ALGOL 68 - Knowledge

703:, van Wijngaarden's draft remained incomplete and Wirth and Hoare presented a version using more traditional descriptions. It was generally agreed that their paper was "the right language in the wrong formalism". As these approaches were explored, it became clear there was a difference in the way parameters were described that would have real-world effects, and while Wirth and Hoare protested that further delays might become endless, the committee decided to wait for van Wijngaarden's version. Wirth then implemented their current definition as ALGOL W. 8560:" More than ever it will be required from an adequate programming tool that it assists, by structure, the programmer in the most difficult aspects of his job, viz. in the reliable creation of sophisticated programs. In this respect we fail to see how the language proposed here is a significant step forward: on the contrary, we feel that its implicit view of the programmer's task is very much the same as, say, ten years ago. This forces upon us the conclusion that, regarded as a programming tool, the language must be regarded as obsolete. " 7925: 8105: 8064: 7779: 8294: 8247: 8143: 7998: 7963: 7739: 7663: 7541: 7500: 7439: 8371: 8331: 8030: 7574: 7325: 7830: 7625: 40: 11535: 11525: 8516:... C does not descend from Algol 68 is true, yet there was influence, much of it so subtle that it is hard to recover even when I think hard. In particular, the union type (a late addition to C) does owe to A68, not in any details, but in the idea of having such a type at all. More deeply, the type structure in general and even, in some strange way, the declaration syntax (the type-constructor part) was inspired by A68. And yes, of course, "long". 8507:... The scheme of type composition adopted by C owes considerable debt to Algol 68, although it did not, perhaps, emerge in a form that Algol's adherents would approve of. The central notion I captured from Algol was a type structure based on atomic types (including structures), composed into arrays, pointers (references), and functions (procedures). Algol 68's concept of unions and casts also had an influence that appeared later. 7880: 7791: 5480: 8497:"Despite good intentions, a programmer may violate portability by inadvertently employing a local extension. To guard against this, each implementation should provide a PORTCHECK pragmat option. While this option is in force, the compiler prints a message for each construct that it recognizes as violating some portability constraint." 791:, and on several occasions became deadlocked over issues both in the definition and the group as a whole. Hoare released a "Critique of ALGOL 68" almost immediately, which has been widely referenced in many works. Wirth went on to further develop the ALGOL W concept and released this as Pascal in 1970. 5519:

is the term used to refer to ALGOL 68's input and output facilities. It includes pre-defined procedures for unformatted, formatted and binary transput. Files and other transput devices are handled in a consistent and machine-independent manner. The following example prints out some unformatted output

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in June 1968. It was supposed to discuss the release of compilers and other issues, but instead devolved into a discussion on the language. van Wijngaarden responded by saying (or threatening) that he would release only one more version of the report. By this point Naur, Hoare, and Wirth had left the

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ALGOL 68 allows for every natural language to define its own set of keywords Algol-68. As a result, programmers are able to write programs using keywords from their native language. Below is an example of a simple procedure that calculates "the day following", the code is in two languages: English

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have been deep, wide-ranging and enduring, although many of these contributions were only publicly identified when they had reappeared in subsequently developed programming languages. Many languages were developed specifically as a response to the perceived complexity of the language, the most

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on "Orthogonal design and description of a formal language". The latter, written in almost indecipherable "W-Grammar", proved to be a decisive shift in the evolution of the language. The meeting closed with an agreement that van Wijngaarden would re-write the Wirth/Hoare submission using his

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and Эльбрус-2 were created using high-level language Эль-76 (AL-76), rather than the traditional assembly. Эль-76 resembles Algol-68, The main difference is the dynamic binding types in Эль-76 supported at the hardware level. Эль-76 is used for application, job control, system programming.

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All implementations must recognize at least POINT, UPPER and RES inside PRAGMAT sections. Of these, POINT and UPPER stropping are quite common, while RES stropping is a contradiction to the specification (as there are no reserved words). QUOTE (single apostrophe quoting) was the original

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produce a coercee from a coercend according to three criteria: the a priori mode of the coercend before the application of any coercion, the a posteriori mode of the coercee required after those coercions, and the syntactic position or "sort" of the coercee. Coercions may be cascaded.

644:(IFIP) formed and started the Working Group on ALGOL, or WG2.1. This group released an updated ALGOL 60 specification in Rome in April 1962. At a follow-up meeting in March 1964, it was agreed that the group should begin work on two follow-on standards, 763:

in May 1968, attendees complained that the language was being forced upon them and that IFIP was "the true villain of this unreasonable situation" as the meetings were mostly closed and there was no formal feedback mechanism. Wirth and

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language # 'INT'A REAL INT = 3; # QUOTE stropping style # .INT A REAL INT = 3; # POINT stropping style # INT a real int = 3; # UPPER stropping style # int a_real_int = 3; # RES stropping style, there are 61 accepted reserved words #

7235:): creation of functions (with fewer parameters) by specification of some, but not all parameters for a call, e.g. a function logarithm of two parameters, base and argument, could be specialised to natural, binary or decadic log, 758:

attempted to figure out what "language was hidden inside of it", a process that took six man-weeks of effort. The resulting paper, "ALGOL 68 with fewer tears", was widely circulated. At a wider information processing meeting in

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Both official reports included some advanced features that were not part of the standard language. These were indicated with an ℵ and considered effectively private. Examples include "≮" and "≯" for templates, the

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Among the changes in 68-R was the requirement for all variables to be declared before their first use. This had a significant advantage that it allowed the compiler to be one-pass, as space for the variables in the

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Many languages of the 1970s trace their design specifically to ALGOL 68, selecting some features while abandoning others that were considered too complex or out-of-scope for given roles. Among these is the language

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December 1968: Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68 — Offprint from Numerische Mathematik, 14, 79-218 (1969); Springer-Verlag. — Edited by: A. van Wijngaarden, B. J. Mailloux, J. E. L. Peck and C. H. A.

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was a direct derivative of Algol 68. However, it omitted many of the more complex features, and replaced the basic modes with a set of data types that mapped directly to the 2900 Series hardware architecture.

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ALGOL 68 features include expression-based syntax, user-declared types and structures/tagged-unions, a reference model of variables and reference parameters, string, array and matrix slicing, and concurrency.

1413:. West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, USSR and Czechoslovakia willing to participate in preparing the standard but the USSR and Czechoslovakia "were not the right kinds of member of the right ISO committees" 623:

For a full-length treatment of the language, see "Programming ALGOL 68 Made Easy" by Dr. Sian Mountbatten, or "Learning ALGOL 68 Genie" by Marcel van der Veer which includes the Revised Report.

6634:'pr' quote 'pr' 'mode' 'xint' = 'int'; 'xint' sum sq:=0; 'for' i 'while' sum sq≠70×70 'do' sum sq+:=i↑2 'od' 443:

to generate an infinite set of productions that will recognize a particular ALGOL 68 program; notably, they are able to express the kind of requirements that in many other programming language

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The best we could do was to send with it a minority report, stating our considered view that, "... as a tool for the reliable creation of sophisticated programs, the language was a failure."

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characters, indeed in the 1973 report it was written: "Four worthy characters — "|", "_", "" — are often coded differently, even at installations which nominally use the same character set."

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October 1968: Penultimate Draft Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68 — Chapters 1-9 Chapters 10-12 — Edited by: A. van Wijngaarden, B.J. Mailloux, J. E. L. Peck and C. H. A. Koster.

7270:: for implementation of limited parametrical polymorphism (most operations on data structures like lists, trees or other data containers can be specified without touching the pay load). 9098:. Vol. 28. also in ACM SIGPLAN Notices 28(3), March 1993 (includes a comprehensive bibliography of the meetings and discussions before, during and after development of ALGOL 68). 780:

in August 1968, Munich in December which produced the release of the official Report in January 1969 but also resulted in a contentious Minority Report being written. Finally, at

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A draft report was finally published in February 1968. This was met by "shock, horror and dissent", mostly due to the hundreds of pages of unreadable grammar and odd terminology.

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mode-indication appears to the left of the equals symbol, and most notably the construction is made, and can be read, from left to right without regard to priorities. Also, the

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Normally, comments cannot be nested in ALGOL 68. This restriction can be circumvented by using different comment delimiters (e.g. use hash only for temporary code deletions).

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on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi. On December 20, 1968, the language was formally adopted by the group, and then approved for publication by the General Assembly of IFIP.

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implementation difficult and it was said it had "no implementations and no users". This was only partly true; ALGOL 68 did find use in several niche markets, notably in the

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in other contemporary languages. When keywords are used, generally the reversed character sequence of the introducing keyword is used for terminating the enclosure, e.g. (

816:, the final editor of the Report, joked that "It is a question of morality. We have a Bible and you are sinning!" This version nevertheless became very popular on the 742:. In the resulting confusion, there was some discussion of abandoning the entire effort. The confusion continued through what was supposed to be the ALGOL Y meeting in 8491:

was a portable compiler that implemented a subset of ALGOL 68, restricting operator definitions and omitting garbage collection, flexible rows and formatted transput.

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made assignments to this variable eligible for parallel evaluation, i.e. the right hand side was made into a procedure which was moved to one of the processors of the

1271: 568:(RSRE)) promoted the use of ALGOL 68 for its expected security advantages, the American side of the NATO alliance decided to develop a different project, the language 7169:

Before revision, the programmer could decide to have the arguments of a procedure evaluated serially instead of collaterally by using semicolons instead of commas (

10521: 10182: 8826:. March 1993. Page 12, 2nd paragraph: Algol68 operator overloading(§3.3.3), references (§3.3.4), and the ability to declare variables anywhere in a block (§3.3.1) 8463:. The language was based on the Revised Report, but with similar subset restrictions to ALGOL 68R. This compiler survives in the form of an Algol68-to-C compiler. 6525: 10364: 1313: 1267: 699:

This seemingly simple task ultimately proved more difficult than expected, and the follow-up meeting had to be delayed six months. When it met in April 1966 in

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in September 1969, the project was generally considered complete and the discussion was primarily on errata and a greatly expanded Introduction to the Report.

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Hence the need for separate constructs not subject to the normal coercion rules for operands to operators. But there is a gotcha. The following expressions:

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September 1973: Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68 — Springer-Verlag 1976 — Edited by: A. van Wijngaarden, B. Mailloux, J. Peck, K. Koster,

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TORRIX – a programming system for operations on vectors and matrices over arbitrary fields and of variable size by S. G. van der Meulen and M. Veldhorst.

4364:) in the formal argument list. The following example defines a procedure that applies a function (specified as a parameter) to each element of an array: 1294: 718:

but had not yet made much progress. The two proposals from the previous meeting were again explored, and this time a new debate emerged about the use of

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in 1976 as 68S, and was again a one-pass compiler based on various simplifications of the original and intended for use on smaller machines like the

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in the code as this may depend on hardware and cultural issues. Different methods to denote these identifiers have been devised. This is called a

11576: 5500:"golf-ball" print head inserted; these became available in the mid-1960s while ALGOL 68 was being drafted. These characters are also part of the 1251: 9655: 583:'s 2014 paper: "ALGOL 68 and Its Impact on the USSR and Russian Programming", and "Алгол 68 и его влияние на программирование в СССР и России". 11586: 2684:

ALGOL 68 has a hierarchy of contexts which determine the kind of coercions available at a particular point in the program. These contexts are:

2656:, prescribes a corresponding dynamic effect on the associated values. Hence, many primitive actions can be programmed implicitly by coercions. 1365:

1968: On 20 December 1968, the "Final Report" (MR 101) was adopted by the Working Group, then subsequently approved by the General Assembly of

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and structures. Most modern languages trace at least some of their syntax to either C or Pascal, and thus directly or indirectly to ALGOL 68.

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ALGOL 68 was the first (and possibly one of the last) major language for which a full formal definition was made before it was implemented.

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printf (($ 2l"The sum is:"x, g(0)$ , m + n)); ¢ prints the same as: ¢ print ((new line, new line, "The sum is:", space, whole (m + n, 0))

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was a portable compiler system written in ALGOL 68RS (bootstrapped from ALGOL 68R), and implemented on a variety of systems including the

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at the same time, because then calls become ambiguous, due to the implicit coercions that can be applied: should the operands be left as

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s be declared twice, once as a declaration of the types, and then again as the body of code. Another change was to eliminate the assumed

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Most of Algol's "special" characters (⊂, ≡, ␣, ×, ÷, ≤, ≥, ≠, ¬, ⊃, ≡, ∨, ∧, →, ↓, ↑, ⌊, ⌈, ⎩, ⎧, ⊥, ⏨, ¢, ○ and □) can be found on the

11566: 11529: 10213: 10091: 7984: 11581: 7725: 7611: 3352: 10060: 9712: 10128: 8744: 6626: 11571: 10540: 7043:, i.e. coercing the value of a term into a procedure which evaluates the term. Proceduring would be intended to make evaluations 1197: 228: 10482: 9806: 9532: 9387: 8869: 1472:

The standard language contains about sixty reserved words, typically bolded in print, and some with "brief symbol" equivalents:

1192: 11591: 10545: 3594:: (month| 31, (year÷×4=0 ∧ year÷×100≠0 ∨ year÷×400=0 | 29 | 28 ), 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 ); 11103: 10989: 10841: 10166: 10115: 9115: 9036: 8699: 8444: 6401: 565: 424: 9002: 8964: 8941: 8918: 8895: 8844: 5170: 360:

The complexity of the language's definition, which runs to several hundred pages filled with non-standard terminology, made

9095: 4654: 722:; ALGOL W used them only to refer to records, while van Wijngaarden's version could point to any object. To add confusion, 10476: 1110:

G. E. Hedrick and Alan Robertson. The Oklahoma State ALGOL 68 Subset Compiler. 1975 International Conference on ALGOL 68.

11216: 10948: 10900: 10610: 7366: 1455: 961: 323: 190: 55: 10518: 10189: 9494: 7587: 6522: 5875:– a standards reports procedure raising an exception in the runtime system. ℵ – Used in the standards report to inhibit 11211: 1321: 723: 10360: 10035: 10003: 9977: 5309:

Now consider how to decide whether these two are pointing to the same location, or whether one of them is pointing to

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students learnt ALGOL 68 as their first programming language; the compiler was renowned for good error messages.

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After the revision of the report, some extensions to the language have been proposed to widen the applicability:

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on logical file end, on physical file end, on page end, on line end, on format end, on value error, on char error

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Consider trying to compare two pointer values, such as the following variables, declared as pointers-to-integer:

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The official reference for users and implementors of the language (large pdf file, scanned from Algol Bulletin)

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in the program, typically hints to the compiler; in newer languages these are called "pragmas" (no 't'). e.g.

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programming language, designed with the goal of a much wider scope of application and more rigorously defined

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Algol 68 Genie by M. van der Veer is an ALGOL 68 implementation for today's computers and operating systems.

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are written in ALGOL 68, effectively making ALGOL 68 an application of itself. Other applications include:

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For its technical intricacies, ALGOL 68 needs a cornucopia of methods to deny the existence of something:

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Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language – Algol 68 Edited by: A. van Wijngaarden et al, September 1973

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Some implementations emulate the expected behaviour for this special case by extension of the language.

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This reflected a problem in the 1960s where some hardware didn't support lower-case, nor some other non-

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statement: ( switch1 | statements,statements,... |: switch2 | statements,statements,... | statements )

451:, and must be expressed in ambiguity-prone natural language prose, and then implemented in compilers as 11085: 10785: 10769: 10722: 10578: 8623: 8467: 8386: 8347: 8200: 7047:. The most useful application could have been the short-circuited evaluation of boolean operators. In: 868: 719: 673: 569: 385: 285: 9631: 9607: 8986: 7171: 6321:, although several other closely associated protected procedures, such as a paginator, are written in 11006: 10313: 9662: 8662: 8421: 8400: 7840: 6357: 4440: 2843:

then weak dereferencing (dereferencing or deproceduring, yielding a name)

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or one of several technically needed constructs (assignation, jump, skip, nihil). The technical term

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The first implementation of the standard, based on the late-1968 draft Report, was introduced by the

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multiprocessor system. Accesses to such variables were delayed after termination of the assignment.

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recommendation, while matched apostrophe quoting, common in ALGOL 60, is not used much in ALGOL 68.

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2014 Third International Conference on Computer Technology in Russia and in the Former Soviet Union

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writer's task easier, in contrast to deliberately simple contemporaries (and competitors) such as

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The following characters were recommended for portability, and termed "worthy characters" in the

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print(("real:", r)), print(("int:", i)), print(("compl:", c)), print(("string:", s))

3522: 3451:. A block of code returns the value of the last expression it evaluated; this idea is present in 3300: 2168: 1432:

GOST 27975-88 Programming language ALGOL 68 extended — Язык программирования АЛГОЛ 68 расширенный

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was set aside before it was used. However, this change also had the side-effect of demanding the

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VME. S3 was based on ALGOL 68 but with data types and operators aligned to those offered by the

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is a means of communicating between a program and a book that has been opened via some channel.

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The first full implementation of the language was introduced in 1974 by CDC Netherlands for the

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ALGOL 68 has been criticized, most prominently by some members of its design committee such as

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The first argument to test is guaranteed to be evaluated before the second, but in the usual:

5701:"Formatted transput" in ALGOL 68's transput has its own syntax and patterns (functions), with 11360: 11132: 11075: 10984: 10943: 10868: 10779: 10116:

An abstract ALGOL 68 machine and its application in a machine independent compiler – Springer

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then dereferencing (dereferencing or deproceduring)

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in May 1965. A report of the meeting noted two broadly supported themes, the introduction of

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it was said that A68's popularity was inversely proportional to the distance from Amsterdam

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Except where noted (with a ), the language described above is that of the "Revised Report".

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or "○" – a name not denoting anything, of an unspecified reference mode, () or specifically

1230:"Van Wijngaarden once characterized the four authors, somewhat tongue-in-cheek, as: Koster: 8658: 8281: 8269: 8130: 7599: 5922:, the integer bit representation, and the degree of numerical accuracy for floating point. 5386:

and that version used instead? Therefore the following expression can never be made legal:

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All variables need to be declared, but declaration does not have to precede the first use.

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is the value of the last expression evaluated in the procedure. References to procedures (

886:. This was "nearly complete". Lindsey released a version for small machines including the 710:

in October 1966, there was an initial report from the I/O Subcommittee who had met at the

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from identifiers, and spaces are allowed in identifiers, so this next fragment is legal:

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and their priorities may be changed by the coder. The following example defines operator

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statement is a reference to the destination. Thus, the following is valid ALGOL 68 code:

2506: 1337: 372:(ICL) machines, and in teaching roles. Outside these fields, use was relatively limited. 9019:

Terekhov, Andrey (2014). "ALGOL 68 and Its Impact on the USSR and Russian Programming".

2234:– used to specify procedures, like functions in C/C++ and procedures/functions in Pascal 864:

mainframe series. This saw limited use, mostly teaching in Germany and the Netherlands.

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print ((newpage, "Title", newline, "Value of i is ", i, "and x is ", x, newline))

1234:, Peck: syntaxer, Mailloux: implementer, Van Wijngaarden: party ideologist." – Koster. 1203: 820:

machines, and became a widely-used language in military coding, especially in the UK.

551: 11561: 11539: 11375: 11250: 11145: 11065: 10530: 10207: 10085: 9810: 9536: 9391: 9360: 9111: 9032: 8873: 8705: 8695: 8613: 6373: 6350:. The command shell Curt was designed to access typed data similar to Algol-68 modes. 4355: 1825: 1405: 1390: 1214: 1092: 825: 598: 277: 89: 10535: 9046: 3287:

For more details about Primaries, Secondaries, Tertiary & Quaternaries refer to

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effort, and several more were threatening to do so. Several more meetings followed,

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Influence on C: types, structures, arrays, pointers and procedures – Dennis Ritchie

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MODE XINT = INT; XINT sum sq:=0; FOR i WHILE sum sq/=70*70 DO sum sq+:=i**2 OD

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and that version of the operator called? Or should they be dereferenced further to

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dereferencing, deproceduring(~,~), subscripting, rowing, slicing, size denotations

4292:) declarations require type specifications for both the parameters and the result ( 3502:"brief" form: ( condition1 | statements |: condition2 | statements | statements ) 1417: 1394: 1374: 1290: 788: 679:

At the second meeting in October in France, three formal proposals were presented,

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while legal, will probably not do what might be expected. They will always return

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with both dyadic and monadic versions (scanning across the elements of an array).

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the power of parallel processing was improved by adding an orthogonal extension,

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be added where it would have been assumed. Further, 68-R eliminated the explicit

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400 = 0 | 29 | 28 ), ¢Mar¢ 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 ¢ to Dec. ¢

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Note that, being an integer expression, the former block of code can be used in

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Complex types can be created from simpler ones using various type constructors:

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Van Wijngaarden, A.; Mailloux, B. J.; Peck, J.; Koster, C. H. A. (1968-03-01).

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then the compiler could evaluate the arguments in whatever order it felt like.

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So far, only partial parametrisation has been implemented, in Algol 68 Genie.

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As defined in ALGOL 68, it did not work as expected, for example in the code:

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long long pi = 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37510;

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For an example of all this, here is the traditional linked list declaration:

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Influence on C: union, structure, syntax and long precision – Dennis Ritchie

7241:: for support of external linkage, two mechanisms were proposed, bottom-up 6484:

The programmer who writes executable code does not always have an option of

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hd(l) ~= 0; cons(hd(l), sieve( filter( not multiple, tl(l) )))

1429:

GOST 27974-88 Programming language ALGOL 68 — Язык программирования АЛГОЛ 68

589:, who was on the ALGOL 68 revision committee, took some of its ideas to his 39: 11459: 11454: 11431: 11365: 11339: 11283: 11255: 11196: 11055: 8709: 8608: 8553: 8110: 8069: 7890: 7784: 7277: 7035:

The original language (As per the "Final Report") differs in syntax of the

6343: 5964: 5569:

are made up of pages, lines and characters, and may be backed up by files.

4105: 1832: 1353: 1317: 1275: 1209:

March 1968: Draft Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68 – Edited by:

882:

mainframes did not become available until 1978, when one was released from

861: 688: 590: 586: 576: 269: 10422: 10405: 10327: 10308: 9107: 648:

which would be a redefinition of the language with some additions, and an

11444: 11352: 11201: 11178: 11173: 11093: 11060: 11040: 8376: 8336: 8035: 7949: 7579: 7330: 6411: 5935: 3840:

portion was compulsory, in which case the loop will iterate indefinitely.

2279:– declare the array to be flexible, i.e. it can grow in length on demand. 1843:. This construct just looks like the parameter pack of a procedure call. 153: 9909: 6400:– a hardware description language and support toolset. Developed by the 4559: 3905:

to achieve a small optimisation. The same compilers also incorporated:

3458:

Compound statements are all terminated by distinctive closing brackets:

3340:# Style ii comment # £ This is a hash/pound comment for a UK keyboard £ 1182:

Algol 68 Genie published on the internet (GNU GPL open source licensing)

11270: 11221: 11183: 10682: 10677: 10304: 9326: 8549: 8261: 7860: 7850: 7680: 7486: 7425: 7246: 6556:

Base characters: "Worthy characters" are a subset of "base characters".

6390: 6347: 6337: 3365:

half pi, one pi; one pi := 2 * ( half pi := 2 * arc tan(1) )

1329: 1259: 1031: 957: 915: 872: 809: 765: 594: 544: 205: 201: 9955:

Applications, libraries, and test suites — Software Preservation Group

9425: 3929: 1408:

considered ALGOL 68 for standardisation as "New Work Item" TC97/N1642

10906: 10692: 10672: 10657: 9470:

Proceedings of the IFIP Working Conference on ALGOL 68 Implementation

9357:

Proceedings of the IFIP working conference on ALGOL 68 Implementation

9099: 8588: 8488: 8224: 8171: 8162: 7649: 7262: 6472: 6386: 6318: 1852: 1141: 1082: 787:

The effort took five years, burned out many of the greatest names in

743: 273: 209: 197: 10570: 8428:. Based on the original language, the main subset restrictions were 812:

in July 1970. This was, however, a subset of the full language, and

768:

formally resigned their authorship positions in WG2.1 at that time.

760: 11117: 11028: 10912:

Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification

10813: 10809: 10634: 10629: 8573: 8208: 7846: 7811: 7604: 7000: 6471:

language. ALGOL 68's reserved words are effectively in a different

6317:– All procedures constituting the operating system were written in 5584:

s correspond to physical devices. e.g. card punches and printers.

5493: 5483: 4418: 4417:

This simplicity of code was unachievable in ALGOL 68's predecessor

3765: 3547:"brief" form: ( switch | statements,statements,... | statements ) 3377: 2494:

of Algol 68 arrays is one by default, but can be any integer from -

1204:

The Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68 Reports and Working Group members

772: 700: 525: 521: 361: 350: 245: 10541:Система программ динамической поддержки для транслятора с Алгол 68 10513: 9406: 2882:

Widening occurs if there is no loss of precision. For example: An

10805: 10707: 10702: 10697: 9442: 8653: 8583: 8578: 8456: 8404: 8216: 7885: 7757: 7346: 6353: 5903: :/=:), whereas it is not known to which value a comparison 5501: 5169:

These are technically not operators, rather they are considered "

4653:

These are technically not operators, rather they are considered "

3381: 1398: 1246:

March 1970: Minority report, ALGOL Bulletin AB31.1.1 — signed by

684: 649: 645: 533: 249: 9009:. jmvdveer.home.xs4all.nl (1968-12-20). Retrieved on 2013-07-21. 5918:

ALGOL 68 leaves intentionally undefined what happens in case of

3288: 2959:

A variable can also be coerced (rowed) to an array of length 1.

11293: 10818: 10795: 10774: 8220: 7930: 7796: 6560: 5722:

supports programming of parallel processing. Using the keyword

3325:¢ The original way of adding your 2 cents worth to a program ¢ 1366: 887: 707: 640:

language that was first formalized in 1960. That same year the

396:, which was directly influenced by ALGOL 68, especially by its 5828:, "~" or "?" – an undefined value always syntactically valid, 4801: 1760:

unifies some of the inherently bracketing constructs known as

10894: 10824: 10800: 10764: 10727: 10662: 10601: 10105:

http://htportal.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=803425&type=pdf

8598: 8479: 8424:

was the first ALGOL 68 subset implementation, running on the

8383:

Portable interpreter; optional compilation of selected units

8204: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8051: 7911: 6549: 6499:. For example, all or some of the following may be available 6448: 5479: 2065:

are provided to adapt programs to different implementations.

901: 637: 606: 293: 265: 213: 73: 7156:

that was procedured. Textual insertion of the commented-out

6463:

intended to be used in compiler input. The examples contain

6002:# Algol-68 prime number sieve, functional style # 3893:

Subsequent "extensions" to the standard Algol68 allowed the

1373:

for publication. Translations of the standard were made for

375:

Nevertheless, the contributions of ALGOL 68 to the field of

10911: 10758: 10744: 10738: 10667: 9778: 9743: 7896:

An Abstract ALGOL 68 Machine – machine independent Compiler

7640: 6322: 5946:

operators for "straightening" nested arrays and structures

5734:, where the synchronisation of actions is controlled using 5505: 5504:

standard and most of them are available in several popular

5164: 3373: 1829: 1422: 1370: 1047: 974: 691:, a similar language by Gerhard Seegmüller, and a paper by 10004:"A Modules and Separate Compilation facility for ALGOL 68" 9718:. Peking, China: Institute of Mathematics, Academia Sinica 7935:

Revised Report complete implementation with debug features

6523:

Report on the Standard Hardware Representation of Algol 68

4358:

parameters are provided by specifying references (such as

3926:

Further examples can be found in the code examples below.

3409:

As another example, to express the mathematical idea of a

3376:, among others. Note that as in earlier languages such as 8460: 8432:

and no parallel processing. This compiler was popular in

7684: 6302:: sieve( tl( one to(n) )); show( primes(100) ) 4329:

or, using the "brief" form of the conditional statement:

3864:"syntactic element" allowed a programmer to break from a 2285:– allocate variable some free space from the global heap. 879: 676:

concepts of 'trees' or 'lists' for handling collections.

559: 10509:

Algol 68 Genie – a GNU GPL Algol 68 compiler-interpreter

9251: 9249: 9222: 9220: 7278:

True ALGOL 68s specification and implementation timeline

6451:

tradition, is its different representations. There is a

6308: 5752:: ( muffins-:=1; print(("Yum!",new line))), speak = 5620:

establish, create, open, associate, lock, close, scratch

2858: 2847: 2836: 2829: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9189: 8562:

1968 Working Group minority report on 23 December 1968.

8407:

operating system and much other system software on the

7219: 7030: 6183:| print((" ",whole(hd(l),0))); show(tl(l))); 5439:. To achieve the right effect, one would have to write 3480:"brief" form: ( condition | statements | statements ) 2291:– allocate variable some free space of the local stack. 10153:

Open source Algol 68 implementations – Browse Files at

5572:

A specific book can be located by name with a call to

5323:

will dereference both pointers down to values of type

4060:m := (v1, v2, v1+v2); print ((m)); 3346: 2675:

strong – firm, followed by widening, rowing or voiding

2666:

weak – dereferencing or deproceduring, yielding a name

893:

Three open source Algol 68 implementations are known:

572:, making its use obligatory for US defense contracts. 11502: 9852: 9833:"The Cambridge CAP Computer and its Operating System" 9687:"Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68" 9508:"Proposals for ALGOL H - A Superlanguage of ALGOL 68" 9307: 9295: 9246: 9217: 9205: 8965:"Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68" 8942:"Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68" 8919:"Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68" 8896:"Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68" 8415: 7144:

against the programmers naïve expectations the print

4560:

Array, Procedure, Dereference and coercion operations

3952:

with any number of dimensions, and it allows for the

3294: 636:

ALGOL 68, as the name implies, is a follow-on to the

384:, or were reimplementations for specific roles, like 10514:

Open source ALGOL 68 implementations, on SourceForge

9881: 9186: 9174: 6459:(rigorously defined in the Report), and an official 6414:

code was produced with three man-years of work. ..."

5615:

of a file may be read, write, char, bin, and opened.

612:

The complete history of the project can be found in

472:

The main aims and principles of design of ALGOL 68:

11520:^ = full name and link in prior ALGOL version above 10918:

International Federation for Information Processing

10566:

Web enabled ALGOL 68 compiler for small experiments

10483:

Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68

10477:

Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68

9957:. Softwarepreservation.org. Retrieved 21 July 2013. 9583:"Draft Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68" 9445:"Draft Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68" 9065: 9000:

Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68

8684:

Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68

6014:: (print(( newline, " error: ", s, newline)); 5899:for any variable (but see above for correct use of 5756:: ( words-:=1; print(("Yak...",new line))); 2679: 1129:

Proposals for ALGOL H – A Superlanguage of ALGOL 68

836:mode, an expression that returns no value (named a 664:The first meeting of the ALGOL X group was held in 642:

International Federation for Information Processing

414:

International Federation for Information Processing

9505: 7749:Proposed extensions to the mode system of Algol 68 1467: 9506:Black, A. P.; Rayward-Smith, V. J. (1978-05-01). 7245:, a more powerful version of the facilities from 2339:A name for a mode (type) can be declared using a 1020:ALGOL 68 Final Report Presented at Munich Meeting 987:Algol 68 Final Report Presented at Munich Meeting 550:In the 1973 revision, certain features — such as 11553: 6764:for i while sum sq≠70×70 do sum sq+:=i↑2 od 6435:routines. Supplied in ALGOL 68 during the 1980s. 3735:Algol68 allowed the switch to be of either type 2228:– used to build unions, like in C/C++ and Pascal 1300:other WG 2.1 members active in ALGOL 68 design: 875:. It too was used mostly for teaching purposes. 547:became the first working compiler for ALGOL 68. 10519:Algol68 Standard Hardware representation (.pdf) 10465:, London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1972 10226: 8647: 8531:The more I see of it, the more unhappy I become 6455:used to describe algorithms in printed work, a 3671:, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 3322:Comments can be inserted in a variety of ways: 1231: 687:along with comments about record structures by 10757:(ESPOL) → New Executive Programming Language ( 10485:Hyperlinked HTML version of the Revised Report 10256:"To the Editor ALGOL 68 Mathematische Centrum" 9831:Needham, R. M.; Wilkes, M. V. (January 1979). 8993: 8786: 8739: 8474:. Any variable declaration containing keyword 5280: 3449:any context where an integer value can be used 1839:, which is constructed from other values by a 1421:1988: Subsequently ALGOL 68 became one of the 1360: 867:A version similar to 68-R was introduced from 10586: 10002:Lindsey, C. H.; Boom, H. J. (December 1978). 9830: 9656:"Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68" 9090:(1996). Bergin, T. J.; Gibson, R. G. (eds.). 8910: 8524:"Congratulations, your Master has done it" – 7585:"An interpreter for simple Algol 68 Programs" 5511: 5058:-:=, +:=, *:=, /:=, %:=, %*:=, +=: 4241:n := "1234"; # or n := EMPTY; # 4113:including array slices and structure fields. 4099:ALGOL 68 supports multiple field structures ( 3780:The minimum form of a "loop clause" is thus: 3384:, spaces are allowed in identifiers, so that 2818:One side of an identity relation, as "~" in: 575:ALGOL 68 also had a notable influence in the 564:Though European defence agencies (in Britain 455:code attached to the formal language parser. 10927:Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 10361:"ALGOL Bulletin (referred to in AB30.1.1.1)" 10118:. Springerlink.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-21. 9921: 9648: 9468:Sidney Marshall, "ALGOL 68 Implementation", 9350: 9348: 6561:Example of different program representations 5541: 3883:print(("So far:",i,newline)); sum sq≠70↑2 3826:The construct have several unusual aspects: 2869: 1436: 10755:Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language 10155:. Sourceforge.net. Retrieved on 2013-07-21. 10001: 8887: 5714: 5654:get good line, get good page, get good book 5587:Three standard channels are distinguished: 4802:Dyadic operators with associated priorities 3266: 3178: 3107: 3016: 2880: 1416:and Algol 68's ISO standardisation stalled. 840:in other languages) and demanding the word 10593: 10579: 10531:Из истории создания компилятора с Алгол 68 10396:Lindsey, C. H. and van der Meulen, S. G., 10279: 9855:"KDF9 Time Sharing: Eldon 2 is not EGDON!" 9713:"The Translation of Algol 68 into Chinese" 9710: 9679: 9624: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9060:http://toc.proceedings.com/25445webtoc.pdf 8956: 8679:Meertens, Lambert Guillaume Louis Théodore 7635:"The importance of implementation models." 6983:In English Algol68's case statement reads 6447:A feature of ALGOL 68, inherited from the 1397:. The standard was also made available in 503:Representations – in minimal & larger 10441:, Univ. of British Columbia, October 1971 10421: 10326: 10236: 9939: 9882:I F Currie; J M Foster (September 1982). 9345: 9082: 9080: 8837: 6442: 6046:| cons(m, f(m+1,n))); f(1,n)); 5143:operators are automatically available on 4066:Matrices can be sliced either way, e.g.: 2389:This is similar to the following C code: 1118:Strathclyde ALGOL 68 conference, Scotland 349:that was conceived as a successor to the 10129:"The Encyclopedia of Computer Languages" 9764: 9600: 9404: 9018: 8933: 8782: 8780: 8735: 8733: 7152:of the elaborated enclosed-clause after 5864:is an empty array (here specifically of 5478: 5165:Assignation and identity relations, etc. 3353:expression-oriented programming language 2815:All parts (but one) of a balanced clause 10552:"Algol 68 implementations and dialects" 10403: 10033: 9995: 9975: 9924:"Practical experience with ALGOL 68-RT" 9423: 9372: 9313: 9301: 9267: 9255: 9226: 9211: 9199: 9180: 9086: 9071: 7513:ICL 2900/Series 39, Multics, VMS & 6544:0123456789 "#$ %'()*+,-./:;<=>@_| 6360:was the implementation language of the 4109:. Reference variables may point to any 3103:Primaries of calls (e.g. sin in sin(x)) 3056:Enquiries: e.g. as "~" in the following 2876:then widening, rowing or voiding 1456:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 730:and the ability to string together and 476:Completeness and clarity of description 324:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 11577:Computer-related introductions in 1968 11554: 10212:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 10090:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 9948: 9910:Эльбрус Бабаяна и Pentium Пентковского 9575: 9559:"Marcel van der Veer - Algol 68 Genie" 9485:, PhD Thesis, Dartmouth College, 1972. 9407:"Open source Algol 68 implementations" 9164:"Marcel van der Veer - Algol 68 Genie" 9077: 8862: 8813: 8436:universities in the 1970s, where many 6878:# Nachfolgetag - Deutsche Variante # 5705:s embedded between two $ characters. 5121:of the dimension of an array is fixed. 4439:those and the pre-defined ones may be 4253:): print(("void:", "EMPTY")), ( 4193:Algol68 as in the 1973 Revised Report 4062:# a slice of the 2nd and 3rd columns # 4000:# array variable initially (1,2,3) # 3897:syntactic element to be replaced with 3794:"universal" loop, the full syntax is: 3509:problem but also avoids having to use 3417:from i=1 to n, the following ALGOL 68 3167:Secondaries of selections, as "~" in: 2797:Enclosed clauses of casts, as "~" in: 2788:Actual-parameters of calls, as "~" in: 2659:Context strength – allowed coercions: 2628:The six possible coercions are termed 2009:Furthermore, instead of defining both 11587:Programming languages created in 1968 10990:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 10600: 10574: 10389:Brailsford, D. F. and Walker, A. N., 10303: 10231:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 9922:Oliver, J. R.; Newton, R. S. (1979). 9853:David Holdsworth (Winter 2009–2010). 9846: 9729: 9704: 9533:"Algol68 S published on the internet" 9325: 8777: 8730: 6776:# Next day date - English variant # 6418: 6402:Royal Signals and Radar Establishment 6309:Operating systems written in ALGOL 68 5696: 5627:char number, line number, page number 5472: 4007:# constant array, type equivalent to 3956:of whole or partial rows or columns. 3937:: Structures, unions and arrays": --> 2669:meek – dereferencing or deproceduring 2615: 1846: 1735: 1458: instead of something like "₁₀" ( 771:The next WG2.1 meeting took place in 659: 566:Royal Signals and Radar Establishment 560:The language of the unrevised report. 326: instead of something like "₁₀" ( 133:Algol 68/RR / Revised Report: 1973 10251: 9354: 8962: 8939: 8916: 8893: 7891:"The Berlin ALGOL 68 implementation" 7220:Extension proposals from IFIP WG 2.1 7133:( print ("Should not be executed"); 7031:The language of the unrevised report 5760:muffins := 4, words := 8; 4660: 4190:Algol68 as in the 1968 Final Report 2505:Mode declarations allow types to be 2245:Other declaration symbols include: 1740:The basic language construct is the 605:(and thereby to descendants such as 10901:Association for Computing Machinery 10823:Small Machine ALGOL Like Language ( 10432:ALGOL 68, A First and Second Course 9912:. Ixbt.com. Retrieved 21 July 2013. 9096:History of Programming Languages-II 8963:Veer, Marcel van der (2023-04-05). 8940:Veer, Marcel van der (2023-04-05). 8917:Veer, Marcel van der (2023-04-05). 8894:Veer, Marcel van der (2023-04-05). 8745:"The Development of the C Language" 8681:; Fisker, Richard G., eds. (1976). 8341:Includes standard collateral clause 6536: 5959:This sample program implements the 5267:) tests if two pointers are equal; 5128:and ⎧ operators are similar on the 4283: 3347:Expressions and compound statements 3261:The LHS of assignments, as "~" in: 3161:Primaries of slices, as in "~" in: 1916:whose value is initially set to 3. 1444:This article contains Unicode 6.0 " 1169:Algol68 S published on the internet 579:, details of which can be found in 520:, for abandoning the simplicity of 312:This article contains Unicode 6.0 " 24: 9966:Revised Report, page 123, footnote 9385: 8667:Koster, Cornelis Hermanus Antonius 8416:Implementation specific extensions 8118:IBM, DEC, CAMCOH, PS 1001 & PC 8040:Proposed superlanguage of ALGOL 68 6231:cons(hd(l), filter(p,tl(l))) 5949: 5425:actual addresses of the variables 3746:. The latter allows the enforcing 3295:pr & co: Pragmats and Comments 2765:Identity-declarations, as "~" in: 2174:which can be initialised with the 1959:square root of minus one = 0 ⊥ 1; 1460:Decimal Exponent Symbol U+23E8 TTF 1009:Meeting in North Berwick, Scotland 921:experimental Algol68 frontend for 794: 328:Decimal Exponent Symbol U+23E8 TTF 25: 11608: 11567:Algol programming language family 10501:, Vol. 8, No. 2, June 1976, with 10470: 10461:Woodward, P. M. and Bond, S. G., 10398:Informal Introduction to ALGOL 68 10391:Introductory ALGOL 68 Programming 9859:Computer Resurrection – Number 49 9483:On the implementation of ALGOL 68 8845:"Interview with Guido van Rossum" 6410:System – "... 400K of error-free 5975:in other languages. The notation 5423:, because they are comparing the 5251:Note: Quaternaries include names 5062:×:=, ÷:=, ÷×:=, ÷*:=, %×:= 2901:. But not vice versa. Examples: 2701:Coercion examples in the context 2343:declaration, which is similar to 2214:– used to build structures, like 2196:– a reference to a value of type 1835:. An expression may also yield a 1132:A. P. Black, V. J. Rayward-Smith 1071:Algol 68 Revised Report Published 904:, written by Marcel van der Veer. 218:Алгол 68 Ленинград/Leningrad Unit 11582:Procedural programming languages 11534: 11533: 11524: 11523: 9556: 9161: 8369: 8329: 8292: 8266:Portable C generator 8245: 8141: 8103: 8062: 8028: 7996: 7961: 7923: 7878: 7828: 7789: 7777: 7737: 7661: 7623: 7572: 7539: 7498: 7437: 7323: 6540:Worthy Characters: ABCDEFGHIJKLM 5971:is the ALGOL 68 analogue of the 5817: 5437:, rather than what they point to 4424: 3505:This scheme not only avoids the 2680:Coercion hierarchy with examples 2672:firm – meek, followed by uniting 1147:C. H. Lindsey et al, Manchester 1144:compiler for Sun, SPARC, and PCs 1085:– transportable compiler (zcode 38: 10546:C history with Algol68 heritage 10536:Algol 68 – 25 Years in the USSR 10505:(Vol. 9, No. 3, September 1977) 10367:from the original on 2007-09-30 10353: 10297: 10273: 10262:from the original on 2007-04-21 10245: 10220: 10175: 10158: 10146: 10121: 10109: 10098: 10053: 10027: 9969: 9960: 9915: 9903: 9875: 9824: 9799: 9693:from the original on 2007-09-27 9661:. December 1968. Archived from 9589:from the original on 2007-09-30 9550: 9525: 9499: 9488: 9475: 9462: 9436: 9417: 9398: 9388:"A Shorter History of Algol 68" 9319: 9261: 9232: 9155: 9144: 9053: 9012: 8979: 8870:"A Shorter History of ALGOL 68" 8719:from the original on 2019-04-19 6380: 6372:Note: The Soviet Era computers 5832:– the only value admissible to 5530:Note the predefined procedures 5329:, and compare those, since the 5286: 5282: 5268: 5258: 5157: 4265:c): print(("compl:", c)), ( 4261:i): print(("int:", i)), ( 4257:r): print(("real:", r)), ( 3933:: Structures, unions and arrays 3931: 3251: 3149: 3037: 3002:Operands of formulas as "~" in: 2990: 2752: 2741: 2732: 2723: 2714: 2705: 2033:, so that the presently common 1901:n is fixed as a constant of 2. 1468:Bold symbols and reserved words 1198:ALGOL 68 – 3rd generation ALGOL 1193:"A Shorter History of Algol 68" 925:, written by Jose E. Marchesi. 370:International Computers Limited 11572:Academic programming languages 11498:ALGOL 58 influence on ALGOL 60 10382: 10285:"Python-Dev Wishlist: dowhile" 9151:Programming Algol 68 Made Easy 8804: 8768: 8619:Steelman language requirements 8604:Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++ 7679:, IBM 360, PDP 10 & Unix, 7335:ALGOL for generalised grammars 7148:be executed as it is only the 6863:(1, successor of month (month 6819:x < length of month (month 5954: 5804:mouth; speak; 4429:The programmer may define new 3857:, will iterate only 100 times. 3392:identifier (thus avoiding the 2240:Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++ 749: 13: 1: 11592:Systems programming languages 10434:, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1978 10404:Lindsey, C. H. (1993-03-02). 9863:Computer Conservation Society 8821:"A History of C++: 1979−1991" 8635: 8629:Python (programming language) 7900:Technische Universität Berlin 7551:Addition of areas to Algol 68 5618:transput procedures include: 5277:) tests if they are unequal. 4269:s): print(("string:", s)) 4095:(pointer) to the 2nd column # 3998:v1 := (1,2,3); 3678:Choice clause example mixing 1059:Dartmouth Time Sharing System 799: 726:presented a new proposal for 712:Oak Ridge National Laboratory 423:ALGOL 68 was defined using a 412:ALGOL 68 was designed by the 10970:Case Institute of Technology 10034:Lindsey, C. H. (July 1974). 9976:Lindsey, C. H. (July 1974). 9807:"Format syntax in ALGOL 68G" 9355:Peck, J. E. L., ed. (1970), 8640: 8359:Algol 68 Genie version 2.0.0 7209:a, b) :... ... test (x 7039:, and it had the feature of 7022: 6467:typeface words, this is the 5785:mouth; eat; 5200: 5187:Algol68 "Worthy characters" 5025: 5007: 4988: 4966: 4936: 4922: 4895: 4849: 4830: 4817:Algol68 "Worthy characters" 4689: 4676:Algol68 "Worthy characters" 4621: 4601: 4583: 3912:– for late loop termination. 3565:statements, statements,... 3543:statements, statements,... 3012:Parameters of transput calls 2774:Initialisations, as "~" in: 2652:. Each coercion, except for 1859:s in Algol 68 parlance) are 1048:Royal Signals and Radar Est. 593:(and thereby, to descendant 7: 11503:ALGOL 68 to other languages 10556:Software Preservation Group 10456:, 255-256, September 1977, 10393:, Ellis Horwood/Wiley, 1979 10309:"The emperor's old clothes" 9270:"ALGOL 68 with fewer tears" 8847:. July 1998. Archived from 8566: 8403:that was used to write the 6501:programming representations 6404:during the 1980s and 1990s. 5313:. The following expression 5171:units associated with names 5147:s of different orders (and 5109:: In Algol68 the operators 4655:units associated with names 4186: 4030:erator definition # 3918:– for working on arrays in 3597:Choice clause example with 3576:Choice clause example with 3557:statements, statements,... 3355:, the value returned by an 2832:deproceduring 1912:m is a newly created local 1361:Timeline of standardization 929: 403: 200:, Algol 68 Genie (recent), 135:; 51 years ago 110:; 56 years ago 10: 11613: 9426:"Algol68 frontend for GCC" 8663:Peck, John Edward Lancelot 8624:Ada (programming language) 8468:Carnegie Mellon University 7712:IFIP WG 2.1 Revised Report 6921:x < monatslaenge(monat 5911:evaluates for any integer 5512:transput: Input and output 5158:union(int, real, flexchar) 4081:(pointer) to the 2nd row # 3368:This notion is present in 2054:instead, for example. The 2029:, etc., ALGOL 68 provides 1709:"( ~ | ~ |: ~ | ~ | ~ )", 1657:"( ~ | ~ |: ~ | ~ | ~ )", 998:Meeting in Tirrenia, Italy 869:Carnegie Mellon University 631: 626: 235:ALGOL 68/FR (Final Report) 11515: 11491: 11319: 11292: 11125: 11116: 11084: 11036: 11027: 11020: 11007:Royal Radar Establishment 10999: 10962: 10936: 10883: 10876: 10867: 10840: 10648: 10618: 10609: 10452:, 155-190, June 1976 and 10314:Communications of the ACM 9978:"Partial Parametrization" 9359:, Munich: North-Holland, 8500: 7841:Oklahoma State University 7360:First version of Algol 68 7192:b) :... ... test (x 6965:(1, nachfolgemonat(monat 6953:x = "Dezember" 6732: 6666: 6640: 6622: 6575: 6570: 6567: 5632:layout routines include: 5542:Books, channels and files 5486:keyboard with APL symbols 5099:Tertiaries include names 3455:, among other languages. 2700: 2697: 2694: 2689: 1962:However, the declaration 1944:avogadro = 6.0221415⏨23; 1437:Notable language elements 942: 939: 936: 855: 806:Royal Radar Establishment 340:Algorithmic Language 1968 260: 255: 244: 239: 234: 227: 196: 188: 176: 152: 148: 126: 122: 104: 79: 69: 49: 37: 10980:University of St Andrews 10227:C. H. A. Koster (1993). 9563:jmvdveer.home.xs4all.nl/ 9168:jmvdveer.home.xs4all.nl/ 8969:jmvdveer.home.xs4all.nl/ 8946:jmvdveer.home.xs4all.nl/ 8923:jmvdveer.home.xs4all.nl/ 8900:jmvdveer.home.xs4all.nl/ 8675:Lindsey, Charles Hodgson 8655:van Wijngaarden, Adriaan 8594:C (programming language) 7941:lease, Chion Corporation 7733:Experimental & other 7535:Experimental & other 7510:Portable compiler system 7412:IFIP WG 2.1 Final Report 7387:IFIP WG 2.1 Draft Report 7306:Implementation language 6742: 6723:SUM SQ .PLUSAB I .UP 2 . 6674: 6671:character code compiler 6648: 6645:character code compiler 6632: 5967:that are less than 100. 5715:par: Parallel processing 5333:operator is defined for 4913:×, ÷, ÷×, ÷*, %×, □ 4005:v2 = (4,5,6); 3993:declaration (typedef) # 3975:declaration (typedef) # 2391: 2002:a newly generated local 1161:Ed. C. H. Lindsey / ACM 494:Mode-independent parsing 437:Van Wijngaarden grammars 368:where it was popular on 11279:Adriaan van Wijngaarden 10975:University of Edinburgh 10855:Van Wijngaarden grammar 10560:Computer History Museum 10406:"A History of ALGOL 68" 9941:10.1093/comjnl/22.2.114 9495:Algol 68 Revised Report 9411:algol68.sourceforge.net 9289:10.1093/comjnl/15.2.176 9268:Lindsey, C. H. (1972). 9029:10.1109/SoRuCom.2014.29 8312:Noncommercial shareware 8305:Incremental compilation 8185:Sun version of ALGOL 68 8154:Incremental compilation 8115:Full language + modules 7824:programming instruction 7699:ALGOL 68 Revised Report 7229:partial parametrisation 6981:Russian/Soviet example: 6578:as typically published 6453:representation language 6425:NAG Numerical Libraries 6328:Eldon 3 – Developed at 5879:of certain types. e.g. 5848:– syntactically like a 5836:, needed for selecting 5550:is considered to be of 4488:: ( a>b | a | b ); 4473:: ( a>b | a | b ); 4011:, bounds are implied # 3708:¢Jan¢ 31, ¢Feb¢ ( year 2564:while these are valid: 2486:For ALGOL 68, only the 2238:For some examples, see 2143:– a "packed vector" of 2133:– a "packed vector" of 1446:Miscellaneous Technical 1211:Adriaan van Wijngaarden 1074:IFIP Working Group 2.1 1023:IFIP Working Group 2.1 1012:IFIP Working Group 2.1 1001:IFIP Working Group 2.1 990:IFIP Working Group 2.1 706:At the next meeting in 693:Adriaan van Wijngaarden 433:Adriaan van Wijngaarden 314:Miscellaneous Technical 10922:IFIP Working Group 2.1 10490:A Tutorial on Algol 68 10463:ALGOL 68-R Users Guide 10446:A Tutorial on ALGOL 68 10229:The Making of Algol 68 9781:. 1988. Archived from 9746:. 1988. Archived from 9557:Veer, Marcel van der. 9521:– via May. 1978. 9458:– via Mar. 1968. 9405:van der Veer, Marcel. 9331:"Critique of ALGOL 68" 9162:Veer, Marcel van der. 8533:– E. W. Dijkstra, 1968 7415:Specification – August 6905:naechster tag nach = ( 6509:a real int = 3; # the 6481:a real int = 3 ; 6443:Program representation 6315:Cambridge CAP computer 6235:filter(p, tl(l)) 5487: 5213: :/=: :~=:, 5113:and ⎩ ... both return 4552:( a>out | out:=a ) 4511:b | a | b ); 4354:) are also permitted. 4346:The return value of a 3049:Trimscripts (yielding 2806:Units of routine-texts 1236: 971:Draft Report Published 716:University of Illinois 462: 418:IFIP Working Group 2.1 11597:Programming languages 11361:Cornelis H. A. Koster 11133:Roland Carl Backhouse 11076:Joseph Henry Wegstein 10985:Manchester University 10944:Burroughs Corporation 10439:An ALGOL 68 Companion 10423:10.1145/155360.155365 10400:, North-Holland, 1971 10328:10.1145/358549.358561 9108:10.1145/155360.155365 9092:A history of ALGOL 68 8659:Mailloux, Barry James 8430:definition before use 8344:Portable interpreter 7390:Specification – March 7107:is only evaluated if 6851:x = "December" 6803:the day following = ( 5961:Sieve of Eratosthenes 5538:passed as arguments. 5482: 5356:for operands of type 2894:will be coerced to a 2886:will be coerced to a 1824:syntax was reused by 1425:standards in Russia. 1314:Peter Zilahy Ingerman 1228: 1223:Cornelis H. A. Koster 618:A History of ALGOL 68 558:— were omitted. C.f. 497:Independent compiling 458: 10448:, Computing Surveys 9928:The Computer Journal 9277:The Computer Journal 9240:"The Algol Bulletin" 8282:Interactive ALGOL 68 8270:Open-source software 8131:Interactive ALGOL 68 7600:Mathematisch Centrum 7596:Portable interpreter 6855:(1, "January", year 6374:Эльбрус-1 (Elbrus-1) 5895:always evaluates to 4530:out := a; 4343:: (a>b | a | b); 3930:struct, union & 3790:This was considered 2809:Statements yielding 2762:Right hand side of: 2698:Coercions available 2663:soft – deproceduring 2071:primitive-declarer: 2037:would be written as 1185:Marcel van der Veer 912:open-source software 884:Cambridge University 728:operator overloading 666:Princeton University 491:Static mode checking 441:context-free grammar 347:programming language 27:Programming language 11395:Willem van der Poel 11051:Hermann Bottenbruch 10495:Andrew S. Tanenbaum 10430:McGettrick, A. D., 10410:ACM SIGPLAN Notices 9711:Lu Hu-quan (1971). 9424:E. Marchesi, Jose. 9102:. pp. 97–132. 9088:Lindsey, Charles H. 9023:. pp. 97–106. 8235:Algol68toC (ctrans) 7973:Parallel ALGOL 68-R 7529:Algol 68 with areas 6957:(1, "Januar", jahr 6754:mode .xint = int; . 5625:position enquires: 4622:Effectively 11 4584:Effectively 12 4202:n := "1234"; 3760:below for example. 3289:Operator precedence 3278:random: e.g. random 2865:then uniting 1996:constant identifier 1338:Willem van der Poel 846:parallel processing 740:anonymous functions 689:C.A.R. (Tony) Hoare 445:technical standards 105:First appeared 34: 11540:Category: ALGOL 60 11371:Charles H. Lindsey 11151:Edsger W. Dijkstra 11046:Friedrich L. Bauer 10734:Dartmouth ALGOL 30 10524:2014-01-02 at the 10444:Tanenbaum, A. S., 10347:2017-10-02 at the 10307:(February 1981) . 10169:2006-08-29 at the 9840:Microsoft Research 9689:. September 1973. 9005:2013-03-17 at the 8466:In ALGOL 68S from 8099:Telecommunications 8092:Leningrad ALGOL 68 7673:Cambridge Algol 68 7590:2011-07-18 at the 7515:C generator (1993) 7243:definition modules 6719:SUM SQ .NE 70*70 . 6528:2014-01-02 at the 6461:reference language 6433:numerical analysis 6419:Libraries and APIs 6408:RAF Strike Command 6102: := (n,l); 5985:accesses a member 5730:is converted to a 5697:formatted transput 5496:keyboard with the 5488: 5473:Special characters 5151:s) of arrays. eg. 5095:Specific details: 4273:print(("?:", n)) 4230:print(("?:", n)) 4171:Usage example for 3948:ALGOL 68 supports 3419:integer expression 3351:ALGOL 68 being an 3270:deproceduring of: 2616:Coercions: casting 1923:This is short for 1847:mode: Declarations 1744:. A unit may be a 1736:Units: Expressions 1302:Friedrich L. Bauer 1287:Charles H. Lindsey 1268:Gerhard Seegmüller 1173:Charles H. Lindsey 848:commands based on 756:Charles H. Lindsey 660:Definition process 108:Final Report: 1968 86:A. van Wijngaarden 32: 11549: 11548: 11478: 11477: 11440: 11439: 11376:Barry J. Mailloux 11315: 11314: 11251:Jacob T. Schwartz 11146:Stephen R. Bourne 11112: 11111: 11066:Heinz Rutishauser 11016: 11015: 10863: 10862: 10499:Computing Surveys 10281:van Rossum, Guido 9884:"RSRE Memorandum" 9481:Sidney Marshall, 9386:Koster, C. H. A. 9329:(November 1968). 9117:978-0-201-89502-5 9038:978-1-4799-1799-0 8701:978-0-387-07592-1 8614:Bash (Unix shell) 8397: 8396: 7818:Oklahoma ALGOL 68 7312:Generalized ALGOL 7253:, similar to the 7163:: makes it work. 6961:x + 1) 6770: 6769: 5728:collateral clause 5249: 5248: 5093: 5092: 4799: 4798: 4661:Monadic operators 4651: 4650: 4356:Call-by-reference 4281: 4280: 3692:days in month = ( 3607:days in month = ( 3586:days in month = ( 3285: 3284: 2695:Context location 2056:prelude constants 1841:collateral clause 1452:rendering support 1389:, and then later 1295:Richard G. Fisker 1215:Barry J. Mailloux 1189: 1188: 1057:ALGOL 68 for the 978:Working Group 2.1 826:activation record 320:rendering support 307: 306: 154:Typing discipline 16:(Redirected from 11604: 11537: 11536: 11527: 11526: 11470:John C. Reynolds 11415:van Wijngaarden^ 11384:Lambert Meertens 11266:Bernard Vauquois 11123: 11122: 11104:Robert M. Graham 11034: 11033: 11025: 11024: 10949:Elliott Brothers 10881: 10880: 10874: 10873: 10616: 10615: 10595: 10588: 10581: 10572: 10571: 10437:Peck, J. E. L., 10427: 10425: 10376: 10375: 10373: 10372: 10357: 10351: 10340: 10330: 10301: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10291: 10277: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10267: 10249: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10224: 10218: 10217: 10211: 10203: 10201: 10200: 10194: 10188:. Archived from 10187: 10179: 10173: 10162: 10156: 10150: 10144: 10143: 10141: 10140: 10131:. Archived from 10125: 10119: 10113: 10107: 10102: 10096: 10095: 10089: 10081: 10079: 10078: 10072: 10066:. Archived from 10065: 10057: 10051: 10050: 10048: 10047: 10031: 10025: 10018: 10016: 10015: 9999: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9989: 9973: 9967: 9964: 9958: 9952: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9919: 9913: 9907: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9897: 9888: 9879: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9869: 9850: 9844: 9843: 9837: 9828: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9818: 9809:. Archived from 9803: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9793: 9787: 9776: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9758: 9752: 9741: 9733: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9717: 9708: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9698: 9683: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9673: 9667: 9660: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9642: 9636: 9628: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9618: 9612: 9604: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9594: 9579: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9569: 9554: 9548: 9547: 9545: 9544: 9535:. Archived from 9529: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9519: 9503: 9497: 9492: 9486: 9479: 9473: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9456: 9440: 9434: 9433: 9421: 9415: 9414: 9402: 9396: 9395: 9390:. Archived from 9383: 9370: 9369: 9352: 9343: 9342: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9299: 9293: 9292: 9274: 9265: 9259: 9253: 9244: 9243: 9236: 9230: 9224: 9215: 9209: 9203: 9197: 9184: 9178: 9172: 9171: 9159: 9153: 9148: 9142: 9141: 9135: 9131: 9129: 9121: 9084: 9075: 9069: 9063: 9057: 9051: 9050: 9016: 9010: 8997: 8991: 8990: 8983: 8977: 8976: 8971:. Archived from 8960: 8954: 8953: 8948:. Archived from 8937: 8931: 8930: 8925:. Archived from 8914: 8908: 8907: 8902:. Archived from 8891: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8881: 8872:. Archived from 8866: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8856: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8825: 8817: 8811: 8808: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8798: 8792:"C and Algol 68" 8784: 8775: 8772: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8762: 8756: 8750:. Archived from 8749: 8737: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8724: 8718: 8689: 8671:Sintzoff, Michel 8651: 8552:in his Oct 1980 8541:Guido van Rossum 8443:ALGOL 68RS from 8438:computer science 8375: 8373: 8372: 8335: 8333: 8332: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8251: 8249: 8248: 8213:Acorn Archimedes 8147: 8145: 8144: 8109: 8107: 8106: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8002: 8000: 7999: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7929: 7927: 7926: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7834: 7832: 7831: 7795: 7793: 7792: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7578: 7576: 7575: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7516: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7329: 7327: 7326: 7282: 7281: 7260: 7256: 7239:module extension 7178:For example in: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6739:(reserved word) 6726: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6576:Algol68 "strict" 6565: 6564: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6429:software library 6362:operating system 6330:Leeds University 6274:not multiple = ( 5963:to find all the 5920:integer overflow 5740:operating system 5689: 5677: 5655: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5628: 5621: 5575: 5537: 5533: 5468: 5452: 5435: 5429: 5422: 5413: 5405: 5395: 5385: 5379: 5370: 5364: 5355: 5347: 5338: 5332: 5328: 5319: 5305: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5245: 5240:, ::=, .., 5228: 5223: 5218: 5176: 5175: 5159: 4806: 4805: 4665: 4664: 4602:currying(~,,,), 4564: 4563: 4448: 4389:f): 4363: 4349: 4284:proc: Procedures 4187: 4052:out := a+b 3945: 3944: 3940: 3932: 3868:loop early. e.g. 3843:thus the clause 3754:variables. c.f. 3569:"brief" form of 3520: 3514: 3416: 3387: 3336:Style i comment 3279: 3264: 3257: 3174: 3164: 3155: 3099: 3072: 3043: 3032: 3009: 2996: 2877: 2866: 2855: 2844: 2833: 2825: 2803: 2794: 2780: 2771: 2758: 2747: 2738: 2729: 2720: 2711: 2687: 2686: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2064: 2060: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 1993: 1989: 1968: 1948:Avogadro number 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1770:switch statement 1291:Lambert Meertens 1063:Sidney Marshall 934: 933: 789:computer science 738:wanted to allow 734:constructs, and 672:and interest in 468: 377:computer science 143: 141: 136: 118: 116: 111: 81:Designed by 42: 35: 31: 21: 11612: 11611: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11603: 11602: 11601: 11552: 11551: 11550: 11545: 11530:Category: ALGOL 11522: 11511: 11508:ALGOL 68 to C++ 11487: 11474: 11436: 11427:Philip Woodward 11411:Michel Sintzoff 11403:Douglas T. Ross 11311: 11307:Kristen Nygaard 11288: 11232:John E. L. Peck 11161:Robert W. Floyd 11108: 11080: 11012: 10995: 10958: 10932: 10886: 10859: 10850:Jensen's device 10836: 10723:Burroughs ALGOL 10644: 10621: 10611:Implementations 10605: 10599: 10550:McJones, Paul, 10526:Wayback Machine 10473: 10468: 10385: 10380: 10379: 10370: 10368: 10359: 10358: 10354: 10349:Wayback Machine 10305:Hoare, C. A. R. 10302: 10298: 10289: 10287: 10278: 10274: 10265: 10263: 10253:Dijkstra, E. W. 10250: 10246: 10225: 10221: 10205: 10204: 10198: 10196: 10192: 10185: 10183:"Archived copy" 10181: 10180: 10176: 10171:Wayback Machine 10163: 10159: 10151: 10147: 10138: 10136: 10127: 10126: 10122: 10114: 10110: 10103: 10099: 10083: 10082: 10076: 10074: 10070: 10063: 10061:"Archived copy" 10059: 10058: 10054: 10045: 10043: 10032: 10028: 10013: 10011: 10000: 9996: 9987: 9985: 9974: 9970: 9965: 9961: 9953: 9949: 9920: 9916: 9908: 9904: 9895: 9893: 9886: 9880: 9876: 9867: 9865: 9851: 9847: 9835: 9829: 9825: 9816: 9814: 9805: 9804: 9800: 9791: 9789: 9785: 9774: 9770: 9769: 9765: 9756: 9754: 9750: 9739: 9735: 9734: 9730: 9721: 9719: 9715: 9709: 9705: 9696: 9694: 9685: 9684: 9680: 9671: 9669: 9665: 9658: 9654: 9653: 9649: 9640: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9629: 9625: 9616: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9605: 9601: 9592: 9590: 9581: 9580: 9576: 9567: 9565: 9555: 9551: 9542: 9540: 9531: 9530: 9526: 9517: 9515: 9504: 9500: 9493: 9489: 9480: 9476: 9467: 9463: 9454: 9452: 9441: 9437: 9422: 9418: 9403: 9399: 9384: 9373: 9367: 9353: 9346: 9327:Hoare, C. a. R. 9324: 9320: 9312: 9308: 9300: 9296: 9272: 9266: 9262: 9254: 9247: 9238: 9237: 9233: 9225: 9218: 9210: 9206: 9198: 9187: 9179: 9175: 9160: 9156: 9149: 9145: 9133: 9132: 9123: 9122: 9118: 9085: 9078: 9070: 9066: 9058: 9054: 9039: 9017: 9013: 9007:Wayback Machine 8998: 8994: 8985: 8984: 8980: 8961: 8957: 8938: 8934: 8915: 8911: 8892: 8888: 8879: 8877: 8868: 8867: 8863: 8854: 8852: 8843: 8842: 8838: 8829: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8818: 8814: 8809: 8805: 8796: 8794: 8785: 8778: 8773: 8769: 8760: 8758: 8754: 8747: 8738: 8731: 8722: 8720: 8716: 8702: 8692:Springer-Verlag 8687: 8652: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8569: 8503: 8420:ALGOL 68R from 8418: 8409:ICL 2900 Series 8370: 8368: 8330: 8328: 8293: 8291: 8246: 8244: 8142: 8140: 8104: 8102: 8063: 8061: 8029: 8027: 7997: 7995: 7962: 7960: 7924: 7922: 7879: 7877: 7868:Berlin ALGOL 68 7829: 7827: 7790: 7788: 7778: 7776: 7738: 7736: 7662: 7660: 7624: 7622: 7592:Wayback Machine 7573: 7571: 7540: 7538: 7520:Crown Copyright 7514: 7499: 7497: 7438: 7436: 7324: 7322: 7280: 7268:mode parameters 7258: 7254: 7222: 7214: 7197: 7142: 7102: 7033: 7025: 6978: 6876: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6738: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6662: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6636: 6635: 6624: 6623:Quote stropping 6618: 6586:bold typeface ¢ 6583:¢ underline or 6577: 6568:Representation 6563: 6530:Wayback Machine 6515: 6482: 6457:strict language 6445: 6421: 6383: 6366:ICL 2900 Series 6336:was written in 6311: 6306: 5957: 5952: 5950:Examples of use 5883: 5852:, but not one, 5820: 5815: 5778:muffins > 0 5732:parallel clause 5717: 5712: 5699: 5687: 5672:page,line,char) 5657: 5653: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5626: 5619: 5573: 5544: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5522:standard output 5514: 5475: 5455: 5443: 5433: 5427: 5418: 5408: 5404:ip :=: jp 5403: 5390: 5381: 5372: 5366: 5357: 5353: 5340: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5317: 5297: 5291: 5272: 5271:(alternatively 5262: 5261:(alternatively 5231: 5226: 5221: 5204: 5184:(Quaternaries) 5183: 5167: 4899:*, /, %, 4813: 4804: 4672: 4663: 4623: 4585: 4562: 4557: 4444: 4427: 4415: 4411:a := f(a) 4359: 4347: 4344: 4335:max of real = ( 4327: 4302:max of real = ( 4286: 4277: 4234: 4169: 4097: 4064: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3891: 3824: 3788: 3733: 3676: 3595: 3574: 3548: 3532:choice clauses: 3516: 3510: 3503: 3481: 3465:choice clauses: 3445: 3428:sum := 0; 3414: 3385: 3366: 3349: 3341: 3329:"bold" comment 3320: 3297: 3271: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3151: 3074: 3060: 3044: 3039: 3031:) var := 1 3019: 3003: 2997: 2992: 2878: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2819: 2798: 2789: 2775: 2766: 2759: 2754: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2692: 2682: 2618: 2613: 2562: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2062: 2058: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 1991: 1974: 1971:syntactic sugar 1963: 1960: 1891:. For example: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1849: 1822:Guarded Command 1758:enclosed clause 1750:enclosed clause 1738: 1733: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1450:Without proper 1439: 1363: 1283:Michel Sintzoff 1248:Edsger Dijkstra 1206: 1158:Issue 52 (last) 954:Issue 1 (First) 932: 858: 802: 797: 795:Implementations 752: 662: 634: 629: 581:Andrey Terekhov 518:Edsger Dijkstra 500:Loop optimizing 470: 466:C. H. A. Koster 464: 406: 357:and semantics. 333: 332: 331: 318:Without proper 191:implementations 144: 139: 137: 134: 114: 112: 109: 98:C. H. A. Koster 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11610: 11600: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11543: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11493: 11489: 11488: 11486: 11485: 11483:ALGOL Bulletin 11479: 11476: 11475: 11473: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11441: 11438: 11437: 11435: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11421: 11416: 11413: 11408: 11405: 11400: 11397: 11392: 11389: 11386: 11381: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11342: 11337: 11334: 11329: 11325: 11323: 11317: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11310: 11309: 11304: 11302:Ole-Johan Dahl 11298: 11296: 11290: 11289: 11287: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11245: 11242: 11237: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11217:Carroll Morgan 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11168: 11166:Jeremy Gibbons 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11135: 11130: 11126: 11120: 11114: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11106: 11101: 11099:Bernard Galler 11096: 11090: 11088: 11082: 11081: 11079: 11078: 11073: 11071:Klaus Samelson 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11037: 11031: 11022: 11018: 11017: 11014: 11013: 11011: 11010: 11003: 11001: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10993: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10966: 10964: 10960: 10959: 10957: 10956: 10954:Regnecentralen 10951: 10946: 10940: 10938: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10930: 10924: 10915: 10909: 10904: 10898: 10891: 10889: 10878: 10871: 10865: 10864: 10861: 10860: 10858: 10857: 10852: 10846: 10844: 10838: 10837: 10835: 10834: 10828: 10821: 10816: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10736: 10731: 10725: 10720: 10713:Atlas Autocode 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10654: 10652: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10626: 10624: 10613: 10607: 10606: 10598: 10597: 10590: 10583: 10575: 10569: 10568: 10563: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10486: 10480: 10472: 10471:External links 10469: 10467: 10466: 10459: 10442: 10435: 10428: 10401: 10394: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10378: 10377: 10363:. March 1970. 10352: 10296: 10272: 10244: 10238:10.1.1.76.2072 10219: 10174: 10157: 10145: 10120: 10108: 10097: 10052: 10040:ALGOL Bulletin 10026: 10008:ALGOL Bulletin 9994: 9982:ALGOL Bulletin 9968: 9959: 9947: 9934:(2): 114–118. 9914: 9902: 9874: 9845: 9823: 9798: 9777:(in Russian). 9763: 9742:(in Russian). 9728: 9703: 9678: 9647: 9637:. October 1968 9623: 9613:. October 1968 9599: 9585:. March 1968. 9574: 9549: 9524: 9512:ALGOL Bulletin 9498: 9487: 9474: 9461: 9451:(Sup 26): 1–84 9449:ALGOL Bulletin 9435: 9416: 9397: 9394:on 2007-12-17. 9371: 9365: 9344: 9335:ALGOL Bulletin 9318: 9306: 9294: 9283:(1): 176–188. 9260: 9245: 9231: 9216: 9204: 9185: 9173: 9154: 9143: 9134:|journal= 9116: 9076: 9064: 9052: 9037: 9011: 8992: 8978: 8975:on 2013-03-17. 8955: 8952:on 2013-03-17. 8932: 8929:on 2013-03-17. 8909: 8906:on 2013-03-17. 8886: 8861: 8836: 8812: 8803: 8788:Dennis Ritchie 8776: 8767: 8743:(April 1993). 8741:Dennis Ritchie 8729: 8700: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8563: 8557: 8550:C. A. R. Hoare 8543: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8521:, 18 June 1988 8519:Dennis Ritchie 8513: 8510:Dennis Ritchie 8502: 8499: 8417: 8414: 8395: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8366: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8342: 8339: 8326: 8323: 8320: 8319:Algol 68 Genie 8316: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8307: 8302: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8277: 8276: 8273: 8267: 8264: 8255: 8242: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8161:Noncommercial 8159: 8156: 8151: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8119: 8116: 8113: 8100: 8097: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8025: 8022: 8019: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7993: 7990: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7946: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7894: 7888: 7875: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7864: 7857: 7854: 7844: 7843:implementation 7838: 7825: 7822: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7774: 7773:practical uses 7771: 7768: 7761: 7760: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7747: 7734: 7731: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7683:, Tesla & 7674: 7671: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7594: 7582: 7569: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7517: 7511: 7508: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7449: 7447: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7382: 7381:Draft proposal 7379: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7364: 7361: 7358: 7355: 7354:Draft proposal 7352: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7320: 7317: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7304: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7279: 7276: 7272: 7271: 7265: 7236: 7221: 7218: 7201: 7180: 7116: 7049: 7032: 7029: 7024: 7021: 6877: 6775: 6768: 6767: 6743: 6740: 6733:Algol68 using 6730: 6729: 6675: 6672: 6664: 6663: 6649: 6646: 6638: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6620: 6619: 6614:sum sq+:=i↑2 6610:sum sq≠70×70 6581: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6546: 6545: 6505: 6477: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6436: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6405: 6382: 6379: 6370: 6369: 6351: 6341: 6326: 6310: 6307: 5998: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5824: 5819: 5816: 5744: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5684:event routines 5680: 5679: 5678: 5651: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5543: 5540: 5526: 5513: 5510: 5490: 5489: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5453: 5415: 5414: 5406: 5397: 5396: 5321: 5320: 5307: 5306: 5290: 5279: 5247: 5246: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5133: 5122: 5104: 5091: 5090: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4779: 4758: 4757:¬, ↑, ↓, ⌊, ⌈ 4755: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4662: 4659: 4649: 4648: 4642: 4641:→ (selection) 4639: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4600: 4597: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4561: 4558: 4458:= 9; 4451: 4426: 4423: 4366: 4331: 4298: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4237: 4235: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4118: 4068: 3958: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3913: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3858: 3841: 3796: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3688: 3603: 3582: 3549: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3482: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3423: 3404:all lower-case 3361: 3348: 3345: 3324: 3305: 3296: 3293: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3265: 3259: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3221: 3199: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3165: 3157: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3125: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3045: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3010: 2998: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2985: 2974: 2957: 2956: 2946: 2936: 2926: 2916: 2879: 2870: 2868: 2859: 2857: 2848: 2846: 2837: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2795: 2782: 2781: 2772: 2760: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2742: 2740: 2733: 2731: 2724: 2722: 2715: 2713: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2617: 2614: 2566: 2511: 2392: 2353: 2337: 2336: 2314: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2236: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2209: 2184: 2183: 2162: 2157:ible array of 2148: 2138: 1994:is really the 1953:long long real 1893: 1873:complex number 1848: 1845: 1837:multiple value 1828:in the common 1826:Stephen Bourne 1737: 1734: 1593:":/=:" ":≠:", 1474: 1469: 1466: 1454:, you may see 1442: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1346:Klaus Samelson 1298: 1279: 1244: 1240: 1227: 1226: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1156:ALGOL Bulletin 1153: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1097:Andrew Birrell 1090: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1068:September 1973 1065: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1002: 999: 996: 992: 991: 988: 985: 981: 980: 972: 969: 965: 964: 955: 952:ALGOL Bulletin 949: 945: 944: 941: 938: 931: 928: 927: 926: 919: 905: 878:A version for 857: 854: 814:Barry Mailloux 801: 798: 796: 793: 782:Banff, Alberta 751: 748: 736:Klaus Samelson 661: 658: 633: 630: 628: 625: 514:C. A. R. Hoare 510: 509: 508: 507: 505:character sets 501: 498: 495: 492: 486: 483: 477: 457: 431:, invented by 429:formal grammar 427:, a two-level 405: 402: 380:notable being 366:United Kingdom 322:, you may see 310: 309: 308: 305: 304: 258: 257: 253: 252: 242: 241: 237: 236: 232: 231: 225: 224: 194: 193: 186: 185: 180: 174: 173: 156: 150: 149: 146: 145: 132: 130: 128:Stable release 124: 123: 120: 119: 106: 102: 101: 90:B. J. Mailloux 83: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 56:Multi-paradigm 53: 47: 46: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11609: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11559: 11557: 11542: 11541: 11532: 11531: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11514: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11490: 11484: 11481: 11480: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11465:Peter O'Hearn 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11442: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11419:Niklaus Wirth 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11332:Susan G. Bond 11330: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11322: 11318: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11297: 11295: 11291: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11240:Brian Randell 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11227:Maurice Nivat 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11212:John McCarthy 11210: 11208: 11207:Conor McBride 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11156:Andrey Ershov 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11128: 11127: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11115: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11087: 11083: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11038: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11026: 11023: 11019: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11002: 10998: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10965: 10961: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10941: 10939: 10935: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10919: 10916: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10902: 10899: 10896: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10888: 10882: 10879: 10877:Organizations 10875: 10872: 10870: 10866: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10839: 10832: 10829: 10826: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10760: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10750:Elliott ALGOL 10748: 10746: 10743: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10718: 10717:Edinburgh IMP 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10688: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10651: 10647: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10608: 10603: 10596: 10591: 10589: 10584: 10582: 10577: 10576: 10573: 10567: 10564: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10523: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10491: 10487: 10484: 10481: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10464: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10440: 10436: 10433: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10416:(3): 97–132. 10415: 10411: 10407: 10402: 10399: 10395: 10392: 10388: 10387: 10366: 10362: 10356: 10350: 10346: 10343: 10338: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10315: 10310: 10306: 10300: 10286: 10283:(June 2005). 10282: 10276: 10261: 10257: 10254: 10248: 10239: 10234: 10230: 10223: 10215: 10209: 10195:on 2014-01-02 10191: 10184: 10178: 10172: 10168: 10165: 10161: 10154: 10149: 10135:on 2011-03-10 10134: 10130: 10124: 10117: 10112: 10106: 10101: 10093: 10087: 10073:on 2010-04-15 10069: 10062: 10056: 10041: 10037: 10030: 10024: 10021: 10009: 10005: 9998: 9983: 9979: 9972: 9963: 9956: 9951: 9942: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9918: 9911: 9906: 9892: 9891:vitanuova.com 9885: 9878: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9849: 9841: 9834: 9827: 9813:on 2008-01-09 9812: 9808: 9802: 9788:on 2011-04-29 9784: 9780: 9773: 9767: 9753:on 2008-11-15 9749: 9745: 9738: 9732: 9714: 9707: 9692: 9688: 9682: 9668:on 2008-04-06 9664: 9657: 9651: 9633: 9627: 9609: 9603: 9588: 9584: 9578: 9564: 9560: 9553: 9539:on 2005-12-03 9538: 9534: 9528: 9513: 9509: 9502: 9496: 9491: 9484: 9478: 9471: 9465: 9450: 9446: 9439: 9431: 9427: 9420: 9412: 9408: 9401: 9393: 9389: 9382: 9380: 9378: 9376: 9368: 9366:0-7204-2045-8 9362: 9358: 9351: 9349: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9322: 9316:, p. 15. 9315: 9310: 9304:, p. 13. 9303: 9298: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9258:, p. 12. 9257: 9252: 9250: 9241: 9235: 9229:, p. 10. 9228: 9223: 9221: 9214:, p. 24. 9213: 9208: 9201: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9182: 9177: 9169: 9165: 9158: 9152: 9147: 9139: 9127: 9119: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9083: 9081: 9073: 9068: 9061: 9056: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9015: 9008: 9004: 9001: 8996: 8988: 8982: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8959: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8936: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8913: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8890: 8876:on 2006-08-10 8875: 8871: 8865: 8851:on 2007-05-01 8850: 8846: 8840: 8822: 8816: 8807: 8793: 8790:(June 1988). 8789: 8783: 8781: 8771: 8757:on 2005-11-06 8753: 8746: 8742: 8736: 8734: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8697: 8693: 8686: 8685: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8650: 8646: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8561: 8558: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8526:Niklaus Wirth 8523: 8520: 8517: 8514: 8511: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8498: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8483: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8464: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8441: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8413: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8367: 8365:Full language 8364: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8327: 8325:Full language 8324: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8314: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8279: 8278: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8256: 8254: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8101: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8050: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8026: 8023: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8007: 8005: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7921: 7919:Multi-purpose 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7876: 7873: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7852: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7826: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7786: 7775: 7772: 7769: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7752:Specification 7751: 7748: 7746: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7715:Specification 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7562:Mini ALGOL 68 7561: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7496: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7408: 7405: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363:Specification 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7284: 7283: 7275: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261:clauses from 7252: 7249:and top-down 7248: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7217: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7028: 7020: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6973:x) 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6945:x) 6944: 6940: 6937:x + 1, monat 6936: 6932: 6929:x) 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6859:x + 1) 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6835:x + 1, month 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6774: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6673: 6670: 6665: 6647: 6644: 6639: 6631: 6628: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6566: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6542:NOPQRSTUVWXYZ 6538: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6519: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6496: 6491: 6487: 6480: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6378: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5965:prime numbers 5962: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5921: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5877:introspection 5874: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5818:Miscellaneous 5814: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5797:words > 0 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5652: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5539: 5525: 5523: 5518: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5421: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5394: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5360: 5351: 5346: 5343: 5337: 5327: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5278: 5275: 5265: 5256: 5254: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5222::≠: :¬=: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5201:Effectively 0 5199: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4658: 4656: 4647:(generators) 4646: 4643: 4640: 4638:(generators) 4637: 4633: 4630:(selection), 4629: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4425:op: Operators 4422: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4174: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3927: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3887:sum sq+:=i↑2 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3793: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3748:strong typing 3745: 3741: 3738: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3600: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3579: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3519: 3513: 3508: 3507:dangling else 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3440:sum +:= f(i) 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3412: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3302: 3299:Pragmats are 3292: 3290: 3277: 3274: 3269: 3268: 3263:~ := ... 3260: 3256: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3011: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2962:For example: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2864: 2853: 2842: 2823: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2746: 2737: 2728: 2719: 2710: 2704: 2688: 2685: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2634:dereferencing 2631: 2630:deproceduring 2626: 2623: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2390: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2350: 2347:in C/C++ and 2346: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2319:– declare an 2318: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2297:– declare an 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218:in C/C++ and 2217: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204:in C/C++ and 2203: 2200:, similar to 2199: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2032: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1908:m := 3; 1907: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1874: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1448:" characters. 1447: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1424: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1355: 1351: 1350:Niklaus Wirth 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1322:John McCarthy 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264:Brian Randell 1261: 1257: 1253: 1252:Fraser Duncan 1249: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1184: 1181: 1179:November 2001 1178: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1017:December 1968 1016: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1000: 997: 994: 993: 989: 986: 983: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 968:February 1968 967: 966: 963: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947: 946: 935: 924: 920: 917: 913: 909: 906: 903: 899: 896: 895: 894: 891: 889: 885: 881: 876: 874: 870: 865: 863: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 821: 819: 815: 811: 808:in the UK as 807: 792: 790: 785: 783: 779: 778:North Berwick 774: 769: 767: 762: 757: 747: 746:in May 1967. 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 724:John McCarthy 721: 717: 713: 709: 704: 702: 697: 694: 690: 686: 682: 681:Niklaus Wirth 677: 675: 671: 670:strong typing 667: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 624: 621: 619: 615: 614:C. H. Lindsey 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 582: 578: 573: 571: 567: 562: 561: 557: 556:formal bounds 554:, gommas and 553: 548: 546: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 506: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 489: 487: 484: 481: 480:Orthogonality 478: 475: 474: 473: 469: 467: 461: 456: 454: 450: 447:are labelled 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 421: 419: 415: 410: 401: 399: 398:strong typing 395: 389: 387: 383: 378: 373: 371: 367: 363: 358: 356: 352: 348: 345: 341: 337: 329: 325: 321: 317: 316:" characters. 315: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 254: 251: 247: 243: 240:Influenced by 238: 233: 230: 226: 223: 222:Odra ALGOL 68 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 192: 187: 184: 181: 179: 175: 172: 168: 164: 160: 157: 155: 151: 147: 131: 129: 125: 121: 107: 103: 99: 95: 94:J. E. L. Peck 91: 87: 84: 82: 78: 75: 72: 68: 65: 61: 57: 54: 52: 48: 41: 36: 30: 19: 11538: 11528: 11519: 11460:Ron Morrison 11455:Tony Brooker 11432:Nobuo Yoneda 11366:Peter Landin 11348:Gerhard Goos 11340:Robert Dewar 11320: 11284:Mike Woodger 11261:David Turner 11256:Micha Sharir 11244:Rutishauser^ 11197:Peter Landin 11170:Julien Green 11141:Richard Bird 11056:Charles Katz 10887:associations 10885:Professional 10639: 10562:, 2011-07-05 10555: 10498: 10489: 10462: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10438: 10431: 10413: 10409: 10397: 10390: 10369:. Retrieved 10355: 10321:(2): 75–83. 10318: 10312: 10299: 10288:. Retrieved 10275: 10264:. Retrieved 10247: 10228: 10222: 10197:. Retrieved 10190:the original 10177: 10160: 10148: 10137:. Retrieved 10133:the original 10123: 10111: 10100: 10075:. Retrieved 10068:the original 10055: 10044:. Retrieved 10039: 10029: 10012:. Retrieved 10007: 9997: 9986:. Retrieved 9981: 9971: 9962: 9950: 9931: 9927: 9917: 9905: 9894:. Retrieved 9890: 9877: 9866:. Retrieved 9858: 9848: 9839: 9826: 9815:. Retrieved 9811:the original 9801: 9790:. Retrieved 9783:the original 9766: 9755:. Retrieved 9748:the original 9731: 9720:. Retrieved 9706: 9695:. Retrieved 9681: 9670:. Retrieved 9663:the original 9650: 9639:. Retrieved 9626: 9615:. Retrieved 9602: 9591:. Retrieved 9577: 9566:. Retrieved 9562: 9552: 9541:. Retrieved 9537:the original 9527: 9516:. Retrieved 9511: 9501: 9490: 9482: 9477: 9469: 9464: 9453:. Retrieved 9448: 9438: 9429: 9419: 9410: 9400: 9392:the original 9356: 9338: 9334: 9321: 9314:Lindsey 1993 9309: 9302:Lindsey 1993 9297: 9280: 9276: 9263: 9256:Lindsey 1993 9234: 9227:Lindsey 1993 9212:Lindsey 1993 9207: 9202:, p. 9. 9200:Lindsey 1993 9183:, p. 7. 9181:Lindsey 1993 9176: 9167: 9157: 9146: 9091: 9072:Lindsey 1996 9067: 9055: 9020: 9014: 8995: 8981: 8973:the original 8968: 8958: 8950:the original 8945: 8935: 8927:the original 8922: 8912: 8904:the original 8899: 8889: 8878:. Retrieved 8874:the original 8864: 8853:. Retrieved 8849:the original 8839: 8828:. Retrieved 8815: 8806: 8795:. Retrieved 8770: 8759:. Retrieved 8752:the original 8721:. Retrieved 8683: 8649: 8609:Bourne shell 8559: 8554:Turing Award 8545: 8536: 8530: 8515: 8506: 8496: 8493: 8484: 8475: 8471: 8465: 8442: 8429: 8419: 8398: 8257:ctrans from 8111:Soviet Union 8070:Soviet Union 7803:Odra 1204/IL 7785:Soviet Union 7698: 7273: 7267: 7250: 7242: 7238: 7228: 7223: 7215: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7160: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7143: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7120: 7117: 7113: 7108: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7034: 7026: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6913:: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6773:and German. 6771: 6734: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6602:sum sq:=0; 6599: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6547: 6537: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6506: 6500: 6493: 6489: 6488:typeface or 6485: 6483: 6478: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6384: 6381:Applications 6371: 6344:Flex machine 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6290:; 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6239:; 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6152:| error("tl 6149: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6121:| error("hd 6118: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6042:: (m>n | 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5973:null pointer 5972: 5968: 5958: 5943: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5707: 5702: 5700: 5683: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5612: 5605: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5566: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5545: 5529: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5491: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5456:ip :=: 5448: 5445: 5444:ip :=: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5419: 5416: 5410: 5409:ip :=: 5398: 5392: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5358: 5349: 5344: 5341: 5335: 5325: 5322: 5310: 5308: 5301: 5298: 5292: 5273: 5263: 5257: 5252: 5250: 5244:, "..", ".," 5241: 5237: 5233: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5179: 5168: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5011: 4993: 4974: 4970: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4908: 4904: 4903:, %*, 4900: 4888: 4884: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4835: 4809: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4668: 4652: 4644: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599:proceduring 4594: 4590: 4567: 4556:; out) 4553: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4445: 4436: 4430: 4428: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4351: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4289: 4287: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4222:r,i,c,s::=n 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4106:united modes 4104: 4100: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3925: 3915: 3909: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769:loop clause: 3764: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3696:year, month) 3693: 3689: 3683: 3679: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3611:year, month) 3608: 3604: 3598: 3596: 3591: 3590:year, month) 3587: 3583: 3577: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3521:in embedded 3517: 3511: 3504: 3499: 3498:statements 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3476:statements 3473: 3469: 3462: 3457: 3448: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3410: 3408: 3403: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3367: 3362: 3350: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3286: 3275: 3272: 3254: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3170: 3152: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3112: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3059: 3050: 3040: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3018: 3005: 2993: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2881: 2873: 2862: 2851: 2840: 2821: 2810: 2799: 2790: 2783: 2776: 2767: 2755: 2744: 2735: 2726: 2717: 2708: 2683: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2627: 2619: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2485: 2388: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2338: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2185: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2164: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2063:min long int 2055: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2030: 2008: 2003: 2000:reference to 1999: 1995: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1964: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1937: := 3; 1934: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1850: 1840: 1836: 1833:Bourne shell 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1766:do statement 1765: 1761: 1757: 1754:routine text 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1443: 1420: 1403: 1364: 1354:Nobuo Yoneda 1334:Manfred Paul 1318:Peter Landin 1310:Gerhard Goos 1276:Mike Woodger 1229: 943:Contributor 907: 897: 892: 877: 866: 862:Control Data 859: 849: 841: 837: 833: 829: 822: 803: 786: 770: 753: 731: 705: 698: 678: 663: 635: 622: 617: 611: 591:Bourne shell 587:Steve Bourne 585: 577:Soviet Union 574: 563: 549: 542: 511: 488:Efficiency: 471: 463: 459: 452: 448: 422: 411: 407: 390: 374: 359: 339: 335: 334: 311: 270:Bourne shell 29: 11450:John Barnes 11445:Hal Abelson 11353:Michael Guy 11202:Tom Maibaum 11189:Jørn Jensen 11179:Eric Hehner 11174:David Gries 11094:Bruce Arden 11061:Alan Perlis 11041:John Backus 10604:programming 10383:Works cited 10042:(37): 26–29 10010:(43): 19–53 9984:(37): 24–26 9514:(42): 36–49 9430:jemarch.net 8461:DEC VAX/VMS 8401:S3 language 8275:ALGOL 68RS 8241:Electronics 7950:ALGOL 68-RT 7524:ALGOL 68RS 7297:Description 7129:proc bool: 7041:proceduring 7003:this reads 6490:underlining 6412:ALGOL 68-RT 5955:Code sample 5940:STRAIGHTOUT 5936:duck typing 5682:A file has 5236:, ::, 5217:@, ":", ";" 5209: :=:, 5130:upper state 5119:lower state 4814:(Tertiary) 4673:(Tertiary) 4624:(Secondary) 4573:Operation 4288:Procedure ( 4091:# define a 4077:# define a 3875:sum sq:=0; 3784:statements 3776:statements 3742:(uniquely) 3525:sequences. 3494:condition2 3490:statements 3486:condition1 3394:underscores 2779:x := ~ 2492:lower bound 2351:in Pascal: 2331:to be of a 2309:to be of a 1990:. That is, 1326:Jack Merner 1272:Wlad Turski 1256:Jan Garwick 1232:transputter 1152:August 1988 1101:Michael Guy 750:Publication 696:W-Grammar. 595:Unix shells 552:proceduring 338:(short for 11556:Categories 11492:Comparison 11271:Eiiti Wada 11222:Peter Naur 11184:Tony Hoare 11000:Government 10842:Formalisms 10683:ALGOL 68RS 10678:ALGOL 68-R 10503:Corrigenda 10371:2007-03-01 10290:2007-04-28 10266:2007-04-28 10199:2005-08-27 10139:2010-03-20 10077:2010-03-20 10046:2022-09-19 10014:2020-01-29 9988:2022-09-19 9896:2023-04-07 9868:2010-10-03 9817:2023-04-07 9792:2008-11-15 9757:2008-11-15 9722:2012-08-17 9697:2007-04-30 9672:2007-12-30 9641:2007-06-22 9617:2007-06-22 9593:2007-06-22 9568:2023-04-07 9543:2004-08-30 9518:2023-04-07 9455:2023-04-07 8880:2006-09-15 8855:2007-04-29 8830:2008-05-06 8797:2006-09-15 8761:2007-04-26 8723:2019-05-11 8636:References 8262:ALGOL 68RS 8207:ST (under 8199:4.1 & 8179:Scientific 8024:Scientific 7992:Scientific 7957:Scientific 7944:Assembler 7938:System/370 7861:Fortran 66 7851:System/370 7693:ALGOL 68C 7681:Telefunken 7657:Scientific 7487:ALGOL 68RS 7471:Scientific 7464:EPOS ALGOL 7426:ALGOL 68-R 7319:Scientific 7300:Target CPU 7247:ALGOL 68-R 7071::(a | b | 6391:ALGOL 68-R 6348:ALGOL 68RS 6338:ALGOL 68-R 6294:primes = ( 6187:filter = ( 6022:one to = ( 5944:STRAIGHTIN 5938:, and the 5934:for crude 5808:mouth 5789:mouth 5768:1; 5736:semaphores 5708:Examples: 5597:stand back 5352:to define 5339:, but not 5289:are needed 4948:, >=, 4878:↑, ↓, ⌊, ⌈ 4441:overloaded 4296:if none): 4089:col = m; 4075:row = m; 3472:condition 3421:suffices: 3399:camel case 3357:assignment 3301:directives 3179:Examples: 3108:Examples: 2361:newmode = 2006:variable. 1853:data types 1851:The basic 1330:Peter Naur 1306:Hans Bekic 1260:Tony Hoare 1032:ALGOL 68-R 1028:April 1970 984:March 1968 958:Peter Naur 948:March 1959 916:ALGOL 68RS 908:algol68toc 873:DEC PDP-11 810:ALGOL 68-R 800:ALGOL 68-R 766:Peter Naur 545:ALGOL 68-R 344:imperative 256:Influenced 206:ALGOL 68RS 202:ALGOL 68-R 171:structural 64:imperative 60:concurrent 11407:Samelson^ 11380:McCarthy^ 11344:Dijkstra^ 11275:Wegstein^ 11247:Samelson^ 10963:Education 10907:BSI Group 10869:Community 10780:Kidsgrove 10693:ALGOL 68S 10673:ALGOL 68C 10658:ABC ALGOL 10622:standards 10620:Technical 10233:CiteSeerX 9136:ignored ( 9126:cite book 9100:ACM Press 8987:"Gommas?" 8641:Citations 8589:ALGOL 68C 8512:Apr 1993. 8489:ALGOL 68C 8486:Cambridge 8453:Series 39 8225:Ultrix-32 8172:ALGOL 68S 8163:shareware 8018:ALGOL 68+ 7690:Cambridge 7650:ALGOL 68C 7458:ALGOL 60 7303:Licensing 7263:ALGOL 68C 7111:is true. 7037:mode cast 7023:Revisions 6969:x), jahr 6963:ANSONSTEN 6871:x) 6867:x), year 6843:x) 6827:x) 6737:stropping 6495:stropping 6473:namespace 6387:ALGOL 68C 6319:ALGOL 68C 6243:sieve = ( 6227:p(hd(l)) 6018:stop); 6006:error = ( 5885:The term 5873:undefined 5640:backspace 5595:channel, 5593:stand out 5591:channel, 5350:not legal 5232:..=, .=, 5227::=:=, =:= 5196:+Algol68 5193:+Algol68 5190:+Algol68 4944:, <=, 4826:+Algol68 4823:+Algol68 4820:+Algol68 4685:+Algol68 4682:+Algol68 4679:+Algol68 4586:(Primary) 4579:+Algol68 4576:+Algol68 4432:operators 4370:apply = ( 4314:a > b 4149:), 4056:; out); 4026:# binary 3989:# matrix 3971:# vector 3830:only the 3816:i×i≠4444 3720:100 ≠ 0 3686:symbols: 3601:symbols: 3580:symbols: 3523:statement 3406:issues). 3267:Example: 3017:Example: 2622:coercions 2507:recursive 2379:i, j, k, 2372:a, b, c, 2357:max=99; 2222:in Pascal 2208:in Pascal 2031:modifiers 1720:"( ~ )", 1387:Bulgarian 1342:Doug Ross 1219:John Peck 1142:ALGOL 68S 1115:June 1977 1107:June 1975 1093:S. Bourne 1083:ALGOL 68C 1054:July 1970 995:June 1968 890:in 1984. 838:statement 744:Zandvoort 601:) and to 543:In 1970, 482:of design 449:semantics 425:formalism 274:KornShell 210:ALGOL 68S 198:ALGOL 68C 51:Paradigms 11562:ALGOL 68 11423:Woodger^ 11399:Randell^ 11321:ALGOL 68 11118:ALGOL 60 11029:ALGOL 58 10937:Business 10814:Napier88 10810:PS-algol 10650:Dialects 10640:ALGOL 68 10635:ALGOL 60 10630:ALGOL 58 10522:Archived 10365:Archived 10345:Archived 10260:Archived 10208:cite web 10167:Archived 10086:cite web 10036:"Modals" 10020:Comments 9691:Archived 9587:Archived 9341:: 27–29. 9047:16097093 9003:Archived 8714:Archived 8574:ALGOL 60 8567:See also 8472:eventing 8449:ICL 2900 8426:ICL 1900 8054:ALGOL 68 7985:RS Algol 7874:Research 7847:IBM 1130 7812:ALGOL 60 7767:Algol 68 7706:Standard 7619:Research 7605:ALGOL 60 7588:Archived 7568:Research 7494:Military 7452:ICL 1900 7433:Military 7406:Standard 7400:ALGOL 68 7375:ALGOL 68 7233:Currying 7205:test = ( 7184:test = ( 7001:Cyrillic 6975:ENDEWENN 6947:WENNABER 6941:x, jahr 6925:x, jahr 6903:FUNKTION 6901:jahr); 6839:x, year 6823:x, year 6811:: 6799:year); 6627:wikitext 6526:Archived 6334:ICL 1900 6332:for the 6168:show = ( 6137:tl = ( 6106:hd = ( 6083:cons = ( 6030:: ( 5764:mouth = 5720:ALGOL 68 5599:channel. 5589:stand in 5556:CHANNELS 5548:TRANSPUT 5524:device: 5517:Transput 5494:IBM 2741 5484:IBM 2741 5348:. It is 5318:ip = jp 5086:, ÷::=, 4952:, >, 4788:, ⎩, ⎧, 4419:ALGOL 60 4361:ref real 4352:ref proc 3920:parallel 3623:31, 3561:switch2 3553:switch1 3378:Algol 60 3316:heap=32 3309:heap=32 2890:, and a 2793:: sin(~) 2642:widening 2335:er size. 2313:er size. 2059:max real 1969:is just 1914:variable 1855:(called 1820:). This 1391:Japanese 1166:May 1997 1126:May 1978 1036:GEORGE 3 1006:Aug 1968 930:Timeline 914:port of 773:Tirrenia 720:pointers 714:and the 701:Kootwijk 597:such as 526:compiler 522:ALGOL 60 485:Security 404:Overview 362:compiler 351:ALGOL 60 342:) is an 336:ALGOL 68 282:Steelman 246:ALGOL 60 229:Dialects 100:, et al. 33:ALGOL 68 18:ALGOL-68 11336:Bourne^ 11236:Perlis^ 11129:Backus^ 10920:(IFIP) 10806:S-algol 10708:ALGOL X 10703:ALGOL W 10698:ALGOL N 10342:Alt URL 8710:1991170 8584:ALGOL N 8579:ALGOL Y 8556:Lecture 8457:Multics 8405:ICL VME 8387:GNU GPL 8348:GNU GPL 8217:RISC OS 8215:(under 8201:Solaris 8195:(under 8085:EPSILON 7856:Unknown 7758:ALGOL W 7726:Algol H 7612:OREGANO 7347:ALGOL Y 7291:Purpose 7255:ENVIRON 7213:1, x); 7196:1, x); 6897:monat, 6795:month, 6251:: 6207:: 6164:l ); 6133:l ); 5928:OUTTYPE 5686:. e.g. 5648:newpage 5644:newline 5582:CHANNEL 5536:newline 5532:newpage 5520:to the 5502:Unicode 5304:ip, jp 5255:and ~. 5117:if the 5038:TIMESAB 5030:MINUSAB 4992:&, 4891:, ⎩, ⎧ 4883:××, ^, 4860:, **, 4752:SHORTEN 4526:: ( 4507:a > 4168:next); 3954:slicing 3916:FOREACH 3539:switch 3444:; sum) 3402:versus 3396:versus 3386:half pi 3382:FORTRAN 3331:COMMENT 3327:COMMENT 3311:PRAGMAT 3307:PRAGMAT 2691:Context 2654:uniting 2650:voiding 2638:uniting 2500:max int 2496:max int 2488:NEWMODE 2478:newmode 2412:typedef 2365:( 2345:TYPEDEF 2178:erator 2121:CHANNEL 2085:COMPLEX 1897:n = 2; 1746:formula 1631:PRAGMAT 1623:COMMENT 1586:":=:", 1556:CHANNEL 1399:Braille 1395:Chinese 1375:Russian 1274:, and 1243:Koster. 685:ALGOL W 674:Euler's 650:ALGOL Y 646:ALGOL X 632:Origins 627:History 534:S-algol 416:(IFIP) 250:ALGOL Y 183:Lexical 138: ( 113: ( 11357:Hoare^ 11328:Bauer^ 11294:Simula 11137:Bauer^ 11021:People 10929:(GAMM) 10914:(EASC) 10819:Simula 10796:NELIAC 10775:JOVIAL 10335: 10235: 10023:errata 9363: 9114: 9045: 9035: 8708: 8698: 8501:Quotes 8374: 8334: 8297: 8250: 8223:under 8221:VAX-11 8209:GEMDOS 8191:, Sun 8146: 8122:Soviet 8108: 8080:Soviet 8067: 8033: 8001: 7966: 7928: 7883: 7833: 7807:Soviet 7797:Poland 7794: 7782: 7742: 7687:(1980) 7666: 7628: 7577: 7544: 7503: 7442: 7328: 7101:| b); 7097::(a | 6949:monat 6847:month 6793:STRING 6785:STRUCT 6762:sq:=0; 6717:.WHILE 6707:SQ:=0; 6667:For a 6641:For a 6625:(like 6511:STRICT 6497:regime 6469:STRICT 6176:: ( l 6145:: ( l 6114:: ( l 6079:t); 6069:STRUCT 6008:STRING 5991:STRUCT 5932:INTYPE 5862:vacuum 5793:, 5748:eat = 5703:FORMAT 5656:, and 5242:is not 5103:and ○. 5054:PLUSTO 5046:OVERAB 5034:PLUSAB 4940:<, 4728:ENTIER 4634:& 4593:& 4541:a + 1 4339:a, b) 4310:: 4306:a, b) 4267:STRING 4216:STRING 4155:STRUCT 4147:STRING 4103:) and 4101:STRUCT 4087:VECTOR 4073:VECTOR 4058:MATRIX 4034:VECTOR 4022:VECTOR 4018:VECTOR 4009:VECTOR 3996:VECTOR 3981:MATRIX 3965:= 3963:VECTOR 3950:arrays 3903:DOWNTO 3712:4 = 0 3704:month 3619:month 3390:single 3244:STRUCT 3228:STRUCT 3169:value 2950:STRING 2784:Also: 2756:Strong 2745:Strong 2648:, and 2646:rowing 2575:STRUCT 2533:STRUCT 2421:double 2415:struct 2386:r ); 2363:STRUCT 2220:RECORD 2216:STRUCT 2212:STRUCT 2151:STRING 2109:FORMAT 2097:STRING 2035:double 2015:double 1998:for a 1591:IS NOT 1580:EITHER 1568:STRUCT 1564:FORMAT 1548:STRING 1404:1984: 1383:French 1379:German 1367:UNESCO 1099:, and 1038:on an 1034:under 888:IBM PC 856:Others 761:Zürich 708:Warsaw 538:Pascal 453:ad hoc 439:use a 382:Pascal 355:syntax 290:Python 189:Major 163:strong 159:static 70:Family 11391:Peck^ 11388:Naur^ 11193:Katz^ 11009:(RRE) 10992:(MIT) 10903:(ACM) 10897:Group 10895:ALCOR 10833:ALGOL 10825:SMALL 10801:RTL/2 10782:Algol 10765:FLACC 10741:ALGOL 10728:CORAL 10663:ALCOR 10602:ALGOL 10497:, in 10493:, by 10337:97895 10333:S2CID 10193:(PDF) 10186:(PDF) 10071:(PDF) 10064:(PDF) 9887:(PDF) 9836:(PDF) 9786:(PDF) 9775:(PDF) 9751:(PDF) 9740:(PDF) 9716:(PDF) 9666:(PDF) 9659:(PDF) 9635:(PDF) 9611:(PDF) 9273:(PDF) 9043:S2CID 8824:(PDF) 8755:(PDF) 8748:(PDF) 8717:(PDF) 8688:(PDF) 8480:C.mmp 8476:EVENT 8205:Atari 8197:SunOS 8193:SPARC 8189:Sun-3 8076:M-220 8052:M-220 7912:FLACC 7905:CDL 2 7893:& 7859:ANSI 7294:State 7259:USING 7251:holes 7231:(aka 7172:gomma 7150:value 7146:would 7121:FALSE 7073:FALSE 6999:, in 6933:(tag 6911:DATUM 6907:DATUM 6893:tag, 6887:TUPEL 6883:DATUM 6880:MENGE 6831:(day 6791:day, 6697:.INT; 6691:.XINT 6681:POINT 6669:6-bit 6655:UPPER 6643:7-bit 6608:WHILE 6571:Code 6550:ASCII 6449:ALGOL 6385:Both 6038:m,n) 6034:f = ( 6000:BEGIN 5989:of a 5907:< 5842:UNION 5840:in a 5830:EMPTY 5795:WHILE 5776:WHILE 5773:BEGIN 5766:LEVEL 5661:set=( 5636:space 5574:match 5567:Books 5560:FILES 5552:BOOKS 5506:fonts 5451:(jp) 5420:FALSE 5391:ip = 5145:UNION 5080:OVERB 5068:MINUS 5050:MODAB 5042:DIVAB 4980:≠, ¬= 4977:~= /= 4840:+×, ⊥ 4765:TRACE 4748:ROUND 4736:LEVEL 4608:TRNSP 4595:SHORT 4570:rity 4501:COMPL 4499:a,b) 4497:COMPL 4484:a,b) 4469:a,b) 4263:COMPL 4212:COMPL 4173:UNION 4161:val, 4143:COMPL 4127:UNION 4036:out; 4024:: 4020:a,b) 4016:+ = ( 3910:UNTIL 3881:WHILE 3862:WHILE 3814:WHILE 3812:-333 3757:union 3752:UNION 3750:onto 3744:UNION 3724:year 3716:year 3684:Brief 3651:year 3639:year 3627:year 3578:Brief 3512:BEGIN 3388:is a 3230:from 3208:from 3189:from 3131:from 3115:from 3088:WHILE 3073:and 3021:UNION 2980:from 2970:from 2954:BYTES 2952:from 2942:from 2932:from 2930:COMPL 2922:from 2912:from 2770:x = ~ 2463:float 2442:short 2394:const 2374:SHORT 2333:SHORT 2329:COMPL 2317:SHORT 2307:COMPL 2271:EVENT 2267:SHORT 2226:UNION 2202:& 2180:LEVEL 2172:phore 2141:BYTES 2105:BYTES 2081:COMPL 2027:short 2017:, or 2011:float 1957:COMPL 1889:bytes 1869:compl 1810:WHILE 1762:block 1748:, an 1732:"□". 1722:GO TO 1714:BEGIN 1675:WHILE 1625:"¢", 1621:"¢", 1617:"~", 1613:"○", 1607:EMPTY 1603:FALSE 1597:"→", 1578:"@", 1572:UNION 1532:COMPL 1524:BYTES 1512:SHORT 1406:TC 97 1140:Full 1043:1907F 940:Event 910:, an 902:GPLv3 638:ALGOL 294:Seed7 214:FLACC 178:Scope 74:ALGOL 10831:SMIL 10791:Mary 10759:NEWP 10745:DG/L 10739:DASK 10687:ELLA 10668:ALGO 10214:link 10092:link 9779:GOST 9744:GOST 9361:ISBN 9138:help 9112:ISBN 9033:ISBN 8706:OCLC 8696:ISBN 8459:and 8445:RSRE 8399:The 8362:2010 8322:2001 8286:1992 8280:MK2 8272:1995 8259:ELLA 8238:1985 8203:2), 8182:Intl 8176:1985 8135:1983 8096:1980 8021:1980 7989:1979 7954:1979 7916:1977 7871:1977 7853:/158 7849:and 7821:1976 7770:1976 7765:Odra 7730:1975 7709:Intl 7703:1975 7654:1975 7641:UCLA 7616:1973 7565:1973 7532:1972 7491:1972 7468:1971 7430:1970 7409:Intl 7403:1968 7384:Intl 7378:1968 7357:Intl 7351:1966 7316:1962 7288:Year 7285:Name 7257:and 7211:PLUS 7207:REAL 7203:PROC 7194:PLUS 7190:REAL 7186:REAL 7182:PROC 7175:s). 7161:BOOL 7158:PROC 7154:ANDF 7141:... 7139:THEN 7135:TRUE 7124:ANDF 7099:TRUE 7095:BOOL 7091:BOOL 7088:PROC 7084:BOOL 7069:BOOL 7065:BOOL 7062:PROC 7058:BOOL 7054:ANDF 7045:lazy 7013:либо 6997:ESAC 6985:CASE 6955:DANN 6931:DANN 6917:tag 6915:WENN 6899:GANZ 6895:WORT 6891:GANZ 6861:ELSE 6853:THEN 6845:ELIF 6829:THEN 6815:day 6809:DATE 6805:DATE 6801:PROC 6781:DATE 6778:MODE 6756:xint 6701:XINT 6688:MODE 6600:XINT 6592:XINT 6589:MODE 6486:BOLD 6465:BOLD 6427:– a 6398:ELLA 6389:and 6323:BCPL 6300:LIST 6292:PROC 6282:: n 6280:BOOL 6272:PROC 6269:ELSE 6263:THEN 6249:LIST 6245:LIST 6241:PROC 6233:ELSE 6229:THEN 6225:ELIF 6219:THEN 6205:LIST 6201:LIST 6197:BOOL 6189:PROC 6185:PROC 6178:ISNT 6174:VOID 6170:LIST 6166:PROC 6160:| t 6158:SKIP 6156:"); 6143:LIST 6139:LIST 6135:PROC 6129:| h 6127:SKIP 6125:"); 6108:LIST 6104:PROC 6100:NODE 6097:HEAP 6093:LIST 6089:LIST 6081:PROC 6077:LIST 6065:NODE 6062:MODE 6060:; 6058:NODE 6051:LIST 6048:MODE 6040:LIST 6032:PROC 6028:LIST 6020:PROC 6016:GOTO 6012:VOID 6004:PROC 5942:and 5909:SKIP 5897:TRUE 5881:SEMA 5866:MODE 5860:– a 5850:MODE 5846:VOID 5838:VOID 5834:VOID 5826:SKIP 5802:DOWN 5783:DOWN 5762:SEMA 5754:VOID 5750:VOID 5746:PROC 5726:, a 5674:VOID 5666:FILE 5659:PROC 5613:MOOD 5611:The 5606:FILE 5558:and 5546:The 5534:and 5431:and 5365:and 5287::/=: 5285:and 5281:Why 5274:ISNT 5269::/=: 5253:SKIP 5238:CTAB 5211:ISNT 5205::=, 5182:rity 5180:PRIO 5149:MODE 5139:and 5135:The 5124:The 5115:TRUE 5088:PRUS 5084:MODB 5072:PLUS 4958:≤, ≥ 4926:-, + 4909:ELEM 4901:OVER 4866:DOWN 4834:+*, 4812:rity 4810:PRIO 4761:NORM 4744:REPR 4732:LENG 4702:DOWN 4671:rity 4669:PRIO 4636:HEAP 4604:DIAG 4591:LONG 4568:PRIO 4536:FROM 4528:REAL 4524:REAL 4520:REAL 4503:: ( 4486:REAL 4482:REAL 4453:PRIO 4437:both 4435:and 4395:FROM 4387:REAL 4383:REAL 4379:PROC 4375:REAL 4368:PROC 4348:proc 4341:REAL 4337:REAL 4333:PROC 4320:ELSE 4316:THEN 4308:REAL 4304:REAL 4300:PROC 4294:VOID 4290:PROC 4275:ESAC 4255:REAL 4251:VOID 4243:CASE 4239:NODE 4232:ESAC 4220:CASE 4204:REAL 4200:NODE 4181:NODE 4176:CASE 4166:LIST 4159:NODE 4151:LIST 4135:REAL 4131:VOID 4123:NODE 4120:MODE 4111:MODE 4042:FROM 4003:REAL 3991:MODE 3987:; 3985:REAL 3978:MODE 3973:MODE 3969:; 3967:REAL 3960:MODE 3939:edit 3901:and 3899:UPTO 3860:the 3848:100 3808:-22 3802:FROM 3730:ESAC 3702:CASE 3700:: 3690:PROC 3682:and 3680:Bold 3673:ESAC 3665:ELSE 3661:THEN 3655:400 3643:100 3617:CASE 3615:: 3605:PROC 3599:Bold 3584:PROC 3571:CASE 3567:ESAC 3559:OUSE 3551:CASE 3545:ESAC 3537:CASE 3530:CASE 3515:and 3496:THEN 3492:ELIF 3488:THEN 3474:THEN 3453:Lisp 3415:f(i) 3380:and 3374:Perl 3372:and 3363:REAL 3276:REAL 3273:PROC 3255:Soft 3219:REAL 3206:REAL 3153:Weak 3123:BOOL 3113:BOOL 3094:... 3076:FROM 3068:... 3066:THEN 3041:Meek 3029:REAL 2994:Firm 2984:etc. 2982:REAL 2978:REAL 2944:BITS 2940:BOOL 2934:REAL 2920:REAL 2907:LONG 2899:REAL 2896:LONG 2892:REAL 2888:REAL 2874:FIRM 2872:All 2863:MEEK 2861:All 2852:WEAK 2850:All 2841:SOFT 2839:All 2811:VOID 2800:REAL 2791:PROC 2777:REAL 2768:REAL 2736:Firm 2727:Meek 2718:Weak 2709:Soft 2620:The 2597:PROC 2590:MODE 2588:b) 2568:MODE 2552:PROC 2545:MODE 2543:b) 2526:MODE 2513:MODE 2384:REAL 2370:REAL 2367:LONG 2359:MODE 2349:TYPE 2341:MODE 2325:REAL 2311:LONG 2303:REAL 2295:LONG 2283:HEAP 2277:FLEX 2263:LONG 2251:HEAP 2247:FLEX 2232:PROC 2198:mode 2194:mode 2170:SEMA 2167:– a 2165:SEMA 2159:CHAR 2155:FLEX 2153:– a 2145:CHAR 2135:BOOL 2131:BITS 2125:SEMA 2117:PIPE 2113:FILE 2101:BITS 2093:CHAR 2089:BOOL 2077:REAL 2061:and 2052:REAL 2049:LONG 2046:LONG 2042:REAL 2039:LONG 2025:and 2023:long 2021:and 2013:and 2004:REAL 1986:REAL 1981:x = 1979:REAL 1973:for 1965:REAL 1942:REAL 1930:m = 1887:and 1885:bits 1881:char 1877:bool 1861:real 1857:mode 1830:Unix 1802:ESAC 1790:CASE 1782:ELSE 1778:THEN 1752:, a 1742:unit 1730:EXIT 1726:GOTO 1703:ELSE 1699:THEN 1695:ELIF 1691:THEN 1663:FROM 1655:ESAC 1643:OUSE 1635:CASE 1615:SKIP 1599:TRUE 1588:ISNT 1560:FILE 1552:VOID 1544:SEMA 1540:REAL 1528:CHAR 1520:BOOL 1516:BITS 1504:LONG 1496:HEAP 1492:FLEX 1488:PROC 1484:PRIO 1476:MODE 1423:GOST 1393:and 1385:and 1371:IFIP 1293:and 1221:and 1137:1984 1121:ACM 1079:1975 975:IFIP 937:Year 898:a68g 842:VOID 834:VOID 830:PROC 654:LISP 599:Bash 536:and 516:and 298:Mary 278:Bash 167:safe 140:1973 115:1968 96:and 11086:MAD 10786:MAD 10770:IMP 10418:doi 10323:doi 9936:doi 9285:doi 9104:doi 9025:doi 8599:C++ 8422:RRE 8377:NLD 8337:NLD 8219:), 8211:), 8036:NLD 7931:CAN 7836:USA 7718:ACM 7685:Z80 7677:ICL 7580:NLD 7418:ACM 7393:ACM 7367:ACM 7331:NLD 7188:a; 7082:= ( 7080:ORF 7075:); 7056:= ( 7017:быв 7005:выб 6993:OUT 6971:VON 6967:VON 6959:VON 6951:VON 6943:VON 6939:VON 6935:VON 6927:VON 6923:VON 6919:VON 6909:x) 6807:x) 6797:INT 6789:INT 6759:sum 6752:.PR 6749:RES 6735:RES 6711:FOR 6704:SUM 6684:.PR 6658:.PR 6604:FOR 6598:; 6596:INT 6507:INT 6479:INT 6431:of 6354:VME 6304:END 6298:n) 6296:INT 6284:MOD 6278:n) 6276:INT 6266:NIL 6260:NIL 6247:l) 6222:NIL 6216:NIL 6203:l) 6199:p, 6193:INT 6181:NIL 6172:l) 6154:NIL 6150:NIL 6141:l) 6123:NIL 6119:NIL 6112:INT 6110:l) 6091:l) 6087:n, 6085:INT 6075:h, 6073:INT 6055:REF 6044:NIL 6036:INT 6026:n) 6024:INT 6010:s) 5969:NIL 5893:var 5887:NIL 5871:). 5869:INT 5858:INT 5854:NIL 5813:END 5770:PAR 5758:INT 5724:PAR 5670:INT 5668:f, 5663:REF 5498:APL 5465:NIL 5461:INT 5458:REF 5449:INT 5446:REF 5411:NIL 5393:NIL 5383:INT 5377:INT 5374:REF 5368:INT 5362:INT 5359:REF 5345:INT 5342:REF 5336:INT 5326:INT 5311:NIL 5302:INT 5299:REF 5283::=: 5259::=: 5155:of 5153:UPB 5141:UPB 5137:LWB 5126:UPS 5111:LWS 5107:LWS 5101:NIL 5076:DIV 5021:\/ 5003:/\ 4994:AND 4973:=, 4918:÷: 4905:MOD 4889:UPS 4885:LWS 4874:UPB 4870:LWB 4858:SHR 4854:SHL 4794:CTB 4790:BTB 4786:UPS 4782:LWS 4777:INV 4773:DET 4740:ODD 4724:BIN 4720:ARG 4716:ABS 4714:-, 4710:UPB 4706:LWB 4696:~, 4694:NOT 4645:NEW 4632:LOC 4616:COL 4612:ROW 4546:UPB 4539:LWB 4532:FOR 4522:a) 4518:= ( 4516:MAX 4509:ABS 4505:ABS 4495:= ( 4493:MAX 4480:= ( 4478:MAX 4471:INT 4467:INT 4465:= ( 4463:MAX 4456:MAX 4446:MAX 4405:UPB 4398:LWB 4391:FOR 4377:a, 4372:REF 4271:OUT 4259:INT 4228:OUT 4218:s 4214:c; 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