2004 Venezuelan recall referendum

1662:, representative of the Coordinadora Democrática, published a preliminary report entitled "Fraud to Democracy", the result of the work of 40 professionals diversified in 14 thematic areas, concluding that "qualitative, continued, selective, massive fraud" occurred in the manual and automated procedures, for which the coalition decided to challenge the process. The report explains that it was detected that in Venezuela the scheme of the electoral population averages was broken and in two months it went from 48 points to 53 points of proportion in the electoral population, meaning that close to 1.8 million people who never voted were accounted for, a mobilization of a non-existent population was made to commit fraud in the manual voting according to the report. The study states that mostnew registrants were oriented to rural centers or urban areas of manual voting, in an attempt to disguise the electronic fraud with a voting trend in favor of the "No" option. In the automated process, a collective manipulation of 28% of the vote was detected, which "compromises officials of the National Electoral Council and of the company in charge of the automation". Likewise, evidence of "bidirectionality of communication" was found, since according to the data obtained from 508: 1719:, added that the results of the referendum "speak for themselves", saying that the quest for Venezuelan democracy "does not end with a single electoral process or referendum" and urging the "democratically elected government of Venezuela to address and recognize the legitimate concerns, rights, and aspirations of all of its citizens". Regarding the recall effort, in testimony before the U.S. Senate, Maisto also pointed out that Carter had said that " 'expression of the citizen must be privileged over excessive technicalities' in resolving issues surrounding the tabulation of the signatures". 339: 4763: 4758: 407: 533: 1255: 5089: 3208: 982: 1804:; Isbelia Martin discovered anomalous patterns in telecommunications; Ricardo Hausmann and Roberto I. Rigobón analyzed patterns related to exit polls; Raúl Jiménez examined the distribution of valid votes, null votes, and abstentions in each precinct; while Gustavo Delfino and Guillermo Salas reported on the anomalous relation between signatures requesting the recall, and the yes-votes. The section is introduced by an article written by 1286: 1351: 66: 168: 423: 25: 270: 1789:

evidence to reject the official results given by the CNE. The irregularities detected were observed consistently in numerous voting centers and the magnitude of the irregularities imply that the official results do not reflect the intention of voters with statistical confidence." They estimated that 56.4% had voted yes to recall Chavez, as opposed to the official result of 41%.

2296:"Several polls in the run-up to the referendum showed Chavez to be the likely winner; the most recent ( 4–8 August) and comprehensive was the poll by Evans/McDonough Company, Inc., with Varianzas Opinion. With a nationwide sample of 2000 and a margin of error of 2.2 percent, it showed Chavez ahead by 50 to 38 percentage points among registered voters (up from 49–41 in July)." 1194:. The court reinstated over 800,000 of the disputed signatures, bringing the total to 2.7 million, above the 2.4 million needed to authorise the referendum. However, about a week later, the Constitutional chamber of the Supreme Court overturned the Electoral chamber's ruling alleging that the latter did not have jurisdiction for that ruling. 1480:

several hours before the closing of the polling booths, and since Carrasquero declared the recording to be fake, this appeared to be a case of attempted sabotage of the referendum. The attorney-general was called on to conduct a full inquiry into the incident and to locate and arrest those responsible for the spurious audio recording.

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had "refused to use the random number generating program offered by the Carter Center for the 18 August audit and instead used its own program installed in its own computer and initialed with their own seed." They also noted that opposition witnesses and international observers were not allowed near

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there was traffic to and from the machines before printing the ballots, and it is indicated that there was "a pattern of communications intervention. At certain hours, traffic was concentrated to receive information, send and manipulate it", transmissions "outside the allowed hours, since 7:00 a.m.",

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The preliminary result was announced on 16 August 2004 on national television and radio after 94% of the vote had been counted, with 58% having voted no and 42% voted yes.. According to these early-morning results, the first condition (a quorum of 25% of the electorate) had been satisfied. The second

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as justifying petition related layoffs by saying "all those who have signed to activate the recall referendum against President Chávez should be fired from the Health Ministry". He retracted these remarks several days later by saying that they were his own personal opinions and not a matter of public

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that the opposition was "shocked not so much by the results as by the ease with which international observers condoned the Electoral Council's flimsy audit of the results." The sample for the audit was selected by the government controlled National Electoral Council and, according to the opposition,

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showed him to have won by 20%. A poll company representative, Schoen commented, "I think it was a massive fraud". Coordinadora Democrática also told the press that no opposition representation was present when the votes were counted and that the physical ballots had not yet been taken into account.

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Polling stations opened at 6 am Venezuelan time on 15 August 2004. Later in the day, faced with a 70% turnout, lengthy queues of waiting voters, and delays exacerbated by the use of novel electronic voting equipment and fingerprint scanners, the electoral authorities agreed to extend the close

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When the President of the Republic becomes permanently unavailable to serve during the first four years of his constitutional term of office, a new election by universal suffrage and direct ballot shall be held within 30 calendar days. Pending the election and inauguration of the new President, the

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and sanctioned by the electorate in a referendum. Under its provisions, an elected official can be subjected to a recall referendum if a petition gathers signatures from 20% of the corresponding electorate. Thus, to order a presidential recall vote in 2004, 2.4 million signatures were needed -

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gave a joint press conference in which they endorsed the preliminary results announced by the CNE. The monitors' findings "coincided with the partial returns announced today by the National Elections Council" said Carter, while Gaviria added that the OAS electoral observation mission's members had

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suggested that since the chance of sample error in the exit poll was so low and observers did not find any signs of fraud, it may have been the survey's methodology that led to the discrepancy in results. PSB was criticized in the press for how the poll was carried out considering the Súmate group

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Journalist Fausto Malavé declared in an interview in RCR that the recording was an evident parody that had been circulating in city streets for at least two months, claiming that it was surprising that it was only brought to public attention then. He also expressed concern at the significance that

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Although support for Chávez had been low in 2003 and early 2004, polling data showed a shift as the campaign got under way. Most polls, including those by firms linked to the opposition which had showed low support for Chávez in 2003 and early 2004, predicted a rejection of the recall in the weeks

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In November 2003, the opposition collected a new set of signatures, with 3.6 million names produced in four days. The CNE rejected the petition, saying that only 1.9 million were valid, while 1.1 million were dubious and 460,000 completely invalid. Reaction to the decision to reject

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drew on the Carter Center analysis and elaborated on the issue, criticising Hausmann and Rigobón's statistical model. Furthermore, the CEPR analysis noted that "although Hausmann and Rigobón's analysis does not require this data to be accurate, it does require that its errors be uncorrelated with

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and CNE president Francisco Carrasquero announced on national television that they had found an audio CD where a imitation voice of Carrasquero declared that the opposition had won the referendum with a total of 11,436,086 "yes" votes, and that Chávez's mandate was thereby revoked. Since this was

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exit poll, which was performed by volunteers from Súmate, the NGO which had organized the referendum) put the "Yes" vote at 59% and the "No" vote at 40%. Their exit poll showed the opposite result to the official voting data, predicting that Chávez would lose by 20%, whereas the election results

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would have taken over and served out the rest of Chávez's presidency (in accordance with Article 233 of the Constitution, above). With the vote called for 15 August, Chávez was not yet into the last two years of his term in office; an unfavourable result would therefore have meant the calling of

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announced that the signatures presented to request the recall referendum had to be examined a second time. Protests against the decision began on 27 February 2004 in Caracas and fifteen other cities of the country, lasting five consecutive days. Negotiations between the opposition and government

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When a number of voters equal to or greater than the number of those who elected the official vote in favour of the recall, provided that a number of voters equal to or greater than 25% of the total number of registered voters vote in the recall referendum, the official's mandate shall be deemed

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to review differences in vote patterns between voting certificates on the basis that voters were randomly assigned to certificates (each voting center had on average 2 or 3 certificates, typically for computerised and manual voting systems). It concluded: " Venezuelan opposition has statistical

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In the cases described above, the new President shall complete the current constitutional term of office. If the President becomes permanently unavailable to serve during the last two years of his constitutional term of office, the Executive Vice President shall take over the Presidency of the

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said, "The Hausmann/Rigobon study is more credible than many of the other allegations being thrown around." The Carter Center looked into the allegations and released a paper with a statistical analysis in response; this stated that the audit sample data, in particular the statistical

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Election observers insisted that no fraud had taken place, but scholarly analyses published over the years to come disagreed. A statistical study by Maria M. Febres Cordero and Bernardo Márquez was published in 2006 in a peer-reviewed academic statistics journal. The study used

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The day before the polling, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter expressed confidence that the vote would proceed in a calm and orderly fashion. Carter commented that, "I might project results that will be much more satisfactory than they were in 2000 in Florida".

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performed a statistical analysis at Súmate's request, analyzing how fraud could have occurred during the referendum. They concluded that the vote samples audited by the government were not a random representation of all precincts, noting that the Chávez-backed

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Once one-half of the term of office to which an official has been elected has elapsed, a number of voters representing at least 20% of the registered voters in the affected constituency may petition for the calling of a referendum to revoke that official's

1416:¿Está usted de acuerdo con dejar sin efecto el mandato popular otorgado mediante elecciones democráticas legítimas al ciudadano Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías como presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela para el actual período presidencial? ¿NO o SÍ? 1242:

fresh presidential elections within the following 30 days. Chávez had expressed his clear intention to stand in the election, had he been recalled; the opposition factions, however, maintained that he would have been disqualified from doing so.

1180:, a Venezuelan volunteer civil association, founded in 2002. These signatures were rejected by the National Electoral Council (CNE) on the grounds that they had been collected prematurely; i.e., before the midpoint of the presidential term. 1700:"found no element of fraud in the process". Directing his remarks at opposition figures who made claims of "widespread fraud" in the voting, Carter called on all Venezuelans to "accept the results and work together for the future". The 1463:, who was in Venezuela to observe the electoral process, said of the patiently waiting Venezuelan electors, "This is the largest turnout I have ever seen." In previous presidential elections, turnout figures were at an average 55%. 1682:

last week. Carter is untroubled by any of this, and declares that Chavez won 'fair and square.'" The Carter Center looked into the allegations and released a paper and statistical analysis reaffirming their original conclusions.

1678:, "Our internal sourcing tells us that there was fraud in the Venezuelan central commission. There are widespread reports of irregularities and evidence of fraud, many of them ably recorded by Mary Anastasia O'Grady in 1236:

The date chosen for the recall referendum was significant: had the recall vote been held on 19 August or later, Chávez would have been into the fifth year of his six-year term and had he been voted out, Vice President

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Do you agree to revoke, for the current term, the popular mandate as President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela conferred on citizen Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías through democratic and legitimate elections? NO or

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Do you agree to annul the popular mandate granted through legitimate democratic elections to the citizen Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías as president of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela for the current presidential

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agreeing on signatures led to the end of the protests. During the protests, 9 people were killed, of which at least 4 were due to the response of security officials, hundreds were injured and 300 were arrested.

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Carter Center's Report on an Analysis of the Representativeness of the Second Audit Sample, and the Correlation between Petition Signers and the Yes Vote in the August 15, 2004, Presidential Recall

1071:, the electoral observers and other analysts denied fraud, saying the referendum was performed in a free and fair manner. The Carter Center released a paper and statistical analysis at the request of the NGO 1466:

All Venezuelans aged 18 and up whose names appear on the electoral roll were eligible to vote, including those residing abroad: polling stations were set up in Venezuelan embassies and consulates abroad.

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Report on an Analysis of the Representativeness of the Second Audit Sample, and the Correlation between Petition Signers and the Yes Vote in the 15 August 2004 Presidential Recall Referendum in Venezuela

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Report on an Analysis of the Representativeness of the Second Audit Sample, and the Correlation between Petition Signers and the Yes Vote in the Aug. 15, 2004 Presidential Recall Referendum in Venezuela

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between the number of "Yes" voters and the number of petition signatories in each audited voting centre, were consistent with nationwide results, and reaffirmed the Carter Center's earlier conclusions.

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condition (more votes against Chávez than he received in 2000) would probably be satisfied. However, the third condition (a simple majority: more people voting "yes" than "no") had clearly failed.

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said that Súmate "deliberately distributed this erroneous exit poll data in order to build up, not only the expectation of victory, but also to influence the people still standing in line".

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Publication or broadcast of exit polls was banned by electoral authorities, but results of the PSB poll went out to media outlets and opposition offices several hours before polls closed.

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In September 2003, that the government used a "rapid reaction" squad to raid the offices of CNE, the government body overseeing the petition drive, where the petitions were stored.

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of voting twice: a four-hour extension of the deadline that took it to 8 p.m., followed by an additional four hours announced later in the evening, which took it to midnight.

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Between late May 2004, when the CNE set the referendum date, and 15 August, the date chosen, a contentious campaign took place, with both sides convinced of victory.

1133:: The President of the Republic shall become permanently unavailable to serve by reason of any of the following events: death; resignation; recall by popular vote. 3174: 2808:

de Cordoba, Jose and Luhnow, David. "Venezuelans Rush to Vote on Chavez: Polarized Nation Decides Whether to Recall President After Years of Political Rifts".

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as claiming that the Chávez government had begun dismissing petition signers from government ministries, the state oil company, the state water company, the

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After the preliminary results were broadcast, the opposition Coordinadora Democrática declared that fraud had taken place, stating that its own data (the

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Maria M. Febres Cordero and Bernardo Márquez (2006), "A Statistical Approach to Assess Referendum Results: the Venezuelan Recall Referendum 2004",

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European Union observers did not oversee the elections, saying too many restrictions were put on their participation by the Chávez administration.

4191: 3772: 2854:"Black Swans, Conspiracy Theories, and the Quixotic Search for Fraud: A Look at Hausmann and Rigobón's 1 Analysis of Venezuela's Referendum Vote" 1019: 679: 4941: 2990:

2004 Venezuelan Presidential Recall Referendum (2004 PRR): A Statistical Analysis from the Point of View of Electronic Voting Data Transmissions

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Black Swans, Conspiracy Theories, and the Quixotic Search for Fraud: A Look at Hausmann and Rigobon's Analysis of Venezuela's Referendum Vote

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Black Swans, Conspiracy Theories, and the Quixotic Search for Fraud: A Look at Hausmann and Rigobón's Analysis of Venezuela's Referendum Vote

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accepted that the results of the subsequent audit were "consistent with the results announced by (Venezuela's) National Electoral Council."

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The CNE later admitted that 15,863 signatures of those signatures that were verified in May 2004 belonged to people who had died in 2003.

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Quick Anomaly Detection by the Newcomb–Benford Law, with Applications to Electoral Processes Data from the USA, Puerto Rico and Venezuela

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Some individuals have disputed the center's endorsement of the electoral process in the Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004. Fox News'

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those of the signatures, something that cannot be assumed without any verifiable knowledge or observation of where the data came from.

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The presence of systemic election fraud was also supported by six analyses in a special section in the November 2011 issue of

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revoked and immediate action shall be taken to fill the permanent vacancy as provided for by this Constitution and by law.

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Pre-referendum polls, both by opposition and by pro-Chávez groups, during the previous months and weeks predicted the

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The recall mechanism was introduced into Venezuelan law in 1999 under the new Constitution drafted by the National

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and Bruno Sansó examined the exit polls; Luis Raul Pericchi and David A Torres examined the no-votes against the

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A record number of voters turned out to defeat the recall attempt with a 59% "no" vote. Former U.S. president

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The 2004 Venezuelan Presidential Recall Referendum: Discrepancies Between Two Exit Polls and Official Results

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Hellinger, Daniel (2005), "When 'No' Means 'Yes to Revolution': Electoral Politics in Bolivarian Venezuela",

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the petition (for the second time) resulted in riots that led to nine dead, 339 arrested, and 1,200 injured.

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had been involved in organizing the recall and was considered anti-Chávez by the Venezuelan government.

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declared that fraud had taken place and published a preliminary report supporting the conclusions. The

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and municipal governments controlled by Chávez's party. The Associated Press also quoted Venezuela's

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when it was established that "the machine would not be connected until the closing of the process".

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In Search of the Black Swan: Analysis of the Statistical Evidence of Electoral Fraud in Venezuela

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Analysis of the 2004 Venezuela Referendum: The Official Results Versus the Petition Signatures

2776: 2360: 2337: 1238: 5442: 5432: 5420: 5227: 4987: 4911: 4901: 4591: 4571: 4100: 4003: 2321: 596: 591: 523: 4400: 2033:"A Statistical Approach to Assess Referendum Results: The Venezuelan Recall Referendum 2004" 5222: 4637: 4553: 4452: 4383: 4337: 4281: 4276: 4252: 4213: 4144: 4117: 4051: 4034: 3866: 3521: 3039: 1805: 1091: 731: 655: 5160: 4921: 2764: 8: 5370: 5360: 4896: 4561: 4523: 4493: 4346: 4181: 4149: 4134: 3988: 3044:

Election Forensics and the 2004 Venezuelan Presidential Recall Referendum as a Case Study

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Carter Center's Audit of the Results of the Presidential Recall Referendum in Venezuela

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Statistical evaluations published in 2006 and 2011 concluded that fraud was committed.

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The names of petition signers were posted publicly online in what became known as the

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to effect a recall. The result of the referendum was not to recall Chávez (59% no).

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Carter Center's Executive Summary of Comprehensive Report: 2004 Venezuela Elections

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A turnout of at least 25% of the country's 14.25 million registered voters.

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The recall referendum is provided for in two articles of the 1999 Constitution:

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Observing the Venezuela Presidential Recall Referendum: Comprehensive Report.

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Executive Vice President shall take charge of the Presidency of the Republic.

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wrote that recent polls ranged from 8% to 31% for margins in favour of the

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Luhnow, David. Academics' Study Backs Fraud Claim in Chavez Election.

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from office. The recall referendum was announced on 8 June 2004 by the

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Venezuelan opposition seeks revenge as audits confirm Chavez’s victory

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The list of signatories was subsequently collected by the government.

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On the afternoon of 16 August 2004, Carter and OAS Secretary General

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USNews.com: The National Interest: Exit polls in Venezuela (8/20/04)

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In August 2003, about 3.2 million signatures were presented by

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and Roberto Rigobon, reaffirming the center's original conclusions.

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More votes against Chávez than the number who voted for him in the

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Weisbrot, Mark; Rosnick, David; Tucker, Todd (20 September 2004).

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found a margin of 14% in favour of Chávez in June. On 11 August,

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For the recall to be successful, there were three conditions:

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Coordinadora Democrática rechaza resultados oficiales del CNE

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The following question was put to the Venezuelan electorate:

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vote to win by a margin of between 5% and 31%. For example,

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U.S. Urges Venezuela to Choose "Peaceful Path" to Democracy

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Special Section: Revisiting the 2004 Venezuelan Referendum

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A rally in favor of the recall referendum in the capital,

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Súmate: There is a 99% probability of fraud in referendum

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was not of sufficient size to be statistically reliable.

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The petitioners appealed to the Electoral Chamber of the

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Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)

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Preliminary Report: The Presidential Recall Referendum.

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Forensic Analysis of the Venezuelan Recall Referendum

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United States Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations.

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Weisbrot M, Rosnick D, Tucker T (20 September 2004).

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Refendum in Venezuela to recall President Hugo Chávez

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Cordero, Maria M. Febres; Márquez, Bernardo (2006).

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commissioned an exit poll from the American firm of

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Daily Press Briefing for August 17– Transcript

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Chávez Ratificado Con el 58 Por Ciento de los votos

2503:"Polling and the Ballot: The Venezuelan Referendum" 2298:"Polling and the Ballot: The Venezuelan Referendum" 90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1957:"Venezuela: Divisions harden after Chávez victory" 2924: 2922: 5573: 2552: 2322:Chávez ganará revocatorio según encuesta de EEUU 2068: 2066: 1748:the computer hub on election day. According to 2277: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1934: 1932: 1909: 1907: 1884:"Observer teams endorse Venezuela vote results" 2971:Luis Raul Pericchi and David A Torres (2011), 2919: 2468:. El Universal. 15 August 2004. Archived from 2334:"Are the Polls Credible in Venezuela? Vote NO" 2030: 1475:At 3:50pm local time on 15 August, CNE rector 5134: 5120: 4685: 3839: 3190: 2703:"Opinion & Reviews - Wall Street Journal" 2301:CEPR: Center for Economic and Policy Research 2063: 2000:CEPR: Center for Economic and Policy Research 1645: 1169: 1013: 3112:CNE's Official Results for Recall Referendum 3022:Gustavo Delfino and Guillermo Salas (2011), 2916:(7 September 2004). Retrieved 8 August 2006. 2630: 2628: 2382: 1976: 1929: 1904: 5493:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) 4955:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) 2336:. Narcosphere.narconews.com. Archived from 2247: 1878: 1876: 1531:The final results showed 59% had voted no. 1379:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5191:United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) 5127: 5113: 4692: 4678: 3846: 3832: 3197: 3183: 3103:announced on national radio and television 2821:Juan Francisco Alonso (6 September 2004). 2734:"Yahoo News - Latest News & Headlines" 2558:"U.S. poll firm in hot water in Venezuela" 1020: 1006: 5265:2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis 2625: 2481: 2479: 1833:2022 Venezuelan recall referendum project 1828:2016 Venezuelan recall referendum project 1399:Learn how and when to remove this message 1325:by 5% and 12% respectively in June 2004; 317:Learn how and when to remove this message 252:Learn how and when to remove this message 150:Learn how and when to remove this message 5233:2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations 4994:Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century 3089:Head-to-head: Should Chávez leave power? 2874: 2528:"Pollsters predicting recall under fire" 1873: 1284: 294:of all important aspects of the article. 3169:Center for Economic and Policy Research 2797:STATEMENT BY AMBASSADOR JOHN F. MAISTO. 2414: 2408: 2176: 2172: 2170: 2117: 2097:"Capturan "paramilitares" en Venezuela" 1769:Center for Economic and Policy Research 1715:, U.S. Permanent Representative to the 1704:"concluded the results were accurate." 1686: 1509:Center for Economic and Policy Research 1315:Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research (GQR) 1098: 5574: 5325:2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election 4866:2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election 4846:2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election 4836:Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003 4241: 3853: 3213:Elections and referendums in Venezuela 3116:National Electoral Council (Venezuela) 2870:from the original on 27 February 2008. 2476: 2201: 2142: 1446:More "yes" votes cast than "no" votes. 290:Please consider expanding the lead to 188:Please improve this article by adding 5108: 4673: 3827: 3178: 2520: 1954: 1619: 1608: 1597: 1586: 1538: 1145:Republic until the term is completed. 5453:National Center for Foreign Commerce 2681:May 2005, accessed 19 December 2008. 2646: 2195: 2167: 1849: 1847: 1377:adding citations to reliable sources 1344: 1249: 263: 161: 88:adding citations to reliable sources 59: 18: 5602:August 2004 events in South America 4800:United Socialist Party of Venezuela 4233:Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area) 2385:"Venezuelan audit confirms victory" 2177:Zeitlin, Janine (11 October 2007). 2136: 2118:Zeitlin, Janine (11 October 2007). 2111: 2089: 1470: 201:"2004 Venezuelan recall referendum" 99:"2004 Venezuelan recall referendum" 13: 2719:Carter Center, 17 September 2004, 2713: 2383:Staff writer (21 September 2004). 2049:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2006.tb00301.x 1754:, a computer-science professor at 14: 5618: 5196:Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni 5014:Hugo Chávez's cult of personality 4810:Constitutional referendum of 2009 4805:Constitutional referendum of 2007 3155:an analysis by Michael Barone of 3076: 1844: 1484:was attributed to it by the CNE. 1450: 332:2004 Venezuelan recall referendum 34:This article has multiple issues. 5181:Assassination of Danilo Anderson 5088: 5087: 4761: 4756: 4362:Ecological Movement of Venezuela 3206: 3097:claims of electoral fraud by CNE 3062:and Roberto I. Rigobón (2011), " 2930:International Statistical Review 2795:Maisto, John F. (24 June 2004). 2037:International Statistical Review 1955:Jones, Bart (3 September 2004). 1349: 1300: 1253: 1206:Venezuelan Workers Confederation 1095:20% of the national electorate. 980: 531: 506: 421: 405: 337: 268: 166: 64: 23: 4699: 3053: 3033: 3016: 2999: 2982: 2965: 2945: 2897: 2845: 2832: 2802: 2789: 2770: 2757: 2744: 2726: 2695: 2684: 2602: 2576: 2546: 2495: 2454: 2436: 2376: 2359:Robert Jensen, 11 August 2004, 2353: 2326: 2306: 2290: 2226: 2208:Contexto y Balance de Situación 2149:Contexto y Balance de Situación 1717:Organization of American States 1487: 282:may be too short to adequately 75:needs additional citations for 42:or discuss these issues on the 5320:2009 constitutional referendum 5315:2007 constitutional referendum 5001:El ocaso del socialismo mágico 3924:Restorative Liberal Revolution 2024: 1740:MIT Sloan School of Management 292:provide an accessible overview 1: 5465:Socialism of the 21st century 5250:2008 Andean diplomatic crisis 4927:Socialism of the 21st century 4815:Presidential election of 2012 4795:Presidential election of 2006 4743:Presidential election of 1998 2655:"What to Do about Venezuela?" 2490:U.S. News & World Report. 2446:. August 2004. Archived from 1775:Javier Corrales wrote in the 190:secondary or tertiary sources 5470:Venezuelan communal councils 5238:South American Energy Summit 5058:Venezuela Information Office 5048:The Silence and the Scorpion 4932:Venezuelan communal councils 3158:U.S. News & World Report 2608:Consejo Nacional Electoral. 2532:Inland Valley Daily Bulletin 2021:. Retrieved 20 February 2010 1676:U.S. News & World Report 1034:Venezuelan recall referendum 7: 5305:2005 parliamentary election 5288:2000 trade union referendum 5031:Public image of Hugo Chávez 4298:Democratic Unity Roundtable 4287:People's Electoral Movement 4221:Supreme Tribunal of Justice 2842:(7 September 2004) pg. A18. 2723:, accessed 20 February 2010 2420:"Nothingland—or Venezuela?" 2285:Latin American Perspectives 2257:Venezuelan State Television 1811: 1738:and Roberto Rigobón of the 1725: 1640: 1245: 1150: 1085: 913:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 712:Supreme Tribunal of Justice 10: 5623: 5330:2012 presidential election 5310:2006 presidential election 3994:2017 constitutional crisis 2829:. Retrieved 6 August 2006. 2679:Center for Security Policy 2487:"Exit polls in Venezuela". 2444:"Independent Media Center" 2418:(September–October 2004). 1962:National Catholic Reporter 1652:Penn, Schoen & Berland 1646:Electoral fraud complaints 1497:Penn, Schoen & Berland 1441:2000 presidential election 1170:Signature collection drive 1163:National Electoral Council 1154: 1054:National Electoral Council 5607:Opposition to Hugo Chávez 5515:Con mis hijos no te metas 5506: 5478: 5338: 5273: 5146: 5066: 4973: 4940: 4874: 4841:Recall referendum of 2004 4823: 4770: 4754: 4720: 4707: 4631: 4552: 4479: 4470: 4391: 4382: 4335: 4295: 4267:Movement We Are Venezuela 4250: 4123:Human rights in Venezuela 4108: 4099: 4030: 4021: 3969:1992 coup d'état attempts 3904:Revolution of the Reforms 3874: 3865: 3760: 3624: 3583: 3520: 3312: 3219: 3095:indymedia global newswire 3083:Recall Referendum Q&A 2763:U.S. Department of State 1942:Accessed 25 January 2006. 1630: 1620:Registered voters/turnout 1582: 1571: 1560: 1549: 1544: 1541: 1522: 1421:Translated into English: 1340: 1231: 505: 496: 481:Registered voters/turnout 399: 396: 387: 382: 374: 350: 336: 5597:Referendums in Venezuela 5531:2002–2003 general strike 5216:2013 Uribana prison riot 4790:General election of 2000 4140:Administrative divisions 3999:2019 presidential crisis 3979:2002 coup d'état attempt 3914:Revindicating Revolution 2954:and Bruno Sansó (2011), 2909:4 September 2006 at the 2887:22 November 2016 at the 2462:"Referéndum Revocatorio" 2366:16 November 2005 at the 2303:. Accessed 30 June 2006] 2002:. Retrieved 7 July 2012. 1838: 1818:2004 Venezuelan protests 1756:Johns Hopkins University 1709:U.S. Department of State 1493:Coordinadora Democrática 1192:Venezuelan Supreme Court 1157:2004 Venezuelan protests 1065:Coordinadora Democrática 1036:of 15 August 2004 was a 5526:Plaza Altamira military 5206:Death of Franklin Brito 4748:Death and state funeral 4113:Corruption in Venezuela 3314:Parliamentary elections 3153:Exit polls in Venezuela 2988:Isbelia Martin (2011), 2840:The Wall Street Journal 2786:Retrieved 6 August 2006 2767:Retrieved 5 August 2006 2754:Retrieved 5 August 2006 2350:View full user profile. 1938:Carter Center (2005). 1823:Plaza Altamira military 1777:Foreign Policy Magazine 1751:the Wall Street Journal 1680:The Wall Street Journal 1674:told Michael Barone at 1306:before the referendum. 1204:. The president of the 1075:to evaluate a study by 969:Chávez's foreign policy 568:Constitutions of States 452:Invalid or blank votes 5293:2004 recall referendum 5260:Los Maniceros massacre 5244:¿Por qué no te callas? 5156:Cabinet of Hugo Chávez 5026:¿Por qué no te callas? 4780:Cabinet of Hugo Chávez 4713:President of Venezuela 4438:Science and technology 4352:Movement for Socialism 4262:United Socialist Party 3984:2002–03 general strike 3625:Constituent Assemblies 3221:Presidential elections 2782:16 August 2006 at the 2237:Venezuela's referendum 2099:. BBC News. 9 May 2004 2086:, 26(4), November 2011 1658:Constitutional lawyer 1294: 1161:In February 2003, the 1046:President of Venezuela 934:Diplomatic missions of 177:relies excessively on 5433:Bolivarian Revolution 5283:2000 general election 5228:Rodrigo Granda affair 4988:Bolivarian propaganda 4902:Bolivarian Revolution 4721:Early life and career 3005:Raúl Jiménez (2011), 2235:, 11 September 2003, 2017:, 17 September 2004, 1288: 1040:to determine whether 524:Politics of Venezuela 5521:Coup attempt of 2002 5223:Daktari Ranch affair 4831:Coup attempt of 2002 4738:Coup attempt of 1992 4338:Agreement for Change 4277:For Social Democracy 4253:Great Patriotic Pole 4118:Torture in Venezuela 4087:World Heritage Sites 4062:Environmental issues 3040:Alicia L. Carriquiry 2677:Occasional Papers 6 2248:Hugo Chavez (2004), 2179:"War on Hugo Chávez" 2120:"War on Hugo Chávez" 2078:28 July 2012 at the 1994:24 July 2014 at the 1925:on 5 September 2004. 1806:Alicia L. Carriquiry 1687:Process endorsements 1443:(3.76 million). 1373:improve this section 1099:Constitutional basis 1092:Constituent Assembly 987:Venezuela portal 693:since 5 January 2021 84:improve this article 5361:Bolivarian missions 4897:Bolivarian missions 4524:List of Venezuelans 4347:Progressive Advance 4135:Crisis in Venezuela 3889:War of Independence 3585:Municipal elections 3107:Venezuela Analitica 3068:Statistical Science 3048:Statistical Science 3028:Statistical Science 3011:Statistical Science 2994:Statistical Science 2977:Statistical Science 2960:Statistical Science 2939:7 June 2011 at the 2880:Corrales, Javier. 2810:Wall Street Journal 2652:J. Michael Waller, 2618:27 May 2010 at the 2084:Statistical Science 1802:Newcomb-Benford law 1794:Statistical Science 1598:Invalid/blank votes 1535: 1239:José Vicente Rangel 333: 5356:Bolivarian Circles 5255:Operation Emmanuel 4892:Bolivarian Circles 4514:Indigenous peoples 4448:Telecommunications 4045:metropolitan areas 3522:Regional elections 2894:(19 October 2009). 2640:, 16 August 2004, 2205:(September 2004). 2146:(September 2004). 1736:Harvard University 1534: 1295: 1265:. You can help by 1208:was quoted by the 607:Capital punishment 331: 5582:2004 in Venezuela 5569: 5568: 5488:Bank of the South 5339:Domestic policies 5161:Plan Bolívar 2000 5102: 5101: 4950:Bank of the South 4922:Plan Bolívar 2000 4785:1999 Constitution 4667: 4666: 4627: 4626: 4466: 4465: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4322:Democratic Action 4187:National Assembly 4167:Foreign relations 4095: 4094: 4017: 4016: 3884:Captaincy General 3821: 3820: 3101:referendum result 2622:, 16 August 2004. 2590:on 24 August 2004 2450:on 13 March 2005. 2340:on 10 August 2004 2214:. pp. 11, 16 2155:. pp. 11, 16 1638: 1637: 1409: 1408: 1401: 1283: 1282: 1146: 1140: 1134: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1058:1999 Constitution 1030: 1029: 956:Visa requirements 906:Foreign relations 788:Recent elections 784:Political parties 725:Federal divisions 674:National Assembly 517: 516: 492: 491: 365: 364: 327: 326: 319: 309: 308: 262: 261: 254: 236: 160: 159: 152: 134: 57: 5614: 5592:2004 referendums 5587:Recall elections 5211:Yare prison riot 5129: 5122: 5115: 5106: 5105: 5091: 5090: 5079:Nicolás Maduro → 5072:← Rafael Caldera 5053:Venezuelanalysis 5008:El pueblo soy yo 4824:Political events 4765: 4760: 4694: 4687: 4680: 4671: 4670: 4647: 4640: 4477: 4476: 4389: 4388: 4340: 4300: 4255: 4248: 4247: 4239: 4238: 4106: 4105: 4028: 4027: 3944:1958 coup d'état 3939:El Trienio Adeco 3872: 3871: 3848: 3841: 3834: 3825: 3824: 3211: 3210: 3199: 3192: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3171:, September 2004 3071: 3060:Ricardo Hausmann 3057: 3051: 3037: 3031: 3020: 3014: 3003: 2997: 2986: 2980: 2969: 2963: 2949: 2943: 2926: 2917: 2901: 2895: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2858: 2849: 2843: 2836: 2830: 2819: 2813: 2806: 2800: 2793: 2787: 2774: 2768: 2761: 2755: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2730: 2724: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2699: 2693: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2668: 2667:on 30 June 2007. 2666: 2660:. 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However, the 1490: 1477:Jorge Rodríguez 1473: 1453: 1405: 1394: 1388: 1385: 1370: 1354: 1343: 1303: 1279: 1273: 1270: 1263:needs expansion 1248: 1234: 1222:Health Minister 1172: 1159: 1153: 1101: 1088: 1063:The opposition 1026: 997: 993:Other countries 981: 979: 974: 973: 965: 946:Nationality law 942: 930: 919:Felix Plasencia 908: 898: 897: 892: 875: 858: 841: 824: 813:Parliamentary: 807: 779: 769: 768: 727: 717: 716: 707: 699: 698: 691:Jorge Rodríguez 684:Dinorah Figuera 678: 669: 661: 660: 649:Delcy Rodríguez 622: 614: 613: 556: 555: 526: 513: 499: 498: 497: 480: 422: 406: 394: 378: 368: 367: 366: 344: 343: 342: 323: 312: 311: 310: 305: 299: 296: 289: 277:This article's 273: 258: 247: 241: 238: 195: 193: 187: 183:primary sources 171: 156: 145: 139: 136: 93: 91: 81: 69: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5620: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5546: 5541: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5484: 5482: 5480:Foreign policy 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5290: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5166:Vargas tragedy 5163: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5132: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5109: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5083: 5082: 5075: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5037:¿¡Revolución!? 5033: 5028: 5023: 5016: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4985: 4982:Aló Presidente 4977: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4942:Foreign policy 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4850:2007 protests 4848: 4843: 4838: 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1688: 1685: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1524: 1521: 1505:sampling error 1489: 1486: 1472: 1469: 1452: 1451:Referendum day 1449: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1437: 1430: 1429: 1419: 1418: 1407: 1406: 1357: 1355: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1302: 1299: 1281: 1280: 1260: 1258: 1247: 1244: 1233: 1230: 1171: 1168: 1155:Main article: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1126: 1125: 1119: 1113: 1100: 1097: 1087: 1084: 1028: 1027: 1025: 1024: 1017: 1010: 1002: 999: 998: 996: 995: 989: 976: 975: 972: 971: 964: 963: 958: 953: 948: 941: 940: 929: 928: 927: 926: 909: 904: 903: 900: 899: 896: 895: 894: 893: 891: 890: 885: 878: 876: 874: 873: 868: 861: 859: 857: 856: 851: 844: 842: 840: 839: 834: 827: 825: 823: 822: 817: 810: 808: 806: 805: 798: 794:Presidential: 791: 786: 780: 775: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 761: 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2674: 2663: 2656: 2649: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2605: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2504: 2498: 2491: 2488: 2482: 2480: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2379: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2356: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2316: 2315: 2309: 2302: 2299: 2293: 2286: 2280: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2244: 2238: 2234: 2233:The Economist 2229: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2171: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2114: 2098: 2092: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2020: 2016: 2015:Carter Center 2011: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1951: 1949: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1908: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1877: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1773: 1770: 1765: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1702:Carter Center 1698: 1697:César Gaviria 1693: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1660:Tulio Álvarez 1656: 1653: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1520: 1518: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1457: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1403: 1400: 1392: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1358:This section 1356: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1331:Robert Jensen 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1301:Opinion polls 1298: 1292: 1287: 1277: 1268: 1264: 1261:This section 1259: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1243: 1240: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1214:Caracas Metro 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1178: 1167: 1164: 1158: 1142: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1120: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1096: 1093: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069:Carter Center 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1004: 1003: 1001: 1000: 994: 991: 990: 988: 978: 977: 970: 967: 966: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 943: 939: 935: 932: 931: 924: 920: 916: 915: 914: 911: 910: 907: 902: 901: 889: 886: 884: 881:Referendums: 880: 879: 877: 872: 869: 867: 863: 862: 860: 855: 852: 850: 846: 845: 843: 838: 835: 833: 830:Constituent: 829: 828: 826: 821: 818: 816: 812: 811: 809: 804: 803: 799: 797: 793: 792: 790: 789: 787: 785: 782: 781: 778: 773: 772: 765: 762: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 747:Constitutions 745: 743: 740: 739: 738: 735: 733: 730: 729: 726: 721: 720: 713: 710: 709: 703: 702: 692: 688: 685: 681: 677: 676: 675: 672: 671: 665: 664: 657: 654: 650: 647: 646: 645: 642: 638: 635: 634: 632: 628: 625: 624: 618: 617: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 589: 588: 585: 581: 578: 576: 573: 569: 566: 565: 564: 563: 562: 559: 558: 551: 548: 547: 543: 542: 539: 538: 534: 530: 529: 525: 521: 520: 509: 504: 495: 487: 484: 479: 478: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 461: 457: 454: 451: 450: 446: 443: 440: 439: 436: 433: 431: 428: 420: 419: 415: 412: 404: 403: 391: 390: 386: 381: 373: 361: 359: 356: 354: 353: 349: 340: 335: 329: 321: 318: 303: 293: 287: 285: 280: 275: 271: 266: 265: 256: 253: 245: 242:November 2022 234: 231: 227: 224: 220: 217: 213: 210: 206: 203: – 202: 198: 197:Find sources: 191: 185: 184: 180: 175:This article 173: 169: 164: 163: 154: 151: 143: 132: 129: 125: 122: 118: 115: 111: 108: 104: 101: – 100: 96: 95:Find sources: 89: 85: 79: 78: 73:This article 71: 67: 62: 61: 56: 54: 47: 46: 41: 40: 35: 30: 21: 20: 5513: 5292: 5242: 5201:PDVAL affair 5086: 5077: 5070: 5035: 5018: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4980: 4840: 4612:coat of arms 4489:Demographics 4433:Oil industry 4423:Cooperatives 4312:Popular Will 4157:Constitution 4009:Coups d'état 3959:El Porteñazo 3934:World War II 3787: 3511: 3156: 3067: 3055: 3047: 3035: 3027: 3018: 3010: 3001: 2993: 2984: 2976: 2967: 2959: 2952:Raquel Prado 2947: 2929: 2913: 2899: 2891: 2876: 2860: 2847: 2839: 2834: 2827:El Universal 2826: 2817: 2809: 2804: 2791: 2772: 2759: 2746: 2737: 2728: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2686: 2662:the original 2648: 2638:El Universal 2637: 2635:(in Spanish) 2610:(in Spanish) 2604: 2592:. Retrieved 2588:the original 2578: 2566:. Retrieved 2561: 2548: 2536:. Retrieved 2531: 2522: 2510:. Retrieved 2497: 2489: 2485:Barone, M. 2470:the original 2465: 2456: 2448:the original 2438: 2429: 2423: 2410: 2398:. Retrieved 2388: 2378: 2371: 2355: 2342:. Retrieved 2338:the original 2328: 2319:(in Spanish) 2314:El Universal 2312: 2308: 2300: 2292: 2284: 2279: 2268:, retrieved 2261:the original 2256: 2243: 2232: 2228: 2216:. Retrieved 2207: 2197: 2189:the original 2182: 2157:. Retrieved 2148: 2138: 2130:the original 2123: 2113: 2101:. Retrieved 2091: 2083: 2040: 2036: 2026: 2014: 1999: 1966:. Retrieved 1960: 1923:the original 1918: 1894:. Retrieved 1887: 1863:. Retrieved 1861:(in Spanish) 1858: 1798:Raquel Prado 1793: 1791: 1782: 1774: 1766: 1749: 1729: 1721: 1706: 1694: 1690: 1679: 1675: 1669: 1657: 1649: 1530: 1526: 1517:Jimmy Carter 1514: 1491: 1488:Exit polling 1482: 1474: 1465: 1461:Jimmy Carter 1458: 1454: 1431: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1395: 1386: 1371:Please help 1359: 1334: 1322: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1296: 1274:January 2009 1271: 1267:adding to it 1262: 1235: 1227: 1199: 1196: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1175: 1173: 1160: 1130: 1108: 1102: 1089: 1081: 1062: 1048:, should be 1033: 1031: 938:in Venezuela 801: 764:Dependencies 752:Legislatures 575:Human rights 561:Constitution 549:Constitution 473: 468: 463: 441:Valid votes 434: 429: 357: 328: 313: 300:January 2024 297: 281: 279:lead section 248: 239: 229: 222: 215: 208: 196: 176: 146: 137: 127: 120: 113: 106: 94: 82:Please help 77:verification 74: 50: 43: 37: 36:Please help 33: 5498:Petrocaribe 5371:Guaicaipuro 5298:Tascón List 5176:Tascón List 5171:Decree 1011 5140:Hugo Chávez 4965:Petrocaribe 4715:(1999–2013) 4701:Hugo Chávez 4509:Immigration 4396:Agriculture 4057:Earthquakes 3919:1895 crisis 3909:Federal War 3879:New Granada 3761:Referendums 3167:, from the 2671:(75.0 2218:30 December 2159:30 December 1761:correlation 1730:Economists 1713:John Maisto 1672:Doug Schoen 1609:Total votes 1587:Valid votes 1327:Datanálisis 1202:Tascón List 1131:Article 233 1042:Hugo Chávez 961:Visa policy 864:Municipal: 668:Legislature 602:Nationality 580:LGBT rights 485:14,037,900 464:Total votes 5576:Categories 5557:Referendum 5507:Opposition 5460:Snitch Law 5443:Colectivos 5366:Florentino 5136:Presidency 4912:Colectivos 4859:Referendum 4772:Presidency 4728:Early life 4572:Literature 4504:Healthcare 4004:Civil wars 3778:1999 (Dec) 3773:1999 (Apr) 3143:Referendum 3042:. 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