge, which is opposed to the changing appearance of empirical reality.
542:
436:
338:
During this period he developed an interest in philosophy and read (in the French translation of Tissot)
461:. In the same year, he received the imperial authorization and applied for a certificate of registry at
2146:
Karl-Heinz Dickopp, "Zum Wandel von Nietzsches Seinsverständnis: Afrikan Spir und Gustav Teichmüller",
560:
493:
583:
Lettres Inédites de African Spir au professeur Penjon. Éditions du Griffon Neuchâtel (Introduction de
457:
In 1884, Spir asked the Russian Emperor for an allowance to forsake Russian citizenship and to obtain
2217:
Review of Will Dudley, "Hegel, Nietzsche, and Philosophy: Thinking Freedom", Cambridge U. Press 2002.
2040:, Milan, Lombarda, 1928, Spir: pp. 282–289 (new ed. Torino, Aragno 2004, Spir: p. 248–254).
742:). Yet, he had a significant influence on several eminent philosophers, scholars and writers such as
611:
2208:, Urbana & Chicago, University of Illinois Press – International Nietzsche Studies Series, 2002.
632:
Due to his personal readings and his attending of Drobisch's lectures, Spir must be considered as a
559:
Other papers concerning Spir, his daughter Hélène Claparède-Spir and her family can be consulted at
2454:
2434:
1589:. Letters to Hélène Claparède-Spir concerning her father African Spir, p.16, n. 30., Ms. 1.e. 254.
1219:
776:
601:
49:
1063:, 1st ed. Leipzig, J.G. Findel. (Italian translation by O. Campa, Ed. of Coenobium, Lugano, 1910.
729:. He set the example, redistributing his personal inherited land properties to his former serfs.
368:
344:
131:
2222:
Was Afrikan Spir a Phenomenalist?: And What Difference Does It Make for Understanding Nietzsche?
1764:: "I was educated and baptized in the Greco-Russian faith, although my father was a Protestant."
1263:
2303:
1000:
538:
188:
2221:
815:
and was also deeply impressed, as he mentioned in a letter to Hélène Claparède-Spir: "reading
2367:
820:
will be similar to that of Schopenhauer, who became known and admired only after his death".
694:
673:
649:
508:
300:
1338:
1309:
1259:
1178:
787:
697:, which is the characteristic of the supreme being, of the absolute, of God. God is not the
239:) had a significant influence on several eminent philosophers, scholars and writers such as
2449:
2414:
2409:
2384:
1945:, Benda, Weil, Vidari, Faggi, Martinetti, Rensi, Juvalta, Mazzantini, Castelli, Capograsssi
1546:
Steiner, R. (1985) Lecture I Berlin, 31 July 1917. Forgotten Aspects of Cultural Life. In,
1487:
462:
1784:
399:. In 1855, at the age of 18, he participated as Sub-lieutenant of the Russian navy in the
8:
747:
637:
615:
605:
528:
408:
404:
348:, which gave him the basis of his speculative thought. He later followed the readings of
304:
273:
244:
1971:
1894:
1190:
1127:
531:
2153:
Paolo D'Iorio, "La superstition des philosophes critiques: Nietzsche et Afrikan Spir",
412:
388:
141:
1714:
In the biography of Afrikan Spir written by his daughter Hélène as an introduction to
1687:
In the biography of Afrikan Spir written by his daughter Hélène as an introduction to
1504:
553:
458:
432:
1823:) p. 6, n. 28. Death certificate of African Spir, 26 March 1890 (Vol. 1890, n. 139).
830:
The most important works on Spir's philosophy were published between 1900 and 1914 (
481:, in order to treat the consequences of his illness, a chronic cough, Spir moved to
2211:
Michael Steven Green, "Nietzsche’s Place in Nineteenth Century German Philosophy",
1932:
1904:
Jean-Louis Claparède, "Spir signifie-t-il pour la philosophie un nouveau départ?",
1884:
1296:. Autobiographical notice, Personal Papers of African Spir, Ms. fr. 1409, 5, no.7.
1262:. Official documents attesting to the dates of birth of Alexandre Spir's children,
847:
835:
1391:
1156:
584:
2391:
2009:
1957:
Fabrizio Frigerio, "Un philosophe russe à Genève: African Spir (1837–1890)", in:
1563:(African Spir's Thought), edited by Franco Alessio, Torino, Albert Meynier, 1990.
1244:
1181:. Certificat de naissance d'African Spir, Ms. fr. 1406/2. Bibliothèque de Genève.
1112:, Paris, Librairie Félix Alcan, (Spanish translation by R. Urbano, Madrid, 1904).
1021:
831:
653:
1887:, "Le philosophe African Spir (1837–1890). A l'occasion de son centenaire", in:
1617:
Fabrizio Frigerio, "Un philosophe russe à Genève: African Spir (1837–1890)", in
850:
gave it a second life for a short while, in the form of a "religious idealism".
2318:
842:
759:
743:
376:
277:
256:
240:
211:
153:
68:
1490:, Translated by Alexander Harvey. Part 1, §18. Charles H. Kerr & Company.
1089:
Deux questions vitales: De la Connaissance du bien et du mal; De l'immortalité
1012:, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.(2nd ed., 1883, Italian translation by Cesare Goretti:
2403:
1947:, a cura di Francesco Mercadante e Bernardino Casadei, Milano, Giuffrè, 1992.
751:
698:
339:
281:
248:
74:
64:
43:
1408:
Denken und Wirklichkeit: Versuch einer Erneuerung der kritischen Philosophie
966:
Denken und Wirklichkeit: Versuch einer Erneuerung der kritischen Philosophie
934:
Denken und Wirklichkeit: Versuch einer Erneuerung der kritischen Philosophie
513:
Denken und Wirklichkeit: Versuch einer Erneuerung der kritischen Philosophie
2190:
Domenico M. Fazio, "Il Pensiero del Giovane Nietzsche e Afrikan Spir", in:
793:
I am reading Spir all the time, and the reading provokes a mass of thoughts
168:
2361:
2192:
Bollettino di Storia della Filosofia dell'Università degli Studi di Lecce
2116:
The Surface and the Abyss, Nietzsche as Philosopher of Mind and Knowledge
2100:
Mary-Barbara Zedlin, "Afrikan Alexandrovich Spir", in: Paul Edwards ed.,
808:
796:
755:
677:
633:
548:
To celebrate the centenary of his birth, a selection of Spir's writings,
486:
416:
400:
357:
252:
217:
214:
102:
2340:
2291:
2261:
Friedrich Nietzsche: Von den verborgenen Anfängen seines Philosophierens
1278:. Neuchâtel, Éditions du Griffon (Introd. d'Emile Bréhier), 1948, p.207.
447:
2375:
2263:, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, F. Frommann, 1962, p. 119–122, 159–166.
1477:. Neuchâtel, Éditions du Griffon (Introd. d'Emile Bréhier), 1948, p.52.
1077:, Leipzig:, J.G. Findel, (republished in 1896 by Paul Neff, Stuttgart).
943:, 1st ed. Leipzig, J.G. Findel. (Italian translation by Odoardo Campa:
645:
372:
353:
1906:
Travaux du IXe Congrès international de Philosophie, Congrès Descartes
1126:, Paris, Libraire Félix Alcan (Nouvelle éd. avec une introduction par
909:
Kurze Darstellung der Grundzüge einer philosophischen Anschauungsweise
2139:
Maudemarie Clark & David Dudrick, "Nietzsche's Post-Positivism",
1942:
1325:. Authorization N. 347, Personal Papers of African Spir, p.6, no.25.
1070:
Leipzig:, J.G. Findel, (republished in 1896 by Paul Neff, Stuttgart).
1020:, Genève: Éditions du Mon-Blanc (Hélène Claparède-Spir ed., Préf. de
918:, Leipzig, J.G. Findel (French translation by Hélène Claparède-Spir:
641:
505:
478:
451:
396:
349:
2075:
Joseph Segond, "L'idéalisme des valeurs et la doctrine de Spir" in:
1845:"I was 21 years old when in 1873 was published this important book (
1094:
1895. "Wie gelangen wir zur Freiheit und Harmonie des Denkens", in:
714:
693:
and philosophy, have for Spir the same theoretical foundation: the
690:
482:
392:
183:
178:
323:
2171:"La superstizione dei filosofi critici: Nietzsche e Afrikan Spir"
1954:, Genève, Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire de Genève, 1990.
1938:
1420:
Forschung nach der Gewissheit in der Erkenntniss der Wirklichkeit
1404:
Forschung nach der Gewissheit in der Erkenntniss der Wirklichkeit
972:
Pensée et réalité: essai d'une réforme de la philosophie critique
902:
Forschung nach der Gewissheit in der Erkenntniss der Wirklichkeit
364:
315:
285:
221:
78:
2362:
Kirovohrad Regional Universal Research Library's Website on Spir
2254:
El problema del conocimiento en la filosofía del joven Nietzsche
1735:., p. 4, Personal papers of African Spir, Ms. fr. 1406, 2, no.7.
517:
Thought and Reality: Attempt at a Renewal of Critical Philosophy
2132:
Hélène Claparède-Spir, "Friedrich Nietzsche und Afrikan Spir",
1968:, Mengis & Ziehr Ed., Luzern, 1991–1993, t. VI, p. 31.
511:, who published most of Spir's works. His most important book,
466:
296:
292:
225:
98:
1110:
Nouvelles esquisses de philosophie critique (études posthumes)
2124:
1532:
1146:
Choix de pensées d'African Spir avec une esquisse biografique
1038:
1879. "Ob eine vierte Dimension des Raums denkbar ist?", in:
426:
173:
1246:
Un précurseur, A. Spir. Avec une Préface par Georges Duhamel
676:
is not only the fundamental law of knowledge, it is also an
1718:, his mother's name is given as Elena Arsenowna Poulevich (
1137:, Paris, Editions Truchy-Leroy (Hélène Claparède-Spir ed.).
2287:
Claparède-Spir Family Papers at Harvard University Library
1899:
Comptes rendus du II Congrès international de philosophie
1674:
For Nietzsche's annotations in his copy of African Spir's
1576:, Brescia, Morcelliana, (Alessio's dissertation at Pavia).
1220:
History of Russian Philosophy. Spir, Afrikan Alexandrovich
1927:
African Spir, Nouvelles esquisses de philosophie critique
916:
Vorschlag an die Freunde einer vernünftigen Lebensführung
391:, Spir entered the Midshipmen's School in Nikolayev (now
2093:
Spirs theoretische Philosophie dargestellt und erläutert
1964:
Fabrizio Frigerio, "Spir, Afrikan Alexandrowitsch", in:
1746:
Paroles d'un sage : choix de pensées d'African Spir
1433:
Paroles d’un sage : choix de pensées d’African Spir
1148:, Hélène Claparède-Spir ed., 2d ed. Paris, Alcan, 1938).
1024:); English translation by Alexander Frederick Falconer:
228:
descent who wrote primarily in German, but also French.
1915:. Georg et C. Libraires de l'Universitié, Genevé. 1944.
2385:
Fazio's article on African Spir-Nietzsche relationship
581:"Textes Ajoutés par Spir A Certaines de Ses Lettres",
52:
c.1887 (Fonds Fred Boissonnas, Bibliothèque de Genève)
2049:
Published and with an introduction by Franco Alessio.
1518:
The Principles of Psychology. In Two Volumes, Vol. II
1475:
Lettres inédites de African Spir au professeur Penjon
1388:
Lettres inédites de African Spir au professeur Penjon
1276:
Lettres inédites de African Spir au professeur Penjon
1153:
Lettres inédites de African Spir au professeur Penjon
974:, Lille, Au siège des Facultés – Paris, Alcan, 1896).
504:
In Leipzig, Spir befriended the publisher and fellow
295:
specifically—and former professor of mathematics in
970:(French translation from the 3rd ed. by A. Penjon:
435:and gave them land, goods and money, presaging the
2354:Article on African Spir in a biographic dictionary
2240:La trama del testo: Su alcune letture di Nietzsche
2109:Selected works on Nietzsche's relationship to Spir
2084:Darstellung und Kritik der Moralphilosophie Spir's
1691:, his date of birth is given as 15 November 1837 (
1376:Paroles d'un sage, choix de pensées d'African Spir
1119:, Leipzig, J.A. Barth (Hélène Claparède-Spir ed.).
834:, Andreas Zacharoff, Joseph Segond, Gabriel Huan,
2420:19th-century philosophers from the Russian Empire
2077:Revue philosophique de la France et de l'étranger
1607:Africano Spir nel primo centenario della nascita.
1461:Recht und Unrecht: Eine Erörterung der Principien
1288:
1286:
1284:
1010:Recht und Unrecht: Eine Erörterung der Principien
774:). James makes several references to Spir in his
636:philosopher. Spir referred to his philosophy as "
2445:People from the Russian Empire of German descent
2401:
2231:Nadeem J. Z. Hussain, "Nietzsche's Positivism",
2070:Africano Spir nel primo centenario della nascita
1591:Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire de Genève
1363:Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire de Genève
1327:Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire de Genève
1298:Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire de Genève
957:1876. "Zu der Frage der ersten Principien", in:
2465:People from the Russian Empire of Greek descent
1937:Filosofi dell'esistenza e della libertà, Spir,
1653:Russian: Африка́н Алекса́ндрович Спир; German:
1353:
1351:
1224:Kropyvnytskyi Region Universal Research Library
1579:
1315:
1281:
1016:, Milano, Lombarda, 1930; French translation:
895:Erörterung einer philosophischen Grundeinsicht
375:philosopher and one of the forerunners of the
2480:Russian military personnel of the Crimean War
1913:Evocation. Tolstoï – Nietziche – Rilke – Spir
1821:Analytical Catalogue of Afrikan Spir's Corpus
1488:Human, All Too Human. A Book for Free Spirits
1091:, Genève, Stapelmohr (published anonymously).
772:Der von mir geschätzte Logiker heißt: A. Spir
1908:, Paris, Hermann, 1937, tome XI, p. 26.
1390:, Neuchâtel, Éditions du Griffon (Introd. d'
1348:
1155:, Neuchâtel, Éditions du Griffon (Introd. d'
993:Sinn und Folgen der modernen Geistesströmung
979:Sinn und Folgen der modernen Geistesströmung
27:German-Greek-Russian philosopher (1837–1890)
2322:, 1887, at Bibliothèque nationale de France
2006:, Leipzig, J.G.Findel, 1892 (New ed. 2009).
1925:Hélène Claparède-Spir, "Vie de A. Spir" in
1897:, "La philosophie religieuse de Spir" in:
1750:Words of a wise man: choice of Spir's words
1716:Nouvelles Esquisses de Philosophie Critique
1689:Nouvelles Esquisses de Philosophie Critique
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
411:). Spir defended the same bastion (N. 4 at
2378:Nietzsche and the Transcendental Tradition
2206:Nietzsche and the Transcendental Tradition
2095:, Weida i. Th., Thomas & Hubert, 1910.
1752:) Paris-Genève, Je Sers-Labor, 1937, p.24.
952:Empirie und Philosophie: vier Abhandlungen
888:Andeutung zu einem widerspruchlosen Denken
427:Later life, marriage and Swiss citizenship
42:
2425:Writers from the Russian Empire in German
2272:Reprinted in Chapter One of Robin Small,
2266:Robin Small, "Nietzsche, Spir, and Time",
1922:, Lausanne-Genève, Payot & Cie, 1920.
1574:L'idealismo religioso di Piero Martinetti
1242:
947:, Lanciano, Carabba, 1911, reprint 2008).
443:possessions and left Russia permanently.
2381:(on African Spir-Nietzsche relationship)
2242:, Lecce, Millela, 2000, p. 249–282.
2148:Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung
1952:Catalogue raisonné du fonds African Spir
1817:Catalogue raisonné du fonds African Spir
1587:Catalogue raisonné du fonds African Spir
1505:Letter to Ernst Schmeitzner, 22 November
1359:Catalogue raisonné du fonds African Spir
1323:Catalogue raisonné du fonds African Spir
1294:Catalogue raisonné du fonds African Spir
1229:
786:
684:
267:
2058:Auguste Penjon, "Spir et sa doctrine",
2029:Piero Martinetti, "Africano Spir", in:
2004:African Spir: ein Philosoph der Neuzeit
1374:Spir, A. and Claparède-Spir, H. (1937)
1207:Spir, Afrikan Alexandrovich (1837–1890)
1174:
1172:
403:, during which he was twice decorated (
14:
2460:Deaths from the 1889–1890 flu pandemic
2402:
1815:Spir died at 9 PM, Fabrizio Frigerio,
2475:Recipients of the Order of St. George
2311:) at Bibliothèque nationale de France
2033:, 1913, fasc. 16 gennaio-11 febbraio.
2018:Lessing's dissertation at Erlangen. (
1994:, Paris, Librairie Félix Alcan, 1914.
732:
2276:, Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2001.
2268:Journal of the History of Philosophy
2053:Revue de Théologie et de Philosophie
1195:Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse
1169:
1096:Archiv für systematische Philosophie
1028:, Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd, 1954).
48:Photograph of Afrikan Spir taken by
2088:Spitzer's dissertation at Würzburg.
2055:, Lausanne, 1993, 125, p. 400.
1520:. London: MacMillan and Co., p.662.
870:(1874) has been published in 2008.
382:
24:
2259:Karl Schlechta & Anni Anders,
2060:Revue de métaphysique et de morale
1873:
1507:. Nietzsche Source, BVN-1879, 907.
1184:
922:, Ed. of Coenobium, Lugano, 1907).
367:where he attended the lectures of
25:
2496:
2440:Logicians from the Russian Empire
2320:Esquisses de Philosophie critique
2280:
2228:, v46, n2, 2015, p. 152–176.
2104:, 544, New York, Macmillan, 1972.
2097:Zacharoff's dissertation at Jena.
1978:, 1911, vol. 63, p. 166–175.
1406:, Leipzig, J.G. Findel, 1869 and
1124:Esquisses de philosophie critique
1098:, Bd. I, Heft 4, p. 457–473.
1082:Esquisses de philosophie critique
720:
521:Esquisses de philosophie critique
2226:The Journal of Nietzsche Studies
1987:Haag's dissertation at Würzburg.
1901:, Geneva, 1904, p. 329–334.
1550:. Anthroposophic Press. pp.1–20.
1033:Ueber Idealismus und Pessimismus
936:, 1st ed. Leipzig, J. G. Findel.
610:
600:
566:
2123:Evocation: Tolstoi, Nietzsche,
2051:Review by Fabrizio Figerio in:
2047:, Torino, Albert Meynier, 1990.
2002:, (pseud. of Ernst Eberhardt),
1860:
1839:
1826:
1809:
1799:
1790:
1777:
1767:
1755:
1738:
1725:
1708:
1624:
1611:
1596:
1566:
1553:
1540:
1531:Evocation: Tolstoi, Nietzsche,
1523:
1510:
1497:
1480:
1468:
1454:
1442:
1425:
1413:
1397:
1381:
1368:
1332:
1303:
1269:
1253:
1243:Claparède, Hélène Spir (1920).
1144:, Paris-Genève, Je Sers-Labor (
981:, 1st ed. Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
968:, 2d ed. Leipzig, J. G. Findel.
627:
525:Outlines of critical philosophy
314:) of their father, from an old
2376:Book of Michael Steven Green,
2233:European Journal of Philosophy
2141:European Journal of Philosophy
1698:
1681:
1668:
1647:
1410:, Leipzig, J. G. Findel, 1873.
1212:
1200:
1105:, 2d ed. Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
995:, 2d ed. Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
988:, 2d ed. Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
770:) and "the logician I value" (
768:eines ausgezeichneten logikers
477:In 1878, having suffered from
13:
1:
2201:, Urbino, QuattroVenti, 1991.
2194:, 1986/9, 9, p. 243–262.
2020:African Spirs Erkenntnislehre
2014:African Spirs Erkenntnislehre
1996:Huan's dissertation at Paris.
1992:Essai sur le dualisme de Spir
1529:Hélène Claparède-Spir (1944)
1463:, Leipzig, J.G. Findel, 1879.
1451:, Leipzig, J.G. Findel, 1874.
1249:(in French). Payot & cie.
1163:
622:
489:, where he spent five years.
2249:, 2000, 16, p. 213–240.
2215:, 2004, 47, p. 168–188.
2157:, 1993, 22, p. 257–294.
2143:, 2004, 12, p. 369–385.
2045:Il pensiero di Africano Spir
1891:, 1938, juin, p. 65–75.
1561:Il pensiero di Africano Spir
1218:Zeldin, Mary-Barbara (1950)
1018:Principes de justice sociale
920:Projet d'un coenobium laïque
841:In a lecture given in 1917,
541:) to the Library of Geneva (
329:
262:
7:
2270:, 1994, 32, p. 82–102.
2256:, Córdoba (Argentina), 2001
2235:, 2004,12, p. 326–368.
2136:, 1930, 6, p. 242–250.
2079:, 1912, 8, p. 113–139.
1929:, Paris, Félix Alcan, 1899.
1832:"The author of the present
1103:Über Religion: Ein Gespräch
1061:Über Religion: Ein Gespräch
667:
499:
299:. In 1812, he received the
10:
2501:
2470:Writers from Kropyvnytskyi
2150:, 1970, 24, p. 50–71.
2118:, Berlin – New-York, 2010.
2102:Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1339:Papiers de la famille Spir
1310:Papiers de la famille Spir
1266:. Bibliothèque de Genève.
1260:Papiers de la famille Spir
1179:Papiers de la famille Spir
1040:Philosophische Monatshefte
959:Philosophische Monatshefte
594:
561:Harvard University Library
204:Afrikan Alexandrovich Spir
2485:Immigrants to Switzerland
2292:Online version of Spir's
2068:, 1937, a. XXVIII, n. 3,
2016:, Gießen, Münchow, 1900.
1961:, 1990, 307, p. 3–7.
1605:, 1937, a. XXVIII, n. 3,
1585:Fabrizio Frigerio (1990)
1357:Fabrizio Frigerio (1990)
1321:Fabrizio Frigerio (1990)
1292:Fabrizio Frigerio (1990)
1264:Ms. l. e. 250/6, pièce 15
705:) and empirical reality (
197:
159:
147:
137:
127:
123:
109:
87:
57:
41:
34:
2341:American website on Spir
2062:, 1893, p. 216–248.
1976:Bibliothèque universelle
1857:) on Nietzsche and Spir.
1640:
1548:The Karma of Materialism
1005:, Leipzig, J. G. Findel.
873:
777:Principles of Psychology
762:. Vaihinger read Spir's
472:
2346:Article on African Spir
2220:Michael Steven Green, "
2121:Hélène Claparède-Spir,
1918:Hélène Claparède-Spir,
1911:Hélène Claparède-Spir,
1537:, Genève, Georg et Cie.
1492:Project Gutenberg eBook
1431:Hélène Claparède-Spir,
1130:, Membre de l'Institut)
1056:, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
1049:, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
1035:, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
954:, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
929:, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
911:, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
904:, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
897:, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
890:, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
782:Denken und Wirklichkeit
709:). "There is a radical
644:, show the delusion of
369:Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch
345:Critique of Pure Reason
233:Denken und Wirklichkeit
132:19th-century philosophy
117:Denken und wirklichkeit
2390:11 August 2012 at the
2368:Letters of Leo Tolstoy
2204:Michael Steven Green,
2129:, Genève, Georg, 1944.
2026:, Bd. 6, Berlin, 1901)
1985:, Würzburg, 1923–224.
1974:, "African Spir", in:
1920:Un précurseur: A. Spir
1879:Selected works on Spir
1572:Franco Alessio (1950)
1449:Moralität und Religion
1343:Bibliothèque de Genève
1042:, XV, p. 350–352.
1001:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
986:Moralität und religion
941:Moralität und Religion
868:Moralität und Religion
804:
592:
543:Bibliothèque de Genève
189:Philosophy of religion
115:Thought and Reality, (
2364:(mostly in Ukrainian)
2134:Philosophie und Leben
1851:Nouvelles littéraires
1503:Nietzsche, F. (1879)
1486:Nietzsche, F. (1908)
1075:Philosophische Essays
961:, XII, p. 49–55.
790:
695:principle of identity
685:Religion and morality
674:principle of identity
650:principle of identity
573:
509:Joseph Gabriel Findel
446:In 1869, he moved to
301:Order of St. Vladimir
268:Early life and family
2430:Kantian philosophers
2333:, Paris-Genève, 1937
2274:Nietzsche in Context
2066:Rivista di filosofia
1621:, 1990, 307, p. 3-7.
1603:Rivista di filosofia
1394:), 1948, pp.223-228.
1135:Propos sur la guerre
1068:Gesammelte Schriften
860:Philosophical Review
856:Rivista di Filosofia
587:), pp.207-208 (1948)
463:Belmont-sur-Lausanne
395:), not far from the
2309:Thought and Reality
2307:, 1896 (transl. of
2294:Thought and Reality
2247:Annuario Filosofico
2197:Domenico M. Fazio,
2091:Andreas Zacharoff,
1950:Fabrizio Frigerio,
1847:Thought and Reality
1676:Thought and Reality
1209:. Encyclopedia.com.
1003:nach seinen Briefen
817:Thought and Reality
813:Thought and Reality
764:Thought and Reality
748:Friedrich Nietzsche
638:critical philosophy
616:Order of St. George
606:Order of St. Andrew
421:siege of Sevastopol
409:Order of St. George
405:Order of St. Andrew
305:Catherine the Great
274:Kherson Governorate
245:Friedrich Nietzsche
237:Thought and Reality
2043:Piero Martinetti,
2036:Piero Martinetti,
2031:Rassegna nazionale
1655:Afrikan (von) Spir
1559:Piero Martinetti,
805:
733:Critical reception
210:(1837–1890) was a
142:Western philosophy
2331:Paroles d'un sage
2305:Pensée et Réalité
2155:Nietzsche-Studien
1966:Schweizer Lexikon
1785:Edouard Claparède
1659:African (de) Spir
1516:James, W. (1891)
1142:Paroles d'un sage
550:Paroles d'un sage
539:Édouard Claparède
459:Swiss citizenship
363:Later he went to
320:Orthodox calendar
201:
200:
16:(Redirected from
2492:
2396:
2372:
2358:
2350:
2337:
2326:
2315:
2300:
2252:Sergio Sánchez,
2114:Peter Bornedal,
2082:Samuel Spitzer,
1972:Adolphe Ferrière
1959:Musées de Genève
1933:Augusto Del Noce
1895:Léon Brunschvicg
1889:Action et Pensée
1885:Charles Baudouin
1867:
1864:
1858:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1742:
1736:
1729:
1723:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1685:
1679:
1672:
1666:
1651:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1619:Musées de Genève
1615:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1583:
1577:
1570:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1544:
1538:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1501:
1495:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1395:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1355:
1346:
1336:
1330:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1290:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1227:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1128:Léon Brunschvicg
1117:Gesammelte Werke
1047:Vier Grundfragen
927:Kleine Schriften
836:Piero Martinetti
740:das Totschweigen
614:
604:
590:
532:Léon Brunschvicg
383:Military service
112:
94:
82:
61:10 November 1837
46:
32:
31:
21:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2455:Foundationalism
2435:Epistemologists
2400:
2399:
2394:
2392:Wayback Machine
2370:
2356:
2348:
2335:
2324:
2313:
2298:
2283:
2271:
2216:
2175:Hyper Nietzsche
2096:
2087:
2050:
2048:
2017:
2010:Theodor Lessing
1995:
1986:
1876:
1874:Further reading
1871:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1743:
1739:
1730:
1726:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1630:Africano Spir,
1629:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1601:
1597:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1498:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1402:
1398:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1369:
1356:
1349:
1337:
1333:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1291:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1258:
1254:
1241:
1230:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1170:
1166:
1026:Right and Wrong
1022:Georges Duhamel
969:
876:
832:Theodor Lessing
735:
723:
687:
670:
654:law of identity
630:
625:
597:
591:
580:
569:
502:
475:
429:
385:
371:(1802–1896), a
332:
270:
265:
206:, also spelled
193:
162:
110:
105:
96:
92:
83:
72:
71:
62:
53:
50:Fred Boissonnas
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2498:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2398:
2397:
2382:
2373:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2327:
2316:
2301:
2296:, 2d ed., 1877
2289:
2282:
2281:External links
2279:
2278:
2277:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2218:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2119:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2089:
2086:, Raab, 1896.
2080:
2073:
2063:
2056:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2007:
1997:
1990:Gabriel Huan,
1988:
1979:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1892:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1859:
1838:
1825:
1808:
1798:
1789:
1776:
1766:
1754:
1737:
1724:
1720:Vie de A. Spir
1707:
1697:
1693:Vie de A. Spir
1680:
1667:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1623:
1610:
1595:
1578:
1565:
1552:
1539:
1522:
1509:
1496:
1479:
1467:
1453:
1441:
1424:
1412:
1396:
1380:
1378:. Félix Alcan.
1367:
1347:
1331:
1314:
1302:
1280:
1268:
1252:
1228:
1211:
1199:
1183:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1149:
1138:
1131:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1006:
996:
989:
982:
975:
962:
955:
948:
937:
930:
923:
912:
905:
898:
891:
884:
875:
872:
843:Rudolf Steiner
760:Rudolf Steiner
744:Hans Vaihinger
734:
731:
722:
721:Social justice
719:
686:
683:
669:
666:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
619:
618:(fourth class)
608:
596:
593:
578:
568:
565:
501:
498:
474:
471:
437:reform of 1861
428:
425:
384:
381:
331:
328:
278:Russian Empire
269:
266:
264:
261:
257:Rudolf Steiner
241:Hans Vaihinger
199:
198:
195:
194:
192:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
165:
163:
161:Main interests
160:
157:
156:
154:Neo-Kantianism
151:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
121:
120:
113:
107:
106:
97:
95:(aged 52)
89:
85:
84:
69:Russian Empire
63:
59:
55:
54:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2497:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1981:Alfred Haag,
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1863:
1856:
1855:Literary News
1852:
1848:
1842:
1835:
1829:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1802:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1701:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1663:Africano Spir
1660:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1633:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1392:Emile Bréhier
1389:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1158:
1157:Emile Bréhier
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1002:
997:
994:
990:
987:
983:
980:
976:
973:
967:
963:
960:
956:
953:
949:
946:
942:
938:
935:
931:
928:
924:
921:
917:
913:
910:
906:
903:
899:
896:
892:
889:
885:
882:
878:
877:
871:
869:
863:
861:
857:
851:
849:
844:
839:
837:
833:
828:
826:
821:
818:
814:
810:
802:
798:
794:
789:
785:
783:
779:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:William James
749:
745:
741:
730:
728:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:creator deity
696:
692:
682:
679:
675:
672:For Spir the
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
617:
613:
609:
607:
603:
599:
598:
588:
586:
585:Emile Bréhier
577:
572:
567:Autobiography
564:
562:
557:
555:
552:("Words of a
551:
546:
544:
540:
535:
533:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
507:
497:
495:
490:
488:
484:
480:
470:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
444:
440:
438:
434:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:
341:
340:Immanuel Kant
336:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
282:Kropyvnytskyi
279:
275:
260:
258:
254:
250:
249:William James
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
216:
213:
209:
205:
196:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
164:
158:
155:
152:
150:
146:
143:
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
108:
104:
100:
91:26 March 1890
90:
86:
80:
76:
75:Kropyvnytskyi
70:
66:
65:Elizabethgrad
60:
56:
51:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2395:(in Italian)
2377:
2371:(in Russian)
2357:(in Russian)
2349:(in Russian)
2330:
2319:
2308:
2304:
2293:
2273:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2174:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2122:
2115:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2022:(1899), in:
2019:
2013:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1982:
1975:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1936:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1888:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1801:
1792:
1779:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1675:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1530:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1499:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1358:
1334:
1322:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1275:
1271:
1255:
1245:
1214:
1202:
1191:Afrikan Spir
1186:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1014:La Giustizia
1013:
1009:
999:
992:
985:
978:
971:
965:
958:
951:
944:
940:
933:
926:
919:
915:
908:
901:
894:
887:
881:Die Wahrheit
880:
867:
864:
859:
855:
852:
840:
829:
822:
816:
812:
806:
792:
781:
775:
771:
767:
763:
739:
736:
727:collectivism
724:
707:Wirklichkeit
706:
702:
688:
671:
661:
657:
631:
628:Epistemology
582:
574:
570:
558:
549:
547:
536:
524:
520:
516:
512:
503:
491:
476:
456:
445:
441:
430:
386:
362:
343:
337:
333:
311:
309:
290:
271:
236:
232:
230:
208:African Spir
207:
203:
202:
169:Epistemology
116:
111:Notable work
93:(1890-03-26)
36:Afrikan Spir
29:
18:African Spir
2450:Ontologists
2415:1890 deaths
2410:1837 births
2336:(in French)
2325:(in French)
2314:(in French)
2299:(in German)
2024:Kantstudien
1941:, Lequier,
1661:; Italian:
1115:1908–1909.
809:Leo Tolstoy
797:Leo Tolstoy
756:Leo Tolstoy
678:ontological
634:neo-Kantian
492:He died of
487:Switzerland
419:during the
417:Leo Tolstoy
401:Crimean War
377:neo-Kantian
358:Stuart Mill
253:Leo Tolstoy
218:philosopher
215:neo-Kantian
103:Switzerland
2404:Categories
2038:La libertà
1657:; French:
1164:References
848:Martinetti
803:, May 1896
689:Religion,
646:empiricism
623:Philosophy
373:Herbartian
354:David Hume
312:un caprice
1943:Renouvier
1632:Religione
1066:1883–85.
945:Religione
642:knowledge
506:Freemason
494:influenza
479:pneumonia
452:Stuttgart
397:Black Sea
389:gymnasium
350:Descartes
330:Education
263:Biography
231:His book
2388:Archived
1834:Outlines
1722:, p.IX).
1695:, p.IX).
1439:, p. 59.
1437:op. cit.
1422:, p. 13.
807:In 1896
715:judgment
703:Realität
691:morality
668:Ontology
579:—
529:Sorbonne
500:Writings
483:Lausanne
448:Tübingen
413:Malakoff
393:Mykolaiv
184:Ontology
179:Morality
2213:Inquiry
2000:Humanus
1939:Chestov
1054:Studien
825:Journal
823:In his
801:Journal
711:dualism
595:Honours
450:and to
365:Leipzig
318:of the
316:synaxis
286:Ukraine
212:Russian
119:), 1873
79:Ukraine
2127:, Spir
1705:right.
1535:, Spir
1151:1948.
1140:1937.
1133:1930.
1122:1930.
1108:1899.
1101:1897.
1087:1890.
1080:1887.
1073:1885.
1059:1883.
1052:1883.
1045:1880.
1031:1879.
1008:1879.
998:1879.
991:1878.
984:1878.
977:1877.
964:1877.
950:1876.
939:1874.
932:1873.
925:1870.
914:1869.
907:1869.
900:1869.
893:1869.
886:1868.
879:1866.
467:Geneva
387:After
356:, and
297:Moscow
293:Odessa
222:German
149:School
138:Region
99:Geneva
2125:Rilke
1762:Ibid.
1641:Notes
1533:Rilke
874:Works
811:read
473:Death
433:serfs
415:) as
324:Šimon
226:Greek
174:Logic
73:(now
1733:Ibid
758:and
652:(or
554:sage
407:and
280:now
255:and
88:Died
58:Born
2224:",
1806:24.
1748:, (
862:).
838:).
795:".
784:".
342:'s
288:).
220:of
128:Era
2406::
2173:.
2012:,
1935:,
1774:9.
1435:,
1361:.
1350:^
1341:.
1283:^
1231:^
1222:.
1193:.
1171:^
1159:).
799:,
754:,
750:,
746:,
717:.
660:≡
656:,
563:.
534:.
485:,
439:.
423:.
360:.
352:,
307:.
284:,
276:,
259:.
251:,
247:,
243:,
101:,
77:,
67:,
2177:.
1853:(
1819:(
1665:.
1593:.
1494:.
1365:.
1345:.
1329:.
1300:.
1226:.
1197:.
858:(
791:"
738:(
662:A
658:A
589:.
523:(
515:(
235:(
224:-
81:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
