Affair of the Cards

1607: 3029:— and also to the provincial press for publication. Also the day after the revelation in the Chamber, the Council of the Order of the Grand Orient published a manifesto in response to the accusations leveled against the obedience. It denounced the "traitor" Bidegain, "bribed by congregational money" and reported him to the vengeance of "all the masons in the world". Far from denying the registration carried out by itself, the Grand Orient affirmed in this manifesto to be proud of it: “We would like, in the name of all Freemasonry, to declare loudly that by providing the Ministry of War information on the servants loyal to the Republic and on those who, by their attitude always hostile, can raise the most legitimate concern, the Grand Orient of France has the claim, not only to have exercised a legitimate right, but to still have fulfilled the strictest of his duties”. 2378:— the names of the officers in the running; the survey covered "the political attitudes and feelings of these candidates" as well as the schools attended by their children (the significant question being whether their children attended a Catholic school or a liberal secular school). The prefects also transmitted their opinions of the officers' families, their respect for civil authority as well as their degree of collaboration in the regime's law enforcement missions. These inquiries were concluded with a personal opinion from the Prefect who decided on the follow-up path to be taken after the proposals. However, the postponement request could only be made "with caution and only for very serious reasons," according to the Combes circular. The investigations were carried out by the local police, the special commissioners in charge of counter-intelligence and the 851: 2229: 4800:. He published the exchanges of letters between Bouglé, Rist and Pressensé, and attacked the position of the latter. Through Pressensé, it was really Jaurès his former comrade who he was targeting for criticism, as both were fellow socialists — originally united by the Dreyfus affair — having gradually drifted apart since 1900. For Péguy, "the defence of Dreyfus was entirely about moral and it was in no way political, we must also say this about the case of denunciation, "there is no case of denunciation" Combes says, “there is no Dreyfus affair” said Méline." Péguy's criticism was two-fold: firstly, he rebelled against party discipline, defended by Jaurès, and refused the false dichtomy between reaction and defence of the Republic: "We know perfectly well that for the immense horde of nationalist politicians and 5222: 3616: 2123:

supported by certain politicians belonging to the lodges of which they are part, they have braved everything for more than six months. Such officers do the greatest damage to the republican cause in the army, for which we fight here with the last energy, and it is unfortunate that prime positions are kept by men whose position to be given would be retirement and retirement. no activity. Reactionary and clerical officers must, when they fail in their duty, be struck with the last energy, but the black sheep, and there are many that have crept into our ranks for quite some time, must also be struck with equal energy. I therefore ask and this in the interest of the army and justice, to put Commander X in retirement and to approve the other measures proposed by the leadership of the infantry.

2969: 4624:, unfaithful servants”. Several voices were then raised to criticize the management of the affair by the Grand Orient, including that of Weber: "I consider that the action of the Council of the Order was irregular from the point of view of the Masonic principles which guide us. , from the point of view of our Constitution. I ask which article of the Constitution has allowed the president of the Council of the Order, without any authorization from the General Assembly, without any advice given by the Federation, to organize a system like the one that has been organized in the Grand Orient”. Finally, the agenda supporting Lafferre won unanimously minus three votes, confirming the support for the filing and management of the affair by the management of the Grand Orient. 2431:. Under his leadership, this company became a veritable intelligence agency, with the Freemasonic officers carried out a vigilant surveillance of the political convictions of their comrades. This information was compiled in files by Commander Pasquier, sometimes at the request of the Grand Orient, sometimes on his own initiative. They were then communicated to the Ministry of War through the Grand Orient. The commander specialised in particular in the supervision of personnel in military schools. 180 files were written personally by Pasquier which would be published to the general public when the scandal eventually broke. According to Jean-Baptiste Bidegain (whose accuracy Thuillier doubts), Pasquier's network would have produced 3,000 files in total. 31: 5035:. On 25 January 1912, he reported his predecessor's circular and declared: "he essential interest which attaches to removing from the army all preoccupations foreign to its high mission and to strengthening the legitimate authority which must, in the circle of his attributions, belonging to the military command, seems exclusive of the presentation by the prefects of six-monthly political reports”. Millerand ordered the destruction of the intelligence bulletin forms, and at the beginning of January 1913 demanded that all the political files of the minister's military cabinet be thrown into the fire. Nevertheless, the resignation that Millerand gave on 12 January made the realization of his plan uncertain, his successor 2898: 3871:, former Grand Chancellor of the Order. On 28 December 1904, the request was addressed to General Florentin: “The undersigned ask you, Mr. Grand Chancellor, to bring the matter before the Council of the Order and to make public the solution(s) that will take place for all the legionaries incriminated or who could still be. France and the whole world need to know that there are in the Legion of Honor neither defamers, nor slanderers, nor liars, and that, if, unfortunately, there were some, there are no more now."; a complaint was filed for misconduct against honor. The 3,000 signatories, all holders of the Legion of Honor, had in their ranks many "good republicans", influential figures such as 2042: 4140: 1917: 3971: 2299: 3038: 4716:

that the left place politics above morality: “Republicans will say whether, at this dark and formidable hour that the destinies of this world are going through, it is appropriate to overthrow a government which has known how to keep the peace, and to indulge in all Caesareans, entrepreneurs of war and adventure . I say to the Republicans who want to risk themselves in this adventure that they will be the dupes of it”. Thus, twice, on 28 October and 4 November, the interventions of Jaurès—of great political skill—allowed the adoption of agendas that condemned the spying, but also maintained the Combes government.

5127: 2400: 2359: 2965:

Vadecard for explanations. However, the government, confident of its majority in the House, did not seem to understand the extent of the threat, perhaps because the full extent of the betrayal of Humbert and Bidegain was not yet known. Thus, General André trumpeted during a banquet in mid-October: "We are now going to try to throw a division among those who are working against the republic Republic: we know the danger, we will not let ourselves be caught. The fight will take place this week, we will go frankly, squarely into the fight and if victory is lacking, it will not be our fault!."

2479: 3109: 4847: 2614:— former protector of Humbert — went even further on 20 September 1902, revealing to Waldeck-Rousseau the full extent of the Grand Orient involvement in the card system and the use of these cards by Captain Mollin. Concealing his own responsibility for the establishment and operation of the card system, Percin spontaneously offered his resignation to the former President of the Council. Waldeck-Rousseau refused it, but deeply indignant about the entire affair and fearing the backlash for republicans once it was revealed, he complained about what he had learned to 4321: 3815: 1943:, they were suspicious in principle of reports from the military hierarchy. Paying as much attention to political opinions as to military qualities, General André sought an alternative source of information on officers, and in particular on all subaltern officers who, not enjoying public stature, were only identified in detail in the reports of their superior offices. Having addressed the prefects, André considered their information insufficient and considered their assessments too influenced by local circumstances. Pushed by General 2663: 4769: 4222:, was described "reactionary and convinced Catholic" on the file of Bidegain, while he is presented as "reactionary and convinced Catholic, but very benevolent for his men who esteem him a lot” in the equivalent Grand Orient file. It therefore seems that a certain number of files published in the press are therefore "rigged and truncated", in Mollin's words. Due to the destruction of cabinet files by General André, it is nevertheless impossible to estimate precisely the proportion of files redacted in this way. 4006:: “Tell the President that the first thing to do is to settle the affair of the files; we republicans have had enough of being called spies or friends of spies; the program of the new cabinet does not matter; at this point in the legislature, it is secondary, we will vote on the bills as we wish; but let this dirty business be liquidated as soon as possible; the man who is most capable of doing it is Rouvier ”. Despite his marked personal preference for Delcassé, Loubet gave in and on 21 January 1905 appointed 4982:, sent a letter to General Charles Ebener, chief of staff to Minister of War Jean Brun. In this letter, he accuses the cabinet of having reconstituted a "political intelligence agency" and revealed that the political notes drawn up by the prefects are never communicated to those concerned. For him, “o one has the right to inquire into the intimate beliefs of the officers, nor the way in which they behave in private life, their philosophical or religious conceptions. Whether they go to church or temple, a 8623: 1855: 2435:

several orderly officers had informants. From 1901, Captain Lemerle — already the understudy of Captain Mollin for relations with the Grand Orient — undertook to structure a "network of denouncing" for officers subservient to the cabinet: "the moral police of the army by his care had soon military agents in almost all the troops; it was so often these agents spied on and denounced each other”. According to historian Guy Thuillier, this practice of informing officers caused significant damage to the

3879: 2148: 1725: 3910:—, but that all the others would be referred to the Council of the Order. The next day, Combes summoned Florentin and threatened to dismiss him, but the General did not allow himself to be intimidated and obtained the support of Loubet. Spurred on by the hierarchs of the Grand Orient, Combes refuses to allow the slightest informer to be condemned. Also, he came into conflict with the President of the Republic. On 5 January 1905, the revelation of government pressure on Florentin by 3906:

against honor; that denunciation was one of these facts; that he had, consequently, regularly seized the council of the order of the complaints which had reached him, and that the procedures would be continued." He specified that complaints concerning soldiers would only be investigated after the decision of a military disciplinary council — according to the regulations —, those concerning civil servants would only be examined after the opinion of the Minister — in accordance with

1671:. The refusal of the military high command to let the truth come out as well as the haughty attitude of the officers called upon to testify at Dreyfus' second trial led the Republicans to make accusations. The Republicans described the army as a "state within a state" where scions of conservative families (ethnically French and religiously Catholic) could make successful careers when other fields were closed to them. Also, since the beginning of the Dreyfus affair — even since the 4964: 3705: 3922: 1787:— who had them constituted for the use of the Republicans — contained notes on the military skills and political convictions of the main officers, in two files. The first, completed in the first days of 1876, reviewed the entire Army corps, division by division. The second, compiled in the fall of 1878, reviewed the careers and political tendencies of the officers of the Ministry of War, the School of War, the General Staff of the Army and the Grandes Military Schools. 4686: 8613: 4883: 4597: 4231: 8592: 4813:; only these minutes are successive, they do not cease, and practically, socially, historically, they make time; politicians spend every day declaring to us that every tomorrow we will be free to preach morality ; we refuse to bow before this perpetual blackmail; we must save every minute, without exception, one after another, if we want to save, as we must, all the time of all life". More generally, Péguy criticised Jaurès for diverting 5213:

First World War began. Thus, the continuation of the file system manifested itself by thirteen years of political discrimination: a certain number of officers saw their careers slowed down, and sometimes even interrupted by these practices; others left the Army or become clients of politicians. For the historian Guy Thuillier, the officer corps emerged “somewhat weakened” and these practices had “an impact on the level of high command”.

3503: 3317: 4131:) and finally — this is the main thing — of libels. The discussion in the House was heated and some parliamentarians point out that this amalgamation is problematic from a legal point of view because on the one hand, the acts of denunciation incur disciplinary and non-legal sanctions and, on the other hand, the stain against a person's personal reputation cannot be whitewashed by law. However, the law was passed on 30 October 1905. 67: 4955:) refusing to put an end to it, hoping to benefit from it. It even seemed that denunciation within the officer corps continued to be encouraged by the ministry. Nevertheless, a point sometimes raised in defense of these practices is the difficulty of professionally grading officers in times of peace, as well as the need to control access to certain sensitive posts – including the generalate which makes a soldier a public figure. 2521:(1902-1905) — endeavored to assimilate the Navy to the Republic. This enterprise reached its maximum intensity under Pelletan, who worked alongside General André in the Combes Cabinet. In fact, Pelletan "saw naval policy only through an ideological prism": he intended to promote the careers of petty officers and officers specializing in mechanics, because they were known for their republicanism; Likewise, his enthusiasm for the 3100:— proposed an agenda that temporarily resolved the Republican majority, gathering 297 votes for and 221 against, with about sixty abstentions, i.e. a majority of 20 votes. Having shown that the support of the cabinet was played out by only two votes, the session of 4 November opened with a ministerial crisis with high stakes: with the possible Law of Separation and the control of the legislative elections of 1906 to play for. 3448: 1385: 2606:(the Minister of War having insisted on his removal from Paris). The dismissal of Humbert was commented on in the national press, which embarrassed André and his team, who feared that Humbert would seek revenge by publicly revealing the corrupt practices within the Cabinet, in regards to the filing system and Grand Orient surveillance network. This fear turned out to be well founded: eager for revenge, Humbert met with 4620:: “It would be strange for a large society like ours, which supervises all the political committees, which includes the elite of the nation, which, by his conscience, by his probity, has the right to know and to know, would have been disinterested, by I know not what timidity or what modesty misunderstood, of the political attitude of those whom the Republic charges to serve it and who are most often, too often, after 8633: 1978: 8603: 8097: 1400: 2342:

that, most often without cross-checking, the collection of information on private life of the offices or information of questionable relevance to the issue at hand, for instance comments such as: "He is a perfect satyr, little girls from twelve to thirteen are good for him", "Just like the angels, he has no sex”, “His inscription on the board paid for the services rendered by his wife to General D”.

2759: 2450: 3490:— and sent a letter to Berteaux asking to appear before a board of inquiry. There was a panic in the Ministry of War: Berteaux, in order not to upset the left, refused to initiate proceedings against Mollin, because it would then be necessary to investigate all the officers suspected of involvement, starting with Commander Pasquier. Consequently, he refused to report the resignation of Mollin. 3386:: “M. Combes has no friends, he only has servants. Our parliamentarianism, which was formerly a system of free discussion, has become under his reign a disciplinary system where everyone must think about order and follow the instructions. It was not worth driving out the monks to reestablish a new congregation in the midst of Parliament, out of which there is no salvation!"; finally, the 3005:. The Minister of War denied the accusations and announced the opening of an investigation to assess the veracity of the claims alleged against his cabinet; if the facts were proven correct, he announced that he would resign. The vote following the interpellation gave the government only a 4-vote majority, showing the consternation of some members of the parliamentary majority. 4347:. The event triggered anger from the nationalists; Guyot de Villeneuve announced that he would resume publication of the cards in the press and files a request for an interpellation from the government. However, he changed his mind, which drew upon him critics from the far-right who accused him of being a “coward” and of fearing for his life. On the international stage, the 5149:— a Freemason and former orderly officer of General André — who was propelled to the Directorship of the Infantry under the Ministry of War. Nevertheless, due to the lack of officers firmly committed to the regime, the ministry also had to fill positions of responsibility with personalities known for their Catholic or "reactionary" convictions — such as the future generals 5241:—himself a Freemason—in the first months of the First World War. However, because of the continuation of "Andréism", it is difficult to distinguish the share of responsibility of the files of the Grand Orient de France in these undeserved promotions and the share attributable to the continuation of the file by André's successors. Few officers who had had the rank of 3607:, some day tired of being badly served or betrayed, will not seek to see clearly in its affairs and will not take the broom of the great days, without worrying about the hierarchical path or the virtue of parliamentarians, but only the purification of civil servants, which has been promised to him for thirty years, and which we claim to do without his assistance”. 3358:— Loubet nonetheless remained in the minority and was powerless to moderate or dismiss Combes. He considered resigning for a period, but the prospect of his replacement by an associate of Combes held him back. In July 1904, Loubet's opposition to the Law of Separation of Churches and State also became public, helping to weaken majority support for the government. 3945:

pressures which the presidency of the Council usually used were ineffective and moderate republicans took advantage of this to precipitate the fall of Combes: Doumer wa elected against Brisson with a majority of 25 votes. There was a strong reaction on the left: Doumer was qualified as a “traitor” and was subsequently excluded from the Grand Orient de France.

5010:

would have lacked the political correctness and loyalty that the Government of the Republic is entitled to demand of them. Very exceptionally, I reserve the right to call you outside these dates, to provide me, in determined and urgent cases, with information on the attitude of some officers, in particular of those who would be proposed for special posts.

3226:; continues to have ongoing relations with them. Intelligent, skillful and of a deceit that goes beyond anything that one can imagine. This officer is the most dangerous in the Poitiers garrison. He hates all that is republican and anticlerical and does not hide it. He is an officer to be sent to Africa or to the colonies as soon as possible; he is of the 4089:

compromising national defense and dividing France herself”; the symbolic actions taken against Begnicourt and Peigné were presented as sufficient and Rouvier refuseed to hit "the republican officials who, in good faith, may have been mistaken". He obtained a majority of 373 votes, with 99 against, his support being equally divided between on the one hand

2335:

added to this table. The intrigues are pushed to such a point that even old Freemasons in the Eastern regions, I was told in recent days, are disgusted to see young officers entering the lodges only to satisfy their ambition. What leaven of hatred and discord will have left in the Army and in the Navy this disastrous trio: Combes, André, Pelletan!

1910:

choice, the chief places the words “adjourned” before his name. From then on there was no longer and there is no longer any brake on arbitrariness; each year we see the minister oust the most appreciated officers from the roll and choose not only those who are presented last, but even those who are postponed! What disdain for the command!

5192:, and a Marshal four years later—owed part of the slowness of his career advancement due to his file which denounced his nationalist and Catholic sympathies, but this reason does not alone explain his slowed progress. Other Catholic officers who distinguished themselves in the Great War saw their advancement hampered, such as General 2721:" and recalled an earlier scandal from 1894, where the Grand Orient acquired administrative services to "create information sheets on certain personalities". For Prache, officials, whoever they are, "suffer from this continual espionage"; he maintained that the semi-political character of the Grand Orient was in contravention of the 3194:, the prefect Gaston Joliet was "swept away by the scandal and thrown as food for the press". Indeed, Guyot de Villeneuve mentioned his name first on the platform on 28 October and then on 1 November, several denunciation notes, written by Joliet on prefectural letterhead and sent to the Grand Orient de Francee, were published by 4917:

of the Infantry in June 1905, resigned over the situation in December 1905, protesting against "the ever-increasing intrusion of parliamentarians in personal matters, matters always decided contrary to the rules”. Access to the rank of general notably requires sponsors in the republican political class – this is the case of

2889:. He presents the denunciation of "reactionary" soldiers as a duty to his officers: "If any of you showed any hostility to the government of today, I beg you to quarantine them and even I will give you a duty to denounce them to me ”. This declaration prompted the filing of a third interpellation with the government. 1542:, deputy of the secretary-general of the Grand Orient. The Minister at first denied having any knowledge of these actions, but during the meeting of 4 November 1904, Guyot de Villeneuve produced a document which directly incriminated André; the meeting was stormy and the nationalist deputy Gabriel Syveton slapped the 3422:, are in quarantine. Their ports are left silted up, and they will only have railways for what they had before or what they pay for. State subsidies will be for the moving red Midi. The same for individuals; if they vote "badly", they will be spied on, denounced, prosecuted and attacked until the fourth generation. 3236:”. On 3 November, the Colonel of the 125th Infantry Regiment had to use all his authority so that the officers of his regiment did not attack the prefect on his arrival at Poitiers station. Irreverent inscriptions flourish in the streets of the city referencing the perfect. On 5 December, in Paris, in front of the 1663:, the French Army had kept itself relatively aloof from the political struggles which pitted the monarchists against the partisans of the Republic, a confrontation which ended in the latter's final victory in 1879 with the change of the Senate. Although it did not allow itself to be tempted by the adventurism of a 3640:"—, the President of the Council retorted: "It is the notable of the municipality who is invested with the confidence of the Republicans and who, as such, represents them to the government when the mayor is a reactionary”. On 18 November, he formalized the system by means of a circular addressed to the prefects: 1997:"clerical reaction", declared himself in favor of the collection by the provincial lodges of information on the officers and their transmission to the office of the Minister of War, though clandestine spying means. The lodges, present in many garrison towns, would indeed serve as a detailed intelligence service. 1770:, which was the strongest anticlerical measure of the early 20th century. This move against Catholicism in French society, under the banner of separation, was closely linked to the Affair of the Cards: the religious convictions of Catholic officers were considered as proof of hostility to the Republic. President 4105:

the political-religious discrimination of the affair of the cards. To do this, Guyot de Villeneuve tabled a bill to set up a military commission in order to obtain career upgrades for the officers targeted by the denunciation, but the Minister of War refused, promising only to examine individual cases.

4715:

to witness: "what Mr. Guyot de Villeneuve wants is to let allow the reconstitution without control, without guarantee for the Republic a factious and irresponsible military caste”, referencing the behavior of the military high-command during the Dreyfus affair. During the same session, he recommended

3479:

On 17 November 1904, to save the face of the government, Combes tried to blame Captain Henri Mollin for the excesses of the file system, whom General André had forced to resign on 27 October and he declared to the Chamber: "Because an officer of ordinance has devised a detestable intelligence system,

2921:

In mid-September 1904, the nationalist deputy Jean Guyot de Villeneuve obtained from Captain Humbert documents that the latter had taken with him following his dismissal from the cabinet of the Ministry of War. Certain documents relating to the files undeniably bore the signature of General André. On

2390:

than radicals, they will naturally be inclined to mark as very correct, even if they are not at all". In addition, the quality of the information sometimes left much to be desired: many references were imprecise, the recently transferred officers were unknown to the police services, and the prefects

2294:

has counted a total of 18,818 intelligence files written on officers as a result of the Grand Orient's activities between 1 September 1901 and 30 October 1903, a number lower than the total number of files established during the operation of the system, which began at the end of 1900 and stopped when

2290:: "Not everyone can go to Corinth"). The intelligence reports began to be compiled when General André arrived at the Ministry of War and initially only contained the officers that the Minister had known during his career personally or that he had heard of — little more than 800 reports. The historian 2208:

who turned down requests to provide reports. Freemasons from other obediences also participated in gathering intelligence and providing reports; one of the two main writers of intelligence reports providing notes on Catholic and nationalist French Army officers was Bernard Wellhoff, Worshipful Master

1790:

These files, established by a republican intelligence network supported by Masonic lodges, thus already pointed — well before the Affair of the Cards — to the monarchist officers thought to present a danger to the Republic. After the accession to power of the Republicans, a certain number of generals

1572:

cabinet, which succeeded him, formally condemned the system, pronounced symbolic sanctions and pursued a policy of rehabilitation. Nevertheless, the card system continued after 1905, no longer based on spying from the Grand Orient but on prefectural information and backed by the practice of political

5344:

The appellation is certified by Paul Naudon1. In the slang of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, “casserole” meant someone who cooked to make people talk. “Stirring the pan” was also used as a synonym for denouncing. The expression had become commonly used to designate the scandals which pursue

4870:

asked them for information on the political opinions of officers on two occasions, on 8 and 18 November 1904—while the affair of the cards was in full swing—a habit continued by the Rouvier cabinet. After Berteaux and Rouvier publicly admitted in March 1905 the role of the prefects in the collection

4627:

At the same time as this call for unity, the Grand Orient provided financial support from the start of 1905 to Freemasons whose social or financial situation had been affected by the fallout from the affair. The writers of the files were subjected to retaliatory measures and lists of Freemasons were

4245:

Up until this point the nationalists had spared Percin from their attacks, instead focusing on others. The historian François Vindé has advanced the hypothesis that “the files stolen from the Ministry of War had been delivered by Humbert and his friends with the promise that Percin would be spared”.

3797:

read this intelligence report out in the Chamber and exclaims: “The Chamber will not be in solidarity with the denunciation. She has a duty to stop the espionage at the door of the Head of State!"; Minister Berteaux, very embarrassed, explained that Pasquier swore never to have written this card, an

3587:

On 17 November 1904, Combes reaffirmed his position by affirming in the Chamber: “ to deliver republican officials to vengeance who been denounced by certain papers whose authenticity cannot even be guaranteed. We do not want to lose the propaganda work of five years in one week!". By authority, he

3066:

beat the recall of the deputies supporting the Ministry of War to keep the government in the majority, with as a line of defense which recognised that the registration system existed but claimed that it was justified as a bulwark against "anti-government reactionaries" within the Army. A vote on the

3000:

also produced a feature on the index cards scandal. On 28 October, Jean Guyot de Villeneuve challenged the government in the Chamber and revealed the ongoing relations between the Grand Orient and the office of the Minister of War. At the rostrum, for nearly three hours, he methodically read letters

2845:

It is not possible that you allow next to you, below you, outside you, to perpetrate this task of snitching and denouncing, which can be that of the police, but cannot be that of the French Army. There is no republicanism which can excuse a fault against honor and there is no masonry which can cover

2341:

For Guy Thuillier, the major error in the intelligence reporting system made by the Grand Orient was to have tried to gather information on all the officers, in a totalitarian manner, from the lowest Lieutenant up to the highest Generals of Divisions; the consequence of this abundance of files being

1996:

pastor and Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, the most influential Masonic body in the country. This meeting, which took place at a date difficult to specify — probably between the end of 1900 and the beginning of 1901 — aroused the enthusiasm of Desmons: the latter, eager to fight Catholic

5212:

was refused the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel from 1901 to 1904, although he was always put forward by his hierarchy. André's action having been continued by his successors, General Cadoudal — denounced by the prefect Joliet —, appointed Lieutenant-Colonel on 16 March 1901, was only a Colonel when the

4916:

This legislation aimed at putting a brake on filing fails: in fact, the circular of 13 January was not applied in practice. Moreover, this system prevented neither parliamentary pressure from being exercised nor the practice of political recommendations. General Armand Mercier-Milon, appointed head

4890:

These provisions were codified on 13 January 1905 in a circular from the Ministry of War. Warning of "the confidential nature of the notes given", it specified that the officers must take note of the assessments concerning them and affirms that the information of the prefects "is not intended to be

4608:

At the onset of the affair, the lodges of the Grand Orient experienced a “period of uncertainty”; a few lodges declared themselves sensitive to Guyot de Villeneuve's arguments and a certain number demanded the holding of an extraordinary convention at the beginning of 1905. This request having been

4104:

Rouvier also managed to get Jean Guyot de Villeneuve to stop publishing further files; the nationalist deputy agreed to comply in exchange for promises of the government to abandon political discrimination in the Army and reparations for officers who were hampered in their career advancement due to

3646:

One of the essential duties of your office is to exercise political action on all public services and to faithfully inform the government about civil servants of all orders and candidates for public office. It is not for me to limit the field of your information, but I am permitted to invite you to

2243:

The intelligence files sent to the Ministry of War listed the political opinions and presumed skills of thousands of officers. The religious and philosophical convictions of their families are also mentioned. In instances where the "suspect" professed to be apolitical or the reporting Freemason was

1909:

in each army corps, lists containing all the candidates who meet the legal conditions for advancement by choice. The different hierarchical heads indicate on these lists, in special columns, the number of preference which they grant to each subject; when an officer is judged incapable of taking the

1892:

These arms commissions having in their prerogatives the exclusion without recourse of the officers considered too mediocre, General André decided on 15 March 1901 to abolish arms commissions to allow the ministry complete freedom of choice. The system set up by André outraged part of the hierarchy,

3753:

of which he was the treasurer, money which was subsequently returned by his widow. It seemed that Syveton committed suicide after being threatened with revealing his embezzlement and the possible affair he had with his daughter-in-law, the thesis of the investigators was joined by the nationalists

3493:

On 5 January 1905, General André, in a letter, tried again to make Mollin a scapegoat, explaining: "I was wrong to report absolutely to this officer for the correspondence to be exchanged and not to require him to submit all his letters to me first”. He also affirmed that he was not informed that

3467:

right. At the same time, Loubet began to plan for the next government, which he intends to entrust to Delcassé. André resisted a few days with the support of Combes. Finally, hoping to save his government, Combes forced André to resign on 15 November, without compensation — he was, in the words of

3257:

recognised Commander Nicolas Pasquier — organizer of a network of denouncements — whom he verbally inveighed against; police officers were obliged to intervene to prevent a brawl at the end of the hearing. On 4 March, Joliet — who did not set foot in Poitiers — was finally dismissed by the Rouvier

3049:

The parliamentary session of 4 November 1904 marked the climax of the affair of the cards. Guyot de Villeneuve returned to the fray, providing material proof of General André's personal responsibility: producing a document initialed by him making explicit reference to the Grand Orient intelligence

3008:

On 29 October, General André ordered the files of the Ministry of War to be destroyed. The only remaining files were therefore those taken by Bidegain and Humbert, and communicated to Guyot de Villeneuve. The latter, to maintain the pressure on the government, released them in a trickle fashion to

2195:

The vast majority of Worshipful Masters diligently carry out the inquiries requested by Vadecard. Nevertheless, some isolated lodges expressed their opposition, based on article 19 of the Constitution of the Grand Orient, which stipulated: “ must refrain from all debates on acts of civil authority

2129:

This report triggered strong protests from the aforementioned Freemasonic-aligned politicians (though their names were censored in the report) and Humbert's enemies. André's arbitration was final: the head of the civil cabinet, Cazelles, was made to leave his post and Humbert was expelled from the

5009:

From now on, you will kindly send me, every six months, on the dates of 1 April and 1 October, through the intermediary of the President of the Council, Minister of the Interior, a detailed report on the officers in garrison in your department who, by public acts or a well-known general attitude,

4994:

stepped up to denounce the file system in the Chamber; he remarked "this mode of investigation can only be ineffective, if the prefects know that their information, the information of their police commissioners, will be communicated, and it becomes odious when this information is kept secret" and

4804:

the affair of the cards and the denunciation is only a political affair, one more immense political machination; but what is precisely admirable is that this is perfectly true, and yet it does not matter at all"; second, he defended the fact that “every minute is supposedly the only one where, to

4273:

has any meaning, you should not admit that the little ones are sacrificed and that the big, the most guilty, escape all punishment. If you do not hold General Percin to account, you have a duty to reinstate Captain Mollin — cowardly sacrificed by those to whom he had to obey — back into the Army.

3917:

On 9 January, the Council of the Order of the Legion of Honor summons Begnicourt, a retired commander, to respond to cards of which he was the author. On 12 January, the Council unanimously decided to strike Begnicourt from the executives of the Legion, a decision known in Paris the next day. The

3695:

who said "Never a Minister of the Empire, under the lethargic sleep of our freedoms, would have dared to stoop to these abject practices!", the President of the Council managed to gather 296 votes in his favour (and 285 against) by affirming that the Republic was threatened by the maneuver of the

3361:

In September 1904, the internal stability of Combes' regime deteriorated a little more. In fact, during his speech in Auxerre on 4 September, he pronounced a sentence that would trigger a controversy: "Our political system consists in the subordination of all bodies and all institutions, whatever

2385:

The zeal shown by the prefects to respond to government requests varied greatly according to the departments; the administrative oversight of the military seemed exaggerated to some, while others, convinced that the Army was factious, responded eagerly. In 1902, Mollin wrote to Vadecard: "as some

2334:

Never has parliamentary or Masonic action been exercised so widely and slyly; never was denouncement more in honor in the cabinet of the rue Saint-Dominique; on the observation or denunciation of a Brother, on the recommendation of a Venerable, an officer is excluded from the advancement table or

3905:

to the Grand Chancellor to ensure that the complaints were filed away without further action. Florentin resisted, however, retorting "that it was not up to him, the Grand Chancellor, to dismiss of his own accord the complaints formulated by members of the order, when they aimed at serious faults

3139:

Suspicion was heightened in the garrisons, and informers were sought from reports of debates in the House and revelations in the newspapers. Withering the “casseroles” became, in the corps of officers, a question of honor. Officers who had files created on them as part of the scandal, challenged

2787:

a set of files that he copied during his work at the General Secretariat of the Grand Orient, after revealing their existence to him at the beginning of 1904. Bidegain indeed “returned to the Catholic faith after mourning and personal disappointments”, which would have pushed him to change tack.

2648:

Percin's was playing a double game: while he was managing the filing at the Ministry, he tried to put General André in difficulty by releasing the first leaks. Several hypotheses as to why he did this are possible: it is possible that he sought to provoke the fall of André in order to be able to

1968:

in all areas of society. On 20 June 1902, in a circular addressed to the prefects, Combes summed up the action he intended to take in the public service: “Your duty requires you to reserve the favors you have available only to those of your citizens who have given unequivocal proof of loyalty to

1888:

To achieve this, Gaston de Galliffet changed the de-centralised methods of advancement in rank in the Army: on the 9 January 1900, he issued a decree to abolish the regional advancement commissions which decided autonomously on the advancement table. Indeed, Galliffet suspected the military high

4284:

replied that, in the interests of the Army, the scandal must end, while Rouvier forcefully affirmed: “We will not send any officer before a board of inquiry. The cabinet will only use the regular organs made available to it by law. What more do you want? You want uninterrupted turmoil until the

3455:

On 6 November 1904, two days after the stormy session in which General André was slapped, Combes confided to Loubet that he was considering dismissing the Minister of War, whose credit was damaged beyond repair. Eager to provoke the fall of the entire cabinet and not the only resignation of the

3135:

and stirred up popular sentiment against the "cardists": important incidents and quarrels occurred in nearly forty departments, as people who were personally attacked in the reports were outraged, seeking regress and those who were offended for religious reasons at the attempt to exclude French

2964:

also warned the Grand Orient that "very important documents from the Grand Orient have fallen into the hands of the opposition". The news caused concern among the Army officers who belonged to Masonic lodges and thus had benefited most from the practices of the Ministry of War. They came to ask

2579:

The Navy, even under Pelletan, did not go so far as to practice extensive registration of officers. The minister, consulted on the subject, replied that he "was not afraid that an admiral, however monarchist he was, would bring a squadron to Paris". Masonic lodges were nevertheless occasionally

2475:— and to its royalist sympathies, was closely watched by Republicans and criticized for its alleged particularism. They feared that its corps of officers, which cultivated its autonomy in relation to the political personnel in place, were still at end of the 19th century a danger to the regime. 3653:

On 22 November, he clarified to his ministers that "so that the political action of the prefects can lead to useful results, it is essential that these senior officials be called upon to express, from a political point of view, their opinion on all the proposals of interest to the staff of the

3144:

where a Commander confronted the Worshipful Master of the local Masonic Lodge. In La Roche-sur-Yon, in January 1905, Lieutenant-Colonel Visdeloup de Bonamour sued Stéphane Guillemé, mayor of the town, Worshipful Master of the Masonic Lodge and author of numerous files on individuals within his

2434:

The second secret network was the one owned by General André's military cabinet. Bernard André, the nephew of the Minister of War, was in particular in charge of analysing anonymous denunciations, very numerous, which were sent to the ministry by both officers and civilians. On the other hand,

2169:

from each local Masonic Lodge would be required to respond to information requests about individuals in their locality, sent out from the Secretary-General of the Grand Orient de France. These requests came from lists of "suspects" drawn up by Henry Mollin (or where applicable, by Violette and

5071:. The officers—with the notable exception of the many "clients" that General André promoted during the four years of his ministry—were permanently shocked by these partisan, even scandalous promotions, and a significant mistrust of informers. The military command became largely hostile to the 3948:

The election of Doumer proved that Combes had lost control of the House. The latter made his final emotional plea on 13 January, prophesying a lasting crisis if he is forced to leave power: “It is not a crisis of ministry, but a crisis of majority which would open tomorrow. I have before me a

3944:

put forward his candidacy on 10 January 1905. The latter immediately specified that this approach was directed against the Combes cabinet and "the corrupt practices of which it uses" and not against Brisson personally. The poll was held on 12 January; the vote being done by secret ballot, the

2122:

Under the most cowardly pretexts, in a spirit of envy and jealousy, Commander X and Lieutenant Y waged a terrible campaign against their leader, Colonel Terme. They destroyed at La Flèche any spirit of discipline, practiced anonymous denunciation in all that it is most ashamed of and, feeling

4088:

On 27 January, during his ministerial declaration, Rouvier promised an end to the interference by Freemasonry in government bodies, but condemned "the violent formal notices formulated by the opponents of the Republic without worrying about whether, to ensure their triumph, they do not risk

3670:

in the country. Interrupted several times, he finally exploded: "We now know from the reactionary newspapers the presumed state of the Army, which has 90% enemies of the Republic if this information is correct. I ask the Minister of War if it is advisable to let this country be guarded by a

1496:

and other intelligence networks established data sheets on officers, which were sent to General André's office in order to decide on which officers would be allowed to receive promotions and advance up the military hierarchy, as well as be awarded decorations, and who would be excluded from

2354:

were, in theory, the main source of government information about military officers. However, in practice, information from the Grand Orient had more weight in the decisions of the Ministry of War. The systematic registration by Freemasonry preceded that which was set up by the prefectural

4748:

wherever it feels they are threatened, and as much for the rights of Catholics as that of Jews or Freemasons." On 21 November 1904, the Central Committee examined the protesters' request and dismissed them on 5 December, agreeing with the position defended by the president of the League,

3298:

having published the Avon files had asked Debierre to intervene in favor of his career as well as that of his father, the moderate conservative circles did not take sides with the two soldiers, whose conduct they did not approve of. As for the nationalists, they ceased their offensive in

1969:

republican institutions. I have agreed with my cabinet colleagues that no appointment, no advancement of civil servant belonging to your department occurs without your having been consulted beforehand ” . The card system, a rigorous application of this methodology, therefore continued.

5075:, responsible for the file system, confirming the poor performance of the latter in terms of rallying the Army. However, in the French Army at the beginning of the 20th century, most officers accepted the regime or put up with it, a marked development compared to the 1870s and 1880. 3074:

General André defended himself vehemently: “I know that a number of my enemies have sworn to have my skin. I will resist all these attacks, gentlemen, and I will remain at my post until a clear vote in the Chamber has excluded me from it." It was then that the nationalist deputy

2134:, Minister of the Navy offered to welcome Humbert into his own cabinet, but André categorically refused this. This maneuver allowed the Minister to silence the dissenting voices within his cabinet and it greatly served him with Republican parliamentarians hostile to his methods. 4183:

with covert words of having stolen documents from André's cabinet and of having handed them over to Jean Guyot de Villeneuve (which was later proven to have occurred). He also accused General André of having consulted "the summary of more than three thousand files from both the

2098:, warned the Minister the dangers of these practices and the damage that could be caused by their revelation. Faced with the lack of success of their approach, Targe and Humbert went so far as to contact in 1902 the new president of the Council of the Order of the Grand Orient, 4389:". The officers who received these files, fearing that their reputations would be soiled with their publication and falsely under the impression that these were genuine files in the possession of Guyot de Villeneuve, put significant pressure on him to stop the publications in 4285:

election. You want to divide the Army; we will not lend ourselves to your attempts”. Thus it seemed that the cabinet feared Percin and the information he kept with him; General Paul Peigné, who had behaved much less reprehensibly (and was later to become a Grand Master of the

2640:

The card system was beginning to be more widely known among management personnel of the regime in general, outside the Ministry of War. As early as January 20, 1903, General Émile Oscar Dubois reported in his diary that the entire entourage of the President of the Republic,

3678:

On 9 December, the day after a vote in the Senate in which the government obtained only two majority votes, the prefects of Combes were recalled from their departments to "warm up with promises the zeal of hesitant deputies or where appropriate to try to intimidate them."

3647:

draw your information only from officials of the political order, republican political figures invested with an elective mandate and those you have chosen as delegates or administrative correspondents because of their moral authority and their attachment to the Republic.

4384:

maneuver: they "constituted a certain number of fake files in which, alongside truthful information, makes salacious and defamatory comments on the supposed customs and character of the officer on file, to whom the document was then sent, accompanied by these few words:

4018:

Rouvier formed a government from which members of parliament who had spoken out against Combes, even if only once, were excluded. However, he did not continue the previous Cabinet's unconditional defense of informers from the affair. Under his leadership, and although

1885:, was known for his fervent republicanism and his "doctrinaire" character. His mission was to continue the task of his predecessor, namely to liquidate the last turmoil of the Dreyfus affair and to continue with "republicanization" of the Army at lightning fast speed. 3961:

On 15 January, the day after this stormy meeting, Émile Combes announced to Loubet the resignation of his government, a resignation that he officially submitted to the Council of Ministers on 18 January, Loubet having had to be absent due to the death of his mother.

4074:— who was personally implicated in the scandal (he had boasted in a letter to Narcisse-Amédée Vadecard, that he had managed to exile a commander and four captains to undesirable posts on the eastern border). However, to appease the left, Generals de Nonancourt and 6801:

Michel Jarrige, « Les organisations antimaçonniques en France (1899-1914) », dans Franc-maçonnerie et histoire : bilan et perspectives, Presses universitaires de Rouen et du Havre, coll. « Normandie », 30 octobre 2018 (lire en ligne ), p.

2058:, he maintained difficult relations with his superior, General Percin. The latter however left him in charge of the filing service, which was quite sensitive in nature. When Mollin was on leave, he was replaced by two other Freemasons from the cabinet, Lieutenant 4735:

and many other Leaguers asked the Central Committee to vigorously condemn the process of denunciation used by the government. For Bouglé and Rist, the League could not unhypocritically witness such a violation of the principles it ostensibly existed to defend —

4705:, who had distinguished himself in the Dreyfus affair, on the other hand supported the Combes cabinet unflinchingly. On 28 October, responding to Guyot de Villeneuve, he questioned the authenticity of the documents presented — recalling the falsification in the 3834:: on 9 December, he protested against the officers who denounced their comrades, some of whom "carry the sign of honor: will they be allowed to wear it?". Individual complaints had already been addressed to the Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honor, General 4196:, whom he accused of being the real man in charge of the file system, of having intrigued against the minister and finally of having, leaving the cabinet in March 1904, copied the political files of the 300 officers of the division he was to take command of. 4379:

and reserve officer, was challenged to a duel by lieutenant-colonel du Châtelet and sued by the commander of Robien. This time, however, the Grand Orient and the freemasons were better prepared. In order to protect the authors of the files, they set about a

3001:

and files establishing that General André was relying on the information given by Freemasonry to decide on the advancement of officers. He ended his intervention by accusing the Grand Orient of being in reality the entity which directs the personnel of the

2192:. These instructions were not put in the official public journals, in order to help maintain the secrecy of this enterprise. In addition to the Worshipful Masters, other Freemasons holding political office and considered dependable were contacted directly. 1828:, who would have been responsible for reporting "the servants of the State disposed to betray and the maneuvers of hiring, corruption, intimidation of monarchists, clerics and their new allies, the Boulangists". But this idea was opposed by the director of 4577:. After the failure of the founding of an anti-Masonic federation in 1913, due to personal and political rivalries between the leaders of the different movements, the anti-Masonic current gradually declined, before experiencing a revival during the 1930s. 1588:

for all (including those they disagreed with), also weakened the French military high command, due to more than ten years of discrimination in the advancement of officers, which had consequences that were difficult to assess during the first months of the

3665:

militants, gave a speech at the rostrum to justify the Masonic political surveillance of the French Army. Lafferre's thesis was that the government has the right to inquire about reactionary officials; he accused the right of maintaining an atmosphere of

5002:

admitted the next day that it was problematic "that a certain mystery be allowed to hover over these political notes, and that they weigh on the officers without them knowing”. On 12 December 1911, he sent a circular to the prefects in which he wrote:

2571:

was lifted; finally, the fleet chaplain corps was dissolved in 1907. Pelletan's uncompromising anti-Catholic campaign often met with hostility from the Navy command, but also from Republican political leaders who reproached him for his excesses: thus,

4303:

refused to shake Percin's hand and disdained the provocation to a duel that the latter addressed to him. To cover up the incident, Berteaux disciplined Percin and Hagron — "whose attitude is highly approved" in the military. In November 1905, General

1791:

were dismissed from their commands on the basis of these files, in order to make the military institution more malleable in the hands of the new regime. It was also the dismissals within the Army that provoked the anger and the resignation of Marshal

4154:

Despite the appeasement efforts of the Rouvier government and the hope of republicans that public attention on the affair could now be put to rest, the cards affair experienced some twists and turns during 1905, with some old scores still to settle.

2464:

was not directly implicated in the Affair of the Cards, its leaders also undertook their own endeavors to carry out a "republicanization" of their officer corps. Indeed, the Navy, traditionally known as "the Royal", an ambivalent reference to the

2846:

a spinning agency. The Republic does not need to live that thieving officers serve it, and Freemasonry does not need to continue to render services to the Republic that it is transformed into a denouncing office. All of this must come to an end.

3782:. Bourgeois, industrialists, civil servants, magistrates, officers, are clericals. However, this clerical world has always supported Mr. Loubet, because of his tolerance. It is therefore in this world, by connections, by the family relations of 5298:

and the Masonic Archives, considers in particular that the purge which General André and his successors were responsible for were very damaging and explains a certain number of failures of the French Army in 1914, such as those due to Generals

4879:, and by 232 votes against 31 — that the Minister of War had to base the advancement of officers “both their professional qualities and their devotion to the Republic”, which, according to Guy Thuillier, “left the door open to many abuses”. 2610:— now withdrawn from politics but was a significant moral authority for republicans in the Third Republic — and inform him that André's cabinet gives too much credit to partisan informants when it came to advancements within the Army. General 3829:

Jean Guyot de Villeneuve was at the origin of the final maneuver which brought down the Combes government. Since Combes formally refuses to punish informers, the nationalist deputy shifted the debate to the field of the national order of the

5085:

majority among the officers, should not negate the fact that the affair of the files and its association with "the Republic," marked the resurgence of a strong current of conservative, Catholic, anti-Jewish and nationalist opinion, close to

4108:

On 11 July 1905, the President of the Council continued his policy of appeasement by presenting to the Senate a bill of amnesty concerning offenses and contraventions in matters of elections, strikes, meetings, the press, convictions in the

5092:. The disunity caused by the filing system therefore weakened the Army at a time when governments demanded that it participate in the application of Masonic-inspired anti-clerical and secularist laws which divided the country: in 1903, the 2037:

and Patrice Morlat have claimed that the Council of the Order was not consulted, only the office was and gave its approval. The latter then requested the most reliable "venerable" freemasons to send the information back to the Secretariat.

5659:

Pierre Chevallier, Histoire de la franc-maçonnerie française : La maçonnerie : Église de la République, vol. 3, Librairie Arthème Fayard, coll. « Les Grandes études historique », 1975, 480 p. (ISBN 2-213-00162-6), p.

5176:

and never became a Lieutenant-Colonel, a Colonel waited for his stars for a number of years, two officers were retired, another was blocked from advancing, and the last, director of the Rennes artillery, was automatically transferred to

2653:

being the most appropriate candidate in this scenario — or that he sought to exonerate himself from the forthcoming card system scandal by throwing the responsibility on André and Mollin, knowing that it would eventually come to light.

3658:, followed by several other parliamentarians, immediately filed a request for an interpellation on the subject of "the official organization of the denunciation revealed by the ministerial circular of 18 November", set for 8 December. 3273:—, whom he accused of having drawn up files on him and his father, the retired General Avon. Following this assault in the middle of the street, Captain Avon was arrested and was sentenced on appeal, on 3 February 1905, to one hundred 2416:, a company created in 1902 and bringing together Freemasonic officers "without any distinction of rites". In theory controlled by the Secretary-General of the Grand Orient, it was in fact under the control of its president, Commander 2881:

and took the opportunity to denounce on the one hand the practices of denunciation that he had undertaken to fight when he was still in the cabinet of André and on the other hand the treatment to which he was subjected in July 1902.

1549:

The scandal had a major significance in French politics. The twists and turns and revelations of the affair followed one another for several months, while the press regularly published the files in question. Despite the support of

4513:

The revelation of the secret role played by the Grand Orient in the registration of officers in the French Army, saw the reactivation of dormant anti-Masonic associations and the creation of several new ones, among which were the

3683:, leader of the Socialists, put his political and moral authority at the service of Combes, as he was also convinced of the need for political control of the Army and fearing that the fall of Combes would definitively disrupt the 2116:, Lieutenant-Colonel Terme, being the subject of intrigues, Captain Humbert — in charge of the direction of the Infantry — conducted an investigation, entrusted to General Castex. Having read the general's report, he concluded: 4199:

Finally, Mollin revealed that Jean-Baptiste Bidegain had redacted certain documents by recopying them, in particular by removing the favorable mentions present on the files of certain officers presented as conservatives. Thus,

4891:

placed in files", which is a measure of protection against the arbitrariness of the information provided. It also reaffirmed that the files of the Grand Orient were no longer to be used, because they had been destroyed. The

3777:

reveals that the entourage of the President of the Republic was listed by Commander Pasquier: in the file concerning Commander Bouillane de Lacoste, Loubet's ordering officer, it was written: "The clerics are all-powerful in

4266:

We hit Begnicourt. Captain Mollin's career was shattered. General André himself received the military medal. General Percin gained two ranks in the minister's office and today he commands a division. If the Republican motto

3417:

punishes and rewards citizens and boroughs, depending on whether they voted "well" or "badly". Are they voting "well"? Any favour is granted. "Wrong"? No justice. The West and North-West of France, which refuse to join the

3953:

Camille Krantz asked him if he will allow Begnicourt to be condemned, Combes deferred to the President of the Republic: "It is up to him alone to make his intentions known". The agitation of the Chamber wa at its height;

2267:

At the Ministry of War, these intelligence reports compiled by the Freemasons were used to classify officers in two files: Catholic and nationalist officers — generally to be excluded from promotions - were placed in the

1782:

In the first years of the French Third Republic, secret files on the officers of the French Army had already been collected with the assistance of Freemasonry. These “Gambetta papers”, named after the radical politician

3722:

was prosecuted for his physical attack on the Minister of War; his friends, eager to make his trial a platform against the government, voted with the majority of deputies in favor of lifting his parliamentary immunity.

4562: 3067:

agenda took place and showed that the government's credibility was eroding; their majority had reduced to a slim margin of only 2 votes. Among the votes of the majority were those of six deputy ministers. The royalist

2957:

of Guyot de Villeneuve's plans. The only major measure taken was to move the files from the Ministry of War to Captain Mollin's home and to have the place guarded by the police. A freemason policeman who worked at the

2624:

Seen Combes. I reported the previous conversation to him. My opinion is that the procedure put in force at the War is inadmissible and will unleash legitimate anger when it is known. Combes agrees. All this must stop.

2411:

In addition to the registrations carried out by the Grand Orient Masonic lodges and the prefects, two other networks informed General André's office of the political opinions of the officers. The first was that of the

5253:(out of 270) were promoted by André. Notable among the shortcomings of "political" generals sanctioned by Joffre in the first months of the war were the Freemason generals Bizard and de Lartigue, dismissed after the 2026:, Desmons having had the principle of carding validated by the Council of the Order of the Grand Orient, the masonic lodges were invited to give their active support to Vadecard. However, historians of Freemasonry, 3266: 5093: 1756: 2109:, to convince him to give up filing. These steps earned them the hostility of Mollin, Lemerle, Violette and Commander Jacquot, and the latter endeavored to discredit them with the minister, sometimes by calumny. 3083:—, advanced towards the ministers' bench and, two times, vigorously slapped the Minister of War. This gesture triggered a generalized uproar in which parliamentarians from the right and left came to blows while 2597:

was dismissed from André's office in July 1902. He was the source of the first leaks concerning the file system. Ordered to leave the Army following the Termes incident, he was appointed tax collector, first in

1938:

Indeed, General André and his cabinet were determined to promote the advancement of republican officers to the detriment of nationalists and monarchists; persuaded that the military command was being overrun by

2922:

30 September 1904, Guyot de Villeneuve met Father de Bessonies and photographed a number of Bidegain's files in his possession. On 10 October, he returned to study the file in detail, accompanied by his friend

4121: 3730:

Assize Court, the nationalist deputy was found dead — asphyxiated —, his head was found resting in his fireplace, covered with a newspaper, with the gas pipe from the radiator in his mouth. The nationalists,

4192:(Grand Master of the Grand Orient) on the establishment of the card system; finally, he blamed Lemerle who assisted him in the filing service and was himself not penalized for this. He then attacked General 3354:— although he himself was a Freemason — met Loubet to express his concerns about the dominating influence of the Masonic lodges on the government. Supported by a few other Republican politicians — including 850: 2744:, succeeded him on the platform to respond to these accusations; during the vote, on 1 July 1904, Prache's position was supported by 202 votes and opposed by 339 votes, which sided instead with the sitting 4744:— without issuing a public condemnation. Bouglé added that by taking a stand against the cardists, the "League would have shown once again that it is not a slave to any party and that it intends to defend 2932:. First they authenticated Captain Mollin's handwriting to ensure the files were genuine and then decided on a plan of action. On 15 October, the file containing the documents was secured within a safe at 1817: 3806:, who added: “They claim that republican officers must be covered. What is the Republic doing in this? I doubt that the men who engage in such practices have a drop of Republican blood in their veins." 2053:

Captain Mollin — who enjoyed almost exclusive relations with the Grand Orient — was responsible for the file system within the military cabinet. Of a "touchy" character and sometimes being accused of a

4075: 3094:, the Combes government was saved at the last minute by this sitting incident. Indeed, the slap of Syveton reshuffled the cards: the delegation of the left - the governing body of the coalition of the 4246:

Regardless, whether or not this arrangement had once existed, Mollin's questioning of Percin agitated nationalist circles, which now insisted on Percin's dismissal from Army. Even the deputies of the

2391:

themselves only moved in the circles of the senior officers. Xavier Boniface also notes that the tone of the prefectural files was more moderate and less militant than that of the Grand Orient files.

3339:. He disapproved of the "anticlerical and sectarian" policy of the Combes cabinet, protested against the dismissal of Captain Humbert and regularly discussed with the Secretary General of the Elysee 2726: 4663:

and declared: "In a free country and under a parliamentary system, we do not disagree with the rights of conscience of others because the opposing party makes a weapon of it”; the radical-socialist

3632:

To defend his cabinet, Combes tried to regain control by affirming on 17 November that the government is entitled to obtain information from delegates across the country. Derided by the nationalist

575: 4541: 4179:, published in March. Mollin made a certain number of new revelations — with sufficient precautions to avoid being attacked in court — and these later relaunched the scandal. He began by accusing 3350:

the nepotism instituted by Combes: "Anyone can ask, demand anything they desire, evaluating themselves at such a rate and always finding parliamentary influences to obtain it ”. On 20 March 1903,

1497:

advancement. These secret documents were preferred by General André to the official reports of the military command; this allowed him to set up a system whereby the advancement of republican,

4110: 3164:, where Professor Joseph Crescent, the same occurred as he faced significant public backlash. Directly implicated in the Chamber of Deputies by Guyot de Villeneuve as a compiler of "cards", 8710: 4516: 2949:

The ruling government, despite the precautions taken, very quickly got wind of the maneuver because it subjected nationalist circles, including elected representatives, to extensive covert

8158: 4833:”. Jaurès and Péguy, in spite of their agreements on many issues — in particular the faith in intellectual progress as vector of revolution and emancipation — were never to be reconciled. 3058:(the darling of the republicans) were also aware of the card system. Nevertheless, Guyot de Villeneuve did not manage to bring down the government; between 28 October and 4 November, the 2938:, while Guyot de Villeneuve decided to press forward with the revelation of the scandal, perhaps advised in this by Msgr Odelin. Indeed, both feared that the parliamentary debates on the 3457: 2527:

was motivated as much by his strategic vision as by the desire to promote young officers committed to his cause. The new battleships which left the shipyards were named in homage to the

2694: 4293: 4903: 2681:

wrote a report on the subject of the displacement of a Captain of the local garrison — whom the Lodge had requested the removal —, a document which found its way into the hands of

7431:"Les francs-maçons à l'assaut de l'armée : le scandale de l'affaire des fiches : conférence du 21 mai 2016 / Emmanuel Thiébot, aut. ; Emmanuel Thiébot, participant" 5131: 3212: 3201: 8697: 8244: 5115: 3603:

in which he affirmed that the obedience as a whole was not informed of the registration and called for a purification directed against the right: "It remains to be seen whether

2939: 2171: 2151: 2027: 2001: 1767: 2049:

describing the Masonic influence at the Ministry of War: the joke is that the dismissed general mistakes this brother from the Grand Orient for a member of the Catholic clergy.

4212: 3050:

reports. He then accused the Minister of War, directly, of having deliberately lied to the Chamber during the sitting of 28 October. The deputy's revelations also showed that

2441:, as the officers jostled for position and personal advancement and would be one of the elements that would most scandalise public opinion, once the affair had been revealed. 7462:"L'affaire des fiches et le grand mythe du complot franc-maçon : conférence du mardi 6 février 2007 / Serge Bernstein, aut. du texte ; Serge Bernstein, participant" 5161:—, choices he made based on their military skill. In fact, officers who saw their careers ruined often accumulated mediocre professional ratings and had unfavorable records. 5025: 4396:

Ultimately, the second wave of publication of the cards was a political failure; the deputy was accused of "repeating old stories" and failed to influence the all important

3787: 5104: 3636:— who quipped “Which delegates? Delegated by whom and for what task? If these are people who must make inquiries in all the municipalities, in good French they are called 2559:

was also marked by a militant secularization of the Navy: in 1901, daily prayers, religious instruction and statutory Masses were abolished; in 1903, the tradition of the

2252:", "When you have such a name (in particular), you cannot be a Republican", "Close friend of the Bishop", "Accepted three years ago to represent a titled Lieutenant in a 4821:

government; he rejected the submission of morality to politics and, according to political scientist Patrick Charlot, “painted a premonitory picture of what will be the

3883: 3835: 3786:, who are very clerical, that the President took two orderly officers”. The publication of this card put the government in a very embarrassing position. On 23 December, 2818:. A minority thesis — defended in particular by Pierre Chevallier — claims that Bidegain (godson of Mgr Odelin), was from the very start a Catholic sleeper agent of the 1513:

would be hampered. For the Grand Orient and the cabinet of André, the purpose was to ensure the loyalty of the Officer Corps to the ruling regime of the Third Republic.

1481:(which was at the time the largest land army in Europe) who accused it of being a final redoubt of conservative Catholic and Royalist individuals within French society. 3958:

thundered: “There is a responsible ministry, I imagine! You have just discovered the President of the Republic!", Combes and Vallé got entangled in their explanations.

3280: 2901: 2793: 1804: 1517: 5345:

such and such a politician, or even the “electoral cuisine”. At the time of the affair of the cards, the "pan" becomes the very symbol of Freemasonry for its enemies.

4897: 4360: 2244:

unable to pin down his political beliefs categorically, a number of derisory personal notes which pointed against the individual were indicated, such as "Attends the

4785: 4653: 4025: 2745: 2248:", "Has his children educated by religious brothers", "Reactionary and convinced Catholic", "Made a fool of himself four years ago when he fell to his knees in the 1889:

command of partiality; by setting up arms commissions and a higher commission to make proposals, this left the War Ministry full latitude to make a final decision.

1830: 8551: 4648:

left about moral principles. The strong moral component associated with the scandal indeed triggered the revolt of former Dreyfusards. In the Chamber of Deputies,

4442: 2762: 2182: 1532: 4037: 1618: 7280: 2314: 8468: 8256: 8220: 4892: 2777: 2282:: "Carthage must be destroyed"), the republican and masonically aligned officers — whose career André cabinet sought to accelerate — found their place in the " 1822: 1774:

opposed Combes on the advisability of this law. Finally, it was with the aim of avoiding separation that Guyot de Villeneuve exposed the scandal of the files.

1650: 288: 5226: 1531:

and revealed the filing system established by General André and the Grand Orient, producing in support of his accusations files which had been purchased from

8501: 8492: 4292:

Despite the government's refusal, the Percin affair continued to be discussed and cropped up causing division within the French Army. In April 1905, General

2374:

For promotions, desirable transfers or military decorations, the Minister of War transmitted to the local prefects — directly or through the services of the

1606: 4567: 4355:

then gradually brought the matter of the cards into oblivion, as more pressing matters which effected national security of France were brought to the fore.

4126: 3150: 2942:

would open quickly and were determined to prevent the Combes cabinet from achieving its ends. Also, Guyot de Villeneuve unexpectedly filed a request for an

2072:

The other officers of the cabinet, informed of the registration system by the Grand Orient, were divided on the advisability of such methods. Thus, Captain

1687: 8519: 4510:

a few years early, the anti-Masons now had a more credible position in the eyes of the public with an undeniable religious-political "Masonic conspiracy".

3527:, feeling the turning tide and wishing to place himself in a future government, broke with this by reprimanding Gaumant, a teacher from the high school of 2804: 1675:— the right had begun to embrace nationalism and the defense of the Army, while the left placed itself under the banner of an anticlericalism informed by 3540: 3506: 1428: 8238: 4164:, in February 1905, in response to André's letter of 5 January. These articles were brought together by Mollin — assisted in his task by the journalist 3861: 3456:

minister, Loubet argues that it is impossible to separate the government from André in view of the insult he had received and that this would prove the

2853: 8557: 8360: 8351: 4358:

In February 1906, noting that nothing had changed and that the file system continued, Guyot de Villeneuve put his threat to action in the pages of the

3113: 3041:

Expulsion of Gabriel Syveton from the hemicycle of the Chamber of Deputies after the slapping incident by Lieutenant-Colonel Sarrail, commander of the

2417: 3243: 4421: 3397: 2852:

The revelations of the newspaper provoked a new groundswell for pressing the government by the right — this time in the person of Lieutenant-Colonel

2809: 2218: 2099: 8277: 8268: 3588:

forced Vallé to reconsider the sanctions he had pronounced against the informing magistrates, Bernardin and Bourgeuil — former public prosecutor in

2295:

the scandal was revealed at the end of 1904. At the time of this registration system, the total number of active French officers was around 27,000.

2196:

and any Masonic intervention in disputes between political parties”; this would appear to have included the Worshipful Masters of Masonic Lodges at

8510: 8128: 5276: 3566: 3555: 3486: 3340: 2682: 2059: 1645: 8569: 4672: 4052: 2087:, was opposed to the system of advancement by cards, and especially to denunciation between officers. Supported by the head of the civil cabinet, 1809: 8477: 8301: 8289: 5583:

Julien Rycx, La Franc-maçonnerie et la crise boulangiste (1886-1891), Villeneuve-d'Ascq, Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2019, p. 138-139.

4325: 4201: 3165: 2722: 2649:

personally replace him within the government — as the rumours accused him —, that he was working to put in place a successor whom he preferred —

2088: 2077: 1682:

Nationalist agitation in 1899, contemporary with the Dreyfus affair, convinced the left that the Republic was in danger. The attempt of the poet

1634: 3998:. However, many Republicans wanted to be more pragmatic and distance themselves from the scandal. Thus, the former vice-president of the Senate 8669: 7801: 7624: 7558: 5261: 4502: 4188:

the prefectures", while the latter claimed not to have had more than forty files in front of him. Mollin recalled the interview André had with

4165: 3846: 2016: 4858:

for the formation of the Rouvier government, accused of allowing the continuation of the card system and the maintenance of Masonic influence.

8563: 7261:

Yves-Marie Hilaire, « Pierre Rocolle, L'hécatombe des généraux, 1980 (compte-rendu) », Revue du Nord, nos 254-255, 1982, p. 957-958

2564: 2000:

Following these preliminary contacts, André's military cabinet and the Grand Orient maintained ongoing relations, managed on the one hand by

1251: 812: 5307:; however, he emphasizes that the Generals who were disappointing were not all linked to Freemasonry, as he illustrates with the example of 5098: 1761: 7115:

Xavier Boniface, « L'armée et les inventaires dans le Nord de la France (1906) », Revue du Nord, vol. 350, no 2, 2003, p. 393-408

4990:, or whether they live without feeling the need to go to any of these places, you don't have to know to notice them." On 27 November 1911, 4930: 4866:

was prohibited since the revelations of Jean Guyot de Villeneuve, the filing continued to rely upon instead information from the prefects.

4080: 3222:, triggered consternation in the department. The file on de Cadoudal described him as a “Royalist, fanatic clerical, former student of the 351: 3290:'s having considered as a mitigating circumstance "that it was common knowledge that Debierre had sent information on the officers of the 4393:, appealing to patriotism; concerned about the reputation of the Corps of Officers, the latter agreed to put an end his press campaign. 2776:

In August 1904, Jean-Baptiste Bidegain, assistant to the Secretary-General of the Grand Orient Narcisse-Amédée Vadecard, sold to Father

8861: 5048: 3451:

Captain Henri Mollin, the Combes government attempted to make him a scapegoat for the entire affair to save the face of the government.

4546: 4506:, could now claim to have its positions vindicated. Having suffered embarrassment and a crisis of credibility in the aftermath of the 4441:

commented ironically. As for General Percin, he continued his career without ever being brought to account; in 1908, he was appointed

4217: 7328: 7228:

Daniel Ligou, Dictionnaire de la franc-maçonnerie, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1987, « Fiches (Affaire des) ».

4484:

in France and also the wider Catholic world. Elements on the French right, which had made anti-Masonry a banner especially since the

7456:

Erreur de date : la révélation de l'affaire à la Chambre par Guyot de Villeneuve a lieu le 28 octobre et non pas le 24 octobre.

4447: 3897:

At the same time, the government was maneuvering behind the scenes to circumvent General Florentin. On 16 December, Combes sent the

5290:

on the other hand have no doubts on the subject. Pierre Rocolle, who scrutinizes the generals of the First World War — in his book

4658: 3994:. The latter indeed wanted "a Combes ministry without Combes", without any radical dissident or a former minister who served under 3918:

government was "forced into an inextricable situation, it which had undertaken to take no action against any informer whatsoever".

8181: 7252:

Hervé Coutau-Bégarie, « Pierre Rocolle, L'hécatombe des généraux (compte-rendu) », Politique étrangère, 1982, p. 757-759

4412:, the latter being rehabilitated on 12 July 1906. In September 1906, Mollin received from the government the post of treasurer of 2427:, commander of the military prisons of Paris — he was appointed to this post by André in 1901 — and to this title director of the 8891: 8187: 7838:

Thuillier, Guy (1988). "Le journal manuscrit de Combarieu : Le Président Loubet et la formation du cabinet Rouvier (1905)".

4404:. The opposition lost around sixty seats, including thirty from the nationalists; Guyot de Villeneuve failed to be re-elected in 1421: 389: 5030: 4115: 2228: 8906: 5208:

was proposed to the list of Lieutenant-Colonel in 1902, 1903 and 1904, but was dismissed three times by General André. General

4521: 4269: 3898: 3584:, Masonic parliamentarians who were all members of the Council of the Grand Orient de France, intervened with Combes directly. 2982:

The details of the full blown scandal found its way into the press by late October. On the mornings of 27 and 28 October 1904,

1584:

circles, which were divided on the priority to be given between the defense of the Third French Republic and the protection of

3071:

had tried to ban their participation in the ballot at the start of the sitting, during the examination of urgent resolutions.

1667:, the officer corps of the Army was nonetheless seen as anti-republican, a vision which was reinforced by the outbreak of the 8896: 7785: 7766: 7683: 7641: 7482: 3521: 2803:. However, he seems to have played only an intermediary role, the real instigator of the connection between Bidegain and the 1071: 317: 8152: 5221: 3615: 3595:

At the same time as these pressures on the government, the Grand Orient resumed the offensive: on 23 November, Grand Master

3462: 8856: 8121: 3480:

should the blame be placed on those he has unwittingly deceived?". Indignant by this disavowal and attempt to make him the

7896:

Thuillier, Guy (1994). "A propos de l'affaire des « fiches » Les mésaventures du Préfet Gaston Joliet en 1904".

7446: 4902:

extended these guarantees to the entire civil service: henceforth, its members could examine their file in the event of a

4343:

reinstated General Paul Peigné into the French Army, entrusting him with the presidency of the Technical Committee of the

2677:

The second half of 1904 was to be marked by an upsurge in leaks about the carding system. In May 1904, a Masonic lodge in

2407:

depicting Commander Pasquier besieged in his prison by officers dissatisfied with having been recorded by his spy network.

8816: 8101: 4862:

In spite of the scandal provoked in the country, the card system continued for some years; though direct recourse to the

3735:

and André Baron in the lead, denounced this as a Masonic assassination. However, the investigation concluded that it was

2968: 2699: 1705:'s funeral on 23 February 1899, made the republicans fear for the worst. Also, the "government of Republican Defense" of 1543: 1189: 5245:

under the André ministry were still in the 1st section at the start of the world conflict; in the 2nd section, about 80

4298: 3217: 3079:, — who had already distinguished himself in the hemicycle in 1903 by a lively altercation with the Minister of Justice 3068: 8662: 3770:, who accused the government of being behind the moral pressure exerted on Syveton which caused him to commit suicide. 3433:

Between 18 October 1904 and 15 January 1905, the Combes government attempted to reform its parliamentary majority, the

2831:, which was known for its moderate republican outlook. The "denouncement in the Army" was itself denounced, Percin and 1414: 17: 4435:

having made use of their influence. "The negroes of Senegal are going to be initiated into the torture of the cards",

2815: 8636: 8079: 7744: 7714: 7662: 7608: 7542: 7532: 7391: 7373: 7340: 7300: 5295: 5136: 4480:— played a leading role in bringing Bidegain and Guyot de Villeneuve into contact, helped to relaunch the concept of 4476:

The affair of the cards, the outbreak of which the anti-Masonic activist Gabriel de Bessonies — editor of the review

3516:, bedecked in full Masonic regalia. His public fall led to a pushback from the Council of the Grand Orient de France. 3206: 2954: 2506: 2375: 1871: 1743:

In parallel with the fallout from the Dreyfus affair, the Combes cabinet, cemented by Freemasonry (in particular the

1350: 805: 224: 4067: 2972:

General André in the process of causing the proofs of the card system to disappear by fire, caricature published in

7566:

Charlot, Patrick (2003). "PÉGUY CONTRE JAURÈS: L'affaire des " fiches " et la " délation aux droits de l'homme "".

4908: 4397: 4098: 3950: 2825:

In September 1904, the campaign against carding system resumed, this time in a series of articles in the newspaper

2822:, infiltrating the General Secretariat of the Grand Orient de France, to monitor the activities of the freemasons. 2176: 2156: 2032: 2006: 1303: 784: 346: 7983:

Thuillier, Guy (2004). "Les prodromes de l'affaire des fiches : les manœuvres de septembre et octobre 1904".

5172:, Daniel Kerjan lists six who suffered from information communicated to the ministry: a commander was refused the 3520:

Relying on the support of the socialist left, Émile Combes refused to sacrifice the network of informers. But the

3303:

as soon as the first revelations about Syveton's death were revealed, which plunged them into a certain disarray.

1988:

On the advice of General Percin — his chief of staff, in whom he has complete confidence — André met with Senator

38:

evacuated from the Chamber of Deputies during the brawl triggered by the slap he received from the nationalist MP

8114: 5320: 5271:

and Daniel Kerjan — question the phenomenon and its impact on the first defeats of the Great War, specialists in

5237:

The file system was responsible for the undue promotions of Generals, dismissed in the summer of 1914 by General

4489: 2946:, which was set for the session of 28 October, the same day as that scheduled for the interpellation of Rousset. 2789: 1372: 1090: 530: 259: 3749: 2928: 2750: 2545: 1815:

lodge under the Grand Orient de France, proposed to set up committees, directly supported by the lodges and the

30: 8901: 8876: 8806: 8626: 4573:, dedicated to the denunciation of alleged anti-Christian conspiracies and secret societies, and in particular 4401: 3803: 3792: 1686:

who, betting on the anti-Republican sentiments of the Army, tried unsuccessfully to tried to encourage General

719: 714: 7704: 5154: 4280:

The trap set by Le Provost de Launay was clever, but the government refused to take sanctions against Percin.

3691:

who said "You have lowered everything that was great, generous in this country, that is your crime!" and also

2897: 2863:. Some suspected that Captain Charles Humbert was a force behind the scenes pushing the series of articles in 2772:, deputy to the Secretary-General of the Grand Orient de France, was responsible for the most important leaks. 2113: 1717:) sought to entrench the regime by proceeding with a "purification" of any institutions which were considered 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8655: 8012:

Thuillier, Guy (2004a). "Souvenirs: La crise de novembre 1904-janvier 1905 : La lente chute de Combes".

7925:

Thuillier, Guy (1997). "A propos de l'affaire des fiches: LE MAINTIEN DU SYSTEME DES FICHES DE 1905 A 1914".

7809:

Thuillier, Guy (1986). "Autour d'Anatole France : le capitaine Mollin et l'affaire des fiches en 1904".

3063: 2872: 2165:

By decision of the office of the Council of the Order of the Grand Orient de France, it was decided that the

1555: 1367: 1360: 1345: 1333: 1318: 1120: 659: 560: 379: 239: 199: 8606: 8283: 8041:

Thuillier, Guy (2006). "La liquidation de l'affaire des fiches en 1905 : le cas du capitaine Mollin".

5016:

The Messimy circular seemed insufficient in the eyes of parliamentarians opposed to filing. Among them was

4720: 4437: 3888: 3840: 3710: 3624: 2710: 2201: 2112:

In July 1902, an incident linked to Freemasonry allowed them to settle their quarrel: the commander of the

1867: 1528: 798: 525: 487: 106: 4609:

rejected by the Council of the Order, the obedience gradually tightened the ranks behind the Grand Master

4252:

were "unanimous in recognizing how reprehensible the conduct of General Percin was". Also, the right-wing

2533: 1043: 8811: 8715: 7954:

Thuillier, Guy (2002). "Aux origines de l'affaire des fiches (1904) : Le cabinet du général André".

7867:

Thuillier, Guy (1990). "Morale et politique : Péguy et l'affaire des « fiches » en 1905".

5109: 4581: 4371:. For several weeks, he continued to publish files, which again caused unrest in the provinces. Thus, in 3285: 3254: 2906: 2798: 2064: 1522: 1340: 744: 482: 432: 384: 179: 4753:. Because of the League's refusal, a large number of members of the Central Committee resigned, such as 4365: 3970: 2041: 8866: 5272: 4790: 4257: 4234: 4139: 4030: 3875:, but also a large number of soldiers. In fact, it was a dangerous document for the Combes government. 3238: 2731: 1355: 1323: 1298: 858: 830: 422: 111: 96: 7778:

Le scandale oublié de la Troisième République : le Grand Orient de France et l'affaire des fiches

3554:

and member of the Council of the Grand Orient de France. This move was too much for the Grand Orient:

2996:" discriminatory carding system from the Army and implicating Captain Mollin directly. On 28 October, 1916: 1835: 8871: 8780: 7706:

La république des frères : le Grand Orient de France de 1870 à 1940 : penser la cité idéale

7475:

Anticléricalisme de la fin du XVe siècle au début du XXe siècle : discours, images et militances

5325: 5287: 5254: 3633: 2950: 2943: 2835:— a Freemason and former collaborator of General André — were severely criticised and the journalist 2767: 2379: 2309:

referring to the denounciations officers made against each other, as encouraged by the André cabinet.

2187: 1732: 1537: 924: 867: 694: 507: 312: 4047:!" —, the Minister of Justice signed on 27 January a decree striking out from the executives of the 8740: 8226: 8199: 4042: 3300: 2988:

published detailed files on the affair of the cards, revealing in particular the existence of the "

2551: 2539: 1926:

referring to the preference given by General André to Republican officers in terms of advancement.

1478: 886: 779: 754: 669: 394: 204: 4667:

warned the left: "The denunciation cannot make people like the Republic"; the Republican deputies

3484:

for the affair, Captain Mollin withdrew his resignation — which had not yet been published in the

2319: 2298: 8851: 8846: 8841: 7670:

Erreur de date : la gifle de Syveton a lieu le 4 novembre 1904 et non pas le 4 novembre 1906

5126: 4413: 4085:— who publicly expressed their outrage when the scandal had been revealed — were also dismissed. 4063: 3995: 3355: 3091: 3055: 2974: 2782: 2607: 1922: 1874: 1706: 1676: 1580:

This political filing system, in addition to causing a certain moral and political crisis within

1328: 1308: 1001: 739: 724: 614: 477: 244: 116: 101: 5193: 4750: 3531:

who denounced officers while trying to concealing his handwriting; the latter was exiled to the

3476:, a rising star of the Radical Party, a Freemason and also on good terms with President Loubet. 3037: 1623: 1033: 8886: 8785: 8775: 8138: 7601:

Histoire de la franc-maçonnerie française. , La Maçonnerie, Église de la République (1877-1944)

7409: 5072: 4863: 4185: 4090: 3654:

various administrations, in particular with regard to questions of appointment and promotion”.

3059: 2741: 2556: 2514: 1948: 1748: 1714: 1493: 1313: 1261: 1140: 774: 729: 689: 654: 649: 639: 634: 619: 502: 283: 278: 249: 229: 134: 91: 8106: 4943:

Thus, the file system continued on until at least 1913, with the successive Ministers of War (

3949:

coalition of impatient hatred and hatred, hatred attracts ambitions”. On 14 January, when the

3592:—, and urged his ministers to refuse any concession to the right by moving against informers. 3323:, president of the French Republic, had a fraught relationship with president of the council, 3269:, Captain Avon slapped and hit with his cane Dr. [Charles Debierre — Worshipful Master of the 3155: 1882: 1692: 8342: 8330: 8318: 8295: 8262: 8232: 7676:

Religion, politics, and preferment in France since 1890 : la Belle Epoque and its legacy

7492:

Boniface, Xavier (2005). "La Légion d'honneur et l'affaire des fiches". In La Phalère (ed.).

7361: 5024:, he had been expelled from Freemasonry on that occasion — and became Minister of War in the 4737: 4621: 4532: 4348: 4286: 4189: 4071: 3581: 3408: 3388: 2560: 2249: 2214: 1989: 1981: 1899: 1660: 1585: 1462: 1271: 1198: 1160: 1100: 769: 759: 734: 709: 644: 624: 555: 336: 307: 302: 219: 7288: 3988:

President Loubet, to choose a successor to Combes, came under significant pressure from the

3196: 3015: 2472: 1964:, with whom he initially had good relations and who saw him as an executor of his policy of 8881: 8678: 8616: 8205: 7657:. Mémoire commune (in French). Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes. pp. 237–271. 7413: 5205: 4762: 4724: 3732: 3545: 3511: 2819: 2278: 1150: 876: 749: 704: 679: 664: 596: 535: 50: 8193: 7503: 5130:

Officers of the 148th Infantry Regiment in 1912; in the front row, in the center, Colonel

4604:, leader of the Grand Orient from 1903 to 1905, supporting his conduct during the scandal. 4158:

The first of these was the publication by Captain Henri Mollin of a series of articles in

3866: 3714:. The drawing represents the reconstruction of the drama carried out by the investigators. 3536: 3233: 2858: 2836: 2399: 2358: 1951:

in order to inform him about the political opinions of the officers by clandestine means.

8: 7725: 5354:

ie. promotion to brigadier-general, a rank whose insignia is two stars in the French Army

5036: 5017: 4967: 4952: 4922: 4830: 4641: 4309: 3783: 3692: 3132: 3118: 3108: 2953:. Thus, the secretary of Syveton, who was a secret informant to the police, informed the 2650: 2478: 2428: 2422: 2055: 1792: 1683: 1630: 1574: 1110: 1019: 958: 948: 764: 699: 684: 674: 629: 497: 492: 452: 144: 139: 7414:"L'Armée et la République - les opinions politiques des officiers français en 1876-1878" 5181:

for six weeks after his file had been written, pushing him to ask for early retirement.

5145:

Because of the file system, Republican officers obtained speeded up promotions, such as

5088: 5043:. It is known that officers were put on file in 1913, such as Commander Dupeuher of the 4846: 4170: 4003: 3248: 2792:

and a staunch opponent of Freemasonry, was then in contact with the deputies Prache and

1930:

is the file of the officers to be favored, while the suspect officers are stored in the

8456: 8435: 8058: 8029: 8000: 7971: 7942: 7913: 7884: 7855: 7826: 7795: 7618: 7587: 7552: 5257:, as well as about fifteen divisional generals promoted by André, removed from office. 5246: 4995:

implied to him also that the secret notes were not being communicated to the officers.

4979: 4741: 4664: 4481: 4426: 4051:, the commander Begnicourt. On the same day, the Council of Ministers laid off General 3763: 3494:

denouncing was practiced between officers, a practice which he said he disapproves of.

3469: 3402: 2501:) to political cards. Another political affair, that of the boilers, is also mentioned. 2328:, when he relates the impact of the card system on advancement within the French Army: 2225:

family, would in the following years become Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of France.

2104: 1894: 1799: 1698: 472: 467: 374: 189: 8366: 7384:

Religion, Politics and Preferment in France Since 1890: La Belle Epoque and its Legacy

5185: 2934: 2510: 8075: 8050: 8021: 7992: 7963: 7934: 7905: 7876: 7847: 7818: 7781: 7762: 7740: 7710: 7679: 7658: 7637: 7604: 7579: 7538: 7478: 7461: 7387: 7369: 7336: 7296: 5281: 5250: 4617: 4493: 4405: 3914:— the leak came from Loubet's entourage — put Combes in a position of embarrassment. 3571: 3560: 3528: 3374: 3345: 2827: 2718: 2687: 2528: 2467: 2205: 2166: 1672: 1080: 979: 839: 570: 545: 437: 4677: 4320: 4305: 4057: 4020: 3767: 3740: 3551: 3524: 1881:— General Louis André to succeed him at the Ministry of War. This soldier, from the 1465:. It concerned a clandestine political and religious filing operation set up in the 8705: 8692: 8405: 8396: 8387: 8375: 8175: 7571: 7517: 5300: 5209: 5150: 4948: 4944: 4711: 4694: 4497: 4340: 4330: 4281: 4248: 4206: 4193: 3990: 3845:, but Combes had endeavored to cover the first legionaries incriminated, including 3655: 3473: 3435: 3383: 3368: 3170: 3096: 2886: 2611: 2518: 2490: 2486: 2453: 2351: 2131: 2093: 2082: 1965: 1960:

in the legislative elections of 1902, General André was returned to the cabinet of

1956: 1944: 1639: 1560: 1485: 1053: 457: 7430: 7310: 5158: 4780: 4772: 4238: 2877: 1784: 1568:

government collapsed on 15 January 1905, due to the pressure from the affair. The

1220: 1025: 8765: 5304: 5266: 5189: 5173: 5146: 5054:, described on 13 March as a “practicing Catholic profes reactionary opinions”. 4999: 4975: 4872: 4768: 4668: 4180: 4048: 4007: 3975: 3955: 3831: 3814: 3719: 3688: 3428: 3379: 3076: 2923: 2832: 2705:. On 17 June 1904, he challenged the government about the political influence of 2594: 2437: 2222: 2073: 2021: 1752: 1718: 1590: 1569: 1446: 1209: 565: 194: 184: 39: 8760: 4867: 4855: 4818: 4528: 4312:. Brugère was sentenced for breach of discipline to 15 days of rigorous arrest. 3929: 3902: 3872: 3825:

predicting that the first days of 1905 would be fatal to Combes and his cabinet.

3577: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3080: 3051: 2642: 2615: 2387: 2363: 2325: 1961: 1771: 1736: 1710: 1565: 1477:

and accusations of anti-republicanism made by leftists and radicals against the

1171: 8596: 8450: 8441: 8381: 8336: 8324: 7442: 5197: 5196:– nicknamed the “booted Capuchin” by the anticlericals – or the future Marshal 4991: 4926: 4876: 4754: 4706: 4610: 4601: 4485: 4432: 4417: 4409: 4381: 3799: 3596: 3539:. The Keeper of the Seals followed his example and demanded the resignation of 3042: 2737: 2291: 2273: 2257: 2011:, Secretary-General of the Grand Orient, and on the other hand, by the Captain 1854: 1668: 1489: 1474: 1404: 990: 583: 417: 322: 254: 169: 8770: 4702: 4689: 3878: 3755: 3680: 2868: 2662: 2523: 1859: 1724: 1702: 1551: 1470: 35: 8800: 8054: 8025: 7996: 7967: 7938: 7909: 7880: 7851: 7822: 7583: 7508: 5238: 5078: 4983: 4935: 4918: 4817:

from its real struggles and corrupting it into unconditional support for the

4801: 4758: 4649: 4616:

At the September 1905 convent, Lafferre spoke to defend the need for Masonic

4352: 4324:

Jean Guyot de Villeneuve candidate for the elections of 1906, caricatured by

4230: 3999: 3937: 3759: 3439:, while the cards affair experienced new developments at the national level. 3363: 3141: 3084: 2245: 1940: 1878: 1841:, Esprit-Eugène Hubert (the published review of the Grand Orient de France). 1502: 1389: 1130: 540: 462: 442: 214: 209: 86: 5067:

The revelation of the secret cards system caused lasting turmoil within the

4775:

who insisted on putting morality before politics in condemning the Cardists.

3980: 3779: 2913: 2147: 7575: 5242: 4963: 4826: 4822: 4745: 4728: 4557: 4471: 2012: 1238: 969: 588: 369: 234: 7703:

Morlat, Patrice (2019). "L'affaire des fiches, ou la mère des batailles".

7652: 4101:

and dissident radicals, originating from the common opposition to Combes.

3704: 2885:

The press also reported in September 1904 the words of General Peloux, in

2875:) accused him of this, Humbert defended himself by publishing a letter in 2197: 2161:, Secretary-General of the Grand Orient de France who ran the card system. 8539: 8462: 7522: 5068: 5021: 4732: 4574: 4253: 4150:

which mocks the government's attempts to make Captain Mollin a scapegoat.

3941: 3925: 3351: 3002: 2960: 2706: 2573: 2568: 2461: 1972: 1466: 1233: 550: 447: 427: 81: 58: 8062: 8033: 8004: 7975: 7946: 7917: 7888: 7859: 7830: 7693:

Lefebvre, Denis (2002). "Narcisse-Amédée Vadecard, l'homme des fiches".

7651:

Kerjan, Daniel (2005). "Les hussards bleus de la Troisième République".

7591: 7531:

Boniface, Xavier (2018). "L'« arche sainte » et ses limites".

4685: 4632:, which led to boycotts of businesses run by members of Masonic lodges. 4588:

in which she depicted an officer hampered in his career by Freemasonry.

3335:

had strong disagreements with the policies of President of the council,

8647: 7735:

Sabah, Lucien (1990). "Les fiches Bidegain, conséquences d'un secret".

4882: 4645: 4507: 4160: 3743:

admitted before the examining magistrate that Syveton had taken 98,000

3021: 2714: 2015:, orderly officer of the minister and a fellow freemason. According to 1581: 906: 399: 4596: 3921: 3589: 1849: 5178: 4987: 4814: 4408:. In fact, the end of the cards affair coincides with the end of the 4344: 3667: 3637: 3604: 3481: 3146: 2984: 2599: 2256:

with the editor of a republican newspaper”, “Gathered at his table a

1993: 1612: 1505:" officers was ensured and those who were identified as nationalist, 174: 4036:

reprisals from the radicals — "will find in our ranks more than one

3502: 3316: 2736:. But his attack was not supported by very convincing documents and 1977: 66: 7634:

Le général André : de l'affaire Dreyfus à l'affaire des fiches

5308: 5230: 4810: 4806: 4692:, a leading Dreyfusard and representative of the socialists in the 3907: 3191: 2989: 2678: 2498: 2449: 2269: 1931: 1510: 1506: 341: 273: 8591: 7473:

Bullard, Yves (2011). "Louis Lafferre et le scandale des fiches".

4260:

called on the government on 30 March 1905 in the following terms:

2382:, who were the main informants of the prefectural administration. 3850: 3736: 3699: 3661:

On 1 December, Louis Lafferre, whom Combes chose to reassure the

3259: 3176: 2993: 2758: 2313:

The historian Guy Thuillier has reported the writings of General

2283: 2261: 1927: 1498: 933: 4308:

failed to return a salute to Percin, who complained to Minister

3447: 3242:, Joliet was recognized and slapped by the political journalist 2814:

seeming to be Mgr Odelin, a member of the entourage of Cardinal

1516:

The scandal was unveiled to the public on 28 October 1904, when

1509:

or suspected to be sympathetic to any of the various strands of

8136: 8096: 6421: 6419: 6079: 6077: 6075: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5201: 5165: 5116:

1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State

4629: 4372: 3311: 3275: 3228: 3223: 1768:

1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State

1458: 937: 8072:

L'affaire des fiches, 1900-1904 : chronique d'un scandale

7756: 7236: 7234: 5900: 5898: 4591: 3429:

During the turmoil of the cards (October 1904 — December 1904)

2324:, head of the military house of the President of the Republic 6643: 6048: 4644:

political issue; it also marked an internal split within the

4289:

in 1910), had nonetheless been stood down from the military.

3857: 3727: 3442: 3291: 2740:, Grand Master of the Grand Orient and representative of the 6921: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6689: 6687: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6633: 6631: 6606: 6604: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6574: 6572: 6559: 6557: 6517: 6515: 6490: 6488: 6475: 6473: 6436: 6434: 6416: 6392: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6154: 6072: 6038: 6036: 5871: 5675: 5641: 5586: 3893:, Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honor from 1901 to 1918. 3232:-type and very dangerous in a country which was part of the 7231: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7046: 7044: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6974: 6972: 6704: 6702: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6190: 6188: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6011: 6009: 6007: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5895: 5883: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5565: 5486: 5484: 3161: 3127:, was attacked for the files he created on the Avon family. 2603: 2253: 896: 5741: 5739: 5631: 5629: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5062: 1473:, Minister of War, in the context of the aftermath of the 7654:

Rennes : les francs-maçons du Grand Orient de France

7125: 7123: 7121: 6945: 6933: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6892: 6868: 6856: 6832: 6757: 6738: 6684: 6655: 6628: 6601: 6584: 6569: 6554: 6527: 6512: 6500: 6485: 6470: 6458: 6431: 6404: 6248: 6212: 6033: 3366:”. A lively press campaign was launched: on 7 September, 2839:

vigorously critiqued the actions of the Minister of War:

7697:(54–55). Institut d'études et de recherches maçonniques. 7210: 7198: 7188: 7186: 7097: 7085: 7056: 7041: 7018: 7001: 6984: 6969: 6844: 6810: 6808: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6714: 6699: 6380: 6344: 6332: 6320: 6265: 6200: 6185: 6166: 6118: 6106: 6089: 6060: 6004: 5992: 5980: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5934: 5854: 5844: 5842: 5802: 5800: 5787: 5785: 5770: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5704: 5687: 5603: 5496: 5481: 4886:

General Mercier-Milon, Director of the Infantry in 1905.

4723:, a body symbolising the principles of the Dreyfusards: 3726:

On 8 December 1904, the day before his trial before the

3675:!", this triggered a prolonged uproar in the hemicycle. 2892: 8711:

Secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools

7730:. L'Histoire, le moment (in French). Paris: Lavauzelle. 6672: 6544: 6542: 6446: 6368: 6356: 6296: 5922: 5910: 5829: 5827: 5736: 5726: 5724: 5626: 5553: 5541: 5529: 5508: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 4875:

admitted during a vote — on the proposal of Combes and

4731:(both members of the Central Committee of the League), 4682:

protested against the means employed by General André.

3392:

published on 15 October an anonymous pamphlet entitled

3262:, ironically, in the colonies off the coast of Africa. 2444: 2355:

administration following the circular of 20 June 1902.

1947:, his chief of staff, General André then turned to the 7135: 7118: 6957: 6904: 6880: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6021: 4719:

The Affair also caused a major stir within the French

3610: 3497: 2588: 1973:

Relations between André's cabinet and the Grand Orient

7447:"L'affaire des fiches : un scandale républicain" 7183: 7171: 7159: 7147: 7073: 6820: 6805: 6769: 6284: 6236: 6224: 5963: 5839: 5797: 5782: 5751: 5663: 4805:

please politicians, we have to be silent and silence

3253:. At the trial of Gaucher, 5 January 1905, Commander 3136:

Catholics from participation in their national Army.

2669:, an anti-Masonic caricature by Fertom, published in 2563:

was stopped; in 1904, the tradition of Lenten season

2345: 1457:, was a political scandal which broke out in 1904 in 6726: 6616: 6539: 6308: 5951: 5824: 5721: 5464: 5443: 5391: 5379: 5367: 4998:

Cornered by Reinach's intervention, Minister of War

4761:

for this “great act” — and even the former minister

4339:

In August 1905, at the repeated urging of the left,

3362:

they may be, to the supremacy of the republican and

3131:

The revelation of the card system shook traditional

2142: 1844: 1731:, satirical postcard depicting the beheading of the 7537:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris. pp. 133–151. 7424:. Paris: Presses universitaires de France: 119–164. 7312:

Masonic references in the works of Charles Williams

6137: 5812: 5403: 5260:Sympathetic historians of Freemasonry — among whom 5057: 3965: 3279:in damages and the same sum of suspended fine, the 3140:those who created reports on them to a duel, as in 1850:

Appointment of General André to the Ministry of War

7366:The March to the Marne: The French Army, 1871-1914 7295:, Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd, pp. 7–10, 5431: 5164:Of the 38 officers listed by the Masonic lodge in 4836: 4721:League for the Defense of Human and Citizen Rights 4635: 4013: 2497:. Pelletan is portrayed preferring “green cards” ( 2235:of His Excellency, caricature of General André by 1679:and — at least in part — anti-military sentiment. 4465: 3628:worried about the generalization of denouncement. 2645:, knew what was going on at the Ministry of War. 2219:Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry 8798: 5121: 5020:, who had already been indignant in 1904 — like 4958: 4757:, one of its founders — he was congratulated by 3372:accused him of defending the “tyrant state”; In 2264:” or in defense as “Devoted to the government”. 1798:Nine years later, during the Boulangist crisis, 1721:, the foremost target among which was the Army. 1219: 7568:Revue Française d'Histoire des Idées Politiques 7494:Du sentiment de l'honneur à la Légion d'honneur 7368:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 92–104, 7315:, The Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon 5094:second expulsion of the religious congregations 4825:societies of the 20th century: an all-powerful 4460: 3294:garrison". Nevertheless, the radical newspaper 1984:, leader of the Grand Orient from 1900 to 1902. 1795:, President of the Republic from 1873 to 1879. 1757:expelled religious orders from French territory 7386:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 45–48, 5225:“Three great leaders of our armies”: Generals 4503:Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism 4455: 4335:who makes fun of his “complaint of the files”. 3700:Death of Gabriel Syveton and Ms. Loubet's file 8663: 8122: 4122:Conspiracy trial before the Haute Cour (1899) 3936:The mandate of the President of the Chamber, 3809: 3032: 2576:, described him as genuine “national peril”. 1422: 806: 3382:spoke for parliamentarians tired of Combes' 3312:First oppositions (June 1902 — October 1904) 3103: 352:International Order of the Rainbow for Girls 7739:(4). Paris: Éditions L'Âge d'Homme: 68–90. 4850:"A measure for nothing," caricature in the 4829:, an oppressive school system, generalized 4592:Reactions within the Grand Orient de France 4556:became the press organ. In 1912, Monsignor 4241:from 1896 to 1912 raised the Percin affair. 4093:, radicals and republicans, members of the 3696:right, offering himself a welcome respite. 3487:Journal officiel de la République française 2713:. He accused the Grand Orient of being "an 2583: 2272:" category (the name recalling the word of 1777: 8670: 8656: 8129: 8115: 8011: 7800:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7623:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7598: 7557:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6693: 6666: 6649: 6637: 6610: 6595: 6578: 6563: 6533: 6521: 6506: 6494: 6479: 6464: 6440: 6410: 6259: 6054: 6042: 4841: 4563:Revue internationale des sociétés secrètes 3443:Resignation of André and the Mollin affair 3331:Since 1902, the President of the Republic 3187:) — committed suicide on 5 November 1904. 2657: 1818:Society of Human Rights and of the Citizen 1429: 1415: 813: 799: 8698:Separation of the Churches and the State 8040: 7982: 7953: 7924: 7895: 7866: 7837: 7808: 7678:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7521: 7402:Church and State after the Dreyfus Affair 7067: 7050: 7035: 7012: 6995: 6939: 6927: 6874: 6862: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6763: 6751: 6720: 6708: 6425: 6398: 6386: 6350: 6338: 6326: 6278: 6206: 6194: 6179: 6160: 6131: 6112: 6100: 6083: 6066: 6015: 5998: 5986: 5945: 5877: 5865: 5776: 5715: 5698: 5681: 5647: 5620: 5597: 5502: 5490: 5216: 3472:, “Turkish strangled”, and replaced with 2631:— P. Waldeck-Rousseau, note published in 2456:, Minister of the Navy from 1902 to 1905. 1866:Following the resignation in May 1900 of 8677: 8206:Alexandre Louis Joseph, comte de Laborde 7692: 7631: 7530: 7501: 7491: 7459: 7441: 7408: 7327: 7293:Catholic Values and Australian Realities 7286: 7216: 7204: 7129: 7103: 7091: 6978: 6784: 6678: 6374: 6362: 6302: 6290: 6242: 6230: 6027: 5974: 5928: 5916: 5904: 5889: 5848: 5806: 5791: 5764: 5745: 5635: 5571: 5559: 5547: 5535: 5523: 5475: 5458: 5425: 5397: 5385: 5373: 5220: 5125: 4962: 4881: 4845: 4767: 4684: 4595: 4375:, Mars Abadie, Worshipful Master of the 4319: 4229: 4138: 4097:, and on the other hand, conservatives, 3969: 3920: 3877: 3813: 3703: 3614: 3501: 3446: 3315: 3267:Université de Lille. Faculté de médecine 3107: 3036: 2967: 2896: 2788:Father de Bessonies was the chaplain at 2757: 2727:association under the French law of 1901 2661: 2477: 2448: 2414:Solidarité des Armées de terre et de mer 2398: 2357: 2297: 2260:following the closure of the convent of 2227: 2146: 2040: 1976: 1915: 1853: 1723: 1605: 29: 7775: 7754: 7723: 7565: 7472: 7428: 7351:Smith, Leonard B.; et al. (2003), 7309:McKeown, Trevor W. (11 January 2011) , 7308: 7240: 6963: 6951: 6915: 6898: 6886: 6148: 5421: 5063:Politicisation of the Corps of Officers 5039:being perhaps a return to the previous 4640:The Affair of the Cards was not just a 4134: 3773:On 21 December, another twist emerged: 2940:Law of Separation of Churches and State 2370:on the prefectural registration system. 2221:in France). Wellhoff, scion of a noted 1713:(himself a Freemason, belonging to the 1573:pressure. In 1913, the Minister of War 390:Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry 14: 8799: 8253:Charles Marie Gabriel Cousin (1883–85) 7702: 7673: 7650: 7399: 7381: 7335:, London: Little, Brown, p. 568, 7192: 7165: 7153: 7141: 7079: 6850: 6838: 6826: 6814: 6790: 6622: 6548: 6452: 6314: 6218: 5957: 5833: 5730: 5669: 4076:Denis Henri Alfred d'Amboix de Larbont 3718:Following the incident of 4 November, 2137: 8651: 8110: 8069: 7734: 7359: 7350: 7274: 7177: 6732: 5818: 5437: 5409: 4628:published in certain cities, such as 3306: 3265:On 23 December 1904, in front of the 3258:government and appointed governor of 2893:Revelation in the Chamber of Deputies 318:Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star 8602: 4970:, Minister of War from 1912 to 1913. 4542:Association antimaçonnique de France 4225: 4177:The Truth on the Affair of the Cards 2445:The situation within the French Navy 2394: 1862:, Minister of War from 1900 to 1904. 1751:, launched an offensive against the 1546:, triggering a tussle on the floor. 1479:Corps of Officers in the French Army 8632: 7504:"L'affaire des fiches dans le Nord" 7353:France and the Great War, 1914-1918 5188:— a mere Colonel on the eve of the 4400:, dominated by the question of the 3599:gave an interview to the newspaper 3054:(the leader of the government) and 2589:The intrigues of Humbert and Percin 2471:— where the Navy staff sat, in the 24: 8498:Christian Pozzo di Borgo (1988–89) 8074:. Paris: Editions universitaires. 4779:On 24 January 1905, the socialist 4580:In 1905, the nationalist novelist 3708:The death of M. Syveton, from the 2580:consulted on career advancements. 2346:Prefectural administration reports 1729:The Separation of Church and State 27:1904–1905 French political scandal 25: 8918: 8862:Freemasonry-related controversies 8211:Emmanuel Dieudonné Pons (1842–47) 8182:Prince Jean Jacques de Cambacérès 8090: 4798:La délation aux Droits de l'homme 4622:thirty-five years in the Republic 4211:, then lieutenant-colonel of the 4175:— and published as a book called 4070:and a freemason belonging to the 3978:, published on the front page of 2288:Non licet omnibus adire Corinthum 2143:Grand Orient intelligence reports 1845:Implementation of the card system 1755:in France. The Combes government 1601: 1527:challenged the government in the 225:Order of Royal and Select Masters 8631: 8622: 8621: 8612: 8611: 8601: 8590: 8217:Marie-Auguste Desanlis (1849–51) 8159:Alexandre Roëttiers de Montaleau 8095: 7695:Chroniques d'histoire maçonnique 7362:"Ch. 6 "The affaire des fiches"" 7279:, Cambridge University, p. 7277:The New Cambridge Modern History 7255: 7246: 7222: 7109: 5348: 5058:Consequences for the French Army 4600:The Grand Orient rallied around 4398:1906 French legislative election 4387:This file will be published soon 4315: 3966:Formation of the Rouvier cabinet 2723:1881 law on freedom of the press 2493:(successor of General André) by 2352:local prefecture administrations 1611:Attempt to hire the army by the 1398: 1383: 849: 65: 8578:Christophe Habas (2016–present) 8250:Antoine de Saint Jean (1872–83) 7534:Histoire militaire de la France 7267: 5653: 5577: 5321:Anticlericalism and Freemasonry 4978:, who had become a senator for 4904:disciplinary sanction in France 4837:Continuation of the card system 4636:Moral crisis of the Dreyfusards 4535:, with its female section, the 4014:Rouvier's policy of appeasement 3458:Groupe républicain nationaliste 3087:hastily suspended the meeting. 2911:in the Chamber, front cover of 2816:François-Marie-Benjamin Richard 2790:Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, Paris 1659:Since the establishment of the 1577:put an end to it definitively. 531:Great Architect of the Universe 8892:Political repression in France 5415: 5338: 5132:Henri Marie Alfred de Cadoudal 4517:Ligue française antimaçonnique 4466:Revived anti-Masonic sentiment 4402:separation of Church and State 3804:Democratic Republican Alliance 3213:French 125th Infantry Regiment 3202:Henri Marie Alfred de Cadoudal 2719:surveillance of civil servants 13: 1: 8907:Freedom of religion in France 8447:Alexandre Chevalier (1965–66) 7451:Les collections de l'Histoire 5361: 5122:Effects on career advancement 4959:Final abolition of the system 4921:, supported in his career by 4560:began the publication of the 4554:La Franc-maçonnerie démasquée 4478:La Franc-maçonnerie démasquée 4294:Alexis Auguste Raphaël Hagron 4010:as President of the council. 3856:A petition is circulating in 3200:. Joliet's file on Commander 3185:Nature et philanthropie lodge 3179:and Worshipful Master of the 3069:Armand Léon de Baudry d'Asson 2709:, opening hostilities in the 2028:Pierre Chevallier (historian) 1877:appointed — on the advice of 1596: 1469:at the initiative of General 561:List of Masonic Abbreviations 380:Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition 240:Order of Saint Thomas of Acon 8897:Political scandals in France 8545:Bernard Brandmeyer (2003–05) 8284:Jean-Baptiste Antoine Blatin 7709:. Perrin. pp. 301–327. 7355:, Cambridge University Press 4461:Consequences for Freemasonry 4213:French 3rd Infantry Regiment 4111:Sénat (Troisième République) 3750:Ligue de la patrie française 3522:Minister of Public Education 3160:was publicly scolded and in 3009:the national press - mainly 2929:Ligue de la patrie française 526:Masonic ritual and symbolism 107:Regular Masonic jurisdiction 7: 8857:Catholicism and Freemasonry 7599:Chevallier, Pierre (1975). 5314: 5294:— from the archives of the 5249:(out of 125) and about 100 5233:during the First World War. 4871:of covert information, the 4456:Consequences of the scandal 4416:, his Freemason protectors 3788:Adrien Lannes de Montebello 3255:Charles Costa de Beauregard 3123:, Worshipful Master of the 2695:Union libérale républicaine 2286:" category (a reference to 1629:representing the arrest of 1486:prefectural administrations 385:Masonic conspiracy theories 329:Masonic youth organizations 180:Order of Mark Master Masons 10: 8923: 8817:Anti-Catholicism in France 8525:Simon Giovanaï (1999–2000) 8214:Laurent Bertrand (1847–49) 7776:Thiébot, Emmanuel (2021). 7755:Thiebot, Emmanuel (2008). 7429:Thiebot, Emmanuel (2016). 5105:quarrel of the Inventories 4469: 4258:Louis Le Provost de Launay 4235:Louis Le Provost de Launay 3810:Fall of the Combes cabinet 3550:, justice of the peace in 3033:Meeting of 4 November 1904 2951:surveillance by the police 1697:'s troops to march on the 112:Anglo-American Freemasonry 8781:Radical Party of the Left 8749: 8724: 8685: 8585: 8532: 8516:Jacques Lafouge (1996–97) 8507:Gilbert Abergel (1992–94) 8420:Paul Chevallier (1952–53) 8393:Frédéric Estèbe (1930–31) 8357:Georges Corneau (1913–20) 8311: 8168: 8153:Prince Philippe d’Orléans 8145: 7502:Boniface, Xavier (2010). 5326:Persecution of Christians 5275:such as Xavier Boniface, 5026:first Poincaré government 4431:and his ex-father-in-law 3884:Georges-Auguste Florentin 3860:, coordinated by General 3836:Georges-Auguste Florentin 3634:Albert Gauthier de Clagny 3611:The "delegates" of Combes 3498:Defence of the "cardists" 3396:, authored by the deputy 3104:Troubles in the provinces 2667:La Dégoulinade des Fiches 2114:military school of Flèche 2076:, supported by Commander 1954:After the triumph of the 508:List of Masonic buildings 488:Mark Masons' Hall, London 313:Order of the Eastern Star 8741:Briand-Ceretti Agreement 8548:Gérard Pappalardo (2005) 8429:Robert Richard (1958–59) 8402:Adrien Pouriau (1934–36) 8348:Georges Bouley (1910–11) 8245:Léonide Babaud-Laribière 8227:Lucien, 3rd Prince Murat 8200:Antoine-Guillaume Rampon 8070:Vindé, François (1989). 7758:Scandale au Grand Orient 7727:L'hécatombe des généraux 7724:Rocolle, Pierre (1980). 7674:Larkin, Maurice (1995). 7632:Doessant, Serge (2009). 7460:Berstein, Serge (2007). 7400:Larkin, Maurice (1974), 7382:Larkin, Maurice (2002), 7287:Franklin, James (2006), 5331: 5292:L'Hécatombe des generals 5155:Louis Franchet d'Espèrey 4496:with the publication of 4490:Judeo-Masonic conspiracy 3798:explanation rejected by 3687:. They were attacked by 3281:Court of Appeal of Douai 3271:Lodge La Lumière du Nord 3125:Lodge La Lumière du Nord 2955:Ministry of the Interior 2902:Jean Guyot de Villeneuve 2794:Jean Guyot de Villeneuve 2584:Unveiling of the scandal 2376:Minister of the Interior 2217:(representatives of the 2172:Narcisse-Amédée Vadecard 2152:Narcisse-Amédée Vadecard 2002:Narcisse-Amédée Vadecard 1872:President of the Council 1778:Previous Gambetta papers 1747:) and spurred on by the 1709:and then the cabinet of 1518:Jean Guyot de Villeneuve 1455:Affair of the Casseroles 1453:), sometimes called the 1208: 1170: 1000: 989: 968: 483:Freemasons' Hall, London 395:Papal ban of Freemasonry 295:Masonic groups for women 205:Red Cross of Constantine 8575:Daniel Keller (2013–16) 8423:Francis Viaud (1953–56) 8417:Francis Viaud (1949–52) 8414:Louis Bonnard (1948–49) 8411:Francis Viaud (1945–48) 8367:Général Augustin Gérard 8176:Prince Joseph Bonaparte 8043:La Revue administrative 8014:La Revue administrative 7985:La Revue administrative 7956:La Revue administrative 7927:La Revue administrative 7898:La Revue administrative 7869:La Revue administrative 7840:La Revue administrative 7811:La Revue administrative 7360:Porch, Douglas (1981), 7289:"Freemasonry in Europe" 5273:French military history 4913:or delay in promotion. 4842:Prefectural information 4786:Cahiers de la Quinzaine 4654:radical-socialist group 4414:Upper Senegal and Niger 4377:La Parfaite Union Lodge 4099:progressive republicans 3996:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau 3181:Nature et philanthropie 3149:, the Freemason lawyer 3133:France in the provinces 3090:Abandoned by dozens of 3056:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau 2746:Emile Combes government 2658:Multiplication of leaks 2608:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau 2250:passage of a procession 1875:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau 1707:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau 1677:Continental Freemasonry 1484:From 1900 to 1904, the 478:Lodge Mother Kilwinning 245:Royal Order of Scotland 117:Continental Freemasonry 102:Prince Hall Freemasonry 8786:Grand Orient de France 8552:Jean-Michel Quillardet 8486:Paul Gourdot (1981–86) 8432:Marcel Ravel (1959–61) 8426:Marcel Ravel (1956–58) 8372:Arthur Mille (1922–25) 8361:Charles Marie Debierre 8352:Charles Marie Debierre 8274:Paul Viguier (1892–93) 8239:Général Émile Mellinet 8233:Général Bernard Magnan 8139:Grand Orient de France 7576:10.3917/rfhip.017.0073 7477:. Paris: M. Houdiard. 5234: 5217:World War I dismissals 5200:– whose brother was a 5142: 5013: 4971: 4887: 4864:Grand Orient de France 4859: 4854:criticizing President 4776: 4699: 4605: 4586:Journal d'un casserolé 4443:Army Inspector General 4336: 4277: 4242: 4186:Grand Orient of France 4151: 3985: 3951:progressive Republican 3940:was coming to an end, 3933: 3894: 3826: 3821:, a caricature of the 3715: 3650: 3629: 3517: 3452: 3425: 3394:Le Ministère perpetuel 3328: 3128: 3046: 2979: 2918: 2873:French Socialist Party 2849: 2773: 2763:Jean-Baptiste Bidegain 2674: 2628: 2515:Jean-Marie de Lanessan 2502: 2457: 2408: 2371: 2338: 2310: 2240: 2183:Jean-Baptiste Bidegain 2162: 2126: 2050: 1985: 1949:Grand Orient de France 1935: 1913: 1863: 1745:Grand Orient de France 1740: 1715:Grand Orient de France 1656: 1556:French Socialist Party 1533:Jean-Baptiste Bidegain 1494:Grand Orient de France 1450: 1044:Valois-Angoulême kings 503:Detroit Masonic Temple 284:Tall Cedars of Lebanon 279:Royal Order of Jesters 250:Order of Knight Masons 230:Grand College of Rites 135:History of Freemasonry 92:Masonic lodge officers 43: 8902:Surveillance scandals 8877:Freemasonry in France 8807:French Third Republic 8489:Roger Leray (1986–87) 8483:Roger Leray (1979–81) 8474:Serge Behar (1975–77) 8137:Grand Masters of the 8104:at Wikimedia Commons 7275:Burke, Peter (1979), 5224: 5129: 5006: 4966: 4885: 4849: 4771: 4738:freedom of conscience 4688: 4599: 4533:Paul Copin-Albancelli 4492:— and even since the 4488:— in the form of the 4323: 4287:Grand Lodge of France 4263: 4233: 4142: 4120:(which concerned the 4072:Grand Lodge of France 4038:Fernand de Christiani 3973: 3924: 3881: 3817: 3707: 3643: 3620:Beware of "delegates" 3618: 3505: 3450: 3414: 3409:Republican Federation 3389:Revue des Deux Mondes 3319: 3239:Théâtre du Vaudeville 3111: 3040: 2971: 2900: 2842: 2761: 2665: 2621: 2561:blessing of the Fleet 2507:Ministers of the Navy 2481: 2452: 2402: 2361: 2331: 2301: 2231: 2215:Grand Lodge of France 2209:of the Masonic Lodge 2170:Lemerle) and sent to 2150: 2119: 2069:and Captain Lemerle. 2044: 1980: 1919: 1906: 1900:Revue des Deux Mondes 1857: 1805:Les Droits de l'Homme 1727: 1661:French Third Republic 1609: 1586:freedom of conscience 1463:Third French Republic 556:Chamber of Reflection 308:Order of the Amaranth 303:Women and Freemasonry 220:Societas Rosicruciana 33: 8837:1906 in Christianity 8832:1905 in Christianity 8827:1904 in Christianity 8822:Secularism in France 8679:Secularism in France 8469:Jean-Pierre Prouteau 8257:Jean-Claude Colfavru 8221:Saint-Albin Berville 7523:10.3917/rdn.384.0169 5288:Hervé Coutau-Bégarie 5194:Édouard de Castelnau 4893:law of 22 April 1905 4796:an article entitled 4763:Pierre-Paul Guieysse 4751:Francis de Pressensé 4148:L'Assiette au Beurre 4135:Mollin's revelations 4068:Superior War Council 4026:L'Action quotidienne 3092:moderate Republicans 2975:L'Assiette au Beurre 2820:Archdiocese of Paris 2778:Gabriel de Bessonies 2555:. The period of the 2505:In fact, successive 2483:Cards of Consolation 2362:Caricature from the 2279:Carthago delenda est 2237:L'Assiette au Beurre 2047:L'Assiette au Beurre 1923:L'Assiette au Beurre 1868:General de Galliffet 1252:Provisional Republic 1034:Valois-Orléans kings 597:Volume of Sacred Law 536:Square and Compasses 8736:Affair of the Cards 8502:Jean-Robert Ragache 8493:Jean-Robert Ragache 7761:. Paris: Larousse. 7496:. pp. 311–328. 5296:Ministry of Defense 5255:battle of the Marne 5247:divisional generals 5114:which followed the 5018:Alexandre Millerand 4968:Alexandre Millerand 4584:published the book 4062:— commander of the 3899:Keeper of the Seals 3693:Alexandre Millerand 3622:, drawing from the 2926:, treasurer of the 2711:Chamber of Deputies 2513:(1896, 1898–1899), 2429:Cherche-Midi prison 2138:Practical operation 2056:persecution complex 1793:Patrice de MacMahon 1766:, and prepared the 1575:Alexandre Millerand 1558:and the republican 1529:Chamber of Deputies 1443:Affair of the Cards 493:House of the Temple 453:John the Evangelist 145:Masonic manuscripts 8812:Politics of France 8597:Society portal 8520:Philippe Guglielmi 8457:Jacques Mitterrand 8436:Jacques Mitterrand 8102:Affaire des fiches 7737:Politica Hermetica 7410:Bédarida, François 7243:, p. 361-363. 6652:, p. 587-588. 6428:, p. 351-352. 6401:, p. 135-136. 6221:, p. 313-314. 6163:, p. 377-378. 6086:, p. 133-134. 6057:, p. 105-108. 5907:, p. 178-179. 5892:, p. 170-171. 5880:, p. 380-381. 5684:, p. 373-374. 5650:, p. 378-379. 5600:, p. 372-373. 5574:, p. 137-138. 5251:brigadier generals 5235: 5143: 4974:In February 1911, 4972: 4947:, Eugène Étienne, 4888: 4860: 4777: 4742:freedom of opinion 4709:—, and called the 4700: 4665:Louis-Lucien Klotz 4606: 4537:Ligue Jeanne d'Arc 4482:Masonic conspiracy 4361:newspaper L'Éclair 4337: 4243: 4152: 4091:radical-socialists 3986: 3984:, 6 February 1905. 3934: 3928:, photographed by 3895: 3827: 3764:Boni de Castellane 3716: 3630: 3518: 3470:Georges Clemenceau 3453: 3356:Théophile Delcassé 3329: 3307:Ministerial crisis 3129: 3047: 2980: 2919: 2805:Parti nationaliste 2774: 2675: 2635:, 3 November 1904. 2503: 2473:Hôtel de la Marine 2458: 2409: 2386:prefects are more 2372: 2315:Émile Oscar Dubois 2311: 2307:L'Assiette aueurre 2241: 2181:and his assistant 2163: 2130:military cabinet. 2051: 1986: 1936: 1897:, who said in the 1895:Hippolyte Langlois 1893:including General 1883:Polytechnic School 1864: 1800:Edmond Lepelletier 1741: 1657: 1451:Affaire des Fiches 1405:History portal 901: until 50 BC 473:List of Freemasons 468:Elizabeth Aldworth 375:Anti-Masonic Party 190:Royal Arch Masonry 44: 18:Affaire Des Fiches 8867:Military scandals 8794: 8793: 8645: 8644: 8194:Étienne Macdonald 8100:Media related to 7787:978-2-100-81521-0 7768:978-2-03-583978-7 7685:978-0-52141-916-1 7643:978-2-35815-013-2 7636:. Paris: Glyphe. 7484:978-2-35692-061-4 7404:, pp. 138–41 7329:Williams, Charles 6930:, p. 313-14. 6841:, p. 82-104. 5206:Louis de Maud'huy 5170:La Parfaite Union 5103:and in 1906, the 5081:, if it become a 4618:mass surveillance 4494:French Revolution 4406:Neuilly-sur-Seine 4226:The Percin affair 4066:, sitting on the 3541:Charles Bernardin 3537:Tournon-sur-Rhône 3507:Charles Bernardin 3296:Le Réveil du Nord 2837:Stéphane Lauzanne 2618:on 30 September: 2529:French Revolution 2395:Parallel networks 2213:belonging to the 2206:Saint-Jean-de-Luz 2167:Worshipful Master 1831:La Chaîne d'union 1802:, founder of the 1673:Boulangist crisis 1439: 1438: 1390:France portal 1283: 1282: 1180: 1179: 1091:Kingdom of France 1081:French Revolution 1072:Long 19th century 1062: 1061: 1010: 1009: 980:Kingdom of France 915: 914: 823: 822: 571:Masonic Landmarks 546:Eye of Providence 438:Thomas Smith Webb 412:People and places 16:(Redirected from 8914: 8872:Anti-clericalism 8706:About-Picard law 8701: 8693:Jules Ferry laws 8672: 8665: 8658: 8649: 8648: 8635: 8634: 8625: 8624: 8615: 8614: 8605: 8604: 8595: 8594: 8558:Pierre Lambicchi 8406:Arthur Groussier 8397:Arthur Groussier 8388:Arthur Groussier 8376:Arthur Groussier 8343:Frédéric Desmons 8331:Frédéric Desmons 8319:Frédéric Desmons 8296:Frédéric Desmons 8263:Frédéric Desmons 8131: 8124: 8117: 8108: 8107: 8099: 8085: 8066: 8049:(352): 351–356. 8037: 8020:(342): 574–589. 8008: 7991:(338): 133–138. 7979: 7962:(328): 372–381. 7950: 7921: 7904:(278): 133–136. 7892: 7875:(256): 310–316. 7863: 7846:(243): 210–221. 7834: 7817:(234): 549–557. 7805: 7799: 7791: 7772: 7750: 7731: 7720: 7698: 7689: 7668: 7647: 7628: 7622: 7614: 7595: 7562: 7556: 7548: 7527: 7525: 7516:(384): 169–193. 7497: 7488: 7469: 7454: 7445:(October 2006). 7438: 7425: 7418:Revue historique 7405: 7396: 7378: 7356: 7345: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7305: 7283: 7262: 7259: 7253: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7229: 7226: 7220: 7214: 7208: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7116: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7054: 7048: 7039: 7033: 7016: 7010: 6999: 6993: 6982: 6976: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6954:, p. 86-88. 6949: 6943: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6902: 6901:, p. 76-77. 6896: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6853:, p. 81-84. 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6803: 6799: 6788: 6782: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6697: 6691: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6599: 6593: 6582: 6576: 6567: 6561: 6552: 6546: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6483: 6477: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6455:, p. 72-81. 6450: 6444: 6438: 6429: 6423: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6263: 6257: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6192: 6183: 6177: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6135: 6129: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6087: 6081: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5893: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5852: 5846: 5837: 5831: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5795: 5789: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5749: 5743: 5734: 5728: 5719: 5713: 5702: 5696: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5624: 5618: 5601: 5595: 5584: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5479: 5473: 5462: 5456: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5355: 5352: 5346: 5342: 5285: 5270: 5210:Antoine de Mitry 5151:Charles Lanrezac 5140: 5113: 5102: 5089:Action Française 5052: 5034: 4949:General Picquart 4945:Maurice Berteaux 4939: 4912: 4901: 4794: 4712:Bloc des gauches 4695:Bloc des gauches 4681: 4662: 4571: 4550: 4525: 4498:Augustin Barruel 4451: 4430: 4369: 4349:rise in tensions 4341:Maurice Berteaux 4334: 4302: 4282:Maurice Berteaux 4249:Bloc des gauches 4221: 4210: 4194:Alexandre Percin 4190:Frédéric Desmons 4174: 4146:, caricature of 4130: 4119: 4084: 4061: 4046: 4034: 4004:Armand Fallières 3991:Bloc des gauches 3892: 3870: 3844: 3796: 3685:Bloc des gauches 3656:Georges Grosjean 3582:Frédéric Desmons 3575: 3564: 3549: 3515: 3474:Maurice Berteaux 3466: 3436:Bloc des gauches 3407:, member of the 3406: 3384:authoritarianism 3349: 3289: 3252: 3221: 3210: 3174: 3159: 3151:Armand Bédarride 3122: 3114:Charles Debierre 3097:Bloc des gauches 2910: 2887:La Roche-sur-Yon 2862: 2813: 2802: 2786: 2771: 2754: 2735: 2703: 2692:, member of the 2691: 2636: 2612:Alexandre Percin 2557:Radical Republic 2519:Camille Pelletan 2517:(1899-1902) and 2491:Maurice Berteaux 2487:Camille Pelletan 2485:, caricature of 2454:Camille Pelletan 2426: 2418:Nicolas Pasquier 2380:municipal police 2323: 2305:, caricature by 2303:La Grande Muette 2191: 2180: 2160: 2132:Camille Pelletan 2108: 2097: 2086: 2068: 2036: 2025: 2010: 1990:Frédéric Desmons 1982:Frédéric Desmons 1966:anti-clericalism 1957:Bloc des gauches 1945:Alexandre Percin 1839: 1826: 1813: 1765: 1696: 1688:Gaudérique Roget 1654: 1643: 1627: 1619:Progrès Illustré 1561:Bloc des gauches 1541: 1526: 1431: 1424: 1417: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1279: 1195: 1194: 1077: 1076: 1030: 1029: 991:Direct Capetians 930: 929: 873: 872: 853: 843: 825: 824: 815: 808: 801: 578:Morals and Dogma 498:Solomon's Temple 458:John the Baptist 364:Views on Masonry 69: 46: 45: 21: 8922: 8921: 8917: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8912: 8911: 8797: 8796: 8795: 8790: 8766:Aristide Briand 8754: 8752: 8745: 8729: 8727: 8720: 8699: 8681: 8676: 8646: 8641: 8589: 8581: 8528: 8463:Frédéric Zeller 8307: 8164: 8141: 8135: 8093: 8088: 8082: 7793: 7792: 7788: 7769: 7747: 7717: 7686: 7669: 7665: 7644: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7550: 7549: 7545: 7485: 7455: 7443:Berstein, Serge 7394: 7376: 7343: 7318: 7316: 7303: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7251: 7247: 7239: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7215: 7211: 7203: 7199: 7191: 7184: 7176: 7172: 7164: 7160: 7152: 7148: 7140: 7136: 7128: 7119: 7114: 7110: 7102: 7098: 7090: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7066: 7057: 7049: 7042: 7034: 7019: 7011: 7002: 6994: 6985: 6977: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6938: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6914: 6905: 6897: 6893: 6885: 6881: 6873: 6869: 6861: 6857: 6849: 6845: 6837: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6813: 6806: 6800: 6791: 6783: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6739: 6731: 6727: 6719: 6715: 6707: 6700: 6694:Thuillier 2004a 6692: 6685: 6677: 6673: 6667:Thuillier 2004a 6665: 6656: 6650:Thuillier 2004a 6648: 6644: 6638:Thuillier 2004a 6636: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6611:Thuillier 2004a 6609: 6602: 6596:Thuillier 2004a 6594: 6585: 6579:Thuillier 2004a 6577: 6570: 6564:Thuillier 2004a 6562: 6555: 6547: 6540: 6534:Thuillier 2004a 6532: 6528: 6522:Thuillier 2004a 6520: 6513: 6507:Thuillier 2004a 6505: 6501: 6495:Thuillier 2004a 6493: 6486: 6480:Thuillier 2004a 6478: 6471: 6465:Thuillier 2004a 6463: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6441:Thuillier 2004a 6439: 6432: 6424: 6417: 6411:Thuillier 2004a 6409: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6373: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6349: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6277: 6266: 6260:Thuillier 2004a 6258: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6193: 6186: 6178: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6147: 6138: 6130: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6090: 6082: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6055:Chevallier 1975 6053: 6049: 6043:Chevallier 1975 6041: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6014: 6005: 5997: 5993: 5985: 5981: 5973: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5944: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5903: 5896: 5888: 5884: 5876: 5872: 5864: 5855: 5847: 5840: 5832: 5825: 5817: 5813: 5805: 5798: 5790: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5763: 5752: 5744: 5737: 5729: 5722: 5714: 5705: 5697: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5634: 5627: 5619: 5604: 5596: 5587: 5582: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5558: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5522: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5465: 5457: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5420: 5416: 5408: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5317: 5279: 5264: 5219: 5190:First World War 5186:Philippe Pétain 5174:Legion of Honor 5147:Maurice Sarrail 5134: 5124: 5107: 5096: 5065: 5060: 5046: 5028: 5014: 5012: 5000:Adolphe Messimy 4976:Charles Humbert 4961: 4933: 4906: 4895: 4844: 4839: 4788: 4725:Célestin Bouglé 4675: 4669:Georges Leygues 4656: 4638: 4594: 4565: 4544: 4519: 4474: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4445: 4424: 4422:Auguste Delpech 4363: 4328: 4318: 4296: 4278: 4276: 4228: 4215: 4204: 4181:Charles Humbert 4168: 4137: 4124: 4113: 4078: 4055: 4049:Legion of Honor 4040: 4028: 4016: 4008:Maurice Rouvier 3976:Maurice Rouvier 3968: 3956:Alexandre Ribot 3886: 3864: 3838: 3832:Legion of Honor 3812: 3790: 3733:François Coppée 3720:Gabriel Syveton 3702: 3689:Alexandre Ribot 3651: 3649: 3613: 3569: 3558: 3543: 3509: 3500: 3460: 3445: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3400: 3398:Charles Benoist 3380:Georges Leygues 3343: 3314: 3309: 3283: 3246: 3215: 3204: 3197:L'Écho de Paris 3168: 3153: 3116: 3106: 3077:Gabriel Syveton 3035: 3016:L'Écho de Paris 2935:Crédit Lyonnais 2924:Gabriel Syveton 2904: 2895: 2871:(leader of the 2856: 2850: 2848: 2833:Maurice Sarrail 2807: 2796: 2780: 2765: 2748: 2729: 2697: 2685: 2660: 2638: 2630: 2627: 2595:Charles Humbert 2591: 2586: 2511:Édouard Lockroy 2447: 2438:esprit de corps 2420: 2397: 2350:In France, the 2348: 2339: 2337: 2317: 2223:Alsatian Jewish 2185: 2174: 2154: 2145: 2140: 2127: 2125: 2102: 2100:Auguste Delpech 2091: 2080: 2074:Charles Humbert 2062: 2030: 2019: 2004: 1975: 1914: 1912: 1852: 1847: 1833: 1820: 1807: 1780: 1759: 1753:Catholic Church 1733:Catholic Church 1719:anti-Dreyfusard 1690: 1648: 1637: 1621: 1616:, drawing from 1604: 1599: 1591:First World War 1570:Maurice Rouvier 1544:Minister of War 1535: 1520: 1435: 1399: 1397: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1285: 1284: 1277: 1262:Fourth Republic 1243: 1210:Interwar period 1192: 1182: 1181: 1141:Second Republic 1074: 1064: 1063: 1022: 1012: 1011: 927: 917: 916: 870: 841: 834: 819: 790: 789: 715:North Macedonia 610: 602: 601: 566:Sprig of Acacia 521: 513: 512: 433:William Preston 413: 405: 404: 365: 357: 356: 347:Job's Daughters 200:Knights Templar 195:Cryptic Masonry 185:Holy Royal Arch 158: 150: 149: 130: 122: 121: 77: 40:Gabriel Syveton 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8920: 8910: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8852:1906 in France 8849: 8847:1905 in France 8844: 8842:1904 in France 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8757: 8755: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8743: 8738: 8732: 8730: 8725: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8695: 8689: 8687: 8683: 8682: 8675: 8674: 8667: 8660: 8652: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8639: 8629: 8619: 8609: 8599: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8576: 8573: 8567: 8561: 8555: 8549: 8546: 8543: 8536: 8534: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8526: 8523: 8517: 8514: 8511:Patrick Kessel 8508: 8505: 8499: 8496: 8490: 8487: 8484: 8481: 8475: 8472: 8466: 8460: 8454: 8451:Paul Anxionnaz 8448: 8445: 8442:Paul Anxionnaz 8439: 8433: 8430: 8427: 8424: 8421: 8418: 8415: 8412: 8409: 8403: 8400: 8394: 8391: 8385: 8382:Joseph Brenier 8379: 8373: 8370: 8364: 8358: 8355: 8349: 8346: 8340: 8337:Louis Lafferre 8334: 8328: 8325:Louis Lafferre 8322: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8305: 8299: 8293: 8287: 8281: 8275: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8251: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8191: 8188:Pierre de Ruel 8185: 8179: 8172: 8170: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8156: 8149: 8147: 8143: 8142: 8134: 8133: 8126: 8119: 8111: 8092: 8091:External links 8089: 8087: 8086: 8080: 8067: 8038: 8009: 7980: 7951: 7933:(295): 21–25. 7922: 7893: 7864: 7835: 7806: 7786: 7773: 7767: 7752: 7745: 7732: 7721: 7715: 7700: 7690: 7684: 7671: 7663: 7648: 7642: 7629: 7609: 7596: 7563: 7543: 7528: 7499: 7489: 7483: 7470: 7457: 7439: 7426: 7406: 7397: 7392: 7379: 7374: 7357: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7306: 7301: 7284: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7254: 7245: 7230: 7221: 7219:, p. 188. 7209: 7207:, p. 174. 7197: 7182: 7180:, p. 237. 7170: 7158: 7146: 7144:, p. 309. 7134: 7117: 7108: 7106:, p. 148. 7096: 7094:, p. 173. 7084: 7072: 7068:Thuillier 1997 7055: 7051:Thuillier 1997 7040: 7036:Thuillier 1997 7017: 7013:Thuillier 1997 7000: 6996:Thuillier 1997 6983: 6981:, p. 172. 6968: 6956: 6944: 6942:, p. 314. 6940:Thuillier 1990 6932: 6928:Thuillier 1990 6920: 6903: 6891: 6879: 6877:, p. 311. 6875:Thuillier 1990 6867: 6865:, p. 313. 6863:Thuillier 1990 6855: 6843: 6831: 6819: 6804: 6789: 6768: 6766:, p. 365. 6764:Thuillier 2006 6756: 6754:, p. 355. 6752:Thuillier 2006 6737: 6735:, p. 194. 6725: 6723:, p. 253. 6721:Thuillier 2006 6713: 6711:, p. 252. 6709:Thuillier 2006 6698: 6696:, p. 589. 6683: 6681:, p. 186. 6671: 6669:, p. 588. 6654: 6642: 6640:, p. 587. 6627: 6615: 6613:, p. 586. 6600: 6598:, p. 585. 6583: 6581:, p. 584. 6568: 6566:, p. 583. 6553: 6538: 6536:, p. 581. 6526: 6524:, p. 582. 6511: 6509:, p. 580. 6499: 6497:, p. 579. 6484: 6482:, p. 578. 6469: 6467:, p. 577. 6457: 6445: 6443:, p. 576. 6430: 6426:Thuillier 2006 6415: 6413:, p. 575. 6403: 6399:Thuillier 2004 6391: 6389:, p. 211. 6387:Thuillier 1988 6379: 6377:, p. 191. 6367: 6365:, p. 136. 6355: 6353:, p. 136. 6351:Thuillier 1994 6343: 6341:, p. 135. 6339:Thuillier 1994 6331: 6329:, p. 133. 6327:Thuillier 1994 6319: 6307: 6305:, p. 192. 6295: 6283: 6281:, p. 310. 6279:Thuillier 1990 6264: 6262:, p. 574. 6247: 6235: 6223: 6211: 6209:, p. 356. 6207:Thuillier 2006 6199: 6197:, p. 134. 6195:Thuillier 1994 6184: 6182:, p. 354. 6180:Thuillier 2006 6165: 6161:Thuillier 2002 6153: 6136: 6134:, p. 213. 6132:Thuillier 1988 6117: 6115:, p. 554. 6113:Thuillier 1986 6105: 6103:, p. 138. 6101:Thuillier 2002 6088: 6084:Thuillier 2002 6071: 6069:, p. 553. 6067:Thuillier 2002 6059: 6047: 6045:, p. 106. 6032: 6020: 6018:, p. 137. 6016:Thuillier 2002 6003: 6001:, p. 133. 5999:Thuillier 2002 5991: 5989:, p. 376. 5987:Thuillier 2002 5979: 5962: 5950: 5948:, p. 380. 5946:Thuillier 2002 5933: 5931:, p. 181. 5921: 5919:, p. 171. 5909: 5894: 5882: 5878:Thuillier 2002 5870: 5868:, p. 377. 5866:Thuillier 2002 5853: 5838: 5823: 5811: 5796: 5781: 5779:, p. 354. 5777:Thuillier 2002 5769: 5750: 5748:, p. 177. 5735: 5720: 5718:, p. 375. 5716:Thuillier 2002 5703: 5701:, p. 379. 5699:Thuillier 2002 5686: 5682:Thuillier 2002 5674: 5672:, p. 310. 5662: 5652: 5648:Thuillier 2002 5640: 5638:, p. 170. 5625: 5623:, p. 378. 5621:Thuillier 2002 5602: 5598:Thuillier 2002 5585: 5576: 5564: 5562:, p. 121. 5552: 5550:, p. 120. 5540: 5538:, p. 129. 5528: 5526:, p. 119. 5507: 5505:, p. 137. 5503:Thuillier 1988 5495: 5493:, p. 212. 5491:Thuillier 1988 5480: 5463: 5442: 5430: 5414: 5412:, p. 304. 5402: 5390: 5378: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5347: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5316: 5313: 5277:Pierre Rocolle 5218: 5215: 5198:Ferdinand Foch 5184:It seems that 5123: 5120: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5037:Eugène Étienne 5007: 5005: 4992:Joseph Reinach 4960: 4957: 4927:Albert Sarraut 4923:Eugène Étienne 4877:Antonin Dubost 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4755:Joseph Reinach 4707:Dreyfus affair 4637: 4634: 4611:Louis Lafferre 4602:Louis Lafferre 4593: 4590: 4486:Dreyfus affair 4470:Main article: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4433:Anatole France 4410:Dreyfus affair 4382:disinformation 4317: 4314: 4310:Eugène Étienne 4306:Joseph Brugère 4264: 4262: 4237:, Senator for 4227: 4224: 4136: 4133: 4064:9th Army Corps 4023:threatened in 4021:Henry Bérenger 4015: 4012: 3967: 3964: 3862:Victor Février 3811: 3808: 3800:Paul Deschanel 3768:Maurice Barrès 3741:Jules Lemaître 3701: 3698: 3644: 3642: 3612: 3609: 3597:Louis Lafferre 3567:Fernand Rabier 3556:Adrien Meslier 3552:Pont-à-Mousson 3525:Joseph Chaumié 3499: 3496: 3444: 3441: 3430: 3427: 3415: 3413: 3341:Abel Combarieu 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3105: 3102: 3043:Palais Bourbon 3034: 3031: 2944:interpellation 2894: 2891: 2854:Léonce Rousset 2843: 2841: 2738:Louis Lafferre 2683:Laurent Prache 2659: 2656: 2651:Eugène Étienne 2622: 2620: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2446: 2443: 2403:Caricature of 2396: 2393: 2347: 2344: 2332: 2330: 2292:Serge Berstein 2274:Cato the Elder 2233:Le petit lever 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2120: 2118: 2060:Louis Violette 1974: 1971: 1907: 1905: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1779: 1776: 1684:Paul Déroulède 1669:Dreyfus affair 1646:Reuilly affair 1644:following the 1603: 1602:Dreyfus affair 1600: 1598: 1595: 1490:Masonic lodges 1475:Dreyfus affair 1437: 1436: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1419: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1280: 1274: 1272:Fifth Republic 1268: 1267: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1199:Third Republic 1193: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1161:Third Republic 1157: 1156: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1101:First Republic 1097: 1096: 1093: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1007: 1004: 997: 996: 993: 986: 985: 982: 976: 975: 972: 965: 964: 961: 955: 954: 951: 945: 944: 941: 928: 923: 922: 919: 918: 913: 912: 911:50 BC – 486 AD 909: 903: 902: 899: 893: 892: 891:600 BC – 49 BC 889: 887:Greek colonies 883: 882: 879: 871: 866: 865: 862: 861: 855: 854: 846: 845: 836: 835: 828: 821: 820: 818: 817: 810: 803: 795: 792: 791: 788: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 611: 608: 607: 604: 603: 600: 599: 594: 586: 584:Propaganda Due 581: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 522: 519: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 423:James Anderson 420: 418:Masonic Temple 414: 411: 410: 407: 406: 403: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 366: 363: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 349: 344: 339: 333: 332: 330: 326: 325: 323:Co-Freemasonry 320: 315: 310: 305: 299: 298: 296: 292: 291: 286: 281: 276: 270: 269: 267: 263: 262: 257: 255:Research Lodge 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 170:Masonic bodies 166: 165: 163: 159: 157:Masonic bodies 156: 155: 152: 151: 148: 147: 142: 140:Liberté chérie 137: 131: 128: 127: 124: 123: 120: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 78: 75: 74: 71: 70: 62: 61: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8919: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8887:Deep politics 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8776:Radical Party 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8753:organisations 8748: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8723: 8717: 8716:Face covering 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8673: 8668: 8666: 8661: 8659: 8654: 8653: 8650: 8638: 8630: 8628: 8620: 8618: 8610: 8608: 8600: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8587: 8584: 8577: 8574: 8571: 8568: 8565: 8562: 8559: 8556: 8553: 8550: 8547: 8544: 8541: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8531: 8524: 8521: 8518: 8515: 8512: 8509: 8506: 8503: 8500: 8497: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8482: 8479: 8478:Michel Baroin 8476: 8473: 8470: 8467: 8464: 8461: 8458: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8428: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8410: 8407: 8404: 8401: 8398: 8395: 8392: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8377: 8374: 8371: 8368: 8365: 8362: 8359: 8356: 8353: 8350: 8347: 8344: 8341: 8338: 8335: 8332: 8329: 8326: 8323: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8310: 8303: 8302:Louis Lucipia 8300: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8290:Louis Lucipia 8288: 8285: 8282: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8261: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8225: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8192: 8189: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8160: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8132: 8127: 8125: 8120: 8118: 8113: 8112: 8109: 8105: 8103: 8098: 8083: 8081:2-7113-0389-6 8077: 8073: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7807: 7803: 7797: 7789: 7783: 7779: 7774: 7770: 7764: 7760: 7759: 7753: 7748: 7746:2-8251-0146-X 7742: 7738: 7733: 7729: 7728: 7722: 7718: 7716:9782262077266 7712: 7708: 7707: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7677: 7672: 7666: 7664:9782753565692 7660: 7656: 7655: 7649: 7645: 7639: 7635: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7612: 7610:2-213-00162-6 7606: 7602: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7570:(17): 73–91. 7569: 7564: 7560: 7554: 7546: 7544:9782262065133 7540: 7536: 7535: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7510: 7509:Revue du Nord 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7486: 7480: 7476: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7458: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7398: 7395: 7393:0-521-41916-6 7389: 7385: 7380: 7377: 7375:9780521545921 7371: 7367: 7363: 7358: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7342:0-316-86127-8 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7314: 7313: 7307: 7304: 7302:9780975801543 7298: 7294: 7290: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7273: 7272: 7258: 7249: 7242: 7237: 7235: 7225: 7218: 7217:Boniface 2018 7213: 7206: 7205:Boniface 2018 7201: 7195:, p. 77. 7194: 7189: 7187: 7179: 7174: 7168:, p. 59. 7167: 7162: 7156:, p. 51. 7155: 7150: 7143: 7138: 7131: 7130:Boniface 2018 7126: 7124: 7122: 7112: 7105: 7104:Bédarida 1964 7100: 7093: 7092:Boniface 2010 7088: 7082:, p. 66. 7081: 7076: 7070:, p. 23. 7069: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7053:, p. 22. 7052: 7047: 7045: 7038:, p. 24. 7037: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7015:, p. 25. 7014: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6998:, p. 21. 6997: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6980: 6979:Boniface 2010 6975: 6973: 6966:, p. 91. 6965: 6960: 6953: 6948: 6941: 6936: 6929: 6924: 6918:, p. 79. 6917: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6900: 6895: 6889:, p. 78. 6888: 6883: 6876: 6871: 6864: 6859: 6852: 6847: 6840: 6835: 6829:, p. 42. 6828: 6823: 6817:, p. 79. 6816: 6811: 6809: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6786: 6785:Berstein 2007 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6765: 6760: 6753: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6734: 6729: 6722: 6717: 6710: 6705: 6703: 6695: 6690: 6688: 6680: 6679:Boniface 2010 6675: 6668: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6651: 6646: 6639: 6634: 6632: 6625:, p. 61. 6624: 6619: 6612: 6607: 6605: 6597: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6580: 6575: 6573: 6565: 6560: 6558: 6551:, p. 53. 6550: 6545: 6543: 6535: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6516: 6508: 6503: 6496: 6491: 6489: 6481: 6476: 6474: 6466: 6461: 6454: 6449: 6442: 6437: 6435: 6427: 6422: 6420: 6412: 6407: 6400: 6395: 6388: 6383: 6376: 6375:Boniface 2010 6371: 6364: 6363:Boniface 2010 6359: 6352: 6347: 6340: 6335: 6328: 6323: 6317:, p. 64. 6316: 6311: 6304: 6303:Boniface 2010 6299: 6292: 6291:Boniface 2018 6287: 6280: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6261: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6244: 6243:Boniface 2018 6239: 6232: 6231:Berstein 2006 6227: 6220: 6215: 6208: 6203: 6196: 6191: 6189: 6181: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6162: 6157: 6150: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6133: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6114: 6109: 6102: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6085: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6068: 6063: 6056: 6051: 6044: 6039: 6037: 6030:, p. 10. 6029: 6028:Berstein 2006 6024: 6017: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6000: 5995: 5988: 5983: 5976: 5975:Boniface 2018 5971: 5969: 5967: 5960:, p. 36. 5959: 5954: 5947: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5930: 5929:Boniface 2010 5925: 5918: 5917:Boniface 2010 5913: 5906: 5905:Boniface 2010 5901: 5899: 5891: 5890:Boniface 2010 5886: 5879: 5874: 5867: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5850: 5849:Berstein 2006 5845: 5843: 5836:, p. 50. 5835: 5830: 5828: 5821:, p. 68. 5820: 5815: 5808: 5807:Berstein 2006 5803: 5801: 5793: 5792:Berstein 2006 5788: 5786: 5778: 5773: 5766: 5765:Boniface 2010 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5747: 5746:Boniface 2010 5742: 5740: 5733:, p. 34. 5732: 5727: 5725: 5717: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5700: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5683: 5678: 5671: 5666: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5637: 5636:Boniface 2010 5632: 5630: 5622: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5599: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5580: 5573: 5572:Bédarida 1964 5568: 5561: 5560:Bédarida 1964 5556: 5549: 5548:Bédarida 1964 5544: 5537: 5536:Bédarida 1964 5532: 5525: 5524:Bédarida 1964 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5487: 5485: 5477: 5476:Berstein 2006 5472: 5470: 5468: 5460: 5459:Boniface 2018 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5440:, p. 18. 5439: 5434: 5428:, p. 568 5427: 5426:Williams 2005 5423: 5418: 5411: 5406: 5399: 5398:Boniface 2018 5394: 5387: 5386:Berstein 2006 5382: 5375: 5374:Berstein 2006 5370: 5366: 5351: 5341: 5337: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5239:Joseph Joffre 5232: 5229:, Joffre and 5228: 5223: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5160: 5159:Émile Fayolle 5156: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5119: 5117: 5111: 5106: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5084: 5080: 5079:Republicanism 5076: 5074: 5070: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5004: 5001: 4996: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4984:Masonic lodge 4981: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4919:Joseph Joffre 4914: 4910: 4905: 4899: 4894: 4884: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4802:reactionaries 4799: 4795: 4792: 4787: 4783:published in 4782: 4781:Charles Péguy 4774: 4773:Charles Péguy 4770: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4759:Marcel Proust 4756: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4650:Henri Brisson 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4612: 4603: 4598: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4518: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4362: 4356: 4354: 4353:German Empire 4350: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4327: 4326:Hector Moloch 4322: 4316:Final turmoil 4313: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4288: 4283: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4240: 4239:Côtes-du-Nord 4236: 4232: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4208: 4203: 4202:Henri Le Gros 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4156: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4117: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4001: 4000:Pierre Magnin 3997: 3993: 3992: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3963: 3959: 3957: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3938:Henri Brisson 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3874: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3760:Louis Dausset 3757: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3721: 3713: 3712: 3711:Petit Journal 3706: 3697: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3648: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3626: 3625:Petit Journal 3621: 3617: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3568: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3495: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3459: 3449: 3440: 3438: 3437: 3423: 3421: 3412: 3410: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3364:secular state 3359: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3304: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3256: 3250: 3245: 3244:André Gaucher 3241: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3219: 3214: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3167: 3166:Joseph Talvas 3163: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3145:regiment. In 3143: 3137: 3134: 3126: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3101: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3085:Henri Brisson 3082: 3078: 3072: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3044: 3039: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3006: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2916: 2915: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2890: 2888: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2855: 2847: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2806: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2779: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2742:Radical Party 2739: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2715:occult agency 2712: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2696: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2655: 2652: 2646: 2644: 2637: 2634: 2626: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2581: 2577: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2469: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2442: 2440: 2439: 2432: 2430: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2401: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2343: 2336: 2329: 2327: 2321: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2135: 2133: 2124: 2117: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2095: 2090: 2089:Jean Cazelles 2084: 2079: 2078:Antoine Targe 2075: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2048: 2045:Cartoon from 2043: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1941:reactionaries 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1918: 1911: 1904: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1890: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1879:Henri Brisson 1876: 1873: 1869: 1861: 1856: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1788: 1786: 1785:Léon Gambetta 1775: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749:Radical Party 1746: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1699:Élysée Palace 1694: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1652: 1647: 1641: 1636: 1635:Marcel Habert 1632: 1628: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1614: 1608: 1594: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1547: 1545: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503:free-thinking 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1461:, during the 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1395: 1391: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1221:Années folles 1218: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1151:Second Empire 1149: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1131:July Monarchy 1129: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1067: 1057: 1055: 1054:Bourbon kings 1052: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026:Ancien Régime 1021: 1016: 1015: 1005: 1003: 999: 998: 994: 992: 988: 987: 983: 981: 978: 977: 973: 971: 967: 966: 962: 960: 957: 956: 952: 950: 947: 946: 942: 939: 935: 932: 931: 926: 921: 920: 910: 908: 905: 904: 900: 898: 895: 894: 890: 888: 885: 884: 880: 878: 875: 874: 869: 864: 863: 860: 857: 856: 852: 848: 847: 844: 838: 837: 832: 827: 826: 816: 811: 809: 804: 802: 797: 796: 794: 793: 786: 785:United States 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 612: 606: 605: 598: 595: 593: 592: 587: 585: 582: 580: 579: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 541:Pigpen cipher 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 523: 517: 516: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 463:William Schaw 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 443:Albert Mackey 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 409: 408: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 361: 360: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 334: 331: 328: 327: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 297: 294: 293: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 271: 268: 265: 264: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 215:Knight Kadosh 213: 211: 210:Scottish Rite 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 167: 164: 161: 160: 154: 153: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 132: 126: 125: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 87:Masonic lodge 85: 83: 80: 79: 73: 72: 68: 64: 63: 60: 57: 56: 52: 48: 47: 41: 37: 32: 19: 8761:Émile Combes 8735: 8726:Concepts and 8533:21st century 8312:20th century 8278:Henri Thulié 8269:Henri Thulié 8169:19th century 8146:18th century 8094: 8071: 8046: 8042: 8017: 8013: 7988: 7984: 7959: 7955: 7930: 7926: 7901: 7897: 7872: 7868: 7843: 7839: 7814: 7810: 7780:. Malakoff. 7777: 7757: 7736: 7726: 7705: 7694: 7675: 7653: 7633: 7600: 7567: 7533: 7513: 7507: 7493: 7474: 7465: 7453:(33): 38–39. 7450: 7434: 7421: 7417: 7401: 7383: 7365: 7352: 7332: 7317:, retrieved 7311: 7292: 7276: 7268:Bibliography 7257: 7248: 7241:Rocolle 1980 7224: 7212: 7200: 7173: 7161: 7149: 7137: 7132:, p. 2. 7111: 7099: 7087: 7075: 6964:Charlot 2003 6959: 6952:Charlot 2003 6947: 6935: 6923: 6916:Charlot 2003 6899:Charlot 2003 6894: 6887:Charlot 2003 6882: 6870: 6858: 6846: 6834: 6822: 6759: 6728: 6716: 6674: 6645: 6618: 6529: 6502: 6460: 6448: 6406: 6394: 6382: 6370: 6358: 6346: 6334: 6322: 6310: 6298: 6293:, p. 4. 6286: 6245:, p. 3. 6238: 6233:, p. 2. 6226: 6214: 6202: 6156: 6149:Thiebot 2016 6108: 6062: 6050: 6023: 5994: 5982: 5977:, p. 6. 5953: 5924: 5912: 5885: 5873: 5851:, p. 7. 5814: 5809:, p. 9. 5794:, p. 8. 5772: 5767:, p. 2. 5677: 5665: 5655: 5643: 5579: 5567: 5555: 5543: 5531: 5498: 5478:, p. 3. 5461:, p. 5. 5433: 5422:McKeown 2011 5417: 5405: 5400:, p. 1. 5393: 5388:, p. 5. 5381: 5376:, p. 4. 5369: 5350: 5340: 5291: 5262:Daniel Ligou 5259: 5236: 5227:de Castelnau 5183: 5169: 5163: 5144: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5066: 5044: 5040: 5015: 5008: 4997: 4973: 4953:General Brun 4942: 4915: 4889: 4868:Émile Combes 4861: 4856:Émile Loubet 4851: 4831:denunciation 4827:police state 4823:totalitarian 4797: 4784: 4778: 4746:human rights 4729:Charles Rist 4718: 4710: 4701: 4693: 4639: 4626: 4615: 4607: 4585: 4579: 4561: 4558:Ernest Jouin 4553: 4540: 4536: 4529:Émile Driant 4515: 4512: 4508:Taxil affair 4501: 4477: 4475: 4472:Anti-Masonry 4436: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4376: 4359: 4357: 4338: 4291: 4279: 4268: 4265: 4247: 4244: 4198: 4176: 4166:Jacques Dhur 4159: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4143: 4107: 4103: 4094: 4087: 4024: 4017: 4002:declared to 3989: 3987: 3979: 3974:Portrait of 3960: 3947: 3935: 3930:Eugène Pirou 3916: 3911: 3903:Ernest Vallé 3896: 3873:Émile Boutmy 3855: 3847:Paul Ligneul 3828: 3822: 3818: 3774: 3772: 3748: 3744: 3725: 3717: 3709: 3684: 3677: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3652: 3645: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3600: 3594: 3586: 3578:Alfred Massé 3532: 3519: 3492: 3485: 3478: 3454: 3434: 3432: 3419: 3416: 3393: 3387: 3373: 3367: 3360: 3337:Émile Combes 3333:Émile Loubet 3330: 3325:Émile Combes 3321:Émile Loubet 3295: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3237: 3227: 3195: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3138: 3130: 3124: 3095: 3089: 3081:Ernest Vallé 3073: 3052:Émile Combes 3048: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3010: 3007: 2997: 2983: 2981: 2973: 2959: 2948: 2933: 2927: 2920: 2912: 2884: 2876: 2864: 2851: 2844: 2826: 2824: 2775: 2693: 2676: 2671:Le Veau d'or 2670: 2666: 2647: 2643:Émile Loubet 2639: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2616:Émile Combes 2592: 2578: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2522: 2504: 2495:Le Veau d'or 2494: 2482: 2466: 2459: 2436: 2433: 2413: 2410: 2405:Le Veau d'or 2404: 2384: 2373: 2368:Le Veau d'or 2367: 2364:anti-Combist 2349: 2340: 2333: 2326:Émile Loubet 2312: 2306: 2302: 2287: 2277: 2266: 2242: 2236: 2232: 2210: 2194: 2164: 2128: 2121: 2111: 2071: 2052: 2046: 2017:Guy Thuiller 2013:Henri Mollin 1999: 1987: 1962:Émile Combes 1955: 1953: 1937: 1921: 1908: 1898: 1891: 1887: 1865: 1829: 1816: 1803: 1797: 1789: 1781: 1772:Émile Loubet 1744: 1742: 1737:Émile Combes 1728: 1711:Émile Combes 1681: 1664: 1658: 1617: 1610: 1579: 1566:Émile Combes 1559: 1548: 1515: 1483: 1454: 1442: 1440: 1393: 1351:Christianity 1239:Vichy France 1190:20th century 1172:Belle Époque 1111:First Empire 1024: 1020:Early modern 970:West Francia 959:Carolingians 949:Merovingians 745:South Africa 591:Ahiman Rezon 590: 577: 370:Anti-Masonry 266:Side degrees 235:Swedish Rite 97:Grand Master 8882:French Army 8771:Jean Jaurès 8637:WikiProject 8570:José Gulino 8564:Guy Arcizet 8540:Alain Bauer 8304:(1898–1900) 8161:(1795–1804) 8155:(1771–1792) 7193:Kerjan 2005 7166:Kerjan 2005 7154:Kerjan 2005 7142:Morlat 2019 7080:Morlat 2019 6851:Kerjan 2005 6839:Morlat 2019 6827:Morlat 2019 6815:Kerjan 2005 6623:Morlat 2019 6549:Kerjan 2005 6453:Morlat 2019 6315:Kerjan 2005 6219:Morlat 2019 5958:Morlat 2019 5834:Kerjan 2005 5731:Morlat 2019 5670:Morlat 2019 5309:General Pau 5280: [ 5265: [ 5135: [ 5108: [ 5097: [ 5069:French Army 5047: [ 5029: [ 5022:Paul Doumer 4934: [ 4907: [ 4896: [ 4789: [ 4733:Louis Comte 4703:Jean Jaurès 4690:Jean Jaurès 4676: [ 4673:Léon Mirman 4657: [ 4575:Freemasonry 4566: [ 4552:, of which 4545: [ 4520: [ 4446: [ 4425: [ 4420:, Desmons, 4364: [ 4329: [ 4297: [ 4254:Bonapartist 4216: [ 4205: [ 4169: [ 4144:André rages 4125: [ 4114: [ 4079: [ 4056: [ 4053:Paul Peigné 4041: [ 4029: [ 3942:Paul Doumer 3926:Paul Doumer 3887: [ 3865: [ 3849:, mayor of 3839: [ 3791: [ 3784:Mrs. Loubet 3756:Léon Daudet 3681:Jean Jaurès 3673:coup d'etat 3570: [ 3559: [ 3544: [ 3510: [ 3461: [ 3401: [ 3352:Paul Doumer 3344: [ 3284: [ 3247: [ 3216: [ 3205: [ 3175:— mayor of 3169: [ 3154: [ 3117: [ 3003:French Army 2905: [ 2869:Jean Jaurès 2857: [ 2808: [ 2797: [ 2781: [ 2766: [ 2749: [ 2730: [ 2707:Freemasonry 2698: [ 2686: [ 2574:Paul Doumer 2569:Good Friday 2524:Jeune École 2462:French Navy 2421: [ 2318: [ 2211:La Fidélité 2186: [ 2175: [ 2155: [ 2103: [ 2092: [ 2081: [ 2063: [ 2031: [ 2020: [ 2005: [ 1920:Cartoon by 1860:Louis André 1834: [ 1821: [ 1808: [ 1760: [ 1703:Félix Faure 1691: [ 1665:coup d'etat 1649: [ 1638: [ 1622: [ 1552:Jean Jaurès 1536: [ 1521: [ 1471:Louis André 1467:French Army 1304:Health care 1234:Free France 1121:Restoration 925:Middle Ages 897:Celtic Gaul 840:History of 720:Philippines 551:Hiram Abiff 448:Albert Pike 428:Prince Hall 82:Grand Lodge 59:Freemasonry 36:Louis André 8801:Categories 8751:People and 7319:27 October 7178:Vindé 1989 6733:Vindé 1989 5819:Vindé 1989 5438:Smith 2003 5410:Burke 1979 5362:References 5204:. General 5041:status quo 4931:Arthur Huc 4646:Dreyfusard 4161:Le Journal 3981:Le Pèlerin 3780:Montélimar 3234:old Vendée 3064:Socialists 3022:Le Gaulois 2914:Le Pèlerin 2878:L'Humanité 2602:, then in 2546:Démocratie 2468:rue Royale 2460:While the 2366:newspaper 1613:Caesareans 1597:Background 1582:Dreyfusard 940:settlement 907:Roman Gaul 877:Prehistory 695:Luxembourg 609:By country 589:Dermott's 400:Taxil hoax 289:The Grotto 274:The Shrine 8627:Templates 8572:(2012–13) 8566:(2010–12) 8560:(2008–10) 8554:(2005–08) 8542:(2000–03) 8522:(1997–99) 8513:(1994–96) 8504:(1989–92) 8495:(1987–88) 8480:(1977–79) 8471:(1973–75) 8465:(1971–73) 8459:(1969–71) 8453:(1966–69) 8444:(1964–65) 8438:(1961–64) 8408:(1936–45) 8399:(1931–34) 8390:(1927–30) 8384:(1926–27) 8378:(1925–26) 8369:(1921–22) 8363:(1920–21) 8354:(1911–13) 8345:(1909–10) 8339:(1907–09) 8333:(1905–07) 8327:(1903–05) 8321:(1900–03) 8298:(1896–98) 8292:(1895–96) 8286:(1894–95) 8280:(1893–94) 8271:(1889–92) 8265:(1887–89) 8259:(1885–87) 8247:(1870–72) 8241:(1865–70) 8235:(1861–65) 8229:(1852–61) 8223:(1851–52) 8208:(1835–42) 8202:(1833–35) 8196:(1821–33) 8190:(1814–21) 8184:(1806–14) 8178:(1805–06) 8055:0035-0672 8026:0035-0672 7997:0035-0672 7968:0035-0672 7939:0035-0672 7910:0035-0672 7881:0035-0672 7852:0035-0672 7823:0035-0672 7796:cite book 7619:cite book 7603:. Paris. 7584:1266-7862 7553:cite book 5179:Montauban 4988:synagogue 4852:Veau d'or 4815:socialism 4652:left the 4438:La Patrie 4351:with the 4345:artillery 3823:Veau d'or 3747:from the 3668:civil war 3605:democracy 3482:scapegoat 3211:, of the 3147:Marseille 3011:Le Figaro 2985:Le Figaro 2633:Le Figaro 2600:Vincennes 2549:and even 2388:Mélinists 2202:Rochefort 2198:Périgueux 1994:Calvinist 1631:Déroulède 1373:Territory 1266:1946–1958 1256:1944–1946 1246:1940–1944 1225:1920–1929 1214:1919–1939 1203:1870–1940 1176:1871–1914 1165:1870–1940 1155:1852–1870 1145:1848–1852 1135:1830–1848 1125:1814–1830 1115:1804–1814 1105:1792–1804 1095:1791–1792 1085:1789–1799 1058:1589–1792 1048:1515–1589 1038:1498–1515 1006:1328–1498 780:Venezuela 755:Sri Lanka 670:Indonesia 175:York Rite 8617:Category 8063:41941580 8034:40773955 8005:40772194 7976:40774826 7947:40774252 7918:40774118 7889:40782187 7860:40781555 7831:40781287 7592:24610228 7412:(1964). 7331:(2005), 7324:quotes: 6802:183–195. 5315:See also 5083:de facto 5073:radicals 4811:politics 4807:morality 4642:partisan 4539:and the 4418:Lafferre 4391:L’Éclair 4270:Equality 4256:senator 3932:in 1905. 3912:Le Temps 3908:case law 3882:General 3819:The thaw 3775:Le Temps 3638:snitches 3601:Le Matin 3375:Le Matin 3369:Le Temps 3192:Poitiers 3062:and the 3060:Radicals 3027:Le Matin 2998:Le Matin 2990:Carthage 2865:Le Matin 2828:Le Matin 2725:and the 2717:for the 2679:Bordeaux 2593:Captain 2565:fastings 2499:absinthe 2270:Carthage 2258:Capuchin 1932:Carthage 1858:General 1511:royalism 1507:Catholic 1368:Taxation 1346:Religion 1341:Politics 1334:Consorts 1329:Monarchs 1324:Military 1319:Medicine 995:987–1328 984:987–1792 938:Frankish 936:and the 859:Timeline 831:a series 829:Part of 765:Thailand 740:Scotland 725:Portugal 700:Malaysia 615:Barbados 342:A.J.E.F. 76:Overview 51:a series 49:Part of 34:General 8728:history 7466:Gallica 7435:Gallica 5424:quotes 5305:Sarrail 5243:Général 4809:before 3851:Le Mans 3802:of the 3737:suicide 3590:Orléans 3260:Mayotte 3224:Jesuits 3177:Lorient 2994:Corinth 2992:" and " 2867:. When 2534:Liberté 2284:Corinth 2262:Castres 1928:Corinth 1701:during 1554:of the 1499:masonic 1492:of the 1361:Judaism 1299:Economy 1278:present 974:843–987 963:751–987 953:481–751 934:Francia 868:Ancient 775:Ukraine 730:Romania 690:Lebanon 660:Iceland 655:Germany 650:Finland 640:Denmark 635:Croatia 620:Belgium 576:Pike's 520:Related 337:DeMolay 162:Masonic 129:History 8700:(1905) 8078: 8061: 8053: 8032: 8024: 8003: 7995: 7974: 7966: 7945: 7937: 7916: 7908: 7887: 7879: 7858: 7850: 7829: 7821: 7784: 7765: 7743: 7713: 7682: 7661: 7640: 7607: 7590: 7582: 7541: 7481: 7390: 7372: 7339: 7333:Pétain 7299: 5301:Percin 5202:Jesuit 5166:Rennes 4873:Senate 4819:Combes 4630:Rennes 4373:Rennes 3745:francs 3739:, and 3276:francs 3229:Chouan 3045:guard. 2961:Sûreté 2552:Patrie 2540:Danton 1870:, the 1564:, the 1488:, the 1459:France 1447:French 1394:· 1392: 1290:Topics 1002:Valois 943: 881: 842:France 833:on the 770:Turkey 760:Sweden 735:Russia 710:Mexico 675:Israel 645:France 625:Canada 8607:Media 8059:JSTOR 8030:JSTOR 8001:JSTOR 7972:JSTOR 7943:JSTOR 7914:JSTOR 7885:JSTOR 7856:JSTOR 7827:JSTOR 7588:JSTOR 5332:Notes 5284:] 5269:] 5139:] 5112:] 5101:] 5051:] 5033:] 4986:or a 4980:Meuse 4938:] 4911:] 4900:] 4793:] 4680:] 4661:] 4570:] 4549:] 4524:] 4450:] 4429:] 4368:] 4333:] 4301:] 4220:] 4209:] 4173:] 4129:] 4118:] 4083:] 4060:] 4045:] 4033:] 3891:] 3869:] 3858:Paris 3843:] 3795:] 3728:Seine 3574:] 3563:] 3548:] 3533:lycée 3514:] 3465:] 3405:] 3348:] 3292:Lille 3288:] 3251:] 3220:] 3209:] 3173:] 3158:] 3142:Nancy 3121:] 2909:] 2861:] 2812:] 2801:] 2785:] 2770:] 2753:] 2734:] 2702:] 2690:] 2425:] 2322:] 2190:] 2179:] 2159:] 2107:] 2096:] 2085:] 2067:] 2035:] 2024:] 2009:] 1934:file. 1838:] 1825:] 1812:] 1764:] 1695:] 1653:] 1642:] 1626:] 1540:] 1525:] 1501:and " 1396: 1356:Islam 1276:1958– 750:Spain 705:Malta 685:Japan 680:Italy 665:India 630:China 260:Corks 8686:Laws 8076:ISBN 8051:ISSN 8022:ISSN 7993:ISSN 7964:ISSN 7935:ISSN 7906:ISSN 7877:ISSN 7848:ISSN 7819:ISSN 7802:link 7782:ISBN 7763:ISBN 7741:ISBN 7711:ISBN 7680:ISBN 7659:ISBN 7638:ISBN 7625:link 7605:ISBN 7580:ISSN 7559:link 7539:ISBN 7479:ISBN 7388:ISBN 7370:ISBN 7337:ISBN 7321:2016 7297:ISBN 5303:and 5286:and 5157:and 4951:and 4929:and 4671:and 4531:and 4095:Bloc 3766:and 3663:Bloc 3580:and 3420:Bloc 3301:Nord 3162:Lyon 3112:Dr. 3025:and 2604:Caen 2489:and 2254:duel 2246:Mass 2204:and 1992:, a 1633:and 1441:The 1314:LGBT 7572:doi 7518:doi 7514:384 7422:232 7281:304 5231:Pau 4582:Gyp 4527:of 4500:'s 3535:in 3529:Gap 3190:In 2567:on 1735:by 1309:Law 8803:: 8057:. 8047:59 8045:. 8028:. 8018:57 8016:. 7999:. 7989:57 7987:. 7970:. 7960:55 7958:. 7941:. 7931:50 7929:. 7912:. 7902:47 7900:. 7883:. 7873:43 7871:. 7854:. 7844:41 7842:. 7825:. 7815:39 7813:. 7798:}} 7794:{{ 7621:}} 7617:{{ 7586:. 7578:. 7555:}} 7551:{{ 7512:. 7506:. 7464:. 7449:. 7433:. 7420:. 7416:. 7364:, 7291:, 7233:^ 7185:^ 7120:^ 7058:^ 7043:^ 7020:^ 7003:^ 6986:^ 6971:^ 6906:^ 6807:^ 6792:^ 6771:^ 6740:^ 6701:^ 6686:^ 6657:^ 6630:^ 6603:^ 6586:^ 6571:^ 6556:^ 6541:^ 6514:^ 6487:^ 6472:^ 6433:^ 6418:^ 6267:^ 6250:^ 6187:^ 6168:^ 6139:^ 6120:^ 6091:^ 6074:^ 6035:^ 6006:^ 5965:^ 5936:^ 5897:^ 5856:^ 5841:^ 5826:^ 5799:^ 5784:^ 5753:^ 5738:^ 5723:^ 5706:^ 5689:^ 5660:95 5628:^ 5605:^ 5588:^ 5510:^ 5483:^ 5466:^ 5445:^ 5311:. 5282:fr 5267:fr 5168:, 5153:, 5137:fr 5118:. 5110:fr 5099:fr 5049:fr 5031:fr 4940:. 4936:fr 4925:, 4909:fr 4898:fr 4791:fr 4765:. 4740:, 4727:, 4678:fr 4659:fr 4613:. 4568:fr 4547:fr 4522:fr 4452:. 4448:fr 4427:fr 4366:fr 4331:fr 4299:fr 4218:fr 4207:fr 4171:fr 4127:fr 4116:fr 4081:fr 4058:fr 4043:fr 4031:fr 3901:, 3889:fr 3867:fr 3853:. 3841:fr 3793:fr 3762:, 3758:, 3576:, 3572:fr 3565:, 3561:fr 3546:fr 3512:fr 3463:fr 3411:: 3403:fr 3378:, 3346:fr 3286:fr 3249:fr 3218:fr 3207:fr 3171:fr 3156:fr 3119:fr 3019:, 3013:, 2907:fr 2859:fr 2810:fr 2799:fr 2783:fr 2768:fr 2755:. 2751:fr 2732:fr 2700:fr 2688:fr 2543:, 2537:, 2531:: 2509:— 2423:fr 2320:fr 2276:, 2200:, 2188:fr 2177:fr 2157:fr 2105:fr 2094:fr 2083:fr 2065:fr 2033:fr 2022:fr 2007:fr 1903:: 1836:fr 1823:fr 1810:fr 1762:fr 1693:fr 1651:fr 1640:fr 1624:fr 1593:. 1538:fr 1523:fr 1449:: 53:on 8671:e 8664:t 8657:v 8130:e 8123:t 8116:v 8084:. 8065:. 8036:. 8007:. 7978:. 7949:. 7920:. 7891:. 7862:. 7833:. 7804:) 7790:. 7771:. 7751:. 7749:. 7719:. 7699:. 7688:. 7667:. 7646:. 7627:) 7613:. 7594:. 7574:: 7561:) 7547:. 7526:. 7520:: 7498:. 7487:. 7468:. 7437:. 6787:. 6151:. 5141:. 5045:] 4698:. 3327:. 3183:( 2978:. 2917:. 2673:. 2268:" 2239:. 1739:. 1655:. 1445:( 1430:e 1423:t 1416:v 814:e 807:t 800:v 42:. 20:)

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