2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis

2573:. The 2013 controls ban a swap/exchange of ISK denominated assets to foreign currency, and so by effect has trapped repayment of ISK denominated assets to the creditors – which in theory mean they should be interested to accept a haircut in return for getting the capital controls lifted. The Icelandic government intent somehow to route the saved money from the negotiated debt haircut for creditors into a national household debt relief fund, enabling a 20% debt relief for all household mortgages. In July 2013, Standard & Poors recommended Iceland to drop the debt relief initiative, as it would only result in increased debt for the government – making it even more difficult to lend at credit markets, and it was forecasted also to ignite high inflation along with an economic recession equal to a GDP detraction of 10%. The government has nevertheless appointed a taskforce to present proposals on how best to achieve the government's goal about implementing a combined capital control abolition and debt relief for households, with a reporting deadline in October 2013. Capital controls were eventually ended in March 2017. 33: 1843:) to pay the United Kingdom and the Netherlands more than $ 5 billion lost in Icelandic deposit accounts. Initially opposed in June, the bill was passed after amendments were added which set a ceiling on the payment based on the country's gross domestic product. Opponents of the bill argued that Icelanders, already reeling from the crisis, should not have to pay for mistakes made by private banks under the watch of other governments. However, the government argued that if the bill failed to pass, the UK and the Netherlands might retaliate by blocking a planned aid package for Iceland from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Under the deal, up to 4% of Iceland's gross domestic product (GDP) will be paid to the UK, in sterling terms, from 2017 to 2023 while the Netherlands will receive up to 2% of Iceland's GDP, in euro terms, for the same period. Talks between Icelandic, Dutch and UK ministers in January 2010 dubbed as " 1473:, and could not turn to the Bank of England for help. The UK Financial Services Authority (FSA) was aware of the risk, and was considering imposing special liquidity requirements on Icelandic deposit-taking banks in the weeks before the crisis. However the plan – which was never implemented – would have forced the Icelandic banks to cut interest rates or stop taking new deposits, and might even have sparked the sort of bank run it was designed to prevent. The Guernsey authorities were also planning on bringing in restrictions on foreign banks operating as branches and on transfers of funds between Guernsey subsidiaries and parent banks ("parental upstreaming"). Landsbanki operated in Guernsey through a legally independent subsidiary. 2252: 989:, its Internet bank, to ING Direct, and put Kaupthing Singer & Friedlander into administration. Over £2.5 billion of deposits for 160,000 customers were sold to ING Direct. The scale of the run on Kaupthing Edge deposits had been such that many transactions were not completed until 17 October. Although Geir Haarde has described the UK government's actions over Kaupthing Singer & Friedlander as an "abuse of power" and "unprecedented", they were the third such actions taken under the Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008 in less than ten days, after interventions in Bradford & Bingley and Heritable Bank. 1893:. At the time the unit had four staff members; by September 2013 it had 109, with 140 cases under investigation. By that time, the top managers of all three Icelandic banks which collapsed during the financial crisis had been charged, though the cases progressed slowly. The last active investigation related to the financial crisis concluded in December 2017; 202 cases had been investigated in total over the period, with 23 of them ending up in court. By January 2018, 13 of the court cases ended with guilty verdicts, four with not guilty verdicts and six trials were still pending. 9270:

debt write-downs associated with the December 2010 agreement between the government and the main mortgage loan providers to reduce the value of certain mortgages to 110% of the value of the underlying property, impaired loans soared from ISK 3.4 billion (0.4% of the HFF's loan portfolio) in 2009 to ISK 38.8 billion (5.2% of the loan portfolio) in 2010. To ensure that the HFF remained solvent, the government made a capital injection of ISK 33 billion (2.1% of 2010 GDP) at the end of 2010. The European Surveillance Authority recently approved this state ..."

1344: 1457:. However, in Iceland the banks were so much larger than the national economy that the Central Bank of Iceland and the Icelandic government could not guarantee the payment of the banks' debts, leading to the collapse of the banks. The official reserves of the Central Bank of Iceland stood at 374.8 billion krónur at the end of September 2008, compared with 350.3 billion krónur of short-term international debt in the Icelandic banking sector, and at least £6.5 billion (1,250 billion krónur) of retail deposits in the UK. 658: 2518: 1721: 1545: 1103: 72: 2459:

A second pillar is the resurrection of a viable but sharply downsized domestic banking system on the ruins of its gargantuan international banking system which the government was unable to bail out. A third pillar is the enactment of capital controls and the work to gradually lift these to restore normal financial linkages with the outside world. An important result of the emergency legislation and the SBA is that the country has not been seriously affected by the

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lines diverge on 6 October, after Glitnir had defaulted on some wholesale depositors in the UK, although there had been unusually large differences (up to 5%) during the previous week. The lower dashed line (in black) shows the average rate from January to August 2008 (113.31 krónur to the euro, already down from 91.2 krónur to the euro on 31 December 2007), while the upper dashed line shows the long term average from 1999 to 2007 (83.423 krónur to the euro).

11697: 1268:. Central Bank of Iceland governor Davíð Oddsson later clarified that the loan was still being negotiated. According to RÚV, prime minister Geir Haarde had been investigating the possibility of a Russian loan since the mid-summer. When questioned on the matter in a press conference, Geir Haarde said: "We have not received the kind of support that we were requesting from our friends. So in a situation like that one has to look for new friends." 1314: 1760:, the organisation that operates and coordinates transport services within London, also has a large investment at £40 million. Local authorities were working under government advice to invest their money across many national and international banks as a way of spreading risk. Other UK organisations said to have invested heavily include police services and fire authorities, and even the 2228:, the former Minister for Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs, has started a blog detailing the problems with the business sector and the efforts to cover them up. This was cited as an example of how politicians and businessmen, who traditionally held a tight grip over the Icelandic media, have lost this control and that dozens of similar blogs have been created. Björn stated that: 1091: 1082:(€47 million) by Glitnir since 2006. The Icelandic bank had acted as an agent for Eksportfinans, administering loans to several companies: however Eksportfinans alleges that, when the loans were paid off early by borrowers, Glitnir kept the cash and merely continued with the regular payments to Eksportfinans, effectively taking an unauthorized loan itself. 1827:(ICEIDA) was reduced from US$ 22 million to $ 13 million. Since Iceland's foreign aid is targeted in sectors for which the country has particular expertise (e.g., fisheries, geothermal power), the cutbacks will have a substantial impact in countries which receive Icelandic aid – most noticeably in Sri Lanka, where ICEIDA is pulling out altogether. 1650:, who was elected in April, had promised to bring Iceland into the EU to help stabilize its economy. EU enlargement Commissioner Olli Rehn expressed support for Iceland's membership, stating that as "a country with deep democratic traditions", Iceland will be welcome in the EU's expansion plans. (However, on 13 September 2013 the 1783:

government. The total value of Icesave deposits in the Netherlands were €1.7 billion. At the same time, Iceland and Britain reached an agreement on the general contours of a solution: Icesave deposits in the UK total £4 billion (€5 billion) in 300,000 accounts. The figure of €20,887 was the amount covered by the Icelandic

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transferred assets, as determined by "recognised appraisers". As of 14 November 2008, these net values were estimated as: NBI ISK558.1bn (€3.87bn), Nýi Glitnir ISK442.4bn (€2.95bn); Nýja Kaupþing ISK172.3bn (€1.14bn). The total debt of 1173 billion krónur is more than 90% of Iceland's 2007 gross domestic product.

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to raise $ 1 billion with a bond issue on 9 June 2011. This development indicates that international investors have given the government and the new banking system, with two of the three biggest banks now in foreign hands, a clean bill of health. The first two major measures were implemented by the government of

1128:, at 678.4, which corresponds to a plunge of about 77% compared with 3,004.6 before the closure. This reflects the fact that the value of the three big banks, which form 73.2% of the value of the OMX Iceland 15, had been set to zero. The values of other equities varied from +8% to −15%. Trading in shares of 2458:

in the country since November 2008. The SBA includes three pillars. The first pillar is a program of medium term fiscal consolidation, involving painful austerity measures and significant tax hikes. The result has been that central government debts have been stabilised at around 80–90 percent of GDP.

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Iceland's financial position has steadily improved since the crash. The economic contraction and rise in unemployment appear to have been arrested by late 2010 and with growth under way in mid-2011. Four main factors have been important in this regard. First is the emergency legislation passed by the

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The existence of a bank run on Landsbanki accounts in the UK in the period up to 7 October seems confirmed by a statement from the bank on 10 October, which said "Landsbanki Íslands hf. transferred substantial funds to its UK branch during this time to fulfil its Icesave commitments." The transfer of

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on Icelandic sovereign debt have steadily declined from over 1000 points prior to the crash in 2008 to around 200 points in June 2011. The fact that the assets of the failed Landsbanki branches were estimated to cover most of the depositor claims had an influence to ease concerns over the situation.

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According to a poll from late November 2008, 64% were in favour of early elections, with only 29.3% opposed. In a poll from 22 November 2008, the Social Democratic Alliance led with 33.6%, followed by the Left-Green Alliance at 27.8% and the Independence Party at 24.8%; the Progressive Party and the

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which matured in the remainder of 2008 was only $ 600 million, and foreign currency debt service in 2009 was only $ 215 million, well within the government's ability to pay. However the agencies believed that the government would have to issue more foreign currency bonds, both to cover losses as the

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was passed at 10 am on 8 October 2008 and came into force ten minutes later. Under the order the UK Treasury froze the assets of Landsbanki within the UK, and introduced provisions to prevent the sale or movement of Landsbanki assets within the UK, even if held by the Central Bank of Iceland or

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to be nationalised by the Icelandic government with the purchase of a 75% stake for €600 million. The government stated that it did not intend to hold ownership of the bank for a long period, and that the bank was expected to carry on operating as normal. According to the government, the bank "would

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in July 2009. While views on the feasibility of EU membership are quite mixed in Iceland, this action has served to enhance the credibility of the country on international financial markets. One sign of the success of the above efforts is the fact that the Icelandic government was successfully able

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Negotiations on continuing the coalition broke down the next day, apparently over demands from the Social Democratic Alliance to take over the leadership of the government, and Geir Haarde tendered the government's resignation to the President of Iceland, Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson. The President asked

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The Office of the Special Prosecutor was founded with the passage of a bill in the Icelandic parliament 10 December 2008. The aim was to investigate suspected criminal conduct leading up to, in connection with or in the wake of the banking crisis, whether these relate to the activities of financial

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In October 2008, an agreement was reached between the Icelandic and Dutch governments on the savings of about 120,000 Dutch citizens. The Icelandic government agreed to cover the first €20,887 on savings accounts of Dutch citizens held by Landsbanki subsidiary Icesave, using money lent by the Dutch

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The assets of Icelandic pension funds are, according to one expert, expected to shrink by 15–25%. The Icelandic Pension Funds Association has announced that benefits will in all likelihood have to be cut in 2009. Iceland's GDP is expected by economists to shrink by as much as 10% as a result of the

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has noticed a significant slump in domestic demand for flights. However, the airline states that year-on-year international demand is up from last year. Guðjón Arngrímsson, a spokesman for the airline, said "we're getting decent traffic from other markets... we are trying to let the weak króna help

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with the central banks of Denmark and Norway for €200 million each. Iceland has swap facilities with the other Nordic countries for a total of €1.5 billion. Iceland is also seeking assistance from the European Central Bank (ECB): there is some precedent for the move, as the ECB already has currency

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The FME placed Landsbanki in receivership early on 7 October. A press release from the FME stated that all of Landsbanki's domestic branches, call centres, ATMs and internet operations will be open for business as usual, and that all "domestic deposits" were fully guaranteed. The UK government used

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said "Iceland is on the brink of collapse. Inflation and interest rates are raging upwards. The krona, Iceland's currency, is in freefall." These articles spooked investors discussing Icesave (the brand name of Landsbanki in the UK and the Netherlands) in online forums and many started moving their

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nations in the EU (Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece, and Spain). Tryggvi Thor Herbertsson, a member of parliament, noted that adjustments via currency devaluations are less painful than government labor policies and negotiations. Nevertheless, while EU fervor has cooled the government continued to

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By mid-2012 Iceland was regarded as one of Europe's recovery success stories. It has had two years of economic growth. Unemployment was down to 6.3% and Iceland was attracting immigrants to fill jobs. Currency devaluation effectively reduced wages by 50% making exports more competitive and imports

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Money was allegedly lent by the banks to their employees and associates so they could buy shares in those same banks while simply using those same shares as collateral for the loans. Borrowers were then allowed to defer paying interest on the loan until the end of the period, when the whole amount

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Wholesale funding disappeared in September 2008 leading to the collapse of Glitnir, Kaupthing and Landsbanki. Due to the size of the combined balance sheet of those banks the government of Iceland did not have the means to save those banks. They were put into receivership instead with their boards

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The foreign exchange rules also oblige Icelandic residents to deposit any new foreign currency they receive with an Icelandic bank. There is anecdotal evidence that some Icelandic exporters had been operating an informal offshore foreign exchange market, trading pounds and euros for krónur outside

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The decline of the Icelandic króna against the euro, shown from September to November 2008. The lower solid line (in brown) shows the offshore rate as quoted by the European Central Bank; the higher solid line (in blue) shows the onshore rate as quoted by the Central Bank of Iceland. The two solid

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OECD Economic Surveys: Iceland 2011 -OECD – 2011 Page 50 "The Housing Finance Fund (cont.).. The increasing difficulties that many households have had in paying their mortgages since the financial crisis struck have necessitated substantial debt restructuring, eroding the HFF's capital. Including

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A team of Icelandic negotiators arrived in Moscow on 14 October to discuss the possible loan. Russian deputy finance minister Dmitri Pankin said that "The meeting took place in a friendly atmosphere.... We are working thoroughly on the issue to take a final decision". On the same day, the Central

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Geir was strongly criticized in the April 2010 report of the Special Investigative Commission into the financial collapse, being accused of "negligence" along with three other ministers of his government. Iceland's parliament voted 33–30 to indict Geir, but not the other ministers, on charges of

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about their move, and it also provoked more than 80,000 Icelanders (equal to 25% of its entire population) to sign an online petition set up under the heading "Icelanders are not terrorists". The relationship got even tenser when UK replied a month later by cancelling its scheduled patrol of the

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During November, the real exchange rate (discounting inflation) of the Icelandic króna, as quoted by the Central Bank of Iceland, was roughly one-third lower than the average rate from 1980 to 2008, and 20% lower than the historical lows during the same period. The external rate as quoted by the

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to freeze Landsbanki holdings in the United Kingdom. Iceland's prime minister Geir Haarde protested against what he described as "a terrorist law being applied against us", calling it "a completely unfriendly act". Angered by the British decision, Iceland decided to submit a formal complaint to

1987:. The ruling also subjected him to a 19.2 million ISK asset confiscation The Supreme Court of Iceland decreased his sentence to 9 months in prison and 7.1 million ISK in asset confiscation on the ground that Friðfinnur was a first-time offender. Out of the 9 months, 6 were suspended for 2 years. 1143:

Trading in the shares of two financial services companies, Straumur–Burðarás and Exista, resumed on 9 December: together the companies account for 12.04% of the OMX Iceland 15. The values of the shares in both companies dropped sharply, and the index closed at 394.88, down by 40.17% on the day.

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The UK Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, announced that the UK government would launch legal action against Iceland over concerns with compensation for the estimated 300,000 UK savers. Geir Haarde said at a press conference on the following day that the Icelandic government was outraged that the UK

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The Central Bank of Iceland set up a temporary system of daily currency auctions on 15 October to facilitate international trade. The value of the króna is determined by supply and demand in these auctions. The first auction sold €25 million at a rate of 150 krónur to the euro. Commercial króna

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Magnús Guðmundsson, president of Kaupthing Bank in Luxembourg, was sentenced to mandatory 3 years in prison by the District Court of Reykjavik for his involvement in the Al-Thani case; following an appeal, the sentence increased to four-and-a-half years on 12 February 2015 by Iceland's supreme

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In January 2009, the exchange rate of Icelandic króna against Euro seemed to be more stabilized compared with the situation in October 2008, with the lowest rate at 177.5 krónur per EUR on 1, 3 and 4 January 2009, and the highest at 146.8 on 30 January 2009. In the meantime, however, Iceland's

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Singer & Friedlander to ING Direct, while the UK Treasury paid an additional £600 million to guarantee retail deposits that were higher than the FSCS limit. The Treasury also paid out £800 million to guarantee Icesave deposits that were higher than the limit. A loan of £2.2 billion to the

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the crisis was blamed on corruption and a lack of transparency; in reaction to this the government attempted to reform the constitution and protect the welfare state. Joining the coalition resulted in the Left Greens losing their innocence as a party, resulting in voters punishing them at the

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tentatively agreed to lend €1.58 billion. However the loan had still not been approved by the executive board of the IMF on 13 November. Due to the delay Iceland found itself caught in a classic catch-22 situation, loans from other countries could not be secured until the IMF program had been

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Importers are particularly hard hit, with the government restricting foreign currency to essential products such as food, medicines and oil. The €400 million loan from the central banks of Denmark and Norway is sufficient to pay for a month's imports, although on 15 October there was still a

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was set up on 22 October with 75 billion krónur in equity and 700 billion krónur of assets. The equity in all three new banks was supplied by the Icelandic government, and amounted to 30% of Iceland's GDP. The new banks will also have to reimburse their predecessors for the net value of the

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agreed on a new set of currency regulations, replacing the central bank's restrictions imposed early on in the crisis. Movements of capital to and from Iceland were banned without a license from central bank. It is estimated that foreign investors hold some €2.9 billion in króna-denominated

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against their loans. This was to replace the shares in Glitnir, Landsbanki and Kaupthing which had been pledged as collateral previously and which were now of much lower value, if not worthless. The value of the collateral was estimated at 300 billion krónur (€2 billion). One of the banks,

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Over £840 million in cash from more than 100 UK local authorities was invested in Icelandic banks. Representatives from each council met to try to persuade the Treasury to secure the money in the same way that customers' money in Icesave was fully guaranteed. Of all the local authorities,

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was suspended on 6 October by order of the FME. On Thursday 9 October, all trading on the exchange was frozen for two days by the government "in an attempt to prevent further panic spreading throughout the country's financial markets". The decision was made to do so due to "unusual market

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the Icelandic króna at 131 krónur to the euro after trying to set this peg on 6 October. By 9 October, the Icelandic króna was trading at 340 to the euro when trading in the currency collapsed due to the FME's takeover of the last major Icelandic bank, and thus the loss of all króna trade

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to investigate suspicions of criminal actions in the period preceding, in connection with or in the wake of the collapse of the Icelandic banks, whether these relate to the activities of financial undertakings, other legal entities or individuals, and, as appropriate, to follow up these

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Elín Sigfúsdóttir, managing director of Corporate Banking of Landsbanki, was acquitted by the District Court of Reykjavik for her involvement in the Imon case. The Supreme Court of Iceland overturned the ruling and sentenced Elín to 18 months in prison for her involvement in the Imon

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as part of their ongoing investigation in conjunction with Iceland's Special Prosecutor's Office into the collapse of Icelandic Bank Kaupthing. Neither was, however, indicted, and in fact they sued the Serious Fraud Office for wrongful arrest, receiving large sums in compensation.

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Euro equivalents for these amounts have been calculated using the Central Bank of Iceland rate for the date on which the new bank was set up: Nýi Landsbanki, 9 October 2008, EURISK = 144.27; Nýi Glitnir, 15 October 2008, EURISK = 150; Nýja Kaupþing, 21 October 2008, EURISK =

1779:, confirmed that Kaupthing had guaranteed the operations and liabilities of its Manx subsidiary in September 2007, and that the Manx government was pressing Iceland to honour this guarantee. Depositors with Landsbanki on Guernsey found themselves without any depositor protection. 1304:

have offered $ 50M, about 3% of Faroese GDP. The Icelandic government reported that Russia offered to lend $ 500M, and Poland, $ 200M. The next day, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom announced a joint loan of $ 6.3bn (€5bn), related to the deposit insurance dispute.

2278:, at an informal lunch with foreign diplomats, criticized Iceland's traditional friends (particularly Britain, Sweden and Denmark) as well as the International Monetary Fund. According to a memo from the Norwegian embassy, he suggested that the Russians might want to use the 880:, Iceland's parliament, immediately, with the cooperation of the opposition parties. These included the power of the FME to take over the running of Icelandic banks without nationalising them, and preferential treatment for depositors in the event that a bank had to be 1522:

The international businesses remained with the old banks for winding up. Glitnir and Kaupthing, shorn of their Icelandic operations, obtained moratoria on payments to creditors (similar to USA Chapter 11 protection) from the District Court of Reykjavík on 24 November.

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On 9 October, Kaupthing was placed into receivership by the FME, following the resignation of the entire board of directors. The bank said that it was in technical default on its loan agreements after its UK subsidiary had been placed into administration. Kaupthing's

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of Iceland in 2007. The assets of the three banks totaled 14.437 trillion krónur at the end of the second quarter 2008, equal to more than 11 times the national GDP. Due to the huge size of the Icelandic financial system in comparison with the Icelandic economy, the

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Styrmir Þór Bragason, president of MP Bank, was twice acquitted by the District Court of Reykjavik for his involvement in the Exeter case. The Supreme Court of Iceland overturned the ruling and sentenced Styrmir to 1 year in prison for breach of trust in the Exeter

1959:. The proceeds of the trade, 192 million ISK (including capital gains tax), were confiscated. The case was remitted to the Supreme Court of Iceland which upheld the ruling. It was the first time a conviction was handed down by a court for insider trading in Iceland. 1634:

is indexed and another 13% denominated in foreign currencies, debt payment is going to be more costly. Since October 2008, 14% of the workforce have experienced reductions in pay, and around 7% have had their working hours reduced. According to the president of the

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on the country. The Financial Supervisory Authority of Iceland used permission granted by the emergency legislation to take over the domestic operations of the three largest banks. The much larger foreign operations of the banks, however, went into receivership.

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allowed a Qatari investor to purchase 5% of its shares. It was later revealed that the Qatari investor "bought" the stake using a loan from Kaupthing itself and a holding company associated with one of its employees (i.e., the bank was, in effect, buying its own

1063:(SPB, also known as Icebank), stated the next day that it could not provide new collateral for its 68 billion krónur (€451 million) loan, and would have to turn to the government for help. "This problem won't be solved in any other way," said CEO Agnar Hansson. 2432:. The trial began in Reykjavik on 5 March 2012. Geir Haarde was found guilty on one of four charges on 23 April 2012, for not holding cabinet meetings on important state matters. Landsdómur said Mr. Haarde would face no punishment, as this was a minor offence. 1371:

in excess of €50 billion, or about €160,000 per Icelandic resident, compared with Iceland's gross domestic product of €8.5 billion. As early as March 2008, the cost of private deposit insurance for deposits in Landsbanki and Kaupthing was already far higher

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Reportedly, all of those under scrutiny are now rarely seen in public and some have apparently left the country. They are also reportedly the subjects of an ongoing investigation to determine if any of their business practices warrant criminal prosecution.

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trading outside Iceland restarted on 28 October, at an exchange rate of 240 krónur to the euro, after Icelandic interest rates had been raised to 18%. The foreign exchange reserves of the Central Bank of Iceland fell by US$ 289 million during October 2008.

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he signed in 2007. Hannes was acquitted by the District Court of Reykjavik for the alleged embezzlement of 3 billion ISK when he transferred money from FL Group's account to the holding company Fons. The Special Prosecutor appealed to the Supreme Court of

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the control of any regulator and starving the onshore market of foreign currency. Hence the Central Bank had to sell €124 million of currency reserves in November 2008 to make up the difference, compared with an estimated trade surplus of €13.9 million.

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A significant amount of the capital trapped in Iceland by the capital controls was channelled into property investment, partly by the financial management company Gamma, and was one factor that fuelled rising property prices in Iceland after the crash.

2379:, resigned on 25 January, citing the pressures of the nation's economic collapse, as the country's political leaders failed to agree on how to lead country out of its financial crisis. One of his last acts as minister was to dismiss the director of the 2107:, chairman of Kaupthing Bank, was sentenced to mandatory 5 years in prison by the District Court of Reykjavik for his involvement in the Al-Thani case; following an appeal, he was sentenced to four years on 12 February 2015 by Iceland's supreme court. 819:

have ceased to exist" within a few weeks if there had not been intervention. It later turned out that Glitnir had US$ 750 million of debt due to mature on 15 October. However, the nationalization of Glitnir never went through, as it was placed in

964:, and was made "because the Treasury believed that action to the detriment of the UK's economy (or part of it) had been or was likely to be taken by certain persons who are the government of or resident of a country or territory outside the UK". 1481:, a Landsbanki subsidiary in the UK, also suggests a bank run in the UK. A transfer of "substantial funds" from Iceland to the UK would have been a significant downward push on the value of the króna, even before the effects of any speculation. 2282:, the Russian ambassador replied that they had no need for it. The President is quoted to have said that Iceland would soon recover, even if they had to fight alone. The President does not necessarily agree with the government on these issues. 1764:. In October 2008, it was hoped that about one-third of the deposited money will be available fairly rapidly, corresponding to the liquid assets of the UK subsidiaries: liquidation of other assets, such as loans and offices, will take longer. 1299:

The IMF-led package of $ 4.6bn was finally agreed on 19 November, with the IMF loaning $ 2.1bn and another $ 2.5bn of loans and currency swaps from Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark. In addition, Poland has offered to lend $ 200M and the

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Since the crisis began, many of Iceland's business leaders, who had previously been considered financial gurus who greatly developed Iceland's economy, are now under intense public scrutiny for their roles in causing the financial crisis:

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also said that the UK government would foot the entire bill to compensate UK retail depositors, estimated at £4 billion. It is reported that more than £4 billion in Icelandic assets in the UK have been frozen by the UK government. The UK

2190:, The Oasis Centre and a large portion of Iceland's media. Jón Ásgeir, who had been known as the "popstar businessman" due to his shaggy golden mullet, has become the subject of a satirical video on YouTube set to the theme of the movie 1822:

The crisis also prompted the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to reduce its foreign aid to developing nations, from 0.31% to 0.27% of GNP. The effect of the aid cut was greatly amplified by the falling value of the króna: the budget of the

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The situation was made worse by the fact that Icesave was operating as a branch of Landsbanki, rather than as a legally independent subsidiary. As such, it was completely dependent on the Central Bank of Iceland for emergency loans of

2402:(seven seats) was expected to support the coalition without actually joining the government. Neither party leader became Prime Minister: instead, the position went to Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir of the Social Democratic Alliance, then the 1501:

of 16% of all assets. The Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) has acted to "ring-fence" the Icelandic operations of Landsbanki and Glitnir, stating its aim of "continued banking operations for Icelandic families and businesses".

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The crisis led to a radical shift in the political landscape of Iceland which until this time had been marked by stability. After the effects of the crisis set in, mainstream parties were discredited as newer parties such as the

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In February 2009, Ólafur Hauksson (b. Reykjavík 1964) was appointed; it was the Icelandic government's second attempt to appoint to the role, and Ólafur was one of only two applicants. He had previously been the police chief in

1140:(13.66% of the OMX Iceland 15) remains suspended. After a week of very thin trading, the OMX Iceland 15 closed on 17 October at 643.1, down 93% in króna terms and 96% in euro terms from its historic high of 9016 (18 July 2007). 666:

The Icelandic króna declined more than 35% against the euro from January to September 2008. Inflation of consumer prices was running at 14%, and Iceland's interest rates had been raised to 15.5% to deal with the high inflation.

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dropped by 10% in real terms between the third quarter of 2007 and the third quarter of 2010. A new era with positive GDP growth started in 2011, and has helped foster a gradually declining trend for the unemployment rate. The

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and the restoration of the banking system. The international bailout support programme led by IMF officially ended on 31 August 2011, while the capital controls which were imposed in November 2008 were lifted on 14 March 2017.

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Ragnar Zophonías Guðjónsson, president of Byr Savings Bank, was acquitted by the District Court of Reykjavik for his involvement in the Exeter case. The Supreme Court of Iceland overturned the ruling and sentenced Ragnar to

1419:, which led to inflation. This inflation was exacerbated by the practice of the Central Bank of Iceland issuing liquidity loans to banks on the basis of newly issued, uncovered bonds – effectively, printing money on demand. 771:

European Central Bank was lower still. On the last trading day of the month, 28 November, the Central Bank of Iceland was quoting 182.5 krónur to the euro, while the European Central Bank was quoting 280 krónur to the euro.

8562: 5691: 2409:

On 8 April 2009, former Prime Minister Geir H. Haarde stated that he was solely responsible for accepting controversial donations to the Icelandic Independence Party in 2006, ISK 30 million from the investment group

4227: 2032:

Jón Þorsteinn Jónsson, chairman of Byr Savings Bank, was acquitted by the District Court of Reykjavik for his involvement in the Exeter case. The Supreme Court of Iceland overturned the ruling and sentenced Jón to

884:. In a separate measure, retail deposits in Icelandic branches of Icelandic banks were guaranteed in full. The emergency measures had been deemed unnecessary by the Icelandic government less than 24 hours earlier. 3696: 3329: 1921:

Businessman Aron Karlsson was sentenced to 2 years in prison by the District Court of Reykjavík for committing fraud in real estate dealings. Aron was made to pay a total of 160–162 million ISK with interest to

1039:

On the same day, the UK Treasury issued a licence under the Landsbanki Freezing Order 2008 to allow the London branch of Landsbanki to continue some business. A second licence was issued on 13 October, when the

2110:

Sigurjón Þ. Árnason, president of Landsbanki, was acquitted by the District Court of Reykjavik for his involvement in the Imon case. The Supreme Court of Iceland overturned the ruling and sentenced Sigurjón to

7095: 2196:. In addition, a former mistress later revealed details of his "playboy lifestyle" during a trial that found him guilty of false accounting (which prompted the Baugur Group to relocate to the United Kingdom). 1230:

all lowered their ratings during the crisis, and their outlook for future ratings changes became negative. The Icelandic government had a relatively healthy balance, with sovereign debt of 28% of GDP and a

2082:

years in prison by the District Court of Reykjavik for his involvement in the Al-Thani case; following an appeal, the sentence increased to four and a half years on 12 February 2015 by Iceland's supreme

1824: 1934:

in addition to all legal costs. The 96–97 million ISK profit of the fraud held by Aron's real estate company, AK fasteignafélag, was confiscated. The Supreme Court of Iceland increased his sentence to

6860: 10672: 1583:, around 300 employees will lose their jobs due to a radical restructuring of the organisation which is intended to minimise the bank's international operations. Similar job losses are expected at 1966:

by 50 billion ISK. The Supreme Court of Iceland suspended his license to practise as attorney for 1 year and sentenced him to 6 months in prison. Out of the 6 months, 3 were suspended for 2 years.

2236:. Here companies have been playing a game, using the media and publishing to make themselves look good. We only hope that the foreign media will soon begin to understand what has been going on". 6080:"Decision of the Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) on the disposal of assets and liabilities of Landsbanki Íslands hf., ID no. 540291-2259, to New Landsbanki Íslands hf., ID no. 471008-0280" 2222:

Former Prime Minister Davíð Oddsson has claimed that Iceland needs to investigate "unusual and unconventional loans" given by the banks to senior politicians during the years before the crisis.

8581:"Icelanders Take to Streets to Protest Policy Makers' Failures. On January the third, the thirteenth consecutive protest was held. The protest bringing from 4000–7000 demonstrators(facts vary)" 5908: 2811: 6336: 6004: 4110: 3361: 6563:

Silja Bára Ómarsdóttir & Viktor Orri Valgarðsson (2020) Anarchy in Iceland?The global left, pirates and socialists in post-crash Icelandic politics, Globalizations, 17:5, 840-853 (p.843).

6554:

Silja Bára Ómarsdóttir & Viktor Orri Valgarðsson (2020) Anarchy in Iceland?The global left, pirates and socialists in post-crash Icelandic politics, Globalizations, 17:5, 840-853 (p.842).

6542:

Silja Bára Ómarsdóttir & Viktor Orri Valgarðsson (2020) Anarchy in Iceland?The global left, pirates and socialists in post-crash Icelandic politics, Globalizations, 17:5, 840-853 (p.840).

1639:(ASÍ), Gylfi Arnbjörnsson, these figures are lower than expected. 85% of those registered as unemployed in Iceland stated that they lost their job in October, after the economic collapse. 9194: 9603:

Silja Bára Ómarsdóttir & Viktor Orri Valgarðsson (2020) "Anarchy in Iceland? The global left, pirates and socialists in post-crash Icelandic politics", Globalizations, 17:5, 840–853

5978: 2029:

years in prison by the District Court of Reykjavik for his involvement in the Al-Thani case. Following an appeal, the sentence was upheld on 12 February 2015 by Iceland's supreme court.

4052: 6647: 8904: 6102:"Decision of the Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) on the disposal of assets and liabilities of Glitnir Bank hf., ID no. 550500-3530, to New Glitnir Bank hf., ID no. 491008-0160" 1819:

reported that HM Treasury "had been paid £740m from the Landsbanki estate". This payment by the Landsbanki estate was the final repayment to the UK's treasury, which totaled £4.6bn.

1642:

On 17 July 2009, lawmakers voted 33–28 (with two abstentions) to approve a government plan for Iceland to apply for full European Union membership. Although Iceland (as a member of

1630:

Unemployment had more than tripled by late November 2008, with over 7000 registered jobseekers (about 4% of the workforce) compared to just 2136 at the end of August 2008. As 80% of

850:

published an opinion piece on the banks, stating that debt insurance for Kaupthing required a premium of £625,000 to guarantee the return of £1 million: "the worst case of financial

1976:. His sentence was suspended and he was additionally ordered to repay nearly 36 million ISK of unpaid tax. The Supreme Court of Iceland increased his suspended sentence to 8 months. 4483: 572:

in the banks priority claims. In the following days, new banks were founded to take over the domestic operations of Kaupthing, Landsbanki and Glitnir. The old banks were put into

4552: 1363:

In 2001, banks were deregulated in Iceland. This set the stage for banks to upload debts when foreign companies were accumulated. The crisis unfolded when banks became unable to

6776: 5699: 4138:"Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (IFSA) Proceeds to take Control of Landsbanki to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland" 2871: 2652: 1121:

conditions", with share prices having fallen 30% since the start of the month. The closure was extended through Monday 13 October due to continuing "unusual market conditions".

2398:

were asked by the President to negotiate the formation of a new coalition government. Such a coalition would be five seats short of an overall majority in the Althing, but the

757:

Goods excluding ships and aircraft. Data from Statistics Iceland and the Central Bank of Iceland: conversion from ISK at Central Bank of Iceland monthly average exchange rates.

2061:

by 50 billion ISK. The Special Prosecutor appealed to the Supreme Court of Iceland which sentenced him to 8 months in prison. Out of the 8 months, 5 are suspended for 2 years.

1646:) already had a free trade arrangement with the EU, it had always rejected full membership due to concerns that its independence could be compromised. However, Prime Minister 1526:

The rescue operations of the central bank along with the restructuring and recapitalization of the banks increased the public debt ratio by about 20 percentage points of GDP.

5420: 4625:"Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Kaupþing to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland" 3839: 6817: 4201:"Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Glitnir to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland" 2483:

Finally, the fourth major factor was the sharp rise in foreign tourism, which pumped a large amount of money into the economy; this tourism boom was caused primarily by the

2383:(FSA). Björgvin acknowledged that Icelanders have lost faith in their government and political system. "I want to shoulder my part of the responsibility for that," he said. 1811:

Icelandic government was expected to cover the claims against the Icelandic DIGF relating to Icesave, while the exposure of the UK FSCS is expected to be £1-2 billion. The

8979: 4231: 3392:"Monetary policy statement of the Board of Governors of the Central Bank of Iceland: Of vital importance to stabilise the foreign exchange market and strengthen the króna" 3941: 2463:

from 2010. Despite a contentious debate with Britain and the Netherlands over the question of a state guarantee on the Icesave deposits of Landsbanki in these countries,

3700: 3339: 2677: 2057:

Lýður Guðmundsson, chairman of Exista, was fined 2 million ISK by the District Court of Reykjavik for his involvement in the illegal increase in share capitalisation of

1449:, their creditors insisting on payment while no other banks were willing to make fresh loans. In such a situation, a bank would normally have to ask for a loan from the 556:

On 29 September 2008, it was announced that Glitnir would be nationalised. However, subsequent efforts to restore faith in the banking system failed. On 6 October, the

6987: 5740:

For the purposes of comparison, both the external debt of Icelandic banks and the Icelandic GDP have been converted at an approximate exchange rate of ISK 150 = 1 EUR.

2900: 2303:

of its own, and relies on a long-term standing agreement with NATO where a group of member states have committed in turns to defend the Icelandic airspace, and the UK

9064: 8952: 6493: 5340: 4918: 4888: 4253: 3541: 2267:

and the government's alleged lack of responsibility before and after the crisis, attracting between 3000 and 6000 people (1–2% of Iceland's population) on Saturdays.

1962:

Bjarnfreður Ólafsson, Supreme Court attorney, was acquitted by the District Court of Reykjavik for his involvement in the illegal increase in share capitalisation of

948:

and stated that "we do not intend to pay the debts of the banks that have been a little heedless". He compared the government's measures to the U.S. intervention at

6409: 6290: 4764: 9746: 8925: 7677: 2403: 6669: 5933:

Calculated as £4 billion in Icesave deposits and £2.5 billion in deposits at Heritable Bank and Kaupthing Singer & Friedlander that were handed to ING Direct.

794:, all of them government-owned. On the first two days of domestic trading, the króna climbed to 153.3 to the euro, up 22% against the last currency auction rate. 9006: 8469: 1257: 8755: 1885:

undertakings, other legal entities or individuals, and, as appropriate, to follow up these investigations by bringing charges in court against those concerned.

2501: 7849: 32: 12204: 11554: 1873: 6868: 6214: 4651: 1983:

Friðfinnur Ragnar Sigurðsson, managing director of Markets of Glitnir, was sentenced to a mandatory 1 year in prison by the District Court of Reykjanes for

1799:

of only 8.3 billion krónur at the end of 2007, €90 million at the exchange rates of the time and far from sufficient to cover the Dutch and British claims.

10907: 7031: 5758: 2347: 1990:

Guðmundur Hjaltason, managing director of Corporate Banking of Glitnir, was sentenced to 9 months in prison by the District Court of Reykjavík for a major

599:

In an effort to stabilize the situation, the Icelandic government stated that all domestic deposits in Icelandic banks would be guaranteed, imposed strict

7389: 4000: 1836:

reported that Iceland's new government was trying to raise $ 25 million by selling its ambassadorial residences in Washington, New York, London and Oslo.

497:. Relative to the size of its economy, Iceland's systemic banking collapse was the largest of any country in economic history. The crisis led to a severe 3511: 1695:

the Left Greens were able to gain back a sizable proportation of their electoral gains by focusing their campaigns on their historical opposition to the

1051:

On 12 October the Norwegian government took control of Kaupthing's Norwegian operations, including "all of the bank's assets and liabilities in Norway".

8147: 4449: 11442: 8387: 584:. Outside Iceland, more than half a million depositors lost access to their accounts in foreign branches of Icelandic banks. This led to the 2008–2013 528:

unfolded, investors perceived the Icelandic banks to be increasingly risky. Trust in the banks gradually faded, leading to a sharp depreciation of the

7246: 7190: 6695: 5912: 3369: 2819: 11427: 9928: 9452: 2569:

towards foreign creditors of the three failed Icelandic banks now in receivership, as part of a deal to lift the long enforced (since November 2008)

4739: 4401: 2387:

the present government to continue until a new government can be formed, and held talks with the five political parties represented in the Althing.

1771:

on 9 October 2008, the Isle of Man government raised compensation from 75% of the first £15,000 per depositor to 100% of £50,000 per depositor. The

899:. The administrators would later say that "The main reason for the Bank's difficulties has been the placing of funds with its UK fellow subsidiary, 11404: 4792: 1296:

stated that the Netherlands would oppose the loan unless agreement was reached over deposit insurance for Landsbanki customers in the Netherlands.

8699: 4423: 1675: 1422:

In response to the rise in prices – 14% in the twelve months to September 2008, compared with a target of 2.5% – the Central Bank of Iceland held

5815: 5785: 5597: 2318:

with reinvigorated force and escalation of conflict between protesters and the police. On 22 January, police used tear gas to disperse people on

1784: 1071: 17: 9395: 8803: 7331: 683:'. The next day, the central bank introduced restrictions on the purchase of foreign currency within Iceland. From 9 October to 5 November, the 9202: 8521: 6340: 6008: 5153: 4114: 7480: 4811: 3870: 2128:

Steinþór Gunnarsson, managing director of Brokerage of Landsbanki, was sentenced to 9 months in prison by the District Court of Reykjavík for

11507: 11389: 11328: 11291: 11125: 9861: 9695: 9325: 4056: 2657: 9417: 9347: 4087: 3243: 1864:

established a Special Investigation Commission (SIC), which came to consist of Supreme Court Justice Páll Hreinsson who served as chairman,

1246:

A team of experts from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) arrived in Iceland at the start of October 2008 for talks with the government.

532:

in 2008 and increased difficulties for the banks in rolling over their short-term debt. At the end of the second quarter of 2008, Iceland's

11449: 10988: 9970: 9739: 9649: 9641: 9633: 9369: 8898: 8654: 7001: 5040: 2562: 1900:

Almost half of all the loans made by Icelandic banks were to holdings companies, many of which are connected to those same Icelandic banks.

444: 7794:[Sentenced to 12 months in prison for insider trading] (in Icelandic). Viðskiptablaðið (Myllusetur). 11 March 2013. Archived from 6835: 4837: 4475: 3801: 2290: 961: 9096: 6730: 5944: 5642: 5225: 4949: 4348: 3116: 2921: 11373: 11233: 11132: 10053: 9703: 6821: 6612: 4548: 2682: 1591:

The job losses can be compared with the 2,136 registered unemployed and 495 advertised vacancies in Iceland at the end of August 2008.

1445:

As with many banks around the world, the Icelandic banks found it increasingly difficult or impossible to roll over their loans in the

8666: 8247: 7510: 7276: 2882: 11240: 11083: 10716: 9953: 9803: 6239: 6034: 2622: 2617: 2380: 1415:

from outside Iceland (which are also a form of external debt). Households also took on a large amount of debt, equivalent to 213% of

565: 8081: 4291: 3831: 2844: 2362: 11541: 11397: 11314: 11284: 11160: 11104: 11097: 10965: 10654: 9877: 9818: 5850: 5428: 2351: 2315: 1013: 968:

government applied provisions of anti-terrorism legislation to it in a move they dubbed an "unfriendly act". The Chancellor of the

502: 300: 7710: 5393: 4597: 3592: 3480: 3447: 3391: 3265: 3146: 3016: 1036:, announced having taken control of Kaupthing's Helsinki branch already on 6th, to prevent money from being sent back to Iceland. 838:. Over the weekend of 4–5 October, British newspapers carried many articles detailing the nationalisation of Glitnir and the high 11471: 11090: 10343: 10264: 9975: 9732: 7820: 4319: 2945: 2934:. The borrowings of the three banks at the same date were: Glitnir ISK 2,242 bn; Landsbanki ISK 1,220 bn; Kaupthing ISK 2,883 bn. 775: 8985: 6590: 4375: 3654: 2471:

The third major factor behind the resolution of the financial crisis was the decision by the government of Iceland to apply for

1243:

banks' overseas operations are liquidation and also to stimulate demand in the domestic economy as Iceland goes into recession.

12304: 11277: 11181: 11146: 11003: 10841: 10336: 9813: 9773: 6518: 4860: 2612: 2376: 2359: 2232:"I have written a lot about problems in the business sector over the last 14 years, and I can only compare some parts of it to 2202: 1803: 1627:

crisis, putting Iceland by some measures in an economic depression. Inflation may climb as high as 75% by the end of the year.

896: 9597:

Sigríður Benediktsdóttir, Gauti Eggertsson, and Eggert Þórarinsson. 2017. The Rise, the Fall, and the Resurrection of Iceland.

9225: 6909: 5521: 3047: 759:

For comparison, monthly average exports (imports) of services were €139.3M (€185.4M) in Q2/2007; €125.6M (€151.9M) in Q2/2008.

10958: 10871: 10620: 10612: 9958: 9709: 9578: 9532: 9513: 9494: 9281: 9168: 8513: 6256: 5097: 5074: 5014: 4525: 3948: 3752: 3632: 2782: 2558: 2154: 1692: 1688: 1680: 912: 8603: 6814: 4678: 2484: 1260:, over a €4 billion loan from Russia. The loan would be given across three or four years, with an interest rate of 30 to 50 520:, multiplied in size. This expansion was driven by ready access to credit in international financial markets, in particular 12239: 11925: 9980: 9907: 9778: 9074: 8958: 6497: 5885: 5348: 4926: 4896: 4261: 3551: 2472: 1490:

replaced. Nevertheless, the failed banks were restructured by dividing them into a new and an old bank in order to avoid a

9299: 7940: 6282: 6150: 6123: 6052: 4980: 4705: 4624: 4200: 4137: 3177: 1032:

decided to wind up the company after consultation with the Manx authorities. The Finnish Financial Supervision Authority,

823:

by the FME before the initial plan of the Icelandic government to purchase a 75% stake had been approved by shareholders.

11870: 11647: 11306: 10575: 9851: 8580: 6962: 6436: 6313: 5620: 5318: 3566: 1839:

On 28 August 2009, Iceland's parliament voted 34–15 (with 14 abstentions) to approve a bill (commonly referred to as the

1654:

dissolved its accession team and suspended its application to join the EU. On 12 March 2015, Foreign Minister of Iceland

623:. The national currency fell sharply in value, foreign currency transactions were virtually suspended for weeks, and the 196: 8931: 1438:(M3) grew 56.5% in the twelve months to September 2008, compared with 5.0% GDP growth. The situation was effectively an 1256:

On 7 October, the central bank of Iceland announced that they had been in talks with the Russian ambassador to Iceland,

12259: 12244: 11335: 9889: 9846: 9550: 8280: 6673: 5371: 2480:

but also carried out by the government of Johanna Sigurdardottir, which then took the step to apply for EU membership.

9014: 8477: 7536: 7112: 4575:"Address to the Althing on the economic situation in Iceland by His Excellency the Prime Minister, Mr. Geir H. Haarde" 1683:, at which they lost about half of their voter base. Voters were angry that the government had seemingly bowed to the 960:

the Government of Iceland. The freezing order took advantage of provisions in sections 4 and 14 and Schedule 3 of the

12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 11774: 11734: 11464: 11270: 10922: 10789: 10539: 9841: 9793: 8759: 4768: 1772: 1761: 1290: 1144:

Trading in shares in SPRON and Kaupthing remains suspended, at prices of 1.90 krónur and 694.00 krónur respectively.

978: 787: 259: 7996: 7685: 6458: 3775: 3114:

The policy rate was raised from 13.75 percent to 15 percent on 25 March 2008, and to 15.5 percent on 10 April 2008:

2104: 11589: 10709: 10321: 9996: 9856: 9561: 7857: 5668: 1896:

The investigation has been focusing on a number of questionable financial practices engaged in by Icelandic banks:

1815:, in 2011, ordered the repayment of "£4.5bn to the UK and €1.6bn (£1.2bn) by liquidating assets". In January 2016, 1658:

stated that he had sent a letter to the EU withdrawing the application for membership, without the approval of the

1575:

The 2008 economic climate in the country has affected many Icelandic businesses and citizens. With the creation of

1253:

was said to be "favourable" to help from the IMF to stabilise the króna and to allow interest rates to be lowered.

1025: 437: 382: 158: 8361: 8048: 5198: 3298: 2050:

Lárus Welding, CEO of Glitnir, was sentenced to 9 months in prison by the District Court of Reykjavík for a major

1020:

office, which was a branch of its Luxembourg subsidiary, was prevented from making any payments of more than 5000

11652: 11111: 10885: 10372: 9155: 8417: 8114: 7588: 5645:. Ministry of Finance, Reykjavik, Iceland, Committee for Bilateral Loan Negotiations. 3 July 2009. Archived from 229: 9720:

The Icelandic banking crisis and what to do about it: The lender of last resort theory of optimal currency areas

8781: 8309: 8022: 7422: 5750: 5175: 3942:"Act No. 125/2008 on the Authority for Treasury Disbursements due to Unusual Financial Market Circumstances etc" 1904:

plus interest accrued was due. These same loans were then allegedly written off days before the banks collapsed.

1235:

of 6% of GDP (2007). More recently, the estimated 2011 debt was 130% of GDP with a budget deficit of 6% of GDP.

11729: 11299: 11263: 11174: 11076: 10046: 9943: 9895: 8185: 7302: 5123: 3996: 2607: 2496:

Iceland has undertaken recapitalization of lenders such as injection of ISK 33 billion (2.1% of 2010 GDP) into

2460: 2447: 2323: 1636: 1247: 956: 525: 387: 329: 7765: 7360: 3519: 2251: 2206: 2171: 2012: 1647: 1609:, an Icelandic newspaper, is cutting some jobs and merging parts of its operations with the media corporation 907:

stated "the directors of Landsbanki Guernsey took appropriate steps by putting the bank into administration."

11976: 11794: 11609: 11500: 11435: 11139: 11010: 10951: 10804: 9798: 8826: 7791: 3023: 2667: 2391: 1952: 1497:

The new state-owned banks took over the domestic activities and have been recapitalised by government with a

1265: 927: 81: 7619: 7562: 11890: 11534: 11202: 11046: 11039: 10996: 10944: 10878: 10476: 9965: 9783: 7397: 7220: 7138: 6699: 5499: 2701: 2339: 1696: 1603:

us." He has also stated that it is impossible to predict whether the company will be profitable this year.

974: 348: 284: 8155: 7739: 4026: 1250: 1054:

On 21 October, the Central Bank of Iceland asked the remaining independent financial institutions for new

12033: 11754: 11667: 11627: 11584: 11579: 11358: 11350: 11024: 11017: 10937: 10864: 10856: 10848: 10826: 10225: 8443: 7326: 7324: 6218: 6191: 5972:"Consultation on Parental Upstreaming and the Introduction of Depositor Protection and Ombudsman Schemes" 5451: 4732: 4655: 2743: 2602: 2399: 2372: 2275: 1972:, president of Glitnir, was sentenced to 6 months in prison by the District Court of Reykjavik for major 1684: 934: 892: 604: 430: 412: 392: 377: 275: 129: 51: 9689: 8395: 7911: 7198: 6753: 4789: 4427: 2424:, a special court to hear cases alleging misconduct in government office: it will be the first time the 1997: 12168: 12163: 11784: 11764: 11744: 11342: 11247: 11053: 10731: 10494: 9657: 9486: 8707: 7254: 5781: 5589: 4453: 4254:"The Darling-Mathiesen Conversation before Britain Used the Anti-Terrorism Legislation against Iceland" 2355: 2199:

Lýður Guðmundsson and Águst Guðmundsson, the frozen food entrepreneurs who were in charge of Kaupthing.

1004:

Sverige AB, the Swedish subsidiary of Kaupthing. The loan was to pay "depositors and other creditors".

904: 603:

to stabilize the value of the Icelandic króna, and secured a US$ 5.1bn sovereign debt package from the

9670: 9625: 7970: 7321: 5807: 4505:"The Kaupthing Singer & Friedlander Limited Transfer of Certain Rights and Liabilities Order 2008" 1994:. Out of the 9 months, 6 were suspended for 2 years. The Supreme Court of Iceland acquitted Guðmundur. 12249: 12118: 11935: 11835: 11815: 11779: 11739: 11599: 11457: 11381: 11153: 10636: 10039: 9808: 9759: 9712:, translated extracts of an interview given by Davið Oddsson on Icelandic public-service broadcaster 9525:

The End of Iceland's Innocence. The Image of Iceland in the Foreign Media during the Financial Crisis

6483:

Iceland: Financial System Stabulity Assessment, IMF country report No. 08/368, December 2008, page 11

5567:"Transcript of Regular Press Briefing by David Hawley, Senior Advisor, External Relations Department" 4397: 3862: 827: 637: 397: 36: 10628: 9883: 9676: 8682: 5145: 4162: 2369:

brain tumour since September 2008. The government recommended that elections be held on 9 May 2009.

1498: 640:

has declined from 9.7% of GDP in 2009 and 2010 to 0.2% of GDP in 2014; the central government gross

12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 11940: 11769: 11118: 10781: 10753: 10590: 9041: 4808: 4079: 3892: 2004:, was compelled by the District Court of Reykjavik to pay 2 billion ISK to Landsbanki because of a 1812: 1643: 1408: 865: 680: 8537: 7882: 2054:. Out of the 9 months, 6 were suspended for 2 years. The Supreme Court of Iceland acquitted Lárus. 12128: 12108: 12050: 11895: 11880: 11672: 11662: 11527: 11493: 11411: 10915: 10818: 10419: 9256: 8875: 8421: 8339: 8284: 8220: 8085: 8052: 8000: 7886: 7824: 7769: 7714: 7623: 7566: 7514: 7513:[Bjarni Ármannsson sentenced to half a year's suspended prison sentence] (in Icelandic). 7426: 7335: 7306: 7280: 7224: 7116: 3596: 3484: 3451: 3425: 3395: 3365: 3302: 3269: 3235: 3208: 3150: 3120: 3090: 3051: 2815: 2642: 2429: 1865: 1832: 1610: 1208: 671: 546: 310: 265: 7005: 6005:"Statement from Landsbanki Íslands hf: Landsbanki did not transfer funds from the UK to Iceland" 4829: 1510:) was set up on 9 October with 200 billion krónur in equity and 2,300 billion krónur of assets. 952:, and suggested that foreign creditors would "unfortunately only get 5–10–15% of their claims". 12254: 11966: 11910: 11622: 11594: 11486: 11188: 10583: 10434: 10427: 10379: 10365: 10081: 9901: 8549: 7488: 7451: 2672: 2497: 2246: 1671: 1655: 1514:

was set up on 15 October with 110 billion krónur in equity and 1,200 billion krónur of assets.

1137: 1117: 861:

savings out of the Internet bank. Problems with access to the site hinted at a run on savings.

632: 541: 239: 168: 109: 8729: 8335: 7334:[Lydur Gudmundsson pays two million in fines – Bjarnfreður acquitted] (in Icelandic). 6948: 6801: 1426:

high (15.5%). Such high interest rates, compared with 5.5% in the United Kingdom or 4% in the

12178: 12148: 12060: 11830: 11642: 11617: 11418: 10811: 10665: 10328: 10310: 10237: 10216: 9933: 9706:, scholarly analysis by Ann-Sofie Nielsen Gremaud, in: NORDEUROPAforum 20 (2010:1–2), 87–106. 9571:

Why Iceland: How One of the World's Smallest Countries Became the Meltdown's Biggest Casualty

9110: 9106: 8852: 8216: 6722: 6531: 5646: 4957: 4574: 4352: 3973: 3919: 3723: 3239: 2929: 2765:Önnudóttir, Eva H.; Helgason, Agnar Freyr; Hardarson, Ólafur Th; Thórisdóttir, Hulda (2021). 2175: 1662:, though the European Union stated that Iceland had not formally withdrawn the application.) 1651: 1454: 955:

Darling announced that he was taking steps to freeze the assets of Landsbanki in the UK. The

831: 684: 624: 550: 187: 98: 5854: 5296: 5274: 5251: 5229: 3421: 3204: 3124: 3086: 2390:

After these discussions, Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir of the Social Democratic Alliance and

1430:

for example, encouraged overseas investors to hold deposits in Icelandic krónur, leading to

205: 12143: 12075: 12055: 12019: 11930: 11885: 11825: 11789: 11759: 11705: 11637: 11365: 11195: 10739: 10351: 10256: 10248: 10160: 10020: 7060: 4335: 2464: 2455: 2271: 1757: 1470: 1318: 1223: 1067: 1060: 1055: 138: 120: 5837: 2987: 2736: 2279: 1969: 8: 12080: 12045: 12009: 12004: 11915: 11858: 11820: 11799: 11632: 11321: 11031: 10929: 10834: 10694: 10546: 10464: 10298: 10123: 9938: 5867:

GDP growth is for the second quarter 2008 (annualised); Q3 growth was −0.8% (annualised).

4295: 3334: 2647: 2395: 2300: 2129: 1776: 1753: 1667: 872:

addressed the nation in a speech that became infamous for its portentous closing words: '

675: 628: 372: 9704:

The Vikings are coming!A modern Icelandic self-image in the light of the economic crisis

9172: 9036: 7672: 7670: 7648: 2531:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1734:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1558:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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more expensive. Ten-year government bonds were issued below 6%, lower than some of the

2418:

negligence in office at a session on 28 September 2010. He will stand trial before the

1792: 1515: 1431: 1289:

approved. The Icelandic government spoke of a $ 500M (€376M) gap in the funding plans.

941: 839: 620: 249: 177: 60: 11981: 8629: 6893:

Dunkley, Emma (16 January 2016). "Iceland refunds Treasury over Landsbanki collapse".

6833: 5566: 4504: 4316: 4186: 4174: 2346:. He said he would travel to the Netherlands around the end of January for treatment. 1955:, was sentenced to mandatory 2 years in prison by the District Court of Reykjavík for 1386:% of the sum deposited) than for other European banks. The króna, which was ranked by 1109:

closing prices during the five trading weeks from 29 September 2008 to 31 October 2008

529: 12133: 12123: 11989: 10290: 10273: 10174: 9600:

Steinsson, Jón. 2017. Comment on The Rise, the Fall, and the Resurrection of Iceland.

9574: 9546: 9528: 9509: 9490: 8447: 8365: 8313: 8118: 8026: 7974: 7915: 7844: 7842: 7743: 7667: 7592: 7540: 7455: 7364: 7142: 6582: 6101: 6079: 3658: 2792: 2778: 2566: 2343: 2150: 1973: 1605: 1595: 1416: 1404: 1232: 1045: 993: 949: 873: 641: 593: 482: 470: 9504:

Meltdown Iceland: Lessons on the World Financial Crisis from a Small Bankrupt Island

7279:[Supreme Court upholds ruling – Baldur two years in prison] (in Icelandic). 6931: 2225: 1576: 930: 12213: 12173: 12158: 12153: 12085: 11905: 11255: 10770: 10765: 10181: 10153: 10130: 10062: 10006: 9948: 9131: 5525: 3055: 2770: 2711: 2550: 2263:

Parts of the Icelandic public have arranged protests against the Central Bank, the

2146: 1872:, to investigate the causes and lessons of the crisis. The commission released its 1796: 1446: 1343: 937: 608: 600: 462: 9619: 8510: 8084:[Al-Thani case: Heavy prison sentences for Kaupthing men] (in Icelandic). 7839: 7539:[Bjarni sentenced to 6 months' suspended prison sentence] (in Icelandic). 5540: 5066: 5006: 4517: 3744: 3622: 1397: 627:

of the Icelandic stock exchange fell by more than 90%. Iceland underwent a severe

592:

ruling that Iceland was not obliged to repay Dutch and British depositors minimum

12138: 11215: 11065: 10900: 10746: 10702: 10601: 10102: 10001: 9755: 9616:, a website listing and reviewing scholarly and artistic handlings of the Crisis. 9613: 8607: 8517: 7680:[Sigurjón sentenced to three and a half years in prison] (in Icelandic). 5726: 4815: 4796: 4682: 4323: 2570: 2489: 2304: 2187: 1984: 1956: 1869: 1844: 1816: 1704: 1439: 1412: 1079: 1041: 876:'. He announced a package of new regulatory measures which were to be put to the 835: 657: 585: 474: 148: 9587:

Jonsson, Ivar (2012) "Explaining the Crisis of Iceland – A Realist Approach" in

9481: 8420:[Exeter ruling overturned: Styrmir gets year in prison] (in Icelandic). 7164: 5877: 4706:"SFBC takes measures to protect investors of the Swiss Branch of Kaupthing Bank" 2319: 1931: 644:

was expected to decline to less than 60% in 2018 from a maximum of 85% in 2011.

12218: 11994: 11900: 10980: 10892: 10797: 10167: 10146: 9710:

We Do Not Intend to Pay The Debts of the Banks That Have Been a Little Heedless

9439: 9143: 9069: 8533: 8498: 8473: 8391: 8251: 8151: 7944: 7853: 7681: 7484: 7393: 7384: 7382: 7250: 7194: 6154: 6127: 6056: 4984: 4709: 4628: 4204: 4141: 3546: 2925: 2878: 2565:

in April 2013, which as one of their top priorities wanted to negotiate a debt

2477: 2335: 1927: 1907: 1807: 1631: 1588: 1584: 1478: 1278: 1239: 1227: 1125: 1106: 1095: 1001: 986: 982: 900: 815: 807: 612: 517: 509: 494: 417: 39: 9250: 7713:[Supreme Court sentences Sigurjón and Elín to prison] (in Icelandic). 4175:"The Heritable Bank plc Transfer of Certain Rights and Liabilities Order 2008" 3570: 2901:"Condensed Consolidated Interim Financial Statements:1 January - 30 June 2008" 2446:

Icelandic parliament in October 2008. It served to minimise the impact of the

1511: 1102: 12233: 12113: 10643: 10568: 10561: 10554: 10532: 10516: 10508: 10501: 10487: 10457: 10450: 10443: 10401: 10394: 10387: 10358: 10197: 10190: 10116: 10088: 9684: 8283:[Four and a half years in prison in the Exeter case] (in Icelandic). 3827: 2767:

Electoral Politics in Crisis After the Great Recession: Politics Transformed?

2706: 2632: 2338:

announced on 23 January 2009 that he would be stepping down as leader of the

2233: 2192: 2068:Ólafur Ólafsson, a shareholder of Kaupthing Bank, was sentenced to mandatory 1491: 1423: 1393: 1388: 1301: 1273: 1171: 997: 923:

for £1 million. The same day, the FME also placed Glitnir into receivership.

847: 561: 533: 293: 9724: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8103: 7379: 4730: 2420: 1619:

has ceased publication due to the crisis, resulting in the loss of 20 jobs.

1464:

The Icesave logo, advertising it as "part of Landsbanki, Reykjavík, Iceland"

11999: 10972: 10723: 10524: 10095: 9719: 8730:"Poll: Majority of Icelanders want early elections – People's Daily Online" 8578: 8304: 8302: 8117:[Hreiðar received five and a half years in prison] (in Icelandic). 7948: 6861:"Britain has been fully reimbursed for Icesave bank collapse, Iceland says" 6751: 6434: 5618: 5316: 3680:

Moody, Jonas (10 August 2009). "Report Questions Lending of Iceland Bank".

2594: 2366: 2286: 2179: 1806:(FSCS) paid around £3 billion to transfer deposits from Heritable Bank and 1700: 1450: 1435: 1368: 1075: 856: 820: 791: 573: 553:

during the crisis, further aggravating the mistrust in the banking system.

521: 71: 12103: 8051:[Appeal dismissal in the case of Hannes Smárason] (in Icelandic). 7823:[Lárus Welding and Guðmundur Hjaltason convicted] (in Icelandic). 6834:

The Chancellor of the Exchequer (Mr. Alistair Darling) (13 October 2008).

6386: 6363: 2774: 1802:

The cost of deposit insurance in the UK was unclear in November 2008. The

11226: 10683: 10282: 10139: 10109: 9101: 8472:[Former president to prison for breach of trust] (in Icelandic). 8133: 8100: 7643: 7641: 7355: 7353: 7115:[Aron Karlsson sentenced to two years in prison] (in Icelandic). 6410:"Crisis deepens for Iceland as last of 'big three' banks is nationalised" 6124:"New Kaupthing Bank Takes Over Domestic Operations of Kaupthing banki hf" 3920:"Address to the Nation by H.E. Geir H. Haarde, Prime Minister of Iceland" 2051: 2005: 1991: 1623:"temporary delay" which affected "all payments to and from the country". 1392:

in early 2007 as the most overvalued currency in the world (based on the

1261: 1029: 1021: 1012:

subsidiary asked for, and obtained, a suspension of payments (similar to

916: 881: 869: 577: 490: 478: 8683:"Relations in deep freeze as Iceland denounces UK's 'unfriendly' action" 8299: 7332:"Lýður Guðmundsson greiðir tvær milljónir í sekt – Bjarnfreður sýknaður" 7032:"Iceland Prosecutor Investigates, Convicts Bankers for Financial Crimes" 6802:"Act No 98/1999 on Deposit Guarantees and Investor- Compensation Scheme" 6053:"New Landsbanki Takes Over Domestic Operations of Landsbanki Islands hf" 5909:"International reserves and foreign currency liquidity – September 2008" 12065: 6640:"Councils can recover a third of frozen Iceland deposits within months" 5297:"Moody's downgrades Iceland's ratings to A1 from Aa1; review continues" 5202: 3306: 2907: 2764: 1923: 1615: 1599: 1580: 1503: 1293: 1184: 1009: 920: 589: 513: 7638: 7591:[Supreme Court increases sentence for Bjarni] (in Icelandic). 7363:[Lydur sentenced to pay two million in fines] (in Icelandic). 7350: 5969: 5275:"Fitch downgrades Iceland to 'BBB-'; remains on Rating watch Negative" 3994: 3893:"How Long Can Icelandic Banks Last?, Will all Icelanders go bankrupt?" 3863:"The party's over for Iceland, the island that tried to buy the world" 2311:

Liberal Party were far behind, with only 6.3% and 4.3%, respectively.

798:

12-month inflation in January 2009 climbed to a record high of 18.6%.

7973:[Must pay two billion because of suretyship] (in Icelandic). 7622:[The Imon case: Sigurjón and Elín acquitted] (in Icelandic). 7305:[Milestone conviction of Baldur Gudlaugsson] (in Icelandic). 6148: 6121: 6099: 6077: 6050: 4622: 4198: 4135: 3697:"The government of Iceland acquires 75 percent share in Glitnir Bank" 3009: 2946:"Iceland, Symbol of Financial Crisis, Finally Lifts Capital Controls" 1364: 969: 940:. That evening, one of the governors of the Central Bank of Iceland, 851: 811: 498: 9562:

Fault lines in Cross-border Banking: Lessons from the Icelandic case

8756:"Social Alliance Leads Rivals in Iceland: Angus Reid Global Monitor" 8390:[Styrmir Thor acquitted in the Exeter case] (in Icelandic). 8364:[Styrmir Thor acquitted in the Exeter case] (in Icelandic). 8312:[Four and a half years for breach of trust] (in Icelandic). 7742:[Sigurjón three and a half years in prison] (in Icelandic). 7454:[Lydur and Bjarnfredur sentenced to prison] (in Icelandic). 7425:[Lydur and Bjarnfreður sentenced to prison] (in Icelandic). 7019:

investigations by bringing charges in court against those concerned.

5119: 568:(FME) to take control over financial institutions and made domestic 11677: 11519: 10074: 10031: 8446:[Styrmir Þór received one year's sentence] (in Icelandic). 7999:[Charge against Hannes Smárason dismissed] (in Icelandic). 7906: 7904: 7475: 7473: 4228:"Glitnir's Operations Continued – Lárus Welding to continue as CEO" 3627: 2411: 2264: 2001: 1868:

Tryggvi Gunnarsson and Sigríður Benediktsdóttir associate chair at

1427: 888: 581: 569: 486: 320: 9169:"Gud velsigne Island!( Finanskrisen, Makro og politkk, Utenriks )" 8579:

Einarsdottir, Helga Kristin; Brogger, Tasneem (15 November 2008).

7249:[Baldur sentenced to two years in prison] (in Icelandic). 5692:"UK Treasury lends Iceland £2.2bn to compensate Icesave customers" 5619:

Brogger, Tasneem; Einarsdottir, Helga Kristin (20 November 2008).

4978: 2322:(the square in front of the Alþing), the first such use since the 1594:

Other companies have also been affected. For example, the private

1074:) had made a complaint to Norwegian police concerning the alleged 11920: 11696: 11550: 9418:"Iceland Premier Says No Date to Lift Controls (video interview)" 7852:[Lárus og Guðmundur sentenced to prison] (in Icelandic). 7768:[One year in prison for insider trading] (in Icelandic). 7734: 7732: 7565:[Sentence of Bjarni Ármansson increased] (in Icelandic). 7193:[Increased sentence for deceiving banks] (in Icelandic). 6839: 6752:

Brogger, Tasneem; Einarsdottir, Helga Kristin (11 October 2008).

6435:

Brogger, Tasneem; Einarsdottir, Helga Kristin (14 October 2008).

6314:"Icelandic Shoppers Splurge as Currency Woes Reduce Food Imports" 5478:"The Central Bank of Iceland draws on swap facility arrangements" 5449: 5317:

Brogger, Tasneem; Einarsdottir, Helga Kristin (12 October 2008).

2354:

was to serve as Prime Minister in his absence. The leader of the

2183: 1890: 1861: 1768: 1659: 1352: 1348: 1313: 877: 557: 466: 8548:

The Águst Guðmundsson involved here should not be confused with

7901: 7651:[Sigurjón and Elín sentenced to prison] (in Icelandic). 7470: 6836:"Written ministerial statements – TREASURY – Contingencies Fund" 4703: 8900:

Iceland's 'figurehead' president has important decision to make

8538:

https://www.reuters.com/article/sfo-brief-idUSFWN0Q600M20140731

6910:"Iceland's Development Community Grapples with Foreign Aid Cut" 6151:"The provisional opening balance sheets of the three new banks" 5319:"Iceland Minister Says IMF Aid Needed to Attract Foreign Loans" 4731:

Isle of Man Financial Supervision Commission (9 October 2008).

4030: 2653:

List of banks acquired or bankrupted during the Great Recession

2500:

at the end of 2010, under a restructuring plan approved by the

2406:, who became the new chairwoman of her party on 28 March 2009. 2058: 1963: 1356: 1129: 1017: 786:

The last currency auction was held on 3 December. The domestic

9713: 9282:"In European Crisis, Iceland Emerges as an Island of Recovery" 9034: 7795: 7729: 7652: 7511:"Bjarni Ármannsson dæmdur í hálfs árs skilorðsbundið fangelsi" 7277:"Hæstiréttur staðfesti dóminn – Baldur í tveggja ára fangelsi" 7223:[Baldur received two years mandatory] (in Icelandic). 7168: 6187: 5942: 4676: 4111:"Landsbanki's Operations Continued Under Unchanged Management" 2973:"Seasonally adjusted quarterly volume growth in GDP 1980–2014" 1277:

swap arrangements with Switzerland, another non-member of the

1048:

to Landsbanki "to help maximise the returns to UK creditors".

945: 9396:"Iceland Keeps Western Europe's Highest Rate as Krona Stable" 7392:[Lydur must pay 2 millions in fines] (in Icelandic). 4549:"Bretar knésettu stærsta fyrirtæki Íslendinga með valdníðslu" 2995:"Hagstofa Íslands. Helstu hagstærðir hins opinbera 1980–2014" 1756:

has the most money invested in Icelandic banks, £50 million.

1598:

declared bankruptcy on 29 October 2008. The national airline

1442:, with investors overestimating the true value of the króna. 1367:

their debts. It is estimated that the three major banks held

1133: 996:, Sweden's central bank, made a credit facility of 5 billion 8981:

Geir Haarde segist bera einn alla ábyrgð á FL Group styrknum

8511:"Tchenguiz brothers arrested in SFO Kaupthing investigation" 8150:[Kaupthing men got heavy sentences] (in Icelandic). 8082:"Al-Thani málið: Þungir fangelsisdómar yfir Kaupþingsmönnum" 3724:"The Government of Iceland provides Glitnir with new equity" 1847:" did not result in any specific actions being agreed upon. 1699:

and oil drilling off the coast as well as arguing that the

854:

I've encountered in some time" was his graphic description.

8242: 8240: 8238: 7141:[Sentenced to two years in prison] (in Icelandic). 4809:"The Landsbanki Freezing Order 2008 (General Licence) (L2)" 4373: 3721: 3330:"Iceland raises rates to 18pc as part of IMF's £1bn rescue" 2678:

The Report of the Althingi Special Investigation Commission

2314:

As the Parliament met again on 20 January 2009, there were

2295: 1124:

The market reopened on 14 October with the main index, the

926:

That afternoon, there was a telephone conversation between

915:

first to transfer retail deposits from Heritable Bank to a

9440:

Iceland to end capital controls from 2008 financial crisis

8025:[Charge against Hannes dismissed] (in Icelandic). 7885:[Acquitted in the Vafningur case] (in Icelandic). 7446: 7444: 6149:

Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) (14 November 2008).

4349:"Financial sanctions > Current regimes > Landsbanki" 4187:"The Transfer of Rights and Liabilities to ING Order 2008" 2015:, president of Kaupthing Bank, was sentenced to mandatory 1460: 1403:

Coming from a small domestic market, Iceland's banks have

944:, was interviewed on Icelandic public service broadcaster 826:

The announced nationalisation of Glitnir came just as the

814:. On 29 September 2008, a plan was announced for the bank 619:

The financial crisis had a serious negative impact on the

508:

In the years preceding the crisis, three Icelandic banks,

9348:"Iceland Lacks Currency for Easy Exit of Krona Creditors" 7711:"Hæstiréttur dæmir Sigurjón og Elínu til fangelsisvistar" 6384: 6361: 6122:

Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) (22 October 2008).

6100:

Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) (14 October 2008).

4767:(in Finnish). Kauppalehti. 9 October 2008. Archived from 4546: 4027:"Further update on Landsbanki Guernsey in administration" 3995:

Guernsey Financial Services Commission (7 October 2008).

2307:

had now cancelled this after mutual agreement with NATO.

2161: 1676:

During the Social Democrat-Left Green coalition (2009-13)

1285: 1114: 1090: 843: 9527:. Citizen Press Iceland and University of Ottawa Press. 8854:

Prime Minister Formally Tenders Government's Resignation

8805:

PM of Iceland steps down, elections to take place in May

8499:"Robert and Vincent Tchenguiz arrested in Iceland probe" 8235: 7971:"Þarf að greiða tvo milljarða vegna sjálfskuldaábyrgðar" 7914:[Lárus and Guðmundur acquitted] (in Icelandic). 6932:"Strapped Iceland Lists Homes in D.C., New York, London" 6244:

A Tale of Three Countries: Recovery after Banking Crises

6078:

Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) (9 October 2008).

6051:

Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) (9 October 2008).

6039:

A Tale of Three Countries: Recovery after Banking Crises

5853:. Central Bank of Iceland. November 2008. Archived from 4623:

Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) (9 October 2008).

4199:

Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) (8 October 2008).

4136:

Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) (7 October 2008).

2259:, seat of the Icelandic parliament, on 15 November 2008. 2132:

in the Imon case. Out of the 9 months, 6 were suspended.

834:

and to sell its retail operations and branch network to

9144:"Iceland ex-PM Haarde 'partly' guilty over 2008 crisis" 9132:"Trial of Iceland ex-PM Haarde over 2008 crisis begins" 8552:, who is a famous Icelandic filmmaker of the same name. 8275: 8273: 8211: 8209: 8207: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8070: 7877: 7875: 7815: 7813: 7705: 7703: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7441: 7417: 7415: 7096:"Iceland banking inquiry finds murky geysers runs deep" 6754:"Iceland Reaches Deposit Accord With U.K., Netherlands" 6670:"Tynwald Approves Raising of £50,000 Savings Guarantee" 6030: 6028: 6026: 5906: 5524:. Icelandic Government. 19 October 2008. Archived from 5475: 5450:

Lannin, Patrick; Valdimarsson, Omar (15 October 2008).

3567:"External trade, preliminary figures for November 2008" 2209:, the shipping and brewing moguls who owned Landsbanki. 2101:

years in prison for breach of trust in the Exeter case.

2047:

years in prison for breach of trust in the Exeter case.

9097:"Islands tidligere statsminister stilles for riksrett" 9035:

Helgason, Gudjon; Dodds, Paisley (28 September 2010).

7167:[Aron Karlsson got two years] (in Icelandic). 5970:

Guernsey Financial Services Commission (August 2008).

5621:"Iceland Gets $ 4.6 Billion Bailout From IMF, Nordics" 5500:"ECB Power Grows Beyond Borders as Neighbors Seek Aid" 4790:"The Landsbanki Freezing Order 2008 (General Licence)" 4733:"Kaupthing Singer & Friedlander (Isle of Man) Ltd" 4452:. Agence France-Presse. 8 October 2008. Archived from 3481:"Questions and answers about foreign exchange matters" 2342:

for health reasons: he has been diagnosed as having a

10380:

Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks

9559:

Gudmundsson, Már and Thorsteinn Thorgeirsson (2010).

9453:

So What's This Literary Scandal I Keep Hearing About?

6002: 5838:"Letter of Intent to the International Monetary Fund" 4979:

Financial Supervisory Agency (FME) (6 October 2008).

3655:"Iceland's inflation hits record 18.6 percent in Jan" 2493:, which had some scenes that were filmed in Iceland. 2217: 2140: 2125:

years in prison for his involvement in the Imon case.

9255:(YouTube video). Wendover Productions. 5 June 2019. 8827:"Iceland's commerce minister quits, citing meltdown" 8270: 8204: 8186:"Iceland jails former Kaupthing bank bosses - Vísir" 8067: 7872: 7810: 7700: 7607: 7412: 6813:

Icelandic Depositors' and Investors' Guarantee Fund

6777:"Britain, Iceland make progress on Icesave deposits" 6698:. Isle of Man Today. 10 October 2008. Archived from 6023: 5943:

Leftly, Mark; Northedge, Richard (12 October 2008).

5724:

Robert Jackson (15 November 2008). "The Big Chill".

5452:"Iceland slashes rates, Russia studies loan request" 4292:"Statement by the Chancellor on financial stability" 2584: 2454:

A second important factor is the success of the IMF

2299:

Icelandic airspace in December 2008. Iceland has no

1879: 1113:

Trading in shares of six financial companies on the

774:

On 28 November, the Central Bank of Iceland and the

473:

of all three of the country's major privately owned

9007:"Crisis Report: Icelandic Ministers Were Negligent" 8857:, Iceland: Prime Minister's Office, 26 January 2009 8470:"Fyrrverandi forstjóri í fangelsi fyrir umboðssvik" 8338:[Appeals in the Imon case] (in Icelandic). 7943:[Acquitted despite intent] (in Icelandic). 7483:[Sentenced in Exista case] (in Icelandic). 6672:. Isle of Man Today. 9 October 2008. Archived from 6283:"Iceland businesses feel sting of financial crisis" 5643:"Background information on Nordic loans to Iceland" 5396:(in Icelandic). RÚV. 7 October 2008. Archived from 5226:"International Credit Update – Republic of Iceland" 5199:"The Republic of Iceland's sovereign credit rating" 5196: 5095: 4704:Swiss Federal Banking Commission (9 October 2008). 4649: 4426:. Press Association. 8 October 2008. Archived from 4024: 1855: 687:quoted a reference rate of 305 krónur to the euro. 9501: 9037:"Iceland Ex-PM Faces Possible Charges in Meltdown" 7792:"Dæmdur í tólf mánaða fangelsi fyrir innherjasvik" 7537:"Bjarni dæmdur í 6 mánaða skilorðsbundið fangelsi" 7361:"Lýður dæmdur til að greiða tvær milljónir í sekt" 7090: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7004:. Office of the Special Prosecutor. Archived from 6696:"Isle of Man Pledges Action on Kaupthing Collapse" 6437:"Iceland Cuts Key Interest Rate to 12% From 15.5%" 6387:"Fréttatilkynning frá Landssamtökum lífeyrissjóða" 6212: 6188:"Press release – Glitnir banki hf ("Old Glitnir")" 4861:"Norway takes charge of Kaupthing's Norwegian arm" 4677:Kaupthing Bank Luxembourg S.A. (12 October 2008). 3564: 2428:has convened since it was established in the 1905 868:to Icelandic banks were shut down. Prime Minister 9929:Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union 8957:, Iceland Review, 27 January 2009, archived from 8563:"Iceland falls out of love with its billionaires" 7821:"Lárus Welding og Guðmundur Hjaltason sakfelldir" 7678:"Sigurjón dæmdur í þriggja og hálfs árs fangelsi" 6242:policy contribution Dezember 2011, Zsolt Darvas, 6037:policy contribution Dezember 2011, Zsolt Darvas, 5098:"Definitive list of constituents in OMXI15 index" 4830:"Landsbanki gets £100m loan to pay UK depositors" 4595: 4080:"Iceland government seizes control of Landsbanki" 1028:. The directors of Kaupthing's subsidiary on the 919:holding company, then to sell them to Dutch bank 12231: 9370:"S&P warns Iceland over debt write-off plan" 9279: 8281:"Fjögurra og hálfs árs fangelsi í Exeter-málinu" 6963:"Icesave Talks Break Down, and Referendum Looms" 6960: 6496:. IcelandReview. 14 January 2009. Archived from 4376:"UK govt launching legal action against Iceland" 4374:Marshall, Chris; Martin, Iain (8 October 2008). 4289: 4055:(Press release). 10 October 2008. Archived from 3799: 1359:and Sweden from 2000 to 2007. Iceland is in red. 1016:) in the Luxembourg District Court. Kaupthing's 779:securities, popularly known as "glacier bonds". 8700:"British air force mission to Iceland scrapped" 8250:[Exeter men acquitted] (in Icelandic). 8219:[Exeter men acquitted] (in Icelandic). 7935: 7933: 7079: 5569:. International Monetary Fund. 13 November 2008 5372:"Iceland Seeks Loan From Russia, Pegs Currency" 5117: 5038: 3997:"Landsbanki Guernsey Limited in Administration" 1951:Baldur Guðlaugsson, permanent secretary of the 670:On the night of Wednesday, 8 October 2008, the 576:and liquidation, resulting in losses for their 9223: 8880:, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 26 January 2009 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6407: 6276: 6274: 5723: 5497: 4947: 4077: 3860: 3826: 3773: 2404:Minister of Social Affairs and Social Security 2365:, was also unwell, undergoing treatment for a 1687:demands and introduced austerity. Later on in 1579:, the new organisation which replaces the old 810:, the largest bank in Iceland, were leaked to 11535: 11508:List of stock market crashes and bear markets 10047: 9754: 9740: 9696:Iceland: The country that became a hedge fund 8601: 7113:"Aron Karlsson dæmdur í tveggja ára fangelsi" 6362:Landssamtök lífeyrissjóða (10 October 2008). 5779: 5689: 5587: 5418: 5272: 5223: 5041:"Icelandic stock market crashes on reopening" 4950:"Norway sends aid team to crisis-hit Iceland" 4919:"Financial Companies Get Seven-Day Extension" 4889:"Central Bank Calls for Increased Collateral" 4547:Guðmundur Sv. Hermannsson (11 October 2008). 4336:"Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001" 3722:Prime Minister's Office (29 September 2008). 3475: 3473: 3327: 3205:"Temporary modifications in currency outflow" 3042: 3040: 2658:List of stock market crashes and bear markets 891:subsidiary of Landsbanki went into voluntary 438: 9545:. Presses de l'Université du Québec Canada. 9156:"OECD Economic Surveys – Iceland, June 2011" 8606:(in Norwegian). Klassekampen. Archived from 8534:https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-28490405 8179: 8177: 8175: 8173: 7997:"Ákæru á hendur Hannesi Smárasyni vísað frá" 7930: 6774: 6637: 6494:"Salary Cuts for 14 Percent of Wage Earners" 6385:Landssamtök lífeyrissjóða (7 October 2008). 6311: 5782:"Iceland teeters on the brink of bankruptcy" 2440: 2255:Some of the 6000 protesters in front of the 1396:), has further suffered from the effects of 8954:Sigurdardóttir Ready to Become Iceland's PM 8667:"Who are you calling terrorists, Mr Brown?" 8655:"Iceland to Britain: 'We're No Terrorists'" 8418:"Exeter-dómi snúið: Styrmir í árs fangelsi" 6907: 6720: 6566: 6337:"Temporary delay in international payments" 6271: 6257:"Um 300 fá ekki störf í Nýja Landsbankanum" 6185: 5719: 5717: 5476:Central Bank of Iceland (14 October 2008). 5341:"Russia Grants Iceland Giant Loan in Euros" 5294: 4652:"Kaupthing Bank turns to the Icelandic FSA" 3914: 3912: 3910: 2291:Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 1238:In addition, the value of foreign currency 1066:On 24 October, it emerged that a Norwegian 962:Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 806:In September 2008, internal documents from 11542: 11528: 10054: 10040: 9747: 9733: 9677:Icelanders struggle with economic collapse 9650:Iceland: Britain's Credit Crunch Scapegoat 9642:Iceland Suspends Trading, Creates New Bank 9474:Preludes to the Icelandic Financial Crisis 8930:, IceNews, 27 January 2009, archived from 8927:New Icelandic government under negotiation 8184:Daðason, Kolbeinn Tumi (2 December 2015). 8049:"Kæra frávísun í máli Hannesar Smárasonar" 7740:"Sigurjón í þriggja og hálfs árs fangelsi" 6988:"1. Kafli Verkefni og skipan nefndarinnar" 6930:Lewis, Christina S.N. (27 February 2009). 6822:National and University Library of Iceland 6334: 5945:"Lawyers head to Iceland to get cash back" 5907:Central Bank of Iceland (7 October 2008). 5443: 4883: 4881: 4827: 4577:. Prime Minister's Office. 16 October 2008 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4108: 3895:. HousePriceCrash Forums. 4–5 October 2008 3470: 3037: 2683:Timeline of the Icelandic financial crisis 1850: 1825:Icelandic International Development Agency 445: 431: 11329:2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence 9685:The first casualty of the crisis: Iceland 9658:The shocking errors of Iceland's meltdown 9472:Aliber, Robert Z., and Gylfi Zoega, eds. 8170: 8115:"Hreiðar fékk fimm og hálfs árs fangelsi" 7390:"Lýður þarf að greiða 2 milljónir í sekt" 6215:"Kaupthing Bank hf. granted a moratorium" 6003:Landsbanki Íslands hf (10 October 2008). 5034: 5032: 3976:. Prime Minister's Office. 6 October 2008 3922:. Prime Minister's Office. 6 October 2008 3293: 3291: 3266:"Temporary foreign exchange arrangements" 3110: 3108: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 2623:2011 Icelandic loan guarantees referendum 2618:2010 Icelandic loan guarantees referendum 2329: 1785:Depositors' and Investors' Guarantee Fund 42:speaks with reporters on 27 October 2008. 9540: 9522: 9482:Deep Freeze: Iceland's Economic Collapse 9479:Bagus, Philipp and David Howden (2011). 9171:. E24.no. 6 October 2008. Archived from 7452:"Lýður og Bjarnfreður dæmdir í fangelsi" 7423:"Lýður og Bjarnfreður dæmdir í fangelsi" 7303:"Tímamótadómur yfir Baldri Guðlaugssyni" 6519:"Iceland applies to join European Union" 5714: 4567: 4400:(in Icelandic). mbl.is. 9 October 2008. 4053:"Chief Minister Statement on Landsbanki" 3907: 3178:"Iceland is all but officially bankrupt" 2943: 2507: 2250: 1459: 1342: 1312: 1101: 1089: 656: 503:2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests 292: 31: 9568: 9300:"Iceland's creditors braced for losses" 9226:"Iceland's Banks Come in From the Cold" 8183: 6949:"Iceland parliament approves debt bill" 6892: 6613:"Audit chiefs invested £10m in Iceland" 6259:(in Icelandic). mbl.is. 13 October 2008 6213:Kaupthing Bank hf. (24 November 2008). 5773: 5369: 4878: 4765:"Rajat suljettiin islantilaispankeilta" 4276: 4225: 4163:"Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008" 4025:Landsbanki Guernsey (11 October 2008). 4020: 4018: 3694: 3384: 3236:"Euro foreign exchange reference rates" 3175: 3017:"Stefna í lánamálum ríkisins 2015–2018" 2845:"Gross domestic product 2007– Revision" 469:between 2008 and 2010. It involved the 14: 12232: 11234:Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010 11004:South American economic crisis of 2002 10901:Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis) 9259:from the original on 14 November 2021. 8877:Iceland's coalition government resigns 8630:"Iceland: Denmark has turned its back" 8388:"Styrmir Þór sýknaður í Exeter-málinu" 8362:"Styrmir Þór sýknaður í Exeter-málinu" 7850:"Lárus og Guðmundur dæmdir í fangelsi" 7766:"Eins árs fangelsi fyrir innherjasvik" 7247:"Baldur dæmdur í tveggja ára fangelsi" 7055: 7053: 6888: 6886: 6550: 6548: 5870: 5761:from the original on 30 September 2008 5029: 4679:"Communiqué de Presse / Press Release" 4650:Einarsson, Sigurdur (9 October 2008). 4003:from the original on 24 September 2015 3565:Statistics Iceland (3 December 2008). 3288: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3105: 3070: 2965: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2414:, and ISK 25 million from Landsbanki. 2240: 2162:Scrutiny of Icelandic business leaders 1804:Financial Services Compensation Scheme 985:, in default on its obligations, sold 897:Guernsey Financial Services Commission 842:of Iceland's other banks. Influential 790:reopened the following day with three 27:Default of three major Icelandic banks 11523: 11285:2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis 11241:2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis 10717:Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975 10035: 9728: 9543:La spectaculaire déroute de l'Islande 9499: 8984:, Eyjan, 8 April 2009, archived from 8310:"Fjögur og hálft ár fyrir umboðssvik" 8148:"Kaupþingsmennirnir fengu þunga dóma" 7620:"Imon-málið: Sigurjón og Elín sýknuð" 7191:"Þyngri dómur fyrir að blekkja banka" 6961:Nicholson, Chris (26 February 2010). 6951:. Reuters. Retrieved 4 February 2013. 6947:Valdimarsson, Omar (28 August 2009). 6280: 5669:"Dutch €1.3bn loan to Iceland agreed" 5600:from the original on 12 November 2008 4858: 4476:"UK freezes £4bn of Icelandic assets" 3802:"An icy blast cuts deep into Iceland" 3755:from the original on 21 December 2008 3679: 3558: 3539: 2839: 2837: 2350:and Independence Party vice-chairman 1484: 913:Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008 540:(€50 billion), more than 7 times the 11549: 11315:Russian financial crisis (2014–2016) 11168:2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis 11161:2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis 11126:2000s U.S. housing market correction 10966:1998–2002 Argentine great depression 10061: 9981:2010 European Union bank stress test 9476:(Palgrave Macmillan; 2014) 357 pages 9195:"Iceland To Raise $ 1B in Bond Sale" 9065:"Iceland's Former PM Taken to Court" 8907:from the original on 31 January 2009 7589:"Hæstiréttur þyngdi refsingu Bjarna" 7221:"Baldur fékk tvö ár óskilorðsbundið" 6733:from the original on 14 October 2008 6293:from the original on 11 October 2008 6194:from the original on 2 December 2008 5888:from the original on 26 January 2009 5818:from the original on 12 October 2008 5788:from the original on 11 October 2008 5590:"Iceland's rescue package flounders" 5156:from the original on 16 October 2008 5120:"Equities resume trading in Iceland" 5096:OMX Nordic Exchange (30 June 2008). 5077:from the original on 15 October 2008 5017:from the original on 12 October 2008 4840:from the original on 15 October 2008 4745:from the original on 29 October 2008 4596:Sveriges Riksbank (9 October 2008). 4555:from the original on 14 October 2008 4528:from the original on 12 October 2008 4486:from the original on 15 October 2008 4424:"Darling's pledge to Icesave savers" 4404:from the original on 10 October 2008 4317:"The Landsbanki Freezing Order 2008" 4246: 4015: 3873:from the original on 16 October 2008 3635:from the original on 1 February 2009 3509: 3422:"Rules on foreign exchange No. 1082" 3246:from the original on 1 December 2008 2922:"Interim Financial Statement 2008Q2" 2872:"Interim Financial Statement 2008Q2" 2511: 2435: 2153:were arrested in London by the UK's 1714: 1538: 477:in late 2008, following problems in 11472:2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis 11307:Puerto Rican government-debt crisis 11300:2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis 10673:1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation 10576:Shanghai rubber stock market crisis 10265:Dutch Republic stock market crashes 9878:Icelandic financial crisis protests 9109:. 28 September 2010. Archived from 9073:. 28 September 2010. Archived from 8833:. Associated Press. 25 January 2009 7563:"Dómur Bjarna Ármannssonar þyngdur" 7197:. 19 September 2013. Archived from 7050: 6883: 6593:from the original on 9 October 2008 6583:"Councils 'not reckless with cash'" 6545: 5370:Brogger, Tasneem (7 October 2008). 5126:from the original on 9 October 2008 5067:"Iceland stock market to stay shut" 5039:Thompson, James (15 October 2008). 4981:"Temporary suspension from trading" 4290:Alistair Darling (8 October 2008). 4090:from the original on 8 October 2008 3842:from the original on 7 October 2008 3800:Goodman, Matthew (5 October 2008). 3745:"Iceland nationalises Glitnir bank" 3593:"Interbank foreign exchange market" 3362:"Balance sheet of the Central Bank" 3223: 2799: 1153:Ratings of Icelandic sovereign debt 866:private interbank credit facilities 691:Iceland's account in 2007 and 2008: 24: 11278:2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis 11182:2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis 11154:2008–2009 Russian financial crisis 11147:2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis 10842:1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis 10337:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 9976:United Kingdom bank rescue package 9465: 9420:. Bloomberg L.P. 20 September 2013 8706:. 14 November 2008. Archived from 8602:Skjeseth, Alf (12 November 2008). 8154:. 12 December 2013. Archived from 8023:"Ákæru á hendur Hannesi vísað frá" 7947:. 13 February 2014. Archived from 7856:. 28 December 2012. Archived from 7649:"Sigurjón og Elín dæmd í fangelsi" 7061:"Rannsókn allra hrunmála er lokið" 6723:"Offshore Icelandic Funds at Risk" 6532:Application not formally withdrawn 6408:Prosser, David (10 October 2008). 5690:Mason, Rowena (20 November 2008). 5588:Ibison, David (11 November 2008). 5541:"Iceland set for $ 2.1bn IMF help" 5522:"Iceland set for $ 2.1bn IMF help" 5498:Kennedy, Simon (16 October 2008). 5421:"The Stunning Collapse of Iceland" 5394:"Ísland fær risalán frá Rússlandi" 4948:Berglund, Nina (24 October 2008). 4598:"Kaupthing Edge is being wound up" 3774:Sherwood, Joel (17 October 2008). 3623:"Iceland interest rates unchanged" 3487:. 30 November 2008. Archived from 3454:. 28 November 2008. Archived from 3398:. 28 November 2008. Archived from 2997:(in Icelandic). Statistics Iceland 2928:. 14 November 2008. Archived from 2834: 2818:. 4 September 2008. Archived from 2613:2008–2012 California budget crisis 2485:2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull 2218:Statements from former politicians 2141:Arrests by UK Serious Fraud Office 1710: 1477:funds from Landsbanki Guernsey to 1407:their expansion with loans on the 979:Kaupthing Singer & Friedlander 25: 12316: 11465:2023 United States banking crisis 11271:2011 Bangladesh share market scam 10959:1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis 10923:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994 10849:Japanese asset price bubble crash 10790:Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash 10540:Australian banking crisis of 1893 10344:Dutch Republic financial collapse 9607: 8561:Mason, Rowena (19 October 2008). 8476:. 31 October 2013. Archived from 8394:. 31 January 2013. Archived from 6867:. 13 January 2016. Archived from 5878:"Waking up to reality in Iceland" 5007:"Iceland halts all share trading" 4925:. 22 October 2008. Archived from 4895:. 21 October 2008. Archived from 4518:"Icelandic compensation to start" 4260:. 24 October 2008. Archived from 4078:Teather, David (7 October 2008). 3861:McVeigh, Tracy (5 October 2008). 3599:. 3 December 2008. Archived from 3540:Moody, Jonas (13 November 2008). 3512:"Floating kronur and flying eggs" 3448:"New foreign exchange regulation" 3368:. 4 November 2008. Archived from 3328:Mason, Rowena (28 October 2008). 3272:. 15 October 2008. Archived from 2289:used provisions in part 2 of the 1880:Icelandic criminal investigations 1773:Chief Minister of the Isle of Man 1534: 1147: 1098:from January 1998 to October 2008 788:interbank foreign exchange market 11695: 10322:Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763 9997:List of countries by public debt 9690:Credit collapse numbs Icelanders 9565:, SUERF Studies 05/2010, Vienna. 9445: 9432: 9410: 9388: 9362: 9340: 9318: 9292: 9280:Forelle, Charles (19 May 2012). 9273: 9263: 9243: 9217: 9187: 9161: 9149: 9137: 9125: 9089: 9057: 9028: 8999: 8972: 8945: 8918: 8891: 8868: 8845: 8819: 8796: 8774: 8758:. Angus-reid.com. Archived from 8748: 8722: 8692: 8676: 8660: 8648: 8622: 8595: 8572: 8555: 8542: 8527: 8504: 8492: 8462: 8436: 8410: 8380: 8354: 8328: 8041: 8015: 7989: 7963: 7784: 7758: 7684:. 8 October 2015. Archived from 7581: 7555: 7529: 7503: 7295: 7269: 7239: 7213: 7183: 7157: 7131: 7105: 7024: 6994: 6980: 6954: 6941: 6924: 6908:Ryan Weddle (23 February 2009). 6901: 6853: 6827: 6807: 6794: 6775:Young, Brett (11 October 2008). 6768: 6745: 6714: 6688: 6662: 6638:Prince, Rosa (15 October 2008). 6631: 6605: 6557: 6536: 6524: 6512: 6486: 6477: 6451: 6428: 6401: 6378: 6355: 6328: 6312:Thomas, Chad (13 October 2008). 6305: 6281:Young, Brett (10 October 2008). 6249: 6233: 6206: 6186:Glitnir hf. (24 November 2008). 6179: 6169: 6142: 6115: 6093: 6071: 6044: 5996: 5963: 5936: 5927: 5900: 5843: 5830: 5800: 5780:Wardell, Jane (7 October 2008). 5743: 5734: 5683: 5661: 5635: 5612: 5581: 5559: 5514: 5491: 5469: 5419:Capell, Kerry (9 October 2008). 5412: 5347:. 7 October 2008. Archived from 5273:Fitch Ratings (8 October 2008). 5224:Fitch Ratings (6 October 2008). 4450:"Britain vows to protect savers" 3176:Pfanner, Eric (9 October 2008). 3153:. 8 October 2008. Archived from 2587: 2516: 1856:Special Investigation Commission 1719: 1543: 1026:Swiss Federal Banking Commission 70: 11047:2007 Chinese stock bubble crash 10373:Danish state bankruptcy of 1813 9398:. Bloomberg L.P. 21 August 2013 9224:Asgeir Jonsson (16 June 2011). 9013:, 14 April 2010, archived from 8444:"Styrmir Þór fékk eins árs dóm" 7941:"Sýknaðir þrátt fyrir ásetning" 7487:. 13 March 2014. Archived from 7139:"Dæmdur í tveggja ára fangelsi" 7094:Mason, Rowena (14 April 2009). 6721:Lewis, Paul (11 October 2008). 5386: 5363: 5333: 5310: 5288: 5266: 5244: 5217: 5190: 5168: 5138: 5111: 5089: 5059: 4999: 4972: 4941: 4911: 4859:Acher, John (12 October 2008). 4852: 4821: 4802: 4783: 4757: 4724: 4697: 4670: 4643: 4616: 4589: 4540: 4510: 4498: 4468: 4442: 4416: 4390: 4367: 4341: 4329: 4310: 4219: 4192: 4180: 4168: 4156: 4129: 4102: 4071: 4045: 3988: 3966: 3934: 3885: 3854: 3820: 3793: 3767: 3737: 3715: 3688: 3673: 3647: 3615: 3585: 3533: 3503: 3440: 3414: 3354: 3321: 3258: 3197: 3169: 3139: 2944:Alderman, Liz (14 March 2017). 2381:Financial Supervisory Authority 1085: 695:per month in millions of euros 566:Financial Supervisory Authority 18:2008 Icelandic financial crisis 11428:Chinese property sector crisis 11336:2015–2016 stock market selloff 11264:August 2011 stock markets fall 11175:2008–2011 Irish banking crisis 10872:1990s Swedish financial crisis 10621:Weimar Republic hyperinflation 9884:May Day protests across Europe 9350:. Bloomberg L.P. 30 April 2013 9326:"Sigrún Davíðsdóttir's Icelog" 9105:(in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway. 8782:"Táragasi beitt á Austurvelli" 8254:. 29 June 2011. Archived from 7253:. 7 April 2011. Archived from 6335:Landsbanki (15 October 2008). 4828:Jones, Sam (14 October 2008). 3832:"Markets call time on Iceland" 2937: 2863: 2758: 2729: 2694: 2487:and the rise in popularity of 2461:European sovereign debt crisis 2352:Þorgerður Katrín Gunnarsdóttir 2182:retail empire, which includes 1637:Icelandic Federation of Labour 957:Landsbanki Freezing Order 2008 647: 13: 1: 12305:Political scandals in Iceland 11501:List of sovereign debt crises 11443:2022 Russian financial crisis 11140:2008 Latvian financial crisis 11133:U.S. bear market of 2007–2009 11011:Stock market downturn of 2002 10952:1998 Russian financial crisis 10805:1983 Israel bank stock crisis 9971:Société Générale trading loss 9890:French pension reform strikes 9201:. 9 June 2011. Archived from 7912:"Lárus og Guðmundur sýknaðir" 7653:National Broadcasting Service 7396:. 30 May 2013. Archived from 7169:National Broadcasting Service 6897:(London ed.). p. 4. 5671:. DutchNews. 20 November 2008 4351:. HM Treasury. Archived from 4294:. HM Treasury. Archived from 4109:Landsbanki (7 October 2008). 3776:"Iceland Seen Turning to IMF" 3695:Glitnir (29 September 2008). 3542:"Grace under Fire... and Ice" 3024:Ministry of Finance (Iceland) 2688: 2668:Stock market crashes in India 1155:(long-term foreign currency) 776:Minister for Business Affairs 82:Timeline of Icelandic history 11203:Greek government-debt crisis 11040:2004 Argentine energy crisis 10997:2001 Turkish economic crisis 10886:1990s Armenian energy crisis 10879:1990s Finnish banking crisis 10740:1976 British currency crisis 10710:1973–1974 stock market crash 9573:. McGraw-Hill Professional. 9252:Iceland's Tourism Revolution 8903:, IceNews, 26 January 2009, 7481:"Dæmdir sekir í Exista-máli" 3657:. FreshPlaza. Archived from 2363:Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir 2344:malignant oesophageal tumour 2270:In early November 2008, the 2203:Björgólfur Thor Björgólfsson 2000:, chairman and president of 1915: 1272:Bank of Iceland drew on its 1215: 1212: 1202: 1199: 1191: 1188: 1178: 1175: 1000:(€520 million) available to 975:Financial Services Authority 285:Allied occupation of Iceland 7: 12240:Economic history of Iceland 11359:2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis 11025:2003 Myanmar banking crisis 11018:2002 Uruguay banking crisis 10938:1997 Asian financial crisis 10865:1991 Indian economic crisis 10857:Rhode Island banking crisis 10827:Cameroonian economic crisis 10613:Early Soviet hyperinflation 10226:Crisis of the Third Century 9589:Journal of Critical Realism 8831:The San Diego Union-Tribune 8121:(Árvakur). 12 December 2013 7977:(Árvakur). 28 November 2013 7918:(Árvakur). 13 February 2014 7883:"Sýknaðir í Vafningsmálinu" 7165:"Aron Karlsson fékk tvö ár" 7145:(Árvakur). 19 November 2012 6815:"Financial statements 2007" 4654:. Kaupthing. Archived from 4482:. London. 12 October 2008. 2744:International Monetary Fund 2603:1991 Indian economic crisis 2580: 2285:In October 2008, the UK PM 1767:In an emergency sitting of 1703:should be converted into a 1674:moved into the mainstream. 935:Chancellor of the Exchequer 652: 276:British invasion of Iceland 10: 12321: 11683:2008–2011 financial crisis 11390:Sri Lankan economic crisis 11248:Energy crisis in Venezuela 11227:2009 Dubai debt standstill 11077:2007–2008 financial crisis 10732:Latin American debt crisis 10495:Paris Bourse crash of 1882 9487:Ludwig von Mises Institute 9146:. BBC News. 23 April 2012. 8808:, IceNews, 23 January 2008 8657:. "Time". 3 November 2008. 8450:(Árvakur). 31 October 2013 8368:(Árvakur). 31 January 2013 5295:Moody's (8 October 2008). 5252:"CIA – The World Factbook" 4226:Glitnir (8 October 2008). 2898:; Landsbanki ISK 3,970 bn 2737:"Iceland. Selected issues" 2608:2007–2008 financial crisis 2448:2007–2008 financial crisis 2356:Social Democratic Alliance 2244: 1529: 928:Icelandic Finance Minister 864:On 6 October, a number of 830:was forced to nationalise 693:Exports (imports) of goods 526:2007–2008 financial crisis 459:Icelandic financial crisis 12260:2000s in economic history 12245:Great Recession in Europe 12191: 12094: 12041: 12032: 11962: 11953: 11866: 11857: 11808: 11717: 11713: 11704: 11693: 11608: 11570: 11561: 11481: 11458:2022 stock market decline 11450:Pakistani economic crisis 11436:2021–2023 inflation surge 11382:Lebanese liquidity crisis 11351:Venezuelan hyperinflation 11343:Brexit stock market crash 11292:Venezuela economic crisis 11214: 11064: 11054:Zimbabwean hyperinflation 10764: 10682: 10653: 10637:Wall Street Crash of 1929 10600: 10477:2nd Industrial Revolution 10475: 10411: 10311:1st Industrial Revolution 10309: 10236: 10214: 10069: 10015: 9989: 9921: 9870: 9834: 9827: 9766: 9620:What happened to Iceland? 9541:Chartier, Daniel (2010). 9523:Chartier, Daniel (2010). 9134:. BBC News. 5 March 2012. 8501:. BBC News. 9 March 2011. 7746:(Árvakur). 8 October 2015 6619:. London. 16 October 2008 6459:"Interest in jobs abroad" 5197:Central Bank of Iceland. 3147:"Foreign exchange market" 2919:; Kaupthing ISK 6,604 bn 2525:This section needs to be 2441:Recovery starting in 2011 1860:On 12 December 2008, the 1795:): however, the DIGF had 1728:This section needs to be 1552:This section needs to be 1308: 905:Guernsey's Chief Minister 895:with the approval of the 828:United Kingdom government 755: 674:abandoned its attempt to 638:government budget deficit 37:Prime Minister of Iceland 12300:2011 in economic history 12295:2010 in economic history 12290:2009 in economic history 12285:2008 in economic history 11871:Administrative divisions 11119:Subprime mortgage crisis 10782:Brazilian hyperinflation 10754:Brazilian hyperinflation 10591:Financial crisis of 1914 10299:Mississippi bubble crash 9569:Jonsson, Asgeir (2008). 8029:(Árvakur). 26 March 2014 7458:(Árvakur). 13 March 2014 6646:. London. Archived from 6521:. CNN.com. 17 July 2009. 5698:. London. Archived from 4551:(in Icelandic). mbl.is. 4322:12 December 2008 at the 3510:Alëx (3 December 2008), 3338:. London. Archived from 2392:Steingrímur J. Sigfússon 1930:'s winding-up board and 1813:Supreme Court of Iceland 1409:interbank lending market 1226:which monitor Iceland's 1044:provided a £100 million 801: 11494:List of economic crises 11412:2020 stock market crash 11405:Financial market impact 11374:Turkish economic crisis 10989:9/11 stock market crash 10945:October 1997 mini-crash 10916:1994 bond market crisis 10908:Yugoslav hyperinflation 10819:Savings and loan crisis 10420:European potato failure 9671:The Reykjavík Grapevine 9457:The Reykjavík Grapevine 9286:The Wall Street Journal 9230:The Wall Street Journal 8422:365 (media corporation) 8340:365 (media corporation) 8336:"Áfrýjar í Imon-málinu" 8285:365 (media corporation) 8221:365 (media corporation) 8086:365 (media corporation) 8053:365 (media corporation) 8001:365 (media corporation) 7887:365 (media corporation) 7825:365 (media corporation) 7770:365 (media corporation) 7715:365 (media corporation) 7624:365 (media corporation) 7567:365 (media corporation) 7543:(Árvakur). 28 June 2013 7515:365 (media corporation) 7427:365 (media corporation) 7336:365 (media corporation) 7307:365 (media corporation) 7281:365 (media corporation) 7225:365 (media corporation) 7117:365 (media corporation) 6936:The Wall Street Journal 5840:(PDF). 3 November 2008. 5146:"Stock exchange update" 4814:29 October 2008 at the 4795:29 October 2008 at the 4398:"Mjög óvinveitt aðgerð" 3780:The Wall Street Journal 3597:Central Bank of Iceland 3485:Central Bank of Iceland 3452:Central Bank of Iceland 3426:Central Bank of Iceland 3396:Central Bank of Iceland 3366:Central Bank of Iceland 3303:Central Bank of Iceland 3270:Central Bank of Iceland 3209:Central Bank of Iceland 3151:Central Bank of Iceland 3121:Central Bank of Iceland 3091:Central Bank of Iceland 3052:Central Bank of Iceland 2816:Central Bank of Iceland 2725:(subscription required) 2643:Iceland - IMF relations 1866:Parliamentary Ombudsman 1851:Official investigations 1833:The Wall Street Journal 1411:and, more recently, by 1118:Nordic Iceland Exchange 981:, the UK subsidiary of 672:Central Bank of Iceland 549:was unable to act as a 547:Central Bank of Iceland 465:and political event in 311:Iceland in the Cold War 11487:List of banking crises 11256:Syrian economic crisis 11189:Blue Monday Crash 2009 10798:Chilean crisis of 1982 10629:Shōwa financial crisis 10435:Highland Potato Famine 10291:South Sea bubble crash 10082:Commodity price shocks 9966:Irish emergency budget 9902:March for a Better Way 9199:Institutional Investor 8316:(Árvakur). 7 June 2012 8248:"Exeter menn sýknaðir" 8217:"Exeter-menn sýknaðir" 7595:(Árvakur). 15 May 2013 7367:(Árvakur). 30 May 2013 4326:No. 2668. opsi.gov.uk. 3123:. 2008. Archived from 3117:"Monetary Bulletin Q2" 2673:Swedish banking rescue 2498:Housing Financing Fund 2373:Björgvin G. Sigurðsson 2330:Government resignation 2324:1949 anti-NATO protest 2276:Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson 2260: 2247:Kitchenware Revolution 2238: 2207:Björgólfur Guðmundsson 2172:Jón Ásgeir Jóhannesson 2013:Hreiðar Már Sigurðsson 2006:contract of suretyship 1701:largest state run bank 1656:Gunnar Bragi Sveinsson 1648:Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir 1465: 1360: 1340: 1291:Dutch finance minister 1224:credit rating agencies 1110: 1099: 832:Bradford & Bingley 663: 633:gross domestic product 611:in order to finance a 588:, which ended with an 110:Icelandic Commonwealth 43: 11653:Independence Movement 11648:Danish trade monopoly 10812:Black Saturday (1983) 10666:Kennedy Slide of 1962 10238:Commercial revolution 9934:European social model 9634:A Meltdown in Iceland 9500:Boyes, Roger (2009). 6820:30 March 2014 at the 5851:"Economic Indicators" 5178:. Nasdaqomxnordic.com 5118:OMX Nordic Exchange. 3751:. 29 September 2008. 3240:European Central Bank 3087:"Economic Indicators" 2869:Glitnir ISK 3,863 bn 2775:10.4324/9780429436345 2702:"Cracks in the crust" 2508:Aftermath (2012–2013) 2254: 2230: 1830:On 27 February 2009, 1652:Government of Iceland 1506:(originally known as 1463: 1455:lender of last resort 1346: 1317:Iceland bonds had an 1316: 1264:(0.3% to 0.5%) above 1258:Victor I. Tatarintsev 1105: 1093: 1068:export credit company 1014:chapter 11 protection 992:On the same day, the 685:European Central Bank 660: 625:market capitalisation 558:Icelandic legislature 551:lender of last resort 383:Icelandic nationality 294:Invader relationships 230:Independence movement 197:Danish trade monopoly 99:Settlement of Iceland 35: 11366:Ghana banking crisis 11196:European debt crisis 10981:Dot-com bubble crash 10893:Cuban Special Period 10352:Copper Panic of 1789 10257:The Great Debasement 10249:Great Bullion Famine 10021:European debt crisis 9944:Irish banking crisis 9666:The Skeleton Economy 9205:on 20 September 2012 8604:"Inviterer Russland" 8516:15 July 2011 at the 7201:on 22 September 2013 7002:"Special Prosecutor" 6364:"Staðan í hnotskurn" 5784:. Associated Press. 4604:on 27 September 2011 2975:. Statistics Iceland 2932:on 14 November 2008. 2473:membership in the EU 2465:credit default swaps 2456:Stand-By-Arrangement 2272:President of Iceland 2178:, the owners of the 2155:Serious Fraud Office 1758:Transport for London 1319:Inverted yield curve 1251:Össur Skarphéðinsson 977:(FSA) also declared 328: 319: 301:Founding of republic 283: 274: 258: 195: 186: 167: 147: 128: 119: 11322:2015 Nepal blockade 11032:2000s energy crisis 10930:Mexican peso crisis 10835:Black Monday (1987) 10695:1970s energy crisis 10655:Post–WWII expansion 10329:Bengal bubble crash 10124:Financial contagion 9939:Icelandic outvasion 8762:on 27 December 2008 8710:on 14 February 2022 8158:on 16 December 2013 7038:. 12 September 2013 6644:The Daily Telegraph 6343:on 14 November 2008 6221:on 24 November 2008 6157:on 27 December 2008 6130:on 17 February 2012 6011:on 14 November 2008 5884:. 26 January 2009. 5857:on 18 December 2010 5757:. 1 February 2007. 5751:"The Big Mac index" 5696:The Daily Telegraph 5351:on 17 February 2012 5232:on 21 November 2017 5152:. 14 October 2008. 5073:. 13 October 2008. 4987:on 11 December 2008 4929:on 17 February 2012 4899:on 17 February 2012 4771:on 15 December 2013 4685:on 12 December 2008 4480:The Daily Telegraph 4338:c. 24. opsi.gov.uk. 4264:on 17 February 2012 4117:on 14 November 2008 3974:"Deposit Guarantee" 3954:on 17 December 2008 3661:on 25 February 2012 3631:. 29 January 2009. 3603:on 20 December 2008 3554:on 31 January 2009. 3491:on 20 December 2008 3458:on 20 December 2008 3402:on 20 December 2008 3372:on 17 November 2008 3335:The Daily Telegraph 3127:on 22 November 2020 2851:. 11 September 2008 2648:Icelandic outvasion 2554:pursue membership. 2396:Left-Green Movement 2241:Political aftermath 2130:market manipulation 1998:Hannes Þór Smárason 1953:Ministry of Finance 1817:The Financial Times 1754:Kent County Council 1347:Economic growth in 1326: 10 year bonds 1284:On 24 October, the 1156: 696: 629:economic depression 536:was 9.553 trillion 12071:Icelandic Language 10584:Panic of 1910–1911 10428:Great Irish Famine 10366:Panic of 1796–1797 10205:Stock market crash 9680:The New York Times 9539:, original title * 9508:. Bloomsbury USA. 9442:' (12 March 2017). 8961:on 14 January 2010 8934:on 27 October 2012 8736:. 26 November 2008 8636:. 12 November 2008 8398:on 3 February 2013 8088:. 12 December 2013 7889:. 13 February 2014 7827:. 28 December 2012 7688:on 10 October 2015 7283:. 17 February 2012 7171:. 19 November 2012 7119:. 19 November 2012 6967:The New York Times 6871:on 13 January 2016 6702:on 13 October 2008 6676:on 12 October 2008 6650:on 18 October 2008 6589:. 9 October 2008. 6500:on 31 January 2009 6465:. 22 November 2008 6059:on 14 October 2008 5984:on 29 October 2008 5915:on 10 October 2008 5814:. 9 October 2008. 5702:on 3 December 2008 5528:on 31 January 2009 5431:on 12 October 2008 5400:on 10 October 2008 5013:. 9 October 2008. 4960:on 24 October 2008 4712:on 25 October 2008 4658:on 12 October 2008 4631:on 14 October 2008 4524:. 9 October 2008. 4456:on 10 October 2008 4430:on 12 October 2008 4355:on 21 October 2008 4298:on 11 October 2008 4234:on 14 October 2008 4207:on 16 October 2008 4144:on 10 October 2008 4033:on 13 October 2008 3830:(4 October 2008). 3522:on 27 October 2012 3428:. 28 November 2008 3342:on 1 November 2008 3309:on 31 January 2009 3299:"Currency auction" 3276:on 31 January 2009 3183:The New York Times 3157:on 14 October 2008 3058:on 12 October 2008 2951:The New York Times 2888:on 5 February 2009 2849:Statistics Iceland 2822:on 21 October 2008 2714:. 11 December 2008 2663:Stock market crash 2638:Economy of Iceland 2628:Banking in Iceland 2348:Education Minister 2340:Independence Party 2261: 2105:Sigurður Einarsson 1876:on 12 April 2010. 1697:Independence Party 1485:Bank restructuring 1466: 1432:monetary inflation 1361: 1341: 1338: 2 year bonds 1332: 5 year bonds 1152: 1111: 1100: 887:That evening, the 690: 664: 594:deposit guarantees 564:which enabled the 250:Kingdom of Iceland 44: 12227: 12226: 12187: 12186: 12028: 12027: 11949: 11948: 11926:Political parties 11891:Foreign relations 11853: 11852: 11849: 11848: 11691: 11690: 11517: 11516: 11398:COVID-19 pandemic 10283:Tulip mania crash 10274:Kipper und Wipper 10251:(c. 1400–c. 1500) 10029: 10028: 9917: 9916: 9580:978-0-07-163284-3 9534:978-0-7766-0760-3 9515:978-1-60819-018-8 9495:978-1-933550-34-3 9113:on 1 October 2010 9017:on 3 October 2010 8689:. 10 October 2008 8673:. 24 October 2008 8610:on 4 January 2009 8550:Águst Guðmundsson 8424:. 31 October 2013 7067:. 24 January 2018 5547:. 19 October 2008 5205:on 9 October 2008 3703:on 2 October 2008 3211:. 10 October 2008 2784:978-1-138-34938-4 2546: 2545: 2436:Crisis resolution 2400:Progressive Party 2377:Commerce Minister 2280:Keflavík Air Base 2151:Vincent Tchenguiz 2145:On 9 March 2011, 1974:tax noncompliance 1970:Bjarni Ármannsson 1749: 1748: 1596:Sterling Airlines 1573: 1572: 1417:disposable income 1248:Industry Minister 1220: 1219: 1138:Straumur-Burðarás 1094:The value of the 1034:Rahoitustarkastus 994:Sveriges Riksbank 950:Washington Mutual 874:God bless Iceland 764: 763: 760: 642:debt-to-GDP ratio 621:Icelandic economy 455: 454: 349:COVID-19 pandemic 16:(Redirected from 12312: 12250:Financial crises 12207: 12200: 12164:National costume 12039: 12038: 11985: 11960: 11959: 11864: 11863: 11715: 11714: 11711: 11710: 11699: 11628:Christianization 11568: 11567: 11544: 11537: 11530: 11521: 11520: 11510: 11503: 11496: 11489: 11474: 11467: 11460: 11453: 11445: 11438: 11431: 11421: 11414: 11407: 11400: 11393: 11385: 11377: 11369: 11361: 11354: 11346: 11338: 11331: 11324: 11317: 11310: 11302: 11295: 11287: 11280: 11273: 11266: 11259: 11251: 11243: 11236: 11229: 11205: 11198: 11191: 11184: 11177: 11170: 11163: 11156: 11149: 11142: 11135: 11128: 11121: 11114: 11107: 11100: 11093: 11086: 11079: 11057: 11049: 11042: 11035: 11027: 11020: 11013: 11006: 10999: 10992: 10984: 10976: 10968: 10961: 10954: 10947: 10940: 10933: 10925: 10918: 10911: 10903: 10896: 10888: 10881: 10874: 10867: 10860: 10852: 10844: 10837: 10830: 10822: 10814: 10807: 10800: 10793: 10785: 10771:Great Regression 10766:Great Moderation 10757: 10749: 10742: 10735: 10727: 10719: 10712: 10705: 10698: 10675: 10668: 10646: 10639: 10632: 10624: 10616: 10593: 10586: 10579: 10571: 10564: 10557: 10550: 10542: 10535: 10528: 10520: 10512: 10504: 10497: 10490: 10468: 10460: 10453: 10446: 10437: 10430: 10423: 10404: 10397: 10390: 10383: 10375: 10368: 10361: 10354: 10347: 10339: 10332: 10324: 10302: 10294: 10286: 10278: 10268: 10260: 10252: 10229: 10207: 10200: 10193: 10184: 10177: 10170: 10163: 10156: 10154:Liquidity crisis 10149: 10142: 10133: 10131:Social contagion 10126: 10119: 10112: 10105: 10098: 10091: 10084: 10077: 10063:Financial crises 10056: 10049: 10042: 10033: 10032: 9990:Related articles 9949:Anglo Irish Bank 9832: 9831: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9726: 9725: 9614:Hrunið þið munið 9584: 9556: 9538: 9519: 9507: 9460: 9451:Kári Tulinius, ' 9449: 9443: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9414: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9381: 9366: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9344: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9322: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9296: 9290: 9289: 9277: 9271: 9267: 9261: 9260: 9247: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9221: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9191: 9185: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9165: 9159: 9153: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9093: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9077:on 25 March 2011 9061: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9032: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9003: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8988:on 11 April 2009 8976: 8970: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8949: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8922: 8916: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8872: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8849: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8823: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8726: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8696: 8690: 8680: 8674: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8626: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8615: 8599: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8576: 8570: 8559: 8553: 8546: 8540: 8531: 8525: 8508: 8502: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8466: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8440: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8358: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8347: 8332: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8306: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8277: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8244: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8213: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8181: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8144: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8111: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8078: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8019: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8008: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7982: 7967: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7937: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7908: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7879: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7846: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7817: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7736: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7717:. 8 October 2015 7707: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7674: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7655:. 8 October 2015 7645: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7616: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7533: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7507: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7477: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7448: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7419: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7386: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7357: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7328: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7109: 7103: 7092: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7057: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7015: 7013: 7008:on 26 April 2015 6998: 6992: 6991: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6958: 6952: 6945: 6939: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6890: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6831: 6825: 6811: 6805: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6579: 6564: 6561: 6555: 6552: 6543: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6516: 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Archived from 3295: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3232: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3093:. September 2008 3083: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3054:. Archived from 3044: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3022:(in Icelandic). 3021: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2941: 2935: 2933: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2905: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2887: 2881:. Archived from 2876: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2841: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2808: 2797: 2796: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2741: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2712:Associated Press 2698: 2597: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2571:capital controls 2541: 2538: 2532: 2520: 2519: 2512: 2360:Foreign Minister 2176:Jóhannes Jónsson 2124: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2020: 1948:years in prison. 1947: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1789:Tryggingarsjóður 1762:Audit Commission 1744: 1741: 1735: 1723: 1722: 1715: 1705:value based bank 1613:. The newspaper 1568: 1565: 1559: 1547: 1546: 1539: 1447:interbank market 1434:: the Icelandic 1385: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1337: 1331: 1325: 1157: 1151: 1080:Norwegian kroner 938:Alistair Darling 846:business editor 756: 697: 689: 609:Nordic countries 601:capital controls 538:Icelandic krónur 475:commercial banks 447: 440: 433: 393:Military history 378:Economic history 339:Financial crisis 206:Eruption of Laki 130:Christianization 116: 74: 64: 46: 45: 21: 12320: 12319: 12315: 12314: 12313: 12311: 12310: 12309: 12280:2011 in Iceland 12275:2010 in Iceland 12270:2009 in Iceland 12265:2008 in Iceland 12230: 12229: 12228: 12223: 12210: 12203: 12196: 12183: 12169:Public holidays 12090: 12024: 11983: 11945: 11906:Law enforcement 11845: 11804: 11700: 11687: 11604: 11557: 11548: 11518: 11513: 11506: 11499: 11492: 11485: 11477: 11470: 11463: 11456: 11448: 11441: 11434: 11426: 11417: 11410: 11403: 11396: 11388: 11380: 11372: 11364: 11357: 11349: 11341: 11334: 11327: 11320: 11313: 11305: 11298: 11290: 11283: 11276: 11269: 11262: 11254: 11246: 11239: 11232: 11225: 11218: 11216:Information Age 11210: 11201: 11194: 11187: 11180: 11173: 11166: 11159: 11152: 11145: 11138: 11131: 11124: 11117: 11110: 11103: 11096: 11089: 11082: 11075: 11068: 11066:Great Recession 11060: 11052: 11045: 11038: 11030: 11023: 11016: 11009: 11002: 10995: 10987: 10979: 10971: 10964: 10957: 10950: 10943: 10936: 10928: 10921: 10914: 10906: 10899: 10891: 10884: 10877: 10870: 10863: 10855: 10847: 10840: 10833: 10825: 10817: 10810: 10803: 10796: 10788: 10780: 10773: 10769: 10760: 10752: 10747:1979 oil crisis 10745: 10738: 10730: 10722: 10715: 10708: 10703:1973 oil crisis 10701: 10693: 10686: 10684:Great Inflation 10678: 10671: 10664: 10657: 10649: 10642: 10635: 10627: 10619: 10611: 10604: 10602:Interwar period 10596: 10589: 10582: 10574: 10567: 10560: 10553: 10545: 10538: 10531: 10523: 10515: 10507: 10500: 10493: 10486: 10479: 10471: 10463: 10456: 10449: 10442: 10433: 10426: 10418: 10407: 10400: 10393: 10386: 10378: 10371: 10364: 10357: 10350: 10342: 10335: 10327: 10320: 10313: 10305: 10297: 10289: 10281: 10271: 10263: 10255: 10247: 10240: 10232: 10224: 10210: 10203: 10196: 10189: 10180: 10173: 10166: 10159: 10152: 10145: 10138: 10129: 10122: 10115: 10108: 10103:Currency crisis 10101: 10094: 10087: 10080: 10073: 10065: 10060: 10030: 10025: 10011: 10002:Occupy movement 9985: 9959:Nationalisation 9913: 9866: 9823: 9762: 9756:Great Recession 9753: 9661:Financial Times 9610: 9594: 9581: 9553: 9535: 9516: 9468: 9466:Further reading 9463: 9450: 9446: 9437: 9433: 9423: 9421: 9416: 9415: 9411: 9401: 9399: 9394: 9393: 9389: 9379: 9377: 9374:Financial Times 9368: 9367: 9363: 9353: 9351: 9346: 9345: 9341: 9331: 9329: 9324: 9323: 9319: 9309: 9307: 9304:Financial Times 9298: 9297: 9293: 9278: 9274: 9268: 9264: 9249: 9248: 9244: 9234: 9232: 9222: 9218: 9208: 9206: 9193: 9192: 9188: 9178: 9176: 9167: 9166: 9162: 9154: 9150: 9142: 9138: 9130: 9126: 9116: 9114: 9095: 9094: 9090: 9080: 9078: 9063: 9062: 9058: 9048: 9046: 9033: 9029: 9020: 9018: 9005: 9004: 9000: 8991: 8989: 8978: 8977: 8973: 8964: 8962: 8951: 8950: 8946: 8937: 8935: 8924: 8923: 8919: 8910: 8908: 8897: 8896: 8892: 8883: 8881: 8874: 8873: 8869: 8860: 8858: 8851: 8850: 8846: 8836: 8834: 8825: 8824: 8820: 8811: 8809: 8802: 8801: 8797: 8787: 8785: 8780: 8779: 8775: 8765: 8763: 8754: 8753: 8749: 8739: 8737: 8728: 8727: 8723: 8713: 8711: 8698: 8697: 8693: 8681: 8677: 8671:The Independent 8665: 8661: 8653: 8649: 8639: 8637: 8628: 8627: 8623: 8613: 8611: 8600: 8596: 8586: 8584: 8577: 8573: 8560: 8556: 8547: 8543: 8532: 8528: 8518:Wayback Machine 8509: 8505: 8497: 8493: 8483: 8481: 8468: 8467: 8463: 8453: 8451: 8442: 8441: 8437: 8427: 8425: 8416: 8415: 8411: 8401: 8399: 8386: 8385: 8381: 8371: 8369: 8360: 8359: 8355: 8345: 8343: 8334: 8333: 8329: 8319: 8317: 8308: 8307: 8300: 8290: 8288: 8279: 8278: 8271: 8261: 8259: 8258:on 7 March 2016 8246: 8245: 8236: 8226: 8224: 8215: 8214: 8205: 8195: 8193: 8182: 8171: 8161: 8159: 8146: 8145: 8134: 8124: 8122: 8113: 8112: 8101: 8091: 8089: 8080: 8079: 8068: 8058: 8056: 8055:. 28 March 2014 8047: 8046: 8042: 8032: 8030: 8021: 8020: 8016: 8006: 8004: 8003:. 26 March 2014 7995: 7994: 7990: 7980: 7978: 7969: 7968: 7964: 7954: 7952: 7951:on 7 March 2016 7939: 7938: 7931: 7921: 7919: 7910: 7909: 7902: 7892: 7890: 7881: 7880: 7873: 7863: 7861: 7848: 7847: 7840: 7830: 7828: 7819: 7818: 7811: 7801: 7799: 7790: 7789: 7785: 7775: 7773: 7764: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7747: 7738: 7737: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7709: 7708: 7701: 7691: 7689: 7676: 7675: 7668: 7658: 7656: 7647: 7646: 7639: 7629: 7627: 7618: 7617: 7608: 7598: 7596: 7587: 7586: 7582: 7572: 7570: 7561: 7560: 7556: 7546: 7544: 7535: 7534: 7530: 7520: 7518: 7509: 7508: 7504: 7494: 7492: 7491:on 4 March 2016 7479: 7478: 7471: 7461: 7459: 7450: 7449: 7442: 7432: 7430: 7429:. 13 March 2014 7421: 7420: 7413: 7403: 7401: 7400:on 4 March 2016 7388: 7387: 7380: 7370: 7368: 7359: 7358: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7330: 7329: 7322: 7312: 7310: 7301: 7300: 7296: 7286: 7284: 7275: 7274: 7270: 7260: 7258: 7257:on 7 March 2016 7245: 7244: 7240: 7230: 7228: 7219: 7218: 7214: 7204: 7202: 7189: 7188: 7184: 7174: 7172: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7148: 7146: 7137: 7136: 7132: 7122: 7120: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7093: 7080: 7070: 7068: 7059: 7058: 7051: 7041: 7039: 7030: 7029: 7025: 7011: 7009: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6986: 6985: 6981: 6971: 6969: 6959: 6955: 6946: 6942: 6929: 6925: 6915: 6913: 6906: 6902: 6895:Financial Times 6891: 6884: 6874: 6872: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6844: 6842: 6832: 6828: 6812: 6808: 6799: 6795: 6785: 6783: 6773: 6769: 6759: 6757: 6750: 6746: 6736: 6734: 6719: 6715: 6705: 6703: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6679: 6677: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6653: 6651: 6636: 6632: 6622: 6620: 6617:The Independent 6611: 6610: 6606: 6596: 6594: 6581: 6580: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6553: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6517: 6513: 6503: 6501: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6482: 6478: 6468: 6466: 6457: 6456: 6452: 6442: 6440: 6433: 6429: 6419: 6417: 6414:The Independent 6406: 6402: 6392: 6390: 6383: 6379: 6369: 6367: 6360: 6356: 6346: 6344: 6333: 6329: 6319: 6317: 6310: 6306: 6296: 6294: 6279: 6272: 6262: 6260: 6255: 6254: 6250: 6238: 6234: 6224: 6222: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6170: 6160: 6158: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6131: 6120: 6116: 6106: 6104: 6098: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6076: 6072: 6062: 6060: 6049: 6045: 6033: 6024: 6014: 6012: 6001: 5997: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5968: 5964: 5954: 5952: 5949:The Independent 5941: 5937: 5932: 5928: 5918: 5916: 5905: 5901: 5891: 5889: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5860: 5858: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5791: 5789: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5727:Financial Times 5722: 5715: 5705: 5703: 5688: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5649:on 20 July 2011 5641: 5640: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5617: 5613: 5603: 5601: 5594:Financial Times 5586: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5548: 5539: 5538: 5531: 5529: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5505: 5503: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5377: 5375: 5374:. Bloomberg L.P 5368: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5255: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5179: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5159: 5157: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5116: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5094: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5045:The Independent 5037: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4946: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4887: 4886: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4826: 4822: 4816:Wayback Machine 4807: 4803: 4797:Wayback Machine 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4675: 4671: 4661: 4659: 4648: 4644: 4634: 4632: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4594: 4590: 4580: 4578: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4324:Wayback Machine 4315: 4311: 4301: 4299: 4288: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4076: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4059:on 23 July 2011 4051: 4050: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4023: 4016: 4006: 4004: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3918: 3917: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3693: 3689: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3563: 3559: 3538: 3534: 3525: 3523: 3508: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3461: 3459: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3297: 3296: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3234: 3233: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3115: 3113: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3085: 3084: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3048:"Exchange rate" 3046: 3045: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2942: 2938: 2920: 2912: 2910: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2874: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2843: 2842: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2812:"External debt" 2810: 2809: 2800: 2785: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2717: 2715: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2490:Game of Thrones 2443: 2438: 2334:Prime Minister 2332: 2305:Royal Air Force 2249: 2243: 2220: 2188:House of Fraser 2164: 2143: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2052:breach of trust 2043: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2025: 2021: 2018: 2016: 1992:breach of trust 1985:insider trading 1957:insider trading 1944: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1918: 1882: 1870:Yale University 1858: 1853: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1724: 1720: 1713: 1711:Outside Iceland 1569: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1548: 1544: 1537: 1532: 1487: 1440:economic bubble 1382: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1311: 1274:swap facilities 1154: 1150: 1088: 1078:of 415 million 1061:Sparisjóðabanki 1042:Bank of England 836:Grupo Santander 804: 758: 750: 745: 735: 730: 720: 715: 694: 692: 681:clearing houses 655: 650: 586:Icesave dispute 530:Icelandic króna 487:run on deposits 483:short-term debt 451: 422: 404: 403: 402: 367: 359: 358: 355: 354: 344: 334: 325: 316: 306: 296: 289: 280: 271: 255: 245: 235: 224: 216: 215: 212: 211: 201: 192: 183: 173: 164: 154: 153: 144: 134: 125: 115: 107: 104: 93: 62: 55: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12318: 12308: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12225: 12224: 12222: 12221: 12216: 12209: 12208: 12201: 12193: 12192: 12189: 12188: 12185: 12184: 12182: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12100: 12098: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12042: 12036: 12030: 12029: 12026: 12025: 12023: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11995:Nasdaq Iceland 11992: 11987: 11979: 11977:Communications 11974: 11969: 11963: 11957: 11951: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11944: 11943: 11938: 11936:Prime Minister 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11867: 11861: 11855: 11854: 11851: 11850: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11843: 11838: 11836:Municipalities 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11816:Constituencies 11812: 11810: 11806: 11805: 11803: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11775:National parks 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11735:Extreme points 11732: 11727: 11721: 11719: 11708: 11702: 11701: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11688: 11686: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11614: 11612: 11606: 11605: 11603: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11576: 11574: 11565: 11559: 11558: 11547: 11546: 11539: 11532: 11524: 11515: 11514: 11512: 11511: 11504: 11497: 11490: 11482: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11475: 11468: 11461: 11454: 11452:(2022–present) 11446: 11439: 11432: 11430:(2020–present) 11424: 11423: 11422: 11415: 11408: 11394: 11392:(2019–present) 11386: 11384:(2019–present) 11378: 11376:(2018–present) 11370: 11362: 11355: 11347: 11339: 11332: 11325: 11318: 11311: 11303: 11296: 11294:(2013–present) 11288: 11281: 11274: 11267: 11260: 11258:(2011–present) 11252: 11250:(2010–present) 11244: 11237: 11230: 11222: 11220: 11219:(2009–present) 11212: 11211: 11209: 11208: 11207: 11206: 11199: 11192: 11185: 11178: 11171: 11164: 11157: 11150: 11143: 11136: 11129: 11122: 11115: 11108: 11101: 11094: 11087: 11084:September 2008 11072: 11070: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11058: 11056:(2007–present) 11050: 11043: 11036: 11028: 11021: 11014: 11007: 11000: 10993: 10985: 10977: 10969: 10962: 10955: 10948: 10941: 10934: 10926: 10919: 10912: 10904: 10897: 10889: 10882: 10875: 10868: 10861: 10853: 10845: 10838: 10831: 10823: 10815: 10808: 10801: 10794: 10786: 10777: 10775: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10758: 10750: 10743: 10736: 10728: 10720: 10713: 10706: 10699: 10690: 10688: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10676: 10669: 10661: 10659: 10651: 10650: 10648: 10647: 10640: 10633: 10625: 10617: 10608: 10606: 10598: 10597: 10595: 10594: 10587: 10580: 10572: 10565: 10558: 10551: 10543: 10536: 10529: 10521: 10513: 10505: 10498: 10491: 10483: 10481: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10469: 10461: 10454: 10447: 10440: 10439: 10438: 10431: 10415: 10413: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10405: 10398: 10391: 10384: 10376: 10369: 10362: 10355: 10348: 10346:(c. 1780–1795) 10340: 10333: 10325: 10317: 10315: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10303: 10295: 10287: 10279: 10269: 10267:(c. 1600–1760) 10261: 10253: 10244: 10242: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10230: 10221: 10219: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10208: 10201: 10194: 10187: 10186: 10185: 10178: 10171: 10164: 10150: 10147:Hyperinflation 10143: 10136: 10135: 10134: 10120: 10113: 10106: 10099: 10092: 10085: 10078: 10070: 10067: 10066: 10059: 10058: 10051: 10044: 10036: 10027: 10026: 10024: 10023: 10016: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9993: 9991: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9925: 9923: 9919: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9911: 9905: 9899: 9896:Irish students 9893: 9887: 9881: 9874: 9872: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9864: 9862:United Kingdom 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9838: 9836: 9829: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9770: 9768: 9764: 9763: 9752: 9751: 9744: 9737: 9729: 9723: 9722: 9717: 9707: 9701: 9693: 9687: 9682: 9674: 9663: 9655: 9647: 9639: 9631: 9623: 9617: 9609: 9608:External links 9606: 9605: 9604: 9601: 9598: 9593: 9592: 9585: 9579: 9566: 9557: 9552:978-2760525399 9551: 9533: 9520: 9514: 9497: 9477: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9461: 9459:(9 June 2015). 9444: 9431: 9409: 9387: 9376:. 26 July 2013 9361: 9339: 9328:. 23 July 2013 9317: 9291: 9272: 9262: 9242: 9216: 9186: 9175:on 2 July 2012 9160: 9148: 9136: 9124: 9088: 9070:Iceland Review 9056: 9027: 9011:Iceland Review 8998: 8971: 8944: 8917: 8890: 8867: 8844: 8818: 8795: 8773: 8747: 8734:People's Daily 8721: 8691: 8675: 8659: 8647: 8621: 8594: 8571: 8554: 8541: 8526: 8524:, 9 March 2011 8503: 8491: 8480:on 18 May 2015 8461: 8435: 8409: 8379: 8353: 8327: 8298: 8269: 8234: 8223:. 29 June 2011 8203: 8192:(in Icelandic) 8169: 8132: 8099: 8066: 8040: 8014: 7988: 7962: 7929: 7900: 7871: 7860:on 18 May 2015 7838: 7809: 7798:on 29 May 2013 7783: 7772:. 1 March 2013 7757: 7728: 7699: 7666: 7637: 7606: 7580: 7554: 7528: 7517:. 28 June 2013 7502: 7469: 7440: 7411: 7378: 7349: 7320: 7309:. 8 April 2011 7294: 7268: 7238: 7227:. 7 April 2011 7212: 7182: 7156: 7130: 7104: 7078: 7049: 7023: 6993: 6979: 6953: 6940: 6923: 6900: 6882: 6852: 6826: 6806: 6793: 6767: 6744: 6713: 6687: 6661: 6630: 6604: 6565: 6556: 6544: 6535: 6523: 6511: 6485: 6476: 6450: 6427: 6400: 6389:(in Icelandic) 6377: 6366:(in Icelandic) 6354: 6327: 6304: 6270: 6248: 6232: 6205: 6178: 6168: 6141: 6114: 6092: 6070: 6043: 6022: 5995: 5962: 5935: 5926: 5899: 5869: 5842: 5829: 5808:"Kreppanomics" 5799: 5772: 5742: 5733: 5713: 5682: 5660: 5634: 5611: 5580: 5558: 5513: 5490: 5468: 5442: 5411: 5385: 5362: 5345:Iceland Review 5332: 5309: 5287: 5265: 5243: 5216: 5189: 5167: 5137: 5110: 5088: 5058: 5028: 4998: 4971: 4940: 4923:Iceland Review 4910: 4893:Iceland Review 4877: 4851: 4820: 4801: 4782: 4756: 4723: 4696: 4669: 4642: 4615: 4588: 4566: 4539: 4509: 4497: 4467: 4441: 4415: 4389: 4366: 4340: 4328: 4309: 4275: 4258:Iceland Review 4245: 4218: 4191: 4179: 4167: 4155: 4128: 4101: 4070: 4044: 4014: 3987: 3965: 3933: 3906: 3884: 3853: 3828:Peston, Robert 3819: 3792: 3766: 3736: 3714: 3687: 3672: 3646: 3614: 3584: 3573:on 21 May 2013 3557: 3547:Iceland Review 3532: 3502: 3469: 3439: 3413: 3383: 3353: 3320: 3287: 3257: 3222: 3196: 3168: 3138: 3104: 3069: 3036: 3008: 2986: 2964: 2936: 2862: 2833: 2798: 2783: 2757: 2728: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2582: 2579: 2563:new government 2544: 2543: 2524: 2522: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2478:Geir H. Haarde 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2336:Geir H. Haarde 2331: 2328: 2242: 2239: 2226:Björn Bjarnson 2219: 2216: 2211: 2210: 2200: 2197: 2163: 2160: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2126: 2108: 2102: 2084: 2066: 2062: 2055: 2048: 2030: 2010: 1995: 1988: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1960: 1949: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1905: 1901: 1881: 1878: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1747: 1746: 1727: 1725: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1632:household debt 1577:Nýi Landsbanki 1571: 1570: 1551: 1549: 1542: 1536: 1535:Within Iceland 1533: 1531: 1528: 1508:Nýi Landsbanki 1486: 1483: 1479:Heritable Bank 1424:interest rates 1334: 1328: 1322: 1310: 1307: 1279:European Union 1233:budget surplus 1228:sovereign debt 1218: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1149: 1148:Sovereign debt 1146: 1126:OMX Iceland 15 1107:OMX Iceland 15 1096:OMX Iceland 15 1087: 1084: 1002:Kaupthing Bank 987:Kaupthing Edge 983:Kaupthing Bank 931:Árni Mathiesen 901:Heritable Bank 893:administration 803: 800: 762: 761: 753: 752: 747: 742: 738: 737: 732: 727: 723: 722: 717: 712: 708: 707: 704: 701: 654: 651: 649: 646: 613:budget deficit 560:instituted an 495:United Kingdom 453: 452: 450: 449: 442: 435: 427: 424: 423: 421: 420: 415: 409: 406: 405: 401: 400: 395: 390: 388:Jewish history 385: 380: 375: 369: 368: 366:Related topics 365: 364: 361: 360: 357: 356: 352: 345: 342: 335: 332: 330:Anti-NATO riot 326: 323: 317: 314: 307: 304: 297: 290: 287: 281: 278: 272: 269: 262: 256: 253: 246: 243: 236: 233: 225: 222: 221: 218: 217: 214: 213: 209: 202: 199: 193: 190: 184: 181: 174: 171: 165: 162: 159:Norwegian rule 155: 151: 145: 142: 135: 132: 126: 123: 117: 113: 105: 102: 94: 91: 90: 87: 86: 85: 84: 76: 75: 67: 66: 57: 56: 49: 40:Geir H. Haarde 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12317: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12255:Bank failures 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12237: 12235: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12211: 12206: 12202: 12199: 12195: 12194: 12190: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12097: 12093: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12043: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12031: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11952: 11942: 11941:Supreme Court 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11868: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11856: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11813: 11811: 11807: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11722: 11720: 11716: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11703: 11698: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11611: 11607: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11577: 11575: 11573: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11560: 11556: 11552: 11545: 11540: 11538: 11533: 11531: 11526: 11525: 11522: 11509: 11505: 11502: 11498: 11495: 11491: 11488: 11484: 11483: 11480: 11473: 11469: 11466: 11462: 11459: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11444: 11440: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11425: 11420: 11416: 11413: 11409: 11406: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11375: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11337: 11333: 11330: 11326: 11323: 11319: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11286: 11282: 11279: 11275: 11272: 11268: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11242: 11238: 11235: 11231: 11228: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11217: 11213: 11204: 11200: 11197: 11193: 11190: 11186: 11183: 11179: 11176: 11172: 11169: 11165: 11162: 11158: 11155: 11151: 11148: 11144: 11141: 11137: 11134: 11130: 11127: 11123: 11120: 11116: 11113: 11109: 11106: 11105:December 2008 11102: 11099: 11098:November 2008 11095: 11092: 11088: 11085: 11081: 11080: 11078: 11074: 11073: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11055: 11051: 11048: 11044: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11026: 11022: 11019: 11015: 11012: 11008: 11005: 11001: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10967: 10963: 10960: 10956: 10953: 10949: 10946: 10942: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10924: 10920: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10887: 10883: 10880: 10876: 10873: 10869: 10866: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10843: 10839: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10813: 10809: 10806: 10802: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10778: 10776: 10772: 10767: 10763: 10755: 10751: 10748: 10744: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10714: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10691: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10674: 10670: 10667: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10645: 10644:Panic of 1930 10641: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10603: 10599: 10592: 10588: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10570: 10569:Panic of 1907 10566: 10563: 10562:Panic of 1901 10559: 10556: 10555:Panic of 1896 10552: 10548: 10544: 10541: 10537: 10534: 10533:Panic of 1893 10530: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10517:Baring crisis 10514: 10510: 10509:Arendal crash 10506: 10503: 10502:Panic of 1884 10499: 10496: 10492: 10489: 10488:Panic of 1873 10485: 10484: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10466: 10462: 10459: 10458:Panic of 1866 10455: 10452: 10451:Panic of 1857 10448: 10445: 10444:Panic of 1847 10441: 10436: 10432: 10429: 10425: 10424: 10421: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10410: 10403: 10402:Panic of 1837 10399: 10396: 10395:Panic of 1825 10392: 10389: 10388:Panic of 1819 10385: 10381: 10377: 10374: 10370: 10367: 10363: 10360: 10359:Panic of 1792 10356: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10323: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10275: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10227: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10213: 10206: 10202: 10199: 10198:Social crisis 10195: 10192: 10191:Minsky moment 10188: 10183: 10179: 10176: 10172: 10169: 10165: 10162: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10151: 10148: 10144: 10141: 10137: 10132: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10121: 10118: 10117:Energy crisis 10114: 10111: 10107: 10104: 10100: 10097: 10093: 10090: 10089:Credit crunch 10086: 10083: 10079: 10076: 10072: 10071: 10068: 10064: 10057: 10052: 10050: 10045: 10043: 10038: 10037: 10034: 10022: 10018: 10017: 10014: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9988: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9920: 9909: 9906: 9903: 9900: 9897: 9894: 9891: 9888: 9885: 9882: 9879: 9876: 9875: 9873: 9869: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9833: 9830: 9826: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9750: 9745: 9743: 9738: 9736: 9731: 9730: 9727: 9721: 9718: 9715: 9711: 9708: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9694: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9672: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9629:The Economist 9627: 9624: 9621: 9618: 9615: 9612: 9611: 9602: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9576: 9572: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9558: 9554: 9548: 9544: 9536: 9530: 9526: 9521: 9517: 9511: 9506: 9505: 9498: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9483: 9478: 9475: 9471: 9470: 9458: 9454: 9448: 9441: 9435: 9419: 9413: 9397: 9391: 9375: 9371: 9365: 9349: 9343: 9327: 9321: 9305: 9301: 9295: 9287: 9283: 9276: 9266: 9258: 9254: 9253: 9246: 9231: 9227: 9220: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9190: 9174: 9170: 9164: 9157: 9152: 9145: 9140: 9133: 9128: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9092: 9076: 9072: 9071: 9066: 9060: 9044: 9043: 9038: 9031: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9002: 8987: 8983: 8982: 8975: 8960: 8956: 8955: 8948: 8933: 8929: 8928: 8921: 8906: 8902: 8901: 8894: 8879: 8878: 8871: 8856: 8855: 8848: 8832: 8828: 8822: 8807: 8806: 8799: 8783: 8777: 8761: 8757: 8751: 8735: 8731: 8725: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8688: 8684: 8679: 8672: 8668: 8663: 8656: 8651: 8635: 8631: 8625: 8609: 8605: 8598: 8582: 8575: 8568: 8567:The Telegraph 8564: 8558: 8551: 8545: 8539: 8535: 8530: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8512: 8507: 8500: 8495: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8465: 8449: 8445: 8439: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8383: 8367: 8363: 8357: 8342:. 5 June 2014 8341: 8337: 8331: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8303: 8287:. 7 June 2012 8286: 8282: 8276: 8274: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8222: 8218: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8191: 8187: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8120: 8116: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8054: 8050: 8044: 8028: 8024: 8018: 8002: 7998: 7992: 7976: 7972: 7966: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7934: 7917: 7913: 7907: 7905: 7888: 7884: 7878: 7876: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7845: 7843: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7814: 7797: 7793: 7787: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7745: 7741: 7735: 7733: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7704: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7673: 7671: 7654: 7650: 7644: 7642: 7626:. 5 June 2014 7625: 7621: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7569:. 15 May 2013 7568: 7564: 7558: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7516: 7512: 7506: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7476: 7474: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7445: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7416: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7385: 7383: 7366: 7362: 7356: 7354: 7338:. 30 May 2013 7337: 7333: 7327: 7325: 7308: 7304: 7298: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7226: 7222: 7216: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7186: 7170: 7166: 7160: 7144: 7140: 7134: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7101: 7100:The Telegraph 7097: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7054: 7037: 7036:Bloomberg.com 7033: 7027: 7020: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6989: 6983: 6968: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6944: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6911: 6904: 6896: 6889: 6887: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6856: 6841: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6810: 6803: 6797: 6782: 6778: 6771: 6755: 6748: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6717: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6634: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6560: 6551: 6549: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6520: 6515: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6480: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6438: 6431: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6388: 6381: 6365: 6358: 6342: 6338: 6331: 6315: 6308: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6275: 6258: 6252: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6193: 6189: 6182: 6172: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6103: 6096: 6081: 6074: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6010: 6006: 5999: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5930: 5914: 5910: 5903: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5839: 5833: 5817: 5813: 5812:The Economist 5809: 5803: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5760: 5756: 5755:The Economist 5752: 5746: 5737: 5729: 5728: 5720: 5718: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5670: 5664: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5622: 5615: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5568: 5562: 5546: 5542: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5501: 5494: 5479: 5472: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5430: 5426: 5425:Business Week 5422: 5415: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5373: 5366: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5320: 5313: 5298: 5291: 5276: 5269: 5253: 5247: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5177: 5171: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5125: 5121: 5114: 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