419:, sought nullification of the council's actions, statutory penalties, attorney's fees, and the return of $ 3.5 million in state-provided Green Acres funds with which Mahwah had purchased and maintained parks. Under the Green Acres program, parks benefitting from the funds may not discriminate, including on the basis of religion or residency. Porrino stated, "To think that there are local governments here in New Jersey, in 2017, making laws on the basis of some archaic, fear-driven and discriminatory mindset, is deeply disappointing and shocking to many, but it is exactly what we are alleging in this case. Of course, in this case we allege the target of the small-minded bias is not African-Americans, but Orthodox Jews. Nonetheless, the hateful message is the same." Mayor Laforet accused Council President Hermansen of fear-mongering and stoking passions, "His disgraceful behavior is now worsened by the severe potential financial penalties facing the township's taxpayer." In the municipal election on November 7, Mahwah voters easily re-elected two anti-eruv council members, defeating challengers supported by Laforet. The case was removed from state to federal court by Mahwah on November 22 as it raised questions under
449:, and municipal officials began to have second thoughts about whether to fight the eruv. On December 14, 2017, following the advice of legal counsel, the Mahwah council repealed the still-unenforced ban on out-of-state park users and abandoned an attempt to amend the sign ordinance to bar "other matter" (the lechis) from being affixed to utility poles. The "other matter" language would have imitated the 2015 changes to the Upper Saddle River sign law which had followed Minichetti informing the borough council about the plans for the eruv, and was withdrawn, according to Hermansen, lest Mahwah's motives be misinterpreted. The vote to repeal the park ban was unanimous, with one council member absent. After the vote, Laforet called the ordinances "ill-advised" before being silenced by the council. He resumed outside the council chamber and disclosed that the members could have faced prosecution. "They are hiding from you that if they failed to do so, the Attorney General can come into Mahwah to press civil or criminal bias charges. For people who did a lot of shouting, and shouting down the past several months, they are strangely quiet about that."
387:, each in southeastern Bergen County and home to large communities of Orthodox Jews, had gone to Mahwah and Upper Saddle River to make known their views at council meetings. Council members from Teaneck and Englewood had spoken there in support of the eruv's retention, only to meet a hostile reception. Citizens for a Better Upper Saddle River posted a screenshot of the Teaneck council schedule online, urging members to mark their calendars with the dates. Council member Mark Schwartz of Teaneck stated that visitors would be welcome at council meetings, where they could view how a diverse community functioned. Michael Cohen of the Englewood council stated, "We have repeatedly attempted to communicate to the leadership of Upper Saddle River and Mahwah why it is that the rhetoric and actions being seen and taken by certain members of their governing bodies and by certain members of their communities are being viewed by the outside world as anti-Semitic. However, those attempts have largely continued to fall on deaf ears."
461:
right thing. This is a good town with good people, and we're making this decision for good people." He wrote on
Facebook that Mahwah "should be known more for our open space, parks and our overall community than the negative comments made about our residents from outsiders." The terms of the settlement were not announced at that meeting as the deal was still pending agreement by the plaintiffs, but were disclosed the following day. The eruv would remain, but the lechis were to be painted to match the pole, or replaced with ones of that color, The township was to pay the association $ 10,000 or such other sum as mutually agreed for legal fees. The association was allowed to expand the eruv, but was to consult with the council before doing so. On February 7, a public meeting that was called for that day to discuss the terms of the settlement was postponed to a future date on the advice of the township's attorneys.
465:
February 13, the
Montvale council voted to approve a settlement whereby the eruv boundary would be placed on streets in the northern part of the borough, with efforts to be made to reroute it through private land. Montvale was to pay the eruv association attorneys at Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP $ 10,000 towards legal costs and be shielded from further lawsuits from it for two years. Yehudah Buchweitz, an attorney for the eruv association, stated: "Our lawsuit against Montvale was filed to permit an eruv in a small portion of Montvale, so families could enjoy the same religious freedom as so many others throughout Bergen and Rockland counties and beyond. This settlement preserves and protects the people's right to have an eruv." A map showing the eruv boundary's route through Montvale was posted on the borough website on March 1, 2018.
313:, including one named Mahwah Strong, in opposition to the eruv. Mahwah Strong claimed 3,000 members within days; a founder, Robert Ferguson, stated that his group would act as a check and balance to ensure the township enforced its laws, noting, "I don't view this as a hostile takeover of the town." Two hundred people gathered in a Mahwah park on July 22 to support the eruv's removal. An online petition to "Protect the Quality of Our Community in Mahwah", initiated by former township council member John Roth, reached 1,200 names before being taken down due to what Roth called inappropriate comments, made by some signers. Similarly, Mahwah Strong lost its
431:
November 2, Upper Saddle River stated that the sign law was tightened because of a divisive municipal election in 2014, that had seen many signs. The borough argued that the lawsuit was premature, as the eruv association had not sought permission. It argued that it had not violated the constitutional rights of the plaintiffs; its sign ordinance was content-neutral, banning all signs of whatever sort, and thus the plaintiffs had not been discriminated against. It alleged that permission to erect the lechis from Orange and
Rockland was insufficient; the eruv association also had to comply with local law, and in any event the communications company
161:
153:
219:
doorways, topped by lintels, the telephone or power wires. The poles are regarded as doorposts and are marked by lechis (singular: lechi), solid objects such as lengths of twine or of plastic pipe, which run from near the ground to just below the wires. In short, the act of stringing such a boundary around a public area by a Jewish community creates the pretense for its members that that public area is enclosed for the limited purpose of allowing the members to do some otherwise forbidden things in that public area on the
Sabbath.
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had discovered a number of signs and even mailboxes attached to utility poles, that Upper Saddle River had not taken down. The judge voiced his skepticism that the 2015 sign ordinance had been passed because of a contentious municipal election the previous year, as the borough maintained, and indicated that he was inclined to believe it was passed because of the eruv. He urged Upper Saddle River to try to settle the case in coordination with the other two municipalities—he was also presiding judge in those cases.
469:
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including the recent settlements by Mahwah and
Montvale". The borough agreed to pay $ 75,000 towards the eruv association's legal costs. The agreement went into force on April 5, 2018. Under the agreement, 12 poles were to be erected on the municipal right-of-way to allow the eruv boundary to run on a shortened route through the borough, close to the state line. The lechis were to be made of black plastic, and the eruv association was not allowed to not ask for a change of route for three years.
489:
326:
359:, for advice. On July 27, the date the ordinance was to go into effect, Grewal issued a directive ordering Mahwah police to disregard the ban, stating that the ban could lead to racial profiling, unlawful searches and seizures and the illegal targeting of Orthodox Jews. In response, Rob Hermansen, president of the township council, stated that that body would rework the ordinance to continue putting Mahwah residents first.
29:
396:
from then-mayor Roger Fyfe, from when rumors of an eruv had first circulated, that an eruv was a simple accommodation and a matter in which the borough had only a slight part. The plaintiffs also alleged that Mahwah and Upper Saddle River were aware of the eruv construction, but had no problem with it until they gave in to a campaign of xenophobia and antisemitism. The next day, the
Democratic candidate for governor,
272:, in the eastern part of the county. Attempts by municipal authorities to ban eruvin had failed when challenged in the federal courts, and the settlement in 2006 after a six-year battle obliged the borough to pay $ 325,000 for the eruv association's legal costs. In most cases involving conflict over whether an eruv should be permitted, the municipality has lost and the construction of the eruv allowed to continue.
281:
238:
305:. The boundaries had to be run through New Jersey due to the lack of a road along the state line. Mahwah police noted construction being done on utility poles in May and made inquiries. On learning that Orange and Rockland had authorized the work, they provided police protection, for which the department was paid about $ 2,000 by the eruv fund. The work in Mahwah was complete by June.
400:, accused the residents of Mahwah of causing an "overarching perception of anti-Semitism and discrimination". According to Murphy, "When a Holocaust survivor at a public meeting is heckled, and then denounced as a fraud, there is a problem. When well-intentioned residents are disparaged as 'paid actors' for a 'Jewish money conspiracy scheme' there is a problem."
342:. This was done prior to construction with the result that the eruv did not extend into Montvale. On July 18, Upper Saddle River's attorney sent a letter demanding the removal of the lechis that had been erected there, with a deadline of July 26, but the borough agreed to let them remain for the time being after two New York State residents filed suit in the
497:
years. The mayor and council were to issue a joint statement affirming that the existing sign ordinance, and those dealing with parks and recreation, would be enforced in a nondiscriminatory manner. A breach by Mahwah within the four-year period risked penalties of up to $ 100,000; a proposed $ 350,000 fine was suspended.
395:
Following failed settlement negotiations and a closed-door council meeting on
October 10, the Bergen-Rockland Eruv Association and individual plaintiffs sued Montvale on October 18, alleging that Mayor Ghassali's stop work order inhibited them in practicing their religion. They cited a 2015 statement
382:
because the eruv had not been taken down. Mayor
Laforet, though, urged the council not to take this step, pointing to the large expense the unsuccessful eruv litigation had cost Tenafly, and advocated negotiation. In response to the council's action, the Bergen-Rockland Eruv Association (of which the
362:
When the Mahwah
Township Council met on the evening of July 27, it did so before an overflow crowd. Despite warnings from the township attorney not to discuss issues of religion, some did. Others complained of nonresidents crowding parks and claimed that they had been visited by people wanting to buy
300:
pipe, on its utility poles in northwestern Bergen County. This was an extension of an existing eruv in
Rockland County and was intended to run through Mahwah, Upper Saddle River and Montvale. According to Rabbi Chaim Steinmetz, head of the eruv association, the purpose was to accommodate those living
484:
On February 15, 2018, Judge Vazquez accepted the Mahwah and Montvale settlements, and on April 19, that of Upper Saddle River. He retained continuing jurisdiction over the matters and granted permission for them to be re-opened if a dispute was to arise. A temporary eruv boundary was run across the
456:
of the federal court for New Jersey. When he convened that hearing on January 9, 2018, rather than hear the lawyers argue the positions set forth in the legal briefs, Judge Vazquez told them his views. He questioned whether the borough had consistently enforced the ordinance, as plaintiffs' lawyers
435:
had joint use of the poles and had not been asked for consent. Upper Saddle River distinguished its situation from that of Tenafly, stating that in Tenafly, exceptions had been made to the sign ordinance, but in Upper Saddle River it had been strictly enforced. Towards the end of December, Montvale
218:
Objects may be moved freely if they remain within a private domain, and an eruv effectively extends the private domain through the area it encloses, including streets and sidewalks. The boundary of an eruv is often marked by utility poles surrounding a given area, with the space between regarded as
366:
As the eruv controversy intensified, Mahwah and Montvale, as well as neighboring boroughs, enacted or made stricter ordinances restricting those making unsolicited offers to buy houses from knocking on doors. Municipal officials stated that this was being done because of the concerns of residents,
496:
In September 2018, a settlement between the Attorney General and Mahwah was announced. The township was to repeal the two controversial ordinances and agreed not to enact the new sign ordinance and to notify the Attorney General of any proposed legislation on these subjects for the following four
460:
On January 30, 2018, the Mahwah council voted 5–2 to accept a negotiated settlement of the eruv litigation, despite some residents who urged the council to fight all the way to the Supreme Court. Council President Hermansen supported the deal as the best possible outcome, "We're trying to do the
350:
against the borough and Mayor Joanne Minichetti. The borough's agreement was in exchange for an undertaking from the eruv association not to expand the eruv, and the motion for a restraining order was withdrawn. The eruv was vandalized on July 26 and 27, requiring immediate repair work. Mahwah's
464:
Montvale also undertook negotiations with the eruv association plaintiffs. Some Montvale residents sought to minimize the land covered by the eruv within the borough by having the boundary run through backyards close to the state line, but the consent of all landowners could not be obtained. On
354:
On June 29, the Mahwah Township Council had passed an ordinance, effective July 27, barring nonresidents of New Jersey from its parks. Residents had complained that out-of-staters were flooding Mahwah's parks, sometimes by the busload. After the ordinance passed, but before it went into effect,
430:
allowing the eruv to remain pending the outcome of the litigation. In support, the association provided documentation showing that Mayor Minichetti had told the borough council about the proposed eruv in 2015, and the new sign ordinance had rapidly followed. In response to the motion, filed on
480:
that it had reached a tentative agreement whereby the eruv boundary would be run along the roads until it could be relocated as close to the state line as possible. The borough stated that the agreement was being entered into "because of a variety of reasons outside of the Borough’s control,
308:
When the matter became generally known in mid-July, there was what local reporter Tom Nobile called a "firestorm of opposition" from local residents, with some expressing concerns that the eruv would allow Orthodox communities in Rockland County to expand into New Jersey. Groups formed on
351:
township engineer, Mike Kelly, sent a letter to the eruv association on July 21, taking a stance similar to Montvale's and demanding the removal of the eruv by August 4. Mayor Bill Laforet stated, "This sends a very strong message to those who choose to violate our sign ordinances."
363:
their homes. The lawyer for Mahwah Strong urged the council to enforce the law by requiring the takedown of the eruv. Ferguson was quoted as saying at the meeting, "We do not NOT want these people living in our neighborhoods. We want them following the law."
140:, in January 2018 made it clear he felt the municipalities did not have a strong case and urged them to settle. The three municipalities settled with the eruv association, allowing the eruv borders to remain. Mahwah settled a lawsuit from the
1563:
337:
issuing a stop work order on July 10, after the eruv association had rented equipment and arranged with local police to provide security. Montvale authorities objected on the grounds that the lechis constituted a sign, forbidden by
1290:
444:
Murphy was elected governor in November and designated Bergen County Prosecutor Grewal as the new Attorney General. Thus, once they took office, opponents of Mahwah's position would hold powerful posts in the state capital of
1801:
1199:
207:(plural "eruvin", or sometimes "eruvim") is an enclosure defined by string, rope, wires, cables, etc., that allows observant Jews, including the Orthodox, to carry or push objects further than is normally permitted on
753:
1023:
485:
original Upper Saddle River route, pending a final routing. On July 17, 2018, Upper Saddle River posted maps and stated that work on implementing the settlement would occur over the following several weeks.
1054:
686:
292:(which serves parts of both Rockland County in New York and Bergen County in New Jersey) to construct an eruv using its utility poles in 2015, and in March 2017 the company granted permission for the South
117:
The three municipalities ordered that the borders of the eruv be dismantled having been erected without the appropriate consents. Many Mahwah residents protested against the prospect of Orthodox Jews from
571:
249:, in southeastern Bergen County and home to large numbers of Orthodox Jews, an eruv has existed since the 1970s with little controversy, and, as the Jewish population increased, was extended to nearby
1384:
1555:
789:
383:
South Monsey group is a part) and several Orthodox Jews resident in Rockland County filed suit in federal court against Mahwah on August 11, promising to defy any summonses. Residents of Teaneck and
857:
211:(or Shabbat). Normally, on Shabbat, an object may not be taken from a private domain, such as a house, into a public one, such as a street or sidewalk, or moved, in a public area, more than 4
1233:
722:
1472:
476:
After a closed-door meeting, the Upper Saddle River Borough Council voted on January 15 to attempt to reach a settlement with the plaintiffs. On February 21, the borough announced over its
1282:
893:
962:
1111:
1767:
411:, sued Mahwah and its council, alleging that by voting for the parks ban and for the summonses, they had violated the constitutional rights of Orthodox Jews. The case, filed in
1793:
1191:
1142:
68:
Eruv remained and completed under settlement between the eruv association and the three municipalities. A lawsuit by the New Jersey Attorney General against Mahwah was settled.
745:
129:
to bar nonresidents of New Jersey from its parks, and the hostility of some residents and council members towards those who supported the eruv led Democratic candidate for
1719:
1586:
1321:
1080:
343:
234:
and regular inspection mandatory. An operating eruv allows observant Jews to carry prayer books from home to synagog on Shabbat, or to push strollers or baby carriages.
2023:
609:
Private and public do not refer to ownership. An enclosed area is considered a private domain, whereas an open area is considered public for the purposes of these laws.
355:
Mahwah police chief James Batelli received many phone calls from residents asking that it be enforced against Orthodox Jews. He contacted the Bergen County Prosecutor,
1165:
1015:
533:
156:
Bergen County, New Jersey. Mahwah is the large area at upper left (northwest), with Upper Saddle River and Montvale the next to the east along the state line (at top).
1046:
678:
1529:
563:
1615:
1376:
1693:
1667:
781:
629:
849:
504:
Laforet from office, electing John Roth in his place. Hermansen was defeated for re-election, with Robert Ferguson among those elected to the new council.
2048:
1641:
823:
367:
who feared the Orthodox moving in would result in a population explosion, that the schools would suffer, and high-density housing built. Residents cited
1438:
2082:
1968:
1932:
1350:
1225:
714:
423:. On December 1, the council voted unanimously to allocate $ 175,000 to fight the lawsuits, which supplemented the $ 90,000 previously appropriated.
1464:
2112:
2107:
929:
334:
1895:
1870:
436:
Mayor Ghassali indicated that his borough was negotiating with the plaintiffs, seeking to reach an amicable settlement of the federal lawsuit.
1503:
885:
94:
within their borders. An eruv is a land area surrounded by a boundary of religious significance, often marked by small plastic pipes (called
992:
954:
1103:
125:
After no agreement could be reached, the eruv association brought suit against each of the municipalities. Mahwah's actions in passing a
1823:
268:
A previous instance in which an eruv had been constructed in Bergen County, and had been challenged by local authorities, occurred in
1134:
2162:
2152:
2132:
1259:
1313:
1076:
525:
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In early July 2017, the eruv was completed in part of Upper Saddle River. Montvale acted first against the eruv, with Mayor
2127:
2117:
378:
To a standing ovation from some 200 residents in attendance, the Mahwah council on August 10 unanimously voted to issue
2122:
215:(about 6 feet; 1.7 meters). "Domain" is a technical term referring to how enclosed an area is, not property ownership.
596:
655:
625:
1256:"Attorney General Porrino announces state lawsuit charging Mahwah Township Council with excluding Orthodox Jews"
988:
815:
492:
A lechi from the extended eruv rises above a sign urging Mayor Laforet's recall, Mahwah. Seen in February 2018.
404:
181:
79:
54:
2147:
1431:
477:
289:
2157:
1993:
1957:
1921:
1407:
1343:
2142:
2102:
2097:
347:
141:
919:
164:
Location map of Bergen County in New Jersey. Rockland County in New York is seen, in part, to the north.
420:
1744:
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193:
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119:
87:
1899:
1848:
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2137:
372:
302:
254:
984:
427:
416:
130:
384:
258:
169:
160:
1283:"New Jersey sues Mahwah over eruv, alleging discriminatory ordinance against Orthodox Jews"
453:
368:
241:
An eruv boundary, Airmont, New York. Note the white plastic lechi at right of nearest pole.
185:
177:
152:
137:
83:
58:
8:
446:
408:
269:
262:
246:
192:. All three are adjacent to the state line with New York, on the other side of which is
924:
426:
In the Upper Saddle River case, on October 10, 2017, the eruv association moved for a
250:
173:
75:
50:
955:"Orthodox Jewish community and Mahwah residents at war over orders to remove the eruv"
1642:"Mahwah eruv will remain standing, settlement says, and town will pay group $ 10,000"
329:
Mahwah tried to ban out-of-staters from its parks. Airmount Park shown; seen in 2018.
136:
and others to make accusations of antisemitism. The presiding judge in the lawsuits,
1255:
679:"Three North Jersey towns face lawsuits over alleged Orthodox Jewish discrimination"
2024:"Mahwah and NJ Attorney General's office settle eruv, parks discrimination lawsuit"
293:
103:
2167:
501:
339:
227:
126:
1556:"Upper Saddle River sign ordinance targeted eruv, Orthodox Jewish group alleges"
468:
1824:"The Borough of Upper Saddle River has tentatively settled the eruv litigation"
472:
A telephone pole with black lechis, Upper Saddle River. Seen in September 2018.
2091:
1437:. Borough of Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. November 2, 2017. pp. 3–5.
1135:"Here's what you need to know about the eruv dispute brewing in North Jersey"
356:
107:
1720:"Montvale approves settlement that will allow eruv in northern part of town"
1898:. Borough of Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. March 30, 2018. Archived from
310:
197:
99:
651:
397:
133:
488:
1192:"Teaneck plans to welcome Upper Saddle River group's potential protest"
452:
The Upper Saddle River lawsuit was scheduled for argument before Judge
231:
1344:"Letter from Eric L. Harrison to Clerk, United States District Court"
1166:"Orthodox Jewish group sues Mahwah over plan to issue eruv summonses"
746:"Mahwah engineer orders Jewish group to take down religious boundary"
1694:"Montvale tables eruv settlement agreement as negotiations continue"
1768:"Upper Saddle River will try to settle eruv lawsuit, attorney says"
1258:(Press release). Attorney General of New Jersey. October 24, 2017.
1016:"Plaintiffs withdraw request for restraining order in eruv dispute"
314:
325:
114:
that otherwise is considered forbidden under Orthodox Jewish law.
1996:
Bergen Rockland Eruv Association v. Borough of Upper Saddle River
432:
379:
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Portion of a lechi attached to a utility pole, Mahwah, New Jersey
208:
111:
28:
2077:
1843:
1841:
1077:"Prosecutor tells NJ police to ignore rule that may target Jews"
564:"Jewish group prepares for legal fight over religious boundary"
280:
237:
223:
1896:"Questions and Answers regarding the proposed eruv settlement"
1849:"Questions and answers regarding the proposed eruv settlement"
1826:. Borough of Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. February 21, 2018
1405:
1838:
1432:"Defendant Borough of Upper Saddle River's Memorandum of Law"
212:
1314:"Mayor Laforet says election results have no bearing on him"
344:
United States District Court for the District of New Jersey
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91:
1876:. Borough of Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. April 5, 2018
1851:. Borough of Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. July 17, 2018
1587:"Judge urges Upper Saddle River to settle eruv litigation"
1226:"Murphy slams 'anti-Semitic' rhetoric around Mahwah eruv"
1047:"Prosecutor: Mahwah park ban could illegally target Jews"
297:
106:
to push or carry objects (such as prayer books, keys, or
2078:
Eruv litigation website, contains documents and articles
1863:
1794:"Upper Saddle River tentatively settles eruv litigation"
1609:
1607:
1377:"Mahwah council approves $ 175,000 for eruv legal costs"
1960:
Bergen Rockland Eruv Association v. Borough of Montvale
1785:
317:
page following an influx of comments deemed "hateful".
288:
Orthodox Jews in Rockland County gained a license from
1924:
Bergen Rockland Eruv Association v. Township of Mahwah
1399:
1164:
Nobile, Tom; Shkolnikova, Svetlana (August 11, 2017).
1759:
1659:
1633:
1604:
1530:"Mahwah walks back controversial eruv and parks bans"
1456:
850:"Mahwah residents voice opposition, support for eruv"
33:
Utility pole with lechis attached, Mahwah, New Jersey
1668:"Mahwah postpones Tuesday's eruv settlement meeting"
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1967:. United States District Court. February 15, 2018.
1931:. United States District Court. February 15, 2018.
1816:
1685:
1523:
1521:
1406:Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP (October 10, 2017).
886:"200 people meet to support removal of Mahwah eruv"
843:
841:
1547:
782:"Attorney: Mahwah PD supervised eruv installation"
526:"Mahwah mayor wants to talk with eruv association"
1711:
1616:"Mahwah approves settlement over eruv litigation"
1163:
188:, are neighboring municipalities in northwestern
122:using local parks or seeking to buy homes there.
2089:
1518:
1190:Nobile, Tom; Burrow, Megan (September 5, 2017).
913:
911:
838:
320:
90:, in the United States, opposed extension of an
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2003:. United States District Court. April 19, 2018
1950:
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775:
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2015:
1487:
1408:"Notice of Motion for Preliminary Injunction"
1248:
1104:"As eruv heads south, Bergen County on alert"
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877:
875:
519:
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301:in Rockland County close to the border, near
296:Eruv Fund to install lechis, made from white
2049:"NJ election returns by town: Bergen County"
1914:
1368:
1189:
1126:
1079:. WPIX-TV. Associated Press. July 28, 2017.
809:
807:
591:
589:
562:Nobile, Tom; Burrow, Megan (July 27, 2017).
561:
222:There are many requirements for eruvin; the
1274:
1044:
1007:
768:
715:"Montvale sued for blocking eruv expansion"
644:
614:
1069:
949:
947:
920:"Jewish group wins New Jersey eruv battle"
872:
708:
706:
704:
670:
514:
1986:
1465:"Montvale working to settle eruv lawsuit"
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1280:
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813:
523:
487:
467:
324:
279:
236:
159:
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22:2017–2018 Bergen County eruv controversy
2113:2018 controversies in the United States
2108:2017 controversies in the United States
1311:
1202:from the original on September 10, 2017
1145:from the original on September 14, 2017
1114:from the original on September 13, 2017
1057:from the original on September 13, 2017
1045:Shkolnikova, Svetlana (July 28, 2017).
944:
860:from the original on September 12, 2017
826:from the original on September 19, 2017
737:
701:
574:from the original on September 10, 2017
257:. Other eruvin in Bergen County are in
196:, where there are large communities of
2090:
2021:
1974:from the original on February 16, 2018
1938:from the original on February 16, 2018
1804:from the original on February 22, 2018
1791:
1765:
1665:
1639:
1613:
1584:
1553:
1527:
1506:from the original on February 12, 2018
1374:
1356:from the original on February 12, 2018
1324:from the original on February 12, 2018
1223:
1214:
1101:
1095:
1083:from the original on December 23, 2017
1026:from the original on September 3, 2017
1013:
965:from the original on February 14, 2018
932:from the original on February 12, 2018
896:from the original on February 13, 2018
883:
847:
792:from the original on September 4, 2017
779:
756:from the original on September 9, 2017
743:
712:
689:from the original on February 13, 2018
548:
536:from the original on February 12, 2018
230:to the subject. This complexity makes
2022:Stoltz, Marsha (September 17, 2018).
1717:
1691:
1566:from the original on December 6, 2017
1494:Yudelson, Larry (December 21, 2017).
1462:
1387:from the original on December 2, 2017
1305:
1293:from the original on February 8, 2018
1281:Racioppi, Dustin (October 24, 2017).
1262:from the original on October 26, 2017
1236:from the original on October 23, 2017
1132:
917:
725:from the original on October 20, 2017
676:
632:from the original on February 8, 2018
16:Establishment of religion controversy
1475:from the original on January 4, 2018
1312:Hubbard, Daniel (November 9, 2017).
816:"Eruv is live in Upper Saddle River"
623:
74:In July 2017, the municipalities of
1444:from the original on March 19, 2018
995:from the original on March 19, 2018
977:
658:from the original on March 19, 2018
654:. Greater Boston Eruv Corporation.
500:On November 6, 2018, Mahwah voters
13:
1871:"Settlement Agreement and Release"
1718:Nolan, Sarah (February 13, 2018).
1463:Nolan, Sarah (December 28, 2017).
814:Yudelson, Larry (August 3, 2017).
14:
2179:
2071:
1792:Nobile, Tom (February 21, 2018).
1747:. Borough of Montvale, New Jersey
1692:Nolan, Sarah (January 31, 2018).
1528:Nobile, Tom (December 15, 2017).
524:Yudelson, Larry (July 25, 2017).
1766:Nobile, Tom (January 16, 2018).
1666:Nobile, Tom (February 6, 2018).
1640:Nobile, Tom (January 31, 2018).
1614:Nobile, Tom (January 31, 2018).
1554:Nobile, Tom (December 6, 2017).
1375:Nobile, Tom (December 1, 2017).
1224:Nobile, Tom (October 20, 2017).
713:Nobile, Tom (October 20, 2017).
677:Banco, Erin (October 29, 2017).
599:. Chabad of West Monmouth County
375:as an example of such problems.
27:
2011:– via EruvLitigation.com.
1982:– via EruvLitigation.com.
1946:– via EruvLitigation.com.
1737:
1585:Nobile, Tom (January 9, 2018).
1420:– via EruvLitigation.com.
1336:
1133:Jerde, Sara (August 11, 2017).
918:Spiro, Amy (February 1, 2018).
144:accusing it of discrimination.
2163:Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
2153:Orthodox Judaism in New Jersey
1102:Nobile, Tom (August 4, 2017).
989:Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
439:
405:Attorney General of New Jersey
55:Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
1:
2133:Judaism-related controversies
1014:Nobile, Tom (July 29, 2017).
884:Nobile, Tom (July 25, 2017).
848:Nobile, Tom (July 28, 2017).
780:Nobile, Tom (July 22, 2017).
744:Nobile, Tom (July 22, 2017).
507:
478:emergency notification system
390:
321:Municipal and public reaction
290:Orange and Rockland Utilities
147:
2083:Timeline of eruv controversy
276:Construction and controversy
7:
2128:Jewish courts and civil law
985:"Update on eruv litigation"
348:temporary restraining order
142:New Jersey Attorney General
10:
2184:
2118:Antisemitism in New Jersey
102:. The demarcation permits
42:July 2017 – September 2018
2123:Bergen County, New Jersey
1496:"Mahwah changes its mind"
190:Bergen County, New Jersey
120:Rockland County, New York
110:) within the eruv on the
88:Bergen County, New Jersey
64:
46:
38:
26:
421:the federal constitution
346:in Newark, requesting a
303:New York State Route 59
493:
473:
428:preliminary injunction
330:
285:
242:
165:
157:
131:Governor of New Jersey
1349:. November 22, 2017.
491:
471:
328:
283:
240:
163:
155:
2148:Montvale, New Jersey
991:. October 11, 2017.
454:John Michael Vazquez
232:rabbinic supervision
138:John Michael Vazquez
59:Montvale, New Jersey
2158:Shabbat innovations
1500:The Jewish Standard
820:The Jewish Standard
530:The Jewish Standard
409:Christopher Porrino
403:On October 24, the
23:
2143:Mahwah, New Jersey
2103:2018 in New Jersey
2098:2017 in New Jersey
2055:. November 8, 2018
925:The Jerusalem Post
626:"What is an Eruv?"
494:
474:
331:
286:
243:
228:an entire tractate
209:the Jewish Sabbath
182:Upper Saddle River
166:
158:
127:township ordinance
80:Upper Saddle River
51:Mahwah, New Jersey
21:
961:. July 25, 2017.
959:The Yeshiva World
624:Lozovsky, Lorne.
340:borough ordinance
72:
71:
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335:Michael Ghassali
31:
24:
20:
2183:
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2173:
2172:
2138:Laws of Shabbat
2088:
2087:
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2058:
2056:
2053:NorthJersey.com
2047:
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2028:NorthJersey.com
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1798:NorthJersey.com
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1230:NorthJersey.com
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786:NorthJersey.com
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750:NorthJersey.com
742:
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719:NorthJersey.com
711:
702:
692:
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675:
671:
661:
659:
652:"Eruv Glossary"
650:
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568:NorthJersey.com
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194:Rockland County
150:
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2100:
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2073:
2072:External links
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2014:
1985:
1949:
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1815:
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628:. chabad.org.
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274:
149:
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112:Jewish Sabbath
108:baby strollers
98:) attached to
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2033:September 17,
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101:
100:utility poles
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2057:. Retrieved
2052:
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2031:. Retrieved
2027:
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
1995:
1988:
1978:February 17,
1976:. Retrieved
1959:
1952:
1942:February 17,
1940:. Retrieved
1923:
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:the original
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1830:February 24,
1828:. Retrieved
1818:
1808:February 22,
1806:. Retrieved
1797:
1787:
1777:February 10,
1775:. Retrieved
1771:
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1739:
1729:February 14,
1727:. Retrieved
1723:
1713:
1703:February 10,
1701:. Retrieved
1697:
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1677:February 10,
1675:. Retrieved
1671:
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1651:February 10,
1649:. Retrieved
1645:
1635:
1625:February 10,
1623:. Retrieved
1619:
1596:February 10,
1594:. Retrieved
1590:
1580:
1570:February 10,
1568:. Retrieved
1559:
1549:
1539:February 10,
1537:. Retrieved
1533:
1510:February 10,
1508:. Retrieved
1499:
1489:
1479:February 10,
1477:. Retrieved
1468:
1458:
1448:February 10,
1446:. Retrieved
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1401:
1391:February 10,
1389:. Retrieved
1380:
1370:
1360:February 11,
1358:. Retrieved
1338:
1328:February 10,
1326:. Retrieved
1318:Mahwah Patch
1317:
1307:
1297:February 10,
1295:. Retrieved
1286:
1276:
1266:February 10,
1264:. Retrieved
1250:
1240:February 10,
1238:. Retrieved
1229:
1206:February 10,
1204:. Retrieved
1195:
1185:
1175:February 10,
1173:. Retrieved
1169:
1159:
1149:February 11,
1147:. Retrieved
1138:
1128:
1118:February 10,
1116:. Retrieved
1107:
1097:
1087:February 10,
1085:. Retrieved
1071:
1061:February 10,
1059:. Retrieved
1050:
1040:
1030:February 10,
1028:. Retrieved
1019:
1009:
999:February 10,
997:. Retrieved
979:
969:February 10,
967:. Retrieved
958:
936:February 15,
934:. Retrieved
923:
898:. Retrieved
889:
862:. Retrieved
853:
830:February 10,
828:. Retrieved
819:
794:. Retrieved
785:
758:. Retrieved
749:
739:
729:February 10,
727:. Retrieved
718:
691:. Retrieved
682:
672:
660:. Retrieved
646:
634:. Retrieved
608:
601:. Retrieved
597:"About Eruv"
576:. Retrieved
567:
540:February 11,
538:. Retrieved
529:
499:
495:
483:
475:
463:
459:
451:
443:
425:
402:
394:
377:
373:Ocean County
365:
361:
353:
332:
311:social media
307:
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267:
244:
221:
217:
202:
167:
124:
116:
95:
73:
18:
2059:November 9,
900:February 8,
864:February 8,
796:February 8,
760:February 8,
662:February 7,
636:February 7,
578:February 7,
440:Settlements
413:state court
398:Phil Murphy
255:Bergenfield
134:Phil Murphy
2092:Categories
1994:"Order in
1958:"Order in
1922:"Order in
1745:"Eruv map"
508:References
417:Hackensack
391:Litigation
176:, and the
148:Background
1880:April 10,
1416:April 10,
693:April 10,
385:Englewood
380:summonses
259:Fair Lawn
1969:Archived
1933:Archived
1906:April 6,
1855:July 18,
1802:Archived
1564:Archived
1504:Archived
1473:Archived
1439:Archived
1385:Archived
1351:Archived
1322:Archived
1291:Archived
1260:Archived
1234:Archived
1200:Archived
1143:Archived
1112:Archived
1081:Archived
1055:Archived
1024:Archived
993:Archived
963:Archived
930:Archived
894:Archived
858:Archived
824:Archived
790:Archived
754:Archived
723:Archived
687:Archived
656:Archived
630:Archived
603:July 27,
572:Archived
534:Archived
502:recalled
369:Lakewood
315:Facebook
226:devotes
186:Montvale
178:boroughs
170:township
84:Montvale
47:Location
2007:May 13,
447:Trenton
433:Verizon
270:Tenafly
263:Paramus
261:and in
247:Teaneck
65:Outcome
2168:Eruvin
1139:NJ.com
683:NJ.com
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