364:
714:
603:
32:
638:. The southward-propagating rupture caused unusually great devastation to areas relatively distant from the rupture. In the village of Sheikh, residents recalled violent shaking, rockfalls and heavy destruction. The aftershock distribution and absence of surface ruptures indicated the rupture ceased 10–15 km (6.2–9.3 mi) away from Sheikh, yet the village was destroyed. This was attributed to the directivity of an enhanced
39:
48:
508:
677:
experienced the complete loss of all adobe-constructed homes; only two reinforced concrete buildings survived but with substantial damage. The villages of Naveh, Ghezel Ghan and Sheikh were completely destroyed. A total of 5,500 homes collapsed and 11,000 were damaged. An additional 12,000 livestock
547:
is a zone of north-northwest–south-southeast trending right-lateral strike-slip faults that cuts through the mountains. This zone is known as the
Bakharden–Quchan Fault Zone (BQFZ). Faults of the BQFZ were responsible for strong earthquakes near Bojnurd from 1997 to 2000. Seismicity is restricted to
744:
effects on nearby faults introduced by the earthquake. He added there was a possibility that another fault might rupture and cause an earthquake in the next few years. However, the chances of a larger earthquake measuring 6.5 immediately following the 4 February event were slim. He also said strong
598:
north-northwest–south-southeast, and slightly concave to the east. A rupture initiated on the northern part of the fault and propagated southwards along its strike for five seconds. The fault produced an average displacement of 0.5–1.0 m (1 ft 8 in – 3 ft 3 in). This
705:. The following day, the death toll in Bojnurd and Shirvan rose to 72, and about 200 were injured. By 20 April, the death toll stood at 82 in Bojnord County and 6 in Shirvan County. At least 498 people were seriously injured and required hospitalization. A further 1,450 received minor injuries.
693:
at 13:23 IRST that same day. During the mainshock, many residents in the affected area were working outdoors. These factors prevented a higher death toll. Some damage was reported at
Bojnurd—although no buildings collapsed, many were severely cracked and structurally compromised. A
733:, were involved in providing aid to the affected communities. Items such as tents, lanterns, clothing, food and sanitary products were mobilized. The Government of Iran also stated international assistance would be welcomed and handled domestically.
489:, and strike-slip faulting along a shear zone termed the Central Kopet Dag Shear Zone within the range. The northwestern Kopet Dag accommodates convergence with thrusting and minor left-lateral faulting. In the eastern Kopet Dag, north of
363:
538:
The
Ashkabad Fault, a right-lateral strike-slip structure, runs linear to the northern Kopet Dag front range. It is believed to have produced up to 35 km (22 mi) of strike-slip displacement. Between
484:
to the tectonically stable Turan platform. The north–east convergence in northeastern Iran occurs obliquely with respect to the northwest–southeast trending Kopet Dag. Oblique convergence is accommodated by
622:) was assigned to affected places within a 10 km (6.2 mi) radius around the epicenter. The destruction of and serious damage to single-storey structures was evident of high-frequency
1033:
737:
519:
between Europe and Asia. Earthquakes in the region have been recorded for over 2,000 years. Among the most damaging were the earthquakes at nearby Quchan in 1851 (M 6.9),
1270:"The 4th February 1997 Bojnurd (Garmkhan) Earthquake in NE Iran: Field, Teleseismic, and Strong-Motion Evidence for Rupture Directivity Effects on a Strike-Slip Fault"
736:
Rumors about the potential for another large earthquake began to spread, causing panic. Mohammad Tartar, vice president of research and technology at Iran's
337:
through faulting. The earthquake left 88 dead, 1,948 injured, and affected 173 villages, including four which were destroyed. Damage also occurred in
465:
851:
165:
1722:
1560:
1153:"Structural evolution of the Kopeh Dagh fold-and-thrust belt (NE Iran) and interactions with the South Caspian Sea Basin and Amu Darya Basin"
1151:
Robert, Alexandra M.M.; Letouzey, Jean; Kavoosi, Mohammad A.; Sherkati, Sharham; Müller, Carla; Vergés, Jaume; Aghababaei, Abdollah (2014).
1532:
457:
zone. In eastern Iran (south of the Kopet Dag), north–south trending right-lateral strike-slip faults in a 400 km (250 mi)-wide
2092:
2102:
1876:
2051:
2132:
1093:
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plant located 15 km (9.3 mi) from the epicenter had minor damage, causing a cessation of operations for several days.
31:
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Initial reports stated that 38 people were killed and 90 were injured in the city of
Bojnord alone, according to the
615:
1436:
Esmaeil
Shabanian; Olivier Bellier; Lionel Siame; Nicolas Arnaud; Mohammad R. Abbassi; Jean-Jacques Cocheme (2009).
1225:
Hollingsworth, James; Jackson, James; Walker, Richard; Gheitanchi, Mohammad Reza; Bolourchi, Mohammad Javad (2006).
2036:
1991:
847:
493:, right-lateral strike-slip faulting occurs. Right-lateral faults have been observed displacing the mountain belt.
90:
2127:
2056:
2031:
1941:
1518:
1438:"New tectonic configuration in NE Iran: Active strike-slip faulting between the Kopeh Dagh and Binalud mountains"
2026:
1896:
1800:
843:
725:
helped organize aid and emergency work. Relief workers from multiple agencies, including the state government,
582:, the epicenter was calculated to be slightly west of where the fault and area of destruction was located. The
520:
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1029:
2107:
2021:
702:
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and slope failures were reported. The total cost of damage was estimated to be greater than $ US 30 million.
446:
accommodates roughly half of it. Meanwhile, the rest is distributed across the Alborz, Kopet Dag and central
1484:
2097:
2082:
1708:
1546:
730:
318:
548:
the shallow continental crust no deeper than 30 km (19 mi), and displays thrust and strike-slip
1986:
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301:
262:
140:
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1976:
1871:
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1673:
1655:
1124:
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515:
Northeastern Iran is rich in historical records of earthquakes due to its geographical importance in
415:
1067:
326:
200:
2011:
1966:
1906:
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1846:
1826:
1755:
1631:
627:
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251:
1311:"Source Parameters of the February 1997 Garmkhan Earthquake (North-East Bojnourd), Northeast Iran"
1227:"Strike-slip faulting, rotation, and along-strike elongation in the Kopeh Dagh mountains, NE Iran"
1127:[Everything about earthquakes and aftershocks in Bojnord] (in Persian). Khorasan Newspaper
2122:
2117:
2016:
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1981:
1951:
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Residents were alerted to the possibility of a larger earthquake due to the occurrence of a M
565:
439:
392:
1453:
1349:
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mountains. Deformation is also accommodated in eastern and central Iran, as well as in the
602:
8:
1946:
1881:
1152:
376:
1457:
1353:
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1242:
1172:
1485:"Estimating rate of tectonic activity in central Kopeh Dagh using morphometric indices"
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1199:
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style and orientation of faulting is consistent with past earthquakes in the region.
396:
1180:
1461:
1399:
1357:
1337:"Re-assessing the intensity values of Iranian earthquakes using EMS and ESI scales"
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towards the southeast (the rupture direction), where Sheikh was located. On the
442:
moves northwards at approximately 23 mm (0.91 in) per year, where the
1268:
Hollingsworth, James; Jackson, James; Alarcón, John E.; Bommer, Julian (2007).
964:
962:
907:
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was estimated near the epicenter. The city of
Bojnurd experienced a pga of 0.2
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338:
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623:
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1538:
1387:"Chapter 9 – Active Tectonics and Geologic Setting of the Iranian Plateau"
1466:
1437:
1198:
Jackson, James; Priestley, Keith; Allen, Mark; Berberian, Manuel (2002).
944:
873:
842:
National
Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972).
516:
447:
431:
333:. Seismic activity is present as the Kopet Dag is actively accommodating
1048:
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One hundred and seventy-three villages were seriously damaged—106 in
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1224:
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aftershocks were possible and humanitarian agencies should be wary.
464:
The northern Kopet Dag range front marks a linear boundary with the
1164:
578:
indicated strike-slip faulting with some vertical component. Using
473:
469:
388:
1267:
1101:
968:
540:
490:
468:(part of the Eurasian Plate). The Kopet Dag mountains consist of
450:. In southern Iran, this motion is partially accommodated by the
384:
372:
1034:
International
Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology
738:
International
Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology
544:
423:
322:
1197:
974:
953:
816:"ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)"
1150:
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occurred along a 15 km (9.3 mi)-long right-lateral
507:
1308:
1054:
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counties. The total cost of damage was estimated to be over
669:. Damage was mainly attributed to the poor construction of
346:
210:
1071:
1524:
1309:
Aminipanah, M.; Gheitanchi, M. R.; Ghorashi, M. (2010).
740:, said further studies were required to understand the
653:, the mainshock was assigned a maximum intensity of X.
556:
in 1948 may have been associated with this fault zone.
1688:
indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
932:
476:
sedimentary rocks, and represent the closure of the
1385:
1335:
1333:
1094:"Earthquake Toll Rises in Iran as Aftershocks Hit"
980:
403:closed (Late Triassic or Early Jurassic), and the
1030:"Garmkhan Earthquake of 04 February 1997, Mw 6.6"
531:(M 6.8). In the 20th century, two earthquakes in
367:The tectonic setting of Iran and surrounding area
2069:
535:(M 7.4) and 1948 (M 7.2) were also destructive.
1125:"همه چیز درباره وقوع زلزله و پس لرزه در بجنورد"
414:Present-day seismic activity indicate tectonic
321:, about 579 km (360 mi) northeast of
38:
1693:indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
761:– two other earthquakes affecting Iran in 1997
1716:
1554:
1200:"Active tectonics of the South Caspian Basin"
876:. U.S. Inflation Calculator. 13 December 2022
325:. The earthquake is characterized by shallow
1568:
1334:Amini, H.; Zare, M.; Gasperini, P. (2017).
1315:Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences
1116:
788:This would cost ~US$ 55.6 million in 2022.
352:
1723:
1709:
1561:
1547:
1055:Aminipanah, Gheitanchi & Ghorashi 2010
866:
673:homes on steep slopes. One village in the
480:, which closed when northeastern Iran was
16:Earthquake affecting Iran and Turkmenistan
1465:
1383:
1250:
1215:
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938:
809:
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614:Based on the extent of damage, a maximum
302:
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141:
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993:
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506:
496:
362:
1730:
1515:M 6.5 – Turkmenistan-Iran border region
1392:Developments in Earth Surface Processes
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1005:"Iran Earthquake Situation Report No.4"
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1001:UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs
986:
727:Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces
651:Environmental Seismic Intensity scale
1483:Ezati, Maryam; Agh-Atabai, Maryam.
1068:"Two strong quakes kill 38 in Iran"
1060:
826:
813:
13:
2093:History of North Khorasan province
1525:International Seismological Centre
1429:
1404:10.1016/B978-0-444-63292-0.00009-0
1384:Berberian, Manuel (25 June 2014).
1086:
820:International Seismological Centre
313:was in the Kopet Dag mountains of
292:) occurred on 4 February at 14:07
14:
2144:
2103:Natural disasters in Turkmenistan
1508:
1274:Journal of Earthquake Engineering
1231:Geophysical Journal International
1204:Geophysical Journal International
844:"Significant Earthquake Database"
1252:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02983.x
1217:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01588.x
981:Amini, Zare & Gasperini 2017
848:National Geophysical Data Center
418:is being accommodated along the
46:
37:
30:
1519:United States Geological Survey
1181:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.05.002
626:released during the rupture. A
590:. Based on the distribution of
225:
2133:1997 disasters in Turkmenistan
1877:1968 Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows
1342:Arabian Journal of Geosciences
782:
503:List of historical earthquakes
47:
1:
795:
559:
511:A map of major faults in Iran
2113:February 1997 events in Asia
1157:Marine and Petroleum Geology
731:Red Crescent Society of Iran
717:Bojnurd photographed in 2018
708:
7:
770:List of earthquakes in Iran
765:List of earthquakes in 1997
748:
647:European macroseismic scale
616:Modified Mercalli intensity
444:Zagros fold and thrust belt
10:
2149:
1450:American Geophysical Union
1143:
610:map show shaking intensity
563:
500:
356:
278:88–100 dead, 1,948 injured
155:16.8 km (10 mi)
105:February 4, 1997
2052:2022–2023 West Azerbaijan
1819:
1738:
1683:
1582:
1362:10.1007/s12517-017-3226-3
1294:10.1080/13632460601031078
969:Hollingsworth et al. 2007
927:Hollingsworth et al. 2006
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1668:Bangladesh-India-Myanmar
775:
628:peak ground acceleration
554:magnitude 7.2 earthquake
461:accommodate the motion.
375:of Iran is dominated by
353:Background and tectonics
319:Iran–Turkmenistan border
1832:1923 Torbat-e Heydarieh
1327:10.22071/GSJ.2010.55373
580:teleseismic instruments
286:1997 Bojnurd earthquake
22:1997 Bojnurd earthquake
2128:1997 disasters in Iran
874:"Inflation Calculator"
718:
611:
594:, the source fault is
512:
399:which began after the
379:tectonics between the
368:
716:
605:
566:Spectral acceleration
510:
497:Historical seismicity
395:events occurred; the
366:
2108:1997 in Turkmenistan
2057:2024 Razavi Khorasan
2032:2019 East Azerbaijan
1992:2012 East Azerbaijan
1467:10.1029/2008TC002444
1123:Heidarzadeh, Nazli.
814:ISC (27 June 2022).
723:Ministry of Interior
608:strong ground motion
329:in a zone of active
327:strike-slip faulting
2098:Earthquakes in Asia
2083:Earthquakes in Iran
2027:2018 Sarpol-e Zahab
1732:Earthquakes in Iran
1573:Earthquakes in 1997
1458:2009Tecto..28.5002S
1354:2017ArJG...10..504A
1286:2007JEaEn..11..193H
1243:2006GeoJI.166.1161H
1173:2014MarPG..57...68R
954:Jackson et al. 2002
703:Iranian state media
290:Garmkhan earthquake
288:(also known as the
220:>$ US 30 million
177: /
71:1997-02-04 10:37:47
23:
1922:1990 Manjil–Rudbar
1533:authoritative data
902:Robert et al. 2014
755:Ardabil earthquake
719:
612:
513:
407:after closing the
401:Paleo-Tethys Ocean
369:
21:
2065:
2064:
1942:2002 Bou'in-Zahra
1698:
1697:
1489:Journal of Tethys
1413:978-0-444-63292-0
1104:. 5 February 1997
1074:. 4 February 1997
1036:. 4 February 2016
1003:(20 April 1997).
675:meizoseismal area
588:strike-slip fault
434:, in the form of
397:Cimmerian orogeny
282:
281:
246:Peak acceleration
2140:
2078:1997 earthquakes
1987:2010 Hosseinabad
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1237:(3): 1161–1177.
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1897:1977 Bob–Tangol
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1535:for this event.
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1430:Further reading
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1321:(77): 193–214.
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818:. Version 9.1.
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570:An analysis of
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487:thrust faulting
436:tectonic blocks
411:(Late Eocene).
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359:Geology of Iran
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181:37.68°N 57.27°E
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1977:July 2010 Iran
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1872:1958 Firuzabad
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1837:1929 Kopet Dag
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1801:1871–72 Quchan
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1634:(5.8, May 22)
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1613:(6.1, Feb 28)
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1604:(7.0, Feb 27)
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1509:External links
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1280:(2): 193–214.
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707:
686:
667:Shirvan County
663:Bojnord County
658:
655:
561:
558:
498:
495:
466:Turan platform
440:Arabian shield
405:Alpine orogeny
381:Eurasian Plate
354:
351:
315:North Khorasan
304:
280:
279:
276:
272:
271:
265:
260:
256:
255:
247:
243:
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214:
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208:
207:Areas affected
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137:
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53:
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45:
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36:
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29:
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27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2145:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
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2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
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2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:2013 Borazjan
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
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1968:
1967:2006 Borujerd
1965:
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1955:
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1870:
1868:
1867:1957 Farsinaj
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:1948 Ashgabat
1850:
1848:
1847:1947 Dustabad
1845:
1843:
1840:
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1830:
1828:
1827:1909 Borujerd
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1756:1667 Shamakhi
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1692:
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1672:
1670:(6.1, Nov 21)
1669:
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1660:
1658:(7.1, Oct 14)
1657:
1654:
1652:(6.2, Sep 26)
1651:
1650:Umbria-Marche
1648:
1646:
1643:(6.9, Jul 9)
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1595:(6.5, Feb 4)
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1589:(5.9, Jan 21)
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728:
724:
715:
706:
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696:petrochemical
692:
683:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
654:
652:
648:
644:
641:
637:
633:
630:(pga) of 0.3
629:
625:
624:seismic waves
621:
617:
609:
604:
600:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
567:
557:
555:
551:
546:
542:
536:
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530:
527:(M 7.1), and
526:
523:(M 7.0–7.1),
522:
518:
509:
504:
494:
492:
488:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
453:
452:Makran Trench
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
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421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
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365:
360:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
299:
296:in Iran. The
295:
291:
287:
277:
273:
269:
261:
257:
254:
253:
248:
244:
240:
237:
230:
223:
219:
215:
212:
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202:
199:
195:
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162:
158:
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138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
104:
100:
97:
94:
92:
87:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
33:
25:
19:
2088:1997 in Iran
2017:2014 Murmuri
2007:2013 Saravan
2002:2013 Bushehr
1982:2010 Damghan
1952:2004 Baladeh
1932:1997 Ardabil
1927:1997 Bojnurd
1926:
1907:1979 Ghaenat
1766:1679 Yerevan
1690:
1685:
1676:(7.7, Dec 5)
1664:(7.4, Nov 8)
1644:
1635:
1626:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1592:
1529:bibliography
1492:
1488:
1445:
1441:
1417:. Retrieved
1395:
1391:
1373:. Retrieved
1345:
1341:
1318:
1314:
1277:
1273:
1234:
1230:
1207:
1203:
1160:
1156:
1129:. Retrieved
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1088:
1076:. Retrieved
1062:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1024:
1012:. Retrieved
976:
934:
878:. Retrieved
868:
846:(Data Set).
784:
735:
721:The Iranian
720:
700:
689: 5.4
684:
660:
635:
631:
619:
613:
569:
537:
514:
478:Tethys Ocean
463:
413:
409:Tethys Ocean
391:. Two major
370:
349:30 million.
289:
285:
283:
250:
235:
217:Total damage
186:37.68; 57.27
18:
1957:2005 Zarand
1912:1981 Golbaf
1892:1977 Naghan
1887:1977 Khurgu
1862:1957 Alborz
1842:1930 Salmas
1811:1895 Quchan
1806:1893 Quchan
1796:1853 Shiraz
1786:1780 Tabriz
1781:1778 Kashan
1776:1727 Tabriz
1771:1721 Tabriz
1761:1641 Tabriz
1751:893 Ardabil
1746:856 Damghan
1495:: 314–326.
1398:: 151–171.
1348:(22): 504.
1190:10261/98374
880:27 December
742:geophysical
678:died. Many
592:aftershocks
448:Caspian Sea
432:Dasht-e Lut
416:deformation
393:collisional
377:convergence
317:, near the
201:Strike-slip
184: /
79: event
2072:Categories
1997:2012 Zohan
1972:2008 Qeshm
1962:2005 Qeshm
1937:1997 Qayen
1917:1981 Sirch
1902:1978 Tabas
1857:1953 Torud
1791:1840 Ahora
1739:Historical
796:References
680:landslides
665:and 67 in
640:shear wave
564:See also:
560:Earthquake
501:See also:
459:shear zone
455:subduction
357:See also:
311:earthquake
275:Casualties
259:Foreshocks
234:MMI VIII (
109:1997-02-04
68: time
2037:2020 Khoy
1674:Kamchatka
1656:Punitaqui
1501:2345-2471
1476:128612019
1442:Tectonics
1419:26 August
1375:15 August
1370:135158593
1302:128401211
1261:130128137
1167:: 68–87.
1098:ReliefWeb
1009:ReliefWeb
709:Aftermath
691:foreshock
618:of VIII (
576:mainshock
574:from the
572:body wave
428:Kopet Dag
335:tectonics
298:epicenter
228:intensity
160:Epicenter
136:Magnitude
131:5 seconds
1947:2003 Bam
1882:1972 Qir
1632:Jabalpur
1165:Elsevier
1131:11 March
1108:10 March
1078:10 March
1040:10 March
1014:10 March
749:See also
596:oriented
474:Tertiary
470:Mesozoic
389:Gondwana
385:terranes
128:Duration
1641:Cariaco
1611:Ardabil
1593:Bojnurd
1531:and/or
1454:Bibcode
1350:Bibcode
1282:Bibcode
1239:Bibcode
1169:Bibcode
1144:Sources
1102:Reuters
584:rupture
541:Bojnord
521:1871–72
491:Bojnurd
482:sutured
373:geology
343:Bojnord
339:Shirvan
300:of the
172:57°16′E
169:37°41′N
107: (
83:1009575
1820:Modern
1602:Harnai
1587:Jiashi
1527:has a
1499:
1474:
1410:
1368:
1300:
1259:
729:, and
657:Impact
620:Severe
545:Quchan
438:. The
424:Alborz
420:Zagros
331:faults
323:Tehran
236:Severe
120:14:07
96:ComCat
54:Tehran
1662:Tibet
1620:Qayen
1491:. 4.
1472:S2CID
1448:(5).
1366:S2CID
1298:S2CID
1257:S2CID
776:Notes
671:adobe
643:pulse
517:trade
387:from
152:Depth
89:USGS-
1523:The
1497:ISSN
1421:2022
1408:ISBN
1377:2022
1133:2022
1110:2022
1080:2022
1042:2022
1016:2022
882:2022
852:NOAA
757:and
649:and
552:. A
543:and
533:1929
529:1895
525:1893
426:and
383:and
371:The
347:US$
341:and
309:6.5
294:IRST
284:The
270:5.4
249:0.3
226:Max.
211:Iran
197:Type
139:6.5
122:IRST
91:ANSS
1462:doi
1400:doi
1358:doi
1323:doi
1290:doi
1247:doi
1235:166
1212:doi
1208:148
1185:hdl
1177:doi
1072:CNN
856:doi
472:to
77:ISC
66:UTC
2074::
1517:–
1487:.
1470:.
1460:.
1452:.
1446:28
1444:.
1440:.
1406:.
1396:17
1394:.
1390:.
1364:.
1356:.
1346:10
1344:.
1340:.
1319:20
1317:.
1313:.
1296:.
1288:.
1278:11
1276:.
1272:.
1255:.
1245:.
1233:.
1229:.
1206:.
1202:.
1183:.
1175:.
1163:.
1161:57
1159:.
1155:.
1100:.
1070:.
1032:.
1007:.
988:^
961:^
946:^
909:^
890:^
854:.
850:,
828:^
804:^
606:A
422:,
1724:e
1717:t
1710:v
1691:‡
1686:†
1645:†
1636:†
1627:‡
1624:†
1615:†
1606:†
1597:†
1576:→
1570:←
1562:e
1555:t
1548:v
1503:.
1493:2
1478:.
1464::
1456::
1423:.
1402::
1379:.
1360::
1352::
1329:.
1325::
1304:.
1292::
1284::
1263:.
1249::
1241::
1220:.
1214::
1193:.
1187::
1179::
1171::
1135:.
1112:.
1082:.
1057:.
1044:.
1018:.
983:.
971:.
956:.
941:.
929:.
904:.
884:.
862:.
858::
822:.
687:w
636:g
632:g
305:w
303:M
266:w
264:M
252:g
238:)
144:w
142:M
111:)
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