277:. An application was made to register under the 1836 Building Societies Act but the registrar refused to accept the name. Accordingly, the name was changed to The National Permanent Mutual Building Society, with an authorization for it to be commonly called The National Freehold Land Society. Despite the building society registration and formal name, there was no doubt as to the National’s function. The 1852 Prospectus clearly stated that “The special objects of this Society are to facilitate the acquisition of freehold land, and the erection of houses thereon – to enable such of its members as are eligible, to obtain the county franchise”. (The name was changed in 1894 to The National Freehold Land and Building Society and finally to The National Building Society in 1930).
374:
Oak Co-operative in 1979. In 1971, the Abbey was opening a branch per week and in 1974, the peak of the private housing boom, there were 335 branches and ÂŁ3bn. assets. This growth could not have taken place without the increase in new private housebuilding and the expansion in home ownership that created the second-hand market; it also reflected more innovative marketing policies. This innovation reached its peak with the appointment of Clive
Thornton as general manager in 1979. He led a wide range of marketing initiatives, perhaps the best known being the registration of the name “Granny Bonds” to rival the National Savings product.
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738:
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removed building controls and the growth in home ownership and private housebuilding resumed. However, the
Society still had little more than a hundred branches and, with the pre-war management still in control, perhaps it was no longer as innovative. Eventually, 1963 saw the departure of the “old guard”: Chairman Harold Bellman died aged 76; Bruce Wycherley, general manager of the National from 1933 and chief executive of the merged group from 1948, resigned, as did Stanley Ramsey the “original architect” of the merger.
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distinct, there was a commonality of directors and staff. The objective was to make the
National “more emphatically than it has ever been yet, a Savings Bank and Building Society.” At that point, British Land accounted for two thirds of the National’s advances. The importance of British Land to the National gradually diminished although it was not until 1874 that the proportion fell to below one half; after an internal row over the ownership of the National’s head office, all the advances were repaid in 1878.
331:
Secretary of the
Society in 1921. He overhauled every aspect of the operations, introduced improvements, advertised in the national press and opened branches outside the Society’s home area. By 1929, the number of members had exceeded 100,000 and these doubled in the following two years. It was in this inter-war period that Abbey overtook the National in size: in 1918, the National had £1.2m assets against Abbey Road’s £0.8m whereas in 1939 Abbey’s assets totalled £51m against the £36m of the National.
386:. Abbey even formed its own private housebuilding company, Abbey National Homes, in 1986. It built 2-300 houses a year but during the housing recession of 1990-92 it lost over ÂŁ50m and was closed. The range of services offered brought Abbey National ever closer to a clearing bank. In 1988, Abbey introduced a full-service interest-bearing cheque account; its administration was restricted by building society rules and the need to find a partner that could clear Abbey's cheques (
1832:
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and was outside the reach of the average worker. A scheme to obviate this capital requirement was launched in 1847 as the
Birmingham Freehold Land Society. In simple terms, the society arranged for the purchase of tracts of land and divided them into plots which individuals could purchase, the cost being met by regular subscriptions. The success of the Birmingham Society prompted a flood of other societies around the country, of which the National was one.
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680:
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National claimed to be taking forty per cent of the funds. Once the plots had been purchased, the
National recognized the need to provide finance for the houses that were to be built on them. In 1854 it published its first advert, inviting applications for advances “for the erection of houses on the Estates”; those advances were not to exceed two-thirds of the net value and to be repaid over ten years.
47:
257:
The
National Building Society had its origins in the freehold land movement, sometimes called the “forty shilling freeholders movement”. In country areas, the voting entitlement was dependent on the possession of freehold land with an annual value of £2. This required a capital outlay of some £60-70
373:
Abbey
National was now set for rapid expansion. By 1968, the branch network had reached 150 and assets exceeded ÂŁ1bn. In the next ten years the business of four other societies was acquired: the Definite Permanent in 1968, The State Building Society in 1970, Highgate Building Society in 1974 and the
313:
The Abbey was founded in 1874 by members of the Free Church in Abbey Road and of the Abbey Road Church
Benefit Society. The chosen name of the society was the Abbey Road and St John’s Wood Mutual Benefit Building Society and it was launched in 1875. Three years later the Society registered under the
663:
The
Santander Group announced in May 2009 that Abbey and the Bradford & Bingley branch network would be renamed under the Santander brand on 11 January 2010. Credit cards issued by Abbey were the first to change to Santander. The Abbey name was retained for the Abbey for Intermediaries mortgage
459:
for ÂŁ8 million in August 1993. The 347-strong chain employed 1,800 staff and was subject to a write-down of ÂŁ138 million in March 1993 following annual losses since 1989 of at c. ÂŁ20 million. Having sold off around 280 branches in 1994, the remaining 70 branches of Cornerstone (although over 200 of
377:
Thornton was more than a passive supplier of funds to house purchasers. He took an activist approach to the housebuilding industry arguing that building societies should finance building of houses and flats to rent privately. In 1980, the Abbey set aside ÂŁ250m to stimulate the private homes sector.
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WWII brought a cessation to new housebuilding and the building societies preoccupation was supporting mortgage owners and the consequences of bomb damage to properties. By 1943, as the prospect of victory increased, the Government led discussions on post-war reconstruction. The National’s Chairman,
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Because the Society was not legally allowed to hold land in its own name, in 1858 it formed a separate company British Land to take over all the land previously held in the name of the Trustees. All the capital was subscribed by the National’s own investors but although British Land was financially
280:
The Society was not allowed to purchase land in its own name, so purchases were made by the Trustees and quickly thirteen estates were purchased around London. Within four years, the National had become the largest land society in the country. There were over 100 such societies in existence and the
296:
collapsed creating widespread financial uncertainty. In the event, funds flowed into the National in excess of its ability to find borrowers and it decided to deploy surplus funds in the north of England. Losses were incurred and the National confined its operations to within 100 miles of London.
636:
In July 2007, Abbey admitted that errors that it made in the 1980s have contributed to many borrowers' mortgage terms being extended by up to 15 years. During this period – which saw considerable turbulence in interest rates – Abbey extended the terms on customers'
330:
However, even after the War, the Abbey Road “was little known outside the borough of Paddington in which it was situated” The catalyst for change was the arrival of Sir Harold Bellman, later a commanding figure in the building society sector. He joined the board of management in 1918 and became
364:
The post-war Labour government ensured that resources for housing reconstruction was almost entirely concentrated on local authority housing, while stringent controls severely limited the private sector, the building societies’ natural market. Between 1951 and 1954, the Conservative government
1591:
702:
Abbey had Banking Contact Centres in Belfast, Glasgow, Sheffield, and Bootle. Business Banking operations, both administrative and telephony, were also based in Glasgow, having been moved from Taunton and Newport early in 2005. Abbey previously operated contact centres in Derby, Liverpool and
322:
c. 42) and the name was changed to the Abbey Road and St John’s Wood Permanent Building Society. In contrast to the high-profile public figures who founded the National, the start of Abbey Road was more modest. By 1888, the address was still at the schoolroom of the Abbey Road Church and the
1779:
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Following shareholders' approval at the EGMs of Abbey (95 per cent voted in favour, despite vocal opposition from most of those present) and Santander, the acquisition was formally approved by the courts and Abbey became part of the Santander Group on 12 November 2004.
717:
Investments were previously branded as Inscape, but were renamed Premium Investments in the end of 2008, provided by Santander Portfolio Management. This was subsequently subsumed into the more general telephony operations and the original contact centre based in
405:
which allowed financial institutions to own estate agencies, Abbey National launched its own estate agency chain; Cornerstone, purchasing many smaller chains and individual offices with a view to opening a new channel for selling mortgages and endowment policies.
567:
in New York damaged confidence in various financial areas. From this point, Abbey struggled from financial losses and a tarnished image. The chief executive, Ian Harley, a long-time Abbey employee, resigned and his post was filled by an outsider, Luqman Arnold.
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Secretary advised that he would be available on Friday evenings at his home. The early years saw rapid growth in members of the Society from 111 in that first year to over 1,000 in 1884, reaching 2,000 in 1881, 3,000 in 1901 and over 7,000 by the outbreak of
445:
The demutualisation process was marred by the discovery of a large number of undelivered share certificates awaiting destruction at a contractor's premises. Abbey National shares peaked at more than ÂŁ14 in 2000, before the stock market began a long decline.
1595:
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Francisco Gómez Roldán took over as chief executive from Luqman Arnold, who received a rumoured £5 million, made up of pay off and share options. Gómez-Roldán died suddenly in July 2006, three weeks before being succeeded by Antonio Horta Osorio.
1783:
630:. The businesses sold to Resolution were Scottish Mutual Assurance, Scottish Provident Limited and Abbey National Life, two offshore life companies, Scottish Mutual International and Scottish Provident International Life Assurance Limited.
1113:
304:
there was exceptional growth both for the industry and the National in particular. Over a 15-year period the advances of the Building Societies Association rose eight-fold whereas those of the National rose by a factor of twenty.
671:, James Hay and Cahoot brands remained. Santander UK plc also retained the name Abbey National Treasury Services ltd ("ANTS") for the division responsible for managing its liquidity, risk management and wholesale banking needs.
534:, leasing rolling stock to the train operating companies in the United Kingdom. The bank launched its online bank, Cahoot, in June 2000. In August 2000 The First National subsidiary purchased Highway Vehicle Management from
655:
Abbey migrated all customer accounts to the Partenon computer software used by Santander in June 2008. On 27 October 2008, Abbey reached an agreement to sell Porterbrook to a consortium of Deutsche Bank, Lloyds TSB and
1016:
454:
After losses of at least ÂŁ243 million, Abbey National decided to sell its estate agency business Cornerstone to two entrepreneurs, Tony Snarey and Bill McClintock, in a management buyout backed by insurance company
499:
of Barings Bank. In the summer of 1995, Abbey National purchased First National Finance Corporation, a consumer credit company, for about ÂŁ285 million. Two life assurance companies were demutualised and acquired,
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355:
name was implemented at the beginning of 1944 with Sir Harold Bellman as Chairman and Stanley Ramsey as his deputy. At the time of the merger, Abbey Road was the second largest society and National, the sixth.
463:
In July 1994, Abbey National purchased James Hay, one of the United Kingdom's foremost independent providers of self administered pensions. James Hay then went on to grow in strength and launched Abbey Wrap,
1880:
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2804:
2729:
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On 26 July 2004, Abbey National plc and Banco Santander Central Hispano, SA announced that they had reached agreement on the terms of a recommended acquisition by Banco Santander of Abbey.
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Stanley Ramsey, argued that greater scale would be needed to deal with the financial challenges of reconstruction and in 1943 he proposed a merger to the Abbey Road. The merger under the
2894:
292:. This gave it two important advantages: it could act under its own name and it afforded limited liability to its members, probably a comfort after the events of 1878. In that year the
2854:
2579:
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In August 1996, Abbey National took over the National & Provincial Building Society, which was itself the product of a 1982 merger between the Provincial Building Society and the
644:
As a result of the banking crisis of 2008, Abbey purchased the savings business and branches of Bradford & Bingley in September 2008 following the nationalisation of B&B by
1507:
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2674:
2529:
2504:
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2919:
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1020:
552:
2819:
2779:
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1167:
315:
289:
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The repayment of the British Land loans marked the final break with the old freehold land movement and this was formalized in 1880 when the National incorporated under the
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On either side a lion Or charged on the shoulder with a billet that on the dexter sable with a fleur-de-lis Or that on the sinister Ermine with a sword erect Gules.
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In 1932, the society moved into new headquarters, Abbey House, at 219–229 Baker Street, London, which it occupied until 2002. The site was thought to include
2980:
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583:
launched and the Abbey National umbrella logo dropped. Banking literature was also simplified as part of the programme, labelled 'turning banking on its head'.
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2454:
633:
Abbey retained all of its branch based investment and asset management business, James Hay, Abbey's self invested personal pension company and James Hay Wrap.
1560:
3020:
3010:
1190:
1159:"Receivers move in at Cornerstone chain Economy: Pressure mounts for further reduction in borrowing costs as housing slump claims another corporate victim"
934:
300:
Elkington described the 30 years from 1890 as a period of consolidation with the Society always in the top dozen nationally. However, in the period after
1105:"Abbey National sells estate agents for 8m pounds: Two entrepreneurs buy Cornerstone chain after bank's losses since 1987 mount to at least pounds 243m"
3015:
699:. Its savings and banking administration departments were in Bradford, with mortgage centres in Thornaby-on-Tees and Whiteley (which closed in 2010).
394:(BACS) and became member of the BACS and CHAPS clearing systems. The stage was set for Abbey to end its mutual status and become a public company.
1232:
1705:
1069:
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1727:
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division and was retained for a time for Abbey International before the latter was subsequently rebranded as Santander Private Banking.
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At first, this provided a good profit stream, despite the criticisms of some analysts. This eventually undid the company, however, when
2499:
2447:
965:
2799:
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1307:
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Thornton worked with Local Authorities to finance inner city renovation, one of the best-known examples being the loan of ÂŁ3m to the
1469:
928:
515:. This merger increased Abbey National's branch network by almost two hundred branches and brought in three million more customers.
1158:
527:
2644:
2624:
545:
124:
571:
Arnold spearheaded a major reorganisation of the bank. The First National business was sold, with the car hire business sold to
2191:
3005:
2440:
1419:
867:
1672:
1250:
1219:
2869:
1853:
2649:
2569:
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1889:
228:
In September 2003, the bank rebranded as Abbey, and in November 2004, it became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Spanish
512:
3000:
2539:
2789:
2714:
2371:
1003:
754:
On a wreath of the colours a lion statant Or gorged with a chain hanging therefrom a key wards to the sinister Gules.
714:
in India in 2003. Following the takeover by the Santander Group, the Gateshead operations also closed in March 2005.
2924:
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2724:
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2095:
1568:
383:
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2709:
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1198:
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2208:
1275:
481:
2481:
2233:
1898:
1667:
657:
531:
469:
342:, and for many years Abbey employed a secretary charged with answering mail sent to Holmes at that address.
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2834:
2739:
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1753:
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17:
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1136:
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2421:
2283:
2100:
501:
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the sold branches continued to use the name at the time) were put into receivership in October 1995.
1858:
213:, doing so in July 1989. The bank expanded through a number of acquisitions in the 1990s, including
2995:
2814:
2744:
2604:
2594:
2589:
2574:
995:
608:
2432:
1541:
603:
2879:
2719:
2514:
2509:
649:
1805:
2174:
2027:
431:
737:
2554:
2243:
2196:
1948:
1757:
596:
435:
387:
233:
214:
1495:
1157:
1103:
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Gateshead. The Derby and Liverpool centres were closed, as part of a cost-cutting exercise.
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2359:
1985:
1971:
564:
477:
293:
262:
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and Abbey opposite each other on Hounslow High Street prior to the January 2010 rebranding
544:
attempted to merge with the bank in July 2001, though that was ultimately rejected by the
8:
2258:
2105:
1401:
579:
for ÂŁ848 million. In September 2003 the brand name was shortened to Abbey, the abbey.com
379:
170:
206:
was formed in 1944 by the merger of the Abbey Road and the National building societies.
2384:
2268:
2138:
1271:
1255:
232:, with a rebrand following in February 2005. In January 2010, the savings business of
2954:
2564:
2377:
2253:
1954:
999:
688:
335:
2464:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2328:
2288:
2049:
1980:
1592:"Bradford & Bingley's direct channels and retail deposits to transfer to Abbey"
939:
576:
523:
456:
423:
319:
1617:
1383:
1357:
951:
859:
2411:
2298:
2293:
2186:
2115:
2059:
2021:
1922:
1845:
1502:
1339:
1321:
1302:
1073:
591:
427:
339:
266:
261:
In 1849 The Metropolitan Freehold Land Society was formed, led by such prominent
229:
210:
156:
2959:
2699:
2303:
2263:
2169:
2033:
1990:
943:
627:
535:
491:
In February 1995, Abbey National Baring Derivatives were taken down along with
274:
241:
151:
1076:(pp.126 & 152) Building Societies Association (retrieved 17 November 2009)
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2794:
2365:
2248:
2228:
2218:
2159:
2133:
2006:
696:
645:
505:
488:
approved in August 2003. This was relaunched as James Hay Wrap in June 2005.
118:
611:, Leeds showing Santander marketing material in the windows in January 2010.
2929:
2278:
2201:
2128:
2079:
1943:
1837:
1700:
1141:
555:
The bank shortened its name and dropped the previous umbrella logo in 2003.
492:
465:
439:
422:
The Abbey National Building Society became the first of the United Kingdom
237:
97:
31:
504:
in 1992 and Scottish Provident in 2001, which enabled Abbey to pursue the
2073:
2044:
1995:
1960:
692:
687:
Abbey's registered office was in London (built on the site of the former
668:
580:
572:
541:
519:
496:
270:
218:
178:
240:
plc. Prior to the takeover, Abbey National plc was a constituent of the
2390:
2273:
2223:
1447:"Mark Ritson on branding: Abbey - a case study in how to break a brand"
719:
163:
495:, due to failures in regulation and control, especially in regards to
414:
2213:
2164:
2123:
1888:
929:"Bellman, Sir (Charles) Harold (1886–1963), building society manager"
707:
382:
Trust to help regenerate 4,000 houses on a rundown council estate in
438:
at ÂŁ1.30 per share, resulting in an unusually large number of small
2462:
2179:
1916:
1907:
217:, Scottish Mutual, Scottish Provident and the rail leasing company
679:
551:
2015:
1233:"International Briefs; Abbey National Bids To Buy First National"
397:
In 1987, as a result of financial deregulation enshrined in the
2067:
236:
was combined with the bank, and Abbey National plc was renamed
222:
174:
641:
stated that Abbey customers may be eligible for compensation.
308:
560:
434:
as Abbey National plc on 12 July 1989. It was floated on the
46:
982:
Sir Harold Bellman, The Thrifty Three Millions, 1935, London
683:
Abbey National House, the bank's registered office in London
252:
2143:
1934:
711:
526:
for ÂŁ773 million. Porterbrook was one of the three railway
391:
209:
It was the first building society in the United Kingdom to
626:
In June 2006, Abbey agreed to sell its life businesses to
1589:
548:. Abbey also ventured into the wholesale loans business.
324:
301:
917:
Sir Harold Bellman, Bricks and Mortals, 1949, Hutchinson
1754:"Santander set to axe 160 jobs at Whiteley call centre"
1057:
E J Cleary, The Building Society Movement, 1965, London
637:
repayment style mortgages without their knowledge. The
189:
2991:
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
575:
for ÂŁ46 million, with the remaining business sold to
1827:
1220:
Article: Abbey arm gets given wrap and Sipp control
1470:"Deal Gives Banco Santander a Foothold in Britain"
938:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
927:
1890:Commercial and retail banks in the United Kingdom
1751:
1728:"Santander Financial Services plc | Santander UK"
1520:
652:by Santander had been agreed earlier that month.
327:. A new office was eventually required in 1906.
2972:
1561:"Abbey Borrowers Face Lengthened Mortgage Terms"
1067:Extract from Building Societies Yearbook 2009/10
2981:Former building societies of the United Kingdom
1590:Santander Group Santander (29 September 2008).
1097:
1095:
1539:
1134:
1048:Berry Ritchie, A Key to the Door, 1990, London
2448:
1874:
1497:"HBOS fury as EU backs Santander's Abbey bid"
1402:"Abbey sells First National in ÂŁ848m GE deal"
837:British Housebuilders: History & Analysis
760:Argent a cross Gules over all a castle Sable.
3021:2010 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
3011:Financial services companies based in London
1846:Documents and clippings about Abbey National
1777:
1420:"Abbey revamp to 'turn banking on its head'"
1295:
1188:
1149:
1092:
830:Building Societies Their Origin and History
390:). Later, Abbey became a full member of the
1558:
1493:
966:"Bellman, Sir (Charles) Harold (1886–1963)"
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
368:
309:Pre-merger: The Abbey Road Building Society
2455:
2441:
1881:
1867:
1251:"Abbey National to Buy Scottish Provident"
1137:"Demutualisation: Should you sell up now?"
736:
221:. Abbey National launched an online bank,
3016:1944 establishments in the United Kingdom
1780:"Premium Investments: Savings: Santander"
1272:"List of demutualised building societies"
1269:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
994:, compiled by John Ayto and Ian Crofton,
913:
911:
909:
359:
253:Pre-merger: The National Building Society
1642:
1155:
1101:
882:
678:
602:
590:
550:
413:
27:Former British bank and building society
1645:"Abbey completes Partenon core project"
1618:"A&L shareholders approve takeover"
1521:Stephen Seawright (27 September 2006).
1467:
1298:"Stagecoach poised to sell Porterbrook"
970:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
935:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
901:The National Building Society 1849-1934
802:The National Building Society 1849-1934
695:) and its main corporate centre was in
586:
442:– approximately 1.8 million initially.
14:
2973:
1510:from the original on 24 December 2008.
1444:
1035:
906:
484:in one place. Abbey Wrap Managers was
2436:
1862:
1610:
1170:from the original on 27 February 2020
1116:from the original on 27 February 2020
1014:
854:
852:
418:The former 'house roof umbrella' logo
392:Bankers' Automated Clearing Services
2986:Defunct banks of the United Kingdom
1752:Fran Duckett-Pike (30 March 2010).
24:
1663:"Porterbroook Leasing sale agreed"
1384:"New Abbey boss facing tough task"
1156:Willcock, John (20 October 1995).
1135:Miles Brignall (13 October 2007).
849:
409:
25:
3032:
1823:
1806:"Abbey National Building Society"
1671:. 27 October 2008. Archived from
1468:Timmons, Heather (27 July 2004).
1358:"Lloyds TSB/Abbey tie-up blocked"
1102:Willcock, John (17 August 1993).
1087:Private Housebuilding Annual 1997
860:"Santander scraps UK bank brands"
816:Abbey National Conversion to Plc
528:rolling stock operating companies
2953:
2943:
2942:
2096:National Savings and Investments
1830:
1708:from the original on 30 May 2009
1542:"Abbey sells life insurance arm"
1494:William Kay (6 September 2004).
1322:"Abbey National launches Cahoot"
870:from the original on 29 May 2009
563:turned out to be unsafe and the
168:Abbey National Treasury Services
45:
1798:
1771:
1745:
1720:
1695:"Santander to rebrand UK banks"
1687:
1655:
1643:Flinders, Karl (13 June 2008).
1636:
1583:
1552:
1533:
1514:
1487:
1461:
1438:
1412:
1394:
1376:
1350:
1332:
1314:
1289:
1263:
1243:
1225:
1222:Investment Advisor. 6 June 2005
1213:
1182:
1128:
1079:
1060:
1051:
731:Coat of arms of Abbey National
353:Abbey National Building Society
204:Abbey National Building Society
30:For the rebranded company, see
2477:Building Societies Association
1540:Hilary Osborne (7 June 2006).
1296:Staff writer (20 March 2000).
1276:Building Societies Association
1189:James Harris (10 March 2010).
1008:
985:
976:
958:
920:
449:
13:
1:
2765:Louth, Mablethorpe and Sutton
2482:Banking in the United Kingdom
2355:Cambridge & Counties Bank
1899:Banking in the United Kingdom
1668:Railway Gazette International
1445:Ritson, Mark (9 March 2005).
1270:Simon Rex (11 January 2010).
843:
823:The Building Society Movement
674:
658:Antin Infrastructure Partners
532:privatisation of British Rail
345:
3006:Banks disestablished in 2010
992:Brewer's Britain and Ireland
952:UK public library membership
839:, 2006, Blackwell Publishing
518:In April 2000, Abbey bought
7:
1850:20th Century Press Archives
1559:Gill Montia (2 July 2007).
1017:"Abbey and Sherlock Holmes"
772:Aedificium Nostrum Benestat
639:Financial Ombudsman Service
403:Financial Services Act 1986
399:Building Societies Act 1986
316:Building Societies Act 1874
290:Building Societies Act 1874
10:
3037:
788:The Thrifty Three Millions
780:
722:was closed in April 2009.
247:
89:Renamed under parent brand
29:
3001:Banks established in 1944
2938:
2785:National & Provincial
2600:Cheltenham and Gloucester
2500:Aberavon Mutual Permanent
2490:
2472:
2422:UK Government Investments
2399:
2329:Arbuthnot Latham & Co
2319:
2152:
2114:
2101:UK Government Investments
2088:
2058:
2004:
1969:
1932:
1905:
1896:
996:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
502:Scottish Mutual Assurance
184:
162:
150:
140:
132:
112:
104:
93:
85:
77:
69:
61:
53:
44:
2800:Norwich and Peterborough
1306:. London. Archived from
1191:"IFG acquires James Hay"
650:Alliance & Leicester
513:Burnley Building Society
369:Expansion and Innovation
338:, the fictional home of
2625:City & Metropolitan
2040:Holt's Military Banking
1808:. Heraldry of the World
1704:. London. 27 May 2009.
1523:"Bad loans up at Abbey"
1085:Credit Lyonnais Laing,
1072:9 November 2013 at the
725:
2645:Co-operative Permanent
2510:Alliance and Leicester
2175:Allied Irish Bank (GB)
2028:Royal Bank of Scotland
944:10.1093/ref:odnb/30697
748:Granted 18 March 1944.
684:
612:
600:
597:Bradford & Bingley
556:
546:Competition Commission
480:, offshore bonds, and
472:can keep the clients'
432:public limited company
419:
360:Post-war Consolidation
234:Bradford & Bingley
2467:of the United Kingdom
2197:The Co-operative Bank
682:
607:A branch of Abbey on
606:
594:
554:
436:London Stock Exchange
417:
388:The Co-operative Bank
136:Banking and Insurance
2870:Stroud & Swindon
2555:Bradford and Bingley
2545:Birmingham Midshires
2360:Close Brothers Group
1986:Birmingham Midshires
1972:Lloyds Banking Group
1449:. Marketing Magazine
1310:on 13 February 2009.
793:Sir Harold Bellman,
786:Sir Harold Bellman,
706:Those jobs moved to
587:Takeover and rebrand
565:11 September attacks
530:created from by the
294:City of Glasgow Bank
125:AntĂłnio Horta OsĂłrio
2805:Nottingham Imperial
2420:Partially owned by
2385:Rothschild & Co
2106:UK Asset Resolution
1786:on 11 November 2010
1732:www.santander.co.uk
1624:. 16 September 2008
1598:on 14 February 2009
1571:on 8 September 2008
1340:"GUS cuts 600 jobs"
1259:. 4 September 2000.
1166:. The Independent.
1112:. The Independent.
732:
380:Stockbridge Village
171:Abbey International
142:Number of employees
41:
2730:Ilkeston Permanent
2650:Coventry Provident
2640:Clay Cross Benefit
2560:Bradford Equitable
2465:building societies
2269:Standard Chartered
2089:Wholly state-owned
1778:Santander UK plc.
1474:The New York Times
1408:. 4 February 2003.
1390:. 18 October 2002.
1256:The New York Times
899:George Elkington,
800:George Elkington,
797:, 1949, Hutchinson
795:Bricks and Mortals
730:
685:
648:. The purchase of
613:
601:
557:
538:for ÂŁ170 million.
424:building societies
420:
65:Financial Services
40:Abbey National plc
39:
2968:
2967:
2540:Bingley Permanent
2430:
2429:
2378:Kleinwort Hambros
2349:C. Hoare & Co
2320:Other commercial
2254:Secure Trust Bank
1955:HSBC Private Bank
1565:The Banking Times
1164:Independent.co.uk
1110:Independent.co.uk
1023:on 21 August 2015
950:(Subscription or
903:, 1935, Cambridge
828:Seymour J Price,
809:A Key to the Door
804:, 1935, Cambridge
778:
777:
689:Thames Television
609:Commercial Street
336:221B Baker Street
320:37 & 38 Vict.
200:
199:
16:(Redirected from
3028:
2957:
2946:
2945:
2895:Town and Country
2790:North of England
2715:Heart of England
2565:Bristol and West
2457:
2450:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2342:Butterfield Bank
2335:Bank and Clients
2289:Unity Trust Bank
2259:Sainsbury's Bank
2116:Challenger banks
2050:Isle of Man Bank
2034:Messrs. Drummond
2022:Coutts & Co.
1981:Bank of Scotland
1883:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1782:. Archived from
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1699:Hilary Osborne,
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1594:. Archived from
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1567:. Archived from
1556:
1550:
1549:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1499:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1426:. 2 October 2003
1416:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1346:. 1 August 2000.
1336:
1330:
1329:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1201:on 13 March 2010
1197:. Archived from
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1107:
1099:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1019:. Archived from
1012:
1006:
989:
983:
980:
974:
973:
962:
956:
955:
947:
931:
924:
918:
915:
904:
897:
880:
879:
877:
875:
856:
740:
733:
729:
577:General Electric
524:Stagecoach Group
225:, in June 2000.
196:
193:
191:
49:
42:
38:
21:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3025:
2996:Banco Santander
2971:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2934:
2925:West of England
2760:Leeds Permanent
2725:Herts and Essex
2670:Essex Equitable
2580:Bury St Edmunds
2486:
2468:
2461:
2431:
2426:
2395:
2321:
2315:
2299:Clydesdale Bank
2187:Bank of Ireland
2148:
2110:
2084:
2060:Santander Group
2054:
2000:
1965:
1928:
1923:Barclays Wealth
1901:
1892:
1887:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1675:on 17 July 2012
1661:
1660:
1656:
1649:Computer Weekly
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1557:
1553:
1538:
1534:
1519:
1515:
1503:The Independent
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1424:Money Marketing
1418:
1417:
1413:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1328:. 12 June 2000.
1320:
1319:
1315:
1303:The Independent
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1268:
1264:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1154:
1150:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1100:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1074:Wayback Machine
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1013:
1009:
990:
986:
981:
977:
964:
963:
959:
949:
926:
925:
921:
916:
907:
898:
883:
873:
871:
866:. 27 May 2009.
858:
857:
850:
846:
835:Fred Wellings,
814:Margaret Reid,
807:Berry Ritchie,
783:
728:
677:
589:
452:
430:, and became a
412:
410:Demutualisation
371:
362:
348:
340:Sherlock Holmes
311:
267:Joshua Walmsley
255:
250:
230:Santander Group
188:
177:
173:
169:
157:Santander Group
143:
128:Chief Executive
127:
123:
121:
115:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3034:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2951:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2755:Leamington Spa
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Haywards Heath
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2635:City of London
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2495:Abbey National
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2404:Big Four banks
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2304:Yorkshire Bank
2301:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2264:Shawbrook Bank
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2170:AIB Group (UK)
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1842:
1841:
1825:
1824:External links
1822:
1820:
1819:
1797:
1770:
1744:
1719:
1686:
1654:
1635:
1609:
1582:
1551:
1532:
1513:
1486:
1460:
1437:
1411:
1393:
1375:
1364:. 10 July 2001
1349:
1331:
1313:
1288:
1262:
1242:
1239:. 5 July 1995.
1237:New York Times
1224:
1212:
1181:
1148:
1127:
1091:
1078:
1059:
1050:
1034:
1007:
984:
975:
957:
919:
905:
881:
847:
845:
842:
841:
840:
833:
832:, 1958. London
826:
825:, 1965, London
819:
812:
811:, 1990, London
805:
798:
791:
790:, 1935, London
782:
779:
776:
775:
774:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
741:
727:
724:
676:
673:
628:Resolution plc
588:
585:
457:Provident Life
451:
448:
411:
408:
370:
367:
361:
358:
347:
344:
310:
307:
275:Richard Cobden
273:and above all
254:
251:
249:
246:
242:FTSE 100 Index
198:
197:
186:
182:
181:
166:
160:
159:
154:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
116:
113:
110:
109:
108:United Kingdom
106:
102:
101:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3033:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:Sussex County
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:Staffordshire
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2795:Northern Rock
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Kent Reliance
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Frome Selwood
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:City of Derry
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:Bedford Crown
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2505:Aid to Thrift
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2414:are shown in
2413:
2412:private banks
2409:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2366:Duncan Lawrie
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2311:Wesleyan Bank
2309:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:Reliance Bank
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Kent Reliance
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Handelsbanken
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Al Rayan Bank
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Starling Bank
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2007:NatWest Group
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1935:HSBC Holdings
1931:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1917:Barclays Bank
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1828:
1807:
1801:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1664:
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2910:Walthamstow
2835:Scarborough
2750:Lancastrian
2660:Dunfermline
2372:J.P. Morgan
2322:and private
2209:Danske Bank
2139:Tandem Bank
2074:Cater Allen
2045:Ulster Bank
1996:Lloyds Bank
1812:1 September
1453:16 February
1430:16 February
1174:27 February
1120:27 February
1015:Santander.
693:Euston Road
691:studios in
669:Cater Allen
581:domain name
520:Porterbrook
497:Nick Leeson
450:Development
428:demutualise
271:Joseph Hume
219:Porterbrook
211:demutualise
179:Cater Allen
2975:Categories
2890:Temperance
2850:St Pancras
2820:Portsmouth
2780:Mornington
2775:Mid Sussex
2770:Mercantile
2665:Eastbourne
2655:Derbyshire
2408:underlined
2391:Weatherbys
2274:Tesco Bank
2239:Metro Bank
2224:Hodge Bank
1737:23 October
1506:. London.
1479:9 November
954:required.)
844:References
763:Supporters
757:Escutcheon
720:Billericay
675:Operations
573:Lloyds TSB
542:Lloyds TSB
346:The Merger
119:Lord Burns
114:Key people
57:Subsidiary
2905:Universal
2900:Tynemouth
2840:Sheffield
2705:Hampshire
2690:Greenwich
2620:Chilterns
2570:Britannia
2214:easyMoney
2165:Aldermore
2124:Atom Bank
1763:3 October
1628:10 August
1548:. London.
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1145:. London.
1027:21 August
708:Bangalore
468:in which
466:a service
215:James Hay
94:Successor
2949:Category
2930:Woolwich
2865:Standard
2845:Shepshed
2740:Ketley's
2695:Guardian
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2610:Cheshire
2585:Catholic
2520:Barnsley
2284:TSB Bank
2180:AIB (NI)
1908:Barclays
1790:20 March
1758:The News
1706:Archived
1679:17 March
1622:BBC News
1602:20 March
1575:20 March
1508:Archived
1388:BBC News
1362:BBC News
1344:BBC News
1326:BBC News
1281:20 March
1205:20 March
1168:Archived
1114:Archived
1089:. London
1070:Archived
998:, 2005,
868:Archived
864:BBC News
384:Knowsley
133:Products
122:Chairman
62:Industry
2825:Regency
2815:Portman
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2700:Halifax
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2595:Chelsea
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508:model.
248:History
185:Website
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